------ Iraqi Jour. Earth Sci., Vol.6, No.2, pp.1-12, 2006 ------
Analytical Comparison Study Between Khabour and Tanjero
Formations Northern Iraq
Kamal H. Karim
Department of Geology
College of Science
Sulaimani University
(Received 2/1/2006 , Accepted 27/4/2006)
ABSTRACT
Tanjero Formation is one of the best studied stratigraphic units and recently shown to
be deposited in foreland basin in different shallow and deep environments. Conversely,
Khabour Formation is not studied in detail in term of environment, tectonic and sequence
stratigraphy. Therefore, the lower part of the former formation assigned as a norm or model
for comparison for the latter one. The comparison is achieved concerning the stratification
characteristics; types of trace fossils, type of system tracts, type of environments, source area
tectonics and their relation with red beds. The result of this comparison revealed that
Khabour Formation, in many aspects, is analogous to lower part of Tanjero Formation. The
result of the comparison is showed that Khabour Formation is deposited in different
environments include fluvial, deltaic, shelf, slope and deep marine. Among these, now, only
the sediments of shelf and slope are cropped out. The thick succession of sandstone with
interbeds of shale of this formation is deposited in lowstand system tract forming lowstand
wedge. The paleocurrent was possibly toward southwest and the basin may be bordered by
active fault during Ordovician. The source area was dioritic or gneissoid body which was
possibly weathered in wet climate.
ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ
ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻴﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺒﻭﺭ ﻭﺘﺎﻨﺠﻴﺭﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ
ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﺹ
ﻴﻌﺩ ﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﺘﺎﻨﺠﻴﺭﻭ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻓﻀل ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﻭﺴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻅﻬﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻨﻪ ﺘﺭﺴﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻭﺽ ﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ
ﺍﻟﺘﺘﺎﺒﻌﺎﺕ،ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺒﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺒﻌﻜﺱ ﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺒﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺩﺭﺱ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻜﺎﻓﻲ ﻤﻥ ﻨﺎﺤﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺴﻴﺏ
ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺭ ﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﺘﺎﻨﺠﻴﺭﻭ ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺠﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﻭﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺒﻭﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻤﻤﻴﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻁﺒﻕ.ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﺘﻭﻨﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻬﺫﻩ.ﻭﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺃﺜﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺠﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺃﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺴﻴﺏ ﻭﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺨﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﺘﻭﻨﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺃﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﺃﻥ ﻟﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺒﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻅﺎﻫﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺭﻜﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ ﻟﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﺘﺎﻨﺠﻴﺭﻭ ﻭﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ
ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭﻴﺔ، ﺍﻟﺭﺼﻴﻔﻴﺔ، ﺍﻟﺩﻟﺘﺎﻭﻴﺔ،ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺒﻭﺭ ﻗﺩ ﺘﺭﺴﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻀﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺭﻴﺔ
ﺘﺭﺴﺒﺕ. ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺘﻨﻜﺸﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﺼﻴﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﻱ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻀﺭ.ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻴﻘﺔ
ﺍﻟﺘﺘﺎﺒﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻴﻜﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﻤﻠﻲ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺍﺨل ﻟﻠﺤﺠﺭ ﺍﻟﻁﻴﻨﻲ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻁﺊ ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺔ ﻭﺘﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭ
1
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Kamal H. Karim
ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻁﺊ ﻭﺃﻥ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﻡ ﻫﻭ ﺒﺄﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻗﻲ ﻭﻴﺤﺘﻤل ﻗﺩ ﺘﺭﺴﺒﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﺼﺩﻉ ﻓﻌﺎل ﻓﻲ ﻋﺼﺭ
ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺨﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻴﻭﺭﺍﻴﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻴﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤل ﺃﻨﻪ ﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻰ،ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺩﻓﻴﺸﻲ
.ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻭﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﺎﺥ ﺭﻁﺏ
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INTRODUCTION
Comparison of criteria, features and processes are widely used in sedimentology,
stratigraphy, tectonic and hydrogeology. The comparison of these branches of geology are
simplified and standardized by establishing models or norm for comparison. According to
Mial (1990, p.166) facies model is powerful tool for poorly exposed sediment. As Khabour
Formation has limited outcrops, the well studied Tanjero Formation can be used as a model
or standard for comparison to realizing the similarity and dissimilarity of the two formations
Fig. 1:Upper Map: Location and Geological map of the outcrops distribution of the Tanjero
Formation in Sulaimanyia area modified from (Jassim et al, 1987). Lower map:
Geological map of the outcrops distribution of the Khabour Formation in the Dohuk
area modified from (Al-Omari and Sadiq 1977).
Comparison Study Between Khabour and Tanjero…
3
with respect to environment, tectonic setting, and sequence stratigraphy. The reasons of the
comparison as follows:
1-Tanjero Formation is well studied formation in all aspect among those studied we
mention, Al-Rawi, 1980, Abdul-Kareem, 1986b, Jazza, 1991, Lawa et al, 1998, Al-Rawi
and Al- Rawi, 2002, Karim, 2004. Karim, 2005, Karim and Surdashy, 2005a, Karim and
Surdahy, 2005b, Karim and Surdahy, 2005c). In contrast to these, the only study on the
Khabour Formation in outcrops is the classical study of Wetzel (1950 in Bellen, et al ,
1959) and Seilacher (1963) in addition to few new studies such as Al-Juboury and
Al-Hadidy (2001a, b). The last two studies are conducted on bore holes samples in
Akkas well of Iraqi Western Desert.
2-In the last three studies of the Tanjero Formation, models for stratigraphy, sequence
stratigraphy, tectonic and depositional environment are drawn. This is attributed to
more availability of the outcrops in Iraq as compared to Khabour Formation (Fig.1).
3- On the basis of main lithological distribution Karim (2004) divided Tanjero Formation
in to three parts (lower, middle and upper parts). According to this study, the lower part
was deposited in a shallow environment as lowstand system tract which consisted of
thick wedge of 500m conglomerate and about 400m sandstone at the near shore area and
on the slope of the basin respectively. He showed that the sandstone is deposited by
processes of turbidity current and storm, forming turbidite and tempestite respectively.
The middle part (middle transgressive part) is composed of 100-300m of bluish white
marl and calcareous shale. The upper part consists of alternation of biogenic limestone
and calcareous shale with minor amounts of sandstone and conglomerate. He also proved
that the basin was a foreland basin. He called it “Early Zagros Foreland Basin”. Field
study showed that characteristics of the lower part of Tanjero Formation can be used as a
model for comparison with Khabour Formation.
Analysis of Khabour Formation by comparison with Tanjero Formation
The comparison is based on the fact that the lower part of Tanjero Formation was
deposited in different environments ranged from continental (fluviatile and deltaic) to shelf
and slope environment. This is proved by Karim (2004 and 2005) in term of sedimentary
structures and trace fossils. So the similarity and dissimilarity of the lower part of the
Tanjero Formation with that of Khabour Formation is discussed in detail as follows:
Comparison of stratification characteristics
When one observe, in most places, both formations in the field, no clear difference
can differentiated between the two formation as concerned to color, bed thickness and bed
couplets. As concerned to color, both have grey color with some brown tint on the weathered
surfaces. The thickness of the sandstone beds are ranged, in most places, from 5cm to 1m, in
addition to that both consist of thick successions of sandstone and shale couplets (Fig.2, 3
and 4). This type of lithologies are mentioned in Khabour Formation by Buday (1980),
Bellen et al (1959, p. 147) and Al-Juboury and Al-Hadidy (2001a).
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Kamal H. Karim
The layers of both formations, in most cases, have long lateral extent. The thickness of
both formations is nearly equal (more than 500m). Both formation contain cross bedding and
similar ripple marks Fig.(10A and B). In this connection, Bellen (op. cit) and Al-Juboury
and Al-Hadidy (2001a), recorded cross bedding and ripple marks respectively in the
Khabour Formation; the same structures are also recorded in the Tanjero Formation
(Fig.3A). Karim, (2005a) has attributed these layers to either turbidity current or storm
deposits. He suggested that storm reworked shelf and delta sediments and re-deposited in
the near by places as tempestite or transported to deep water slope by turbidity current
and deposited as turbidite. Turbidite mode of deposition was indicated also cited in the
Khabour Formation by Seilacher (1963 in Buday, 1980) who mentioned that the
environment of the formation gradually changed upwards to a relatively deeper,
turbidite affected facies. In addition the successions of Tanjero and Khabour Formations
are overlain (in some place) by Red Bed Series and Pirispiki Red Beds respectively
(Fig.2). This means that both formations are changing from marine to near shore facies
or even continental ones.
Tectonic and lithologic comparison
As mentioned before, both formations are overlain by red beds (Pirispiki and Red Bed
Series), this indicates the shallowing upward from relatively deep marine to near shore (or
even terrestrial) lithologies (Fig. 2 A and C). According to Mial (1990), sediment, in
foreland basins shallows up from deep water to shallow marine and then to continental
sedimentation. Doyle et al., (2001, p.111) also mentioned that the sediments of foreland
Fig. 2 : The lithological column of Khabour Formation (A) and Tanjero Formation in
distal area (B) and proximal area in Dokan area and south of Sulaimanyia city
(C).The lower part of this formation is only comparable with former formation.
Comparison Study Between Khabour and Tanjero…
5
Fig. 3: A) Cross bedded sandstone in Tanjero Formation, exposed along road cut, 1km north
of Sulaimanyia city.
B) Beds of 1meter thickness in Khabour Formation found near Kaista village.
basin are deposited mostly in river and deltaic environment and consist of heterogeneous
gravel, sands and mud derived from orogenic belt. These ideas are applicable for Tanjero
Formation. While the high thickness of the Khabour Formation and the overlying Pirispiki
Red Beds and volcanic rocks (Chalki volcanics) may indicate high tectonic effect (at least at
Khabour area) in a fault bounded basin. The fault most possibly was a rifted or normal fault
occurred before the deposition of Khabour Formation, the reason for this is that this type of
faulting is attributed to basin extension.
Thin section study showed, that the lithology of the Khabour Formation is dominantly
85% of terrigenous monocrystalline quartz (Fig. 5A, B and C) with some weathered biotite
grains. About 70 % of the quartz grains have straight extinction while others are undulatory
extinction. The sandstone of the formation show intense compaction as most grains have
well developed sutured contact relation (Fig.5A, B and C). It is possibly that most of the
undulatory grains were affected by overburden stress as shown from well developed sutured
contact which is, in some case, developed to microstylolite (Fig.5C). According to these
facts the source area, most possibly, belong to diorite or gneissoid terrain with wet climate.
Al-Juboury and Al-Hadidy (2001b), showed that source area of Khabour Formation in Iraqi
Western desert is granitic or low rank metamorphic rocks. Therefore and according to this
study and that of Khabour area in outcrops, it is possible that the source area of Khabour
Formation is changing according to geographic locations. The similar facts is recorded for
Tanjero Formation by Karim (2004) who cited that the source area for lower part of the
Tanjero Formation is mainly consisted, in Sulaimanyia area, of cherts and bituminous
limestones of Qulqula Formation while toward in Qandil area toward northwest share of
ophiolite increase.
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Kamal H. Karim
Fig. 4: Similarity of the stratification characteristic (bed thickness, color and associated
couplets of shale and sandstone) of the Khabour and Tanjero Formations.
Comparison Study Between Khabour and Tanjero…
7
Fig. 5: Three thin sections (under plane polarized light) of the Khabour sandstone. Arenite of
Khabour Formation composed mainly of quartz grains with well developed sutured
contacts (E) and grains overgrowth (F).
Fig. 6: Two thin sections (under plane polarized light) of sandstone of the lower part of
Tanjero Formation. A) Lithic arenite of Tanjero Formation north of Sulaimanyia
city, consist of chert (Ch), limestone (Li) and calcite (Ca) clasts.
B) Lithic arenite at Dokan Area, containing chert and limestone and altered gabbro
or peridotite( Ig).
The results of the thin section study and point counting are plotted on the triangles of
Dickinson et al (1983) and Pettijohn (1975) Fig.(7). This plotting is intended to classify of
the sandstones and finding the tectonic setting of the source areas of the two formations. The
position of the terrigenous grains of the sandstone in Tanjero Formation shows uplifted
orogen which means folded foreland or uplifted subduction sediments and ophiolites. The
clasts are mainly consisted of chert and bituminous limestone with minor amount of quartz
and igneous rocks. On the other hand, the position of the grains of Khabour Formation (left
triangle in the fig.7) revealed that the source area is craton.
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Kamal H. Karim
Fig. 7: Plotting of sandstone of the Tanjero Formation and Khabour Formation on the
triangles of Dickinson et al., (1983)( left) and Pettijohn (1975) for tectonic setting
and classification of sandstones respectively (right).
Trace fossil comparison
In the field and around Kaista village clear cruziana can be seen in the Khabour
Formation (Fig.1 and 4) which indicates trail trace and scouring of trilobite on the surface of
muddy or sand substrate. In the Tanjero Formation, recently many traces fossils (returned to
planolite and or cruziana assemblage) are found which more or less similar to that of
Khabour Formation. Karim (2005c) classified them as planolite (Fig.5A and B) which
consist of straight and horizontal or slightly curved burrows. Most of them have smooth
surface while few have side ridges (Fig. 9A and B). According to Kennedy (1975) these
traces belonge to Thalassinoides and Planolite trace fossils which are included in Cruziana
assemblage by him. In the Tanjero Formation, most of planolite trace fossils are attributed
to either pelecypods or gastropods (Fig.9B). Karim (2004, 2005c) cited the following points
for including these trace in cruziana ichnofacies:
1-They exist, as cruziana, in coarse and medium grained sandstones and they resemble them
except in the lack of striate markings on the lobes (flanks) (Fig.9B).
2-They exist in the lower part of the formation, which contains coarsest sediment (thick
boulder conglomerate) therefore the trace left by organism more or less in shallow water
during sea level fall.
System tract comparison
According to the sedimentary structures found by Karim (2005c), the lower part of the
Tanjero Formation is deposited in shallow environment. While Karim and Surdashy (2005b)
showed that this part consists of lowstand wedge (lowstand system tract) which deposited
during sea level fall. They mentioned that the lithology of this system tract represents the
typical lithology of the formation. This typical lithology consists of alternation of thin beds
Comparison Study Between Khabour and Tanjero…
9
Fig. 8: Cruziana trace in the Khabour Formation found at the west of Kaista Village, Zakho
area.
Fig. 9: Two types of Planolite trace fossils in the lower part of the Tanjero Formation, B)
found at 1km north of Sulaimanyia, B) found at 2km west of Mara Rash village ,
10km south of Mawat Town ( taken from Karim, 2005.)
of sandstone and shale which studied previously in detail by Al-Rawi (1980), Jaza (1991)
and Karim (2004). The last author inferred the wedge shape of the system tract by field
tracing of the sandstone across paleoslope (from Chuarta area to south of Sulaimanyia City.
He found, on the shelf rare sandstone which exist as package no more than 10m thick) while
on the slope it reaches 400m. He also observed that it thin again on the basin plain (south of
Sulaimanyia city). The reason for absence of sandstone on the shelf (Chuarta-Mawat area) is
due to bypassing to the slope by submarine channel which can be seen on the shelf. As the
stratification, color and trace fossil of Khabour Formation is analogous to that of the Tanjero
Formation. Therefore, by comparison, it is probable that the sandstone of the Khabour
Formation belong mainly to low stand system tracts (low stand wedge) which deposited by
sea level fall. In the Western Desert of Iraq, Al-Juboury and Al-Hadidy (2001a), divided the
rock column of Khabour Formation into transgrssive and regressive sequences. It is possible
that this division represents more detail subdivision of of the Lowstand system tract of the
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Kamal H. Karim
present study. In North America Bhattacharya and Willis (2001) described, in detail, a
lowstand system tract in foreland basin during Cenomanian. The content of the lowstand is
much similar to that of the Khabour and the Tanjero Formations in the view of lithology,
trace fossil (cruziana and planolite) and sedimentary structures (cross bedding) (Fig.3).
Environment comparison
The environment of deposition of the Tanjero Formation is deep basinal (subduction or
miogeosyncline) (Buday, 1980; Buday and Jassim 1987, Kettaneh and Sadik, 1989 and
Lawa et al., 1998). Conversely, Karim (2004, 2005c) found that both lower and upper parts
are deposited in shallow environment while the middle part is deposited in deep one. During
deposition of the lower part the depth of the water is so lowered (by sea level fall) that some
part of Tanjero Formation are deposited in shallow environment including near shore and
slope environments (see Karim 2004). The lithology of Khabour Formation, at the outcrops,
shows many factors of environment indicators. These indicators include trace fossils,
bedding stratification and couplets in addition to sedimentary structures (Figs.3B, 4B, 8 and
10A) and fossils content (Fig.11A). In this connection Parker and Gaddo (1959 in Buday
(1980) cited that the environment of the Khabour Formation, in Khleisia well no. 1, is
indicated to be off shore. The lithology, in this well, is composed of the clastics
intercalated with dolomite and limestone. When this lithology and that of Khabour area
are concerned, the paleocurrent can be indicated toward the southwest as it became
finer to that direction. The similar interlayers of limestone exist in sandstone of the
Tanjero Formation in distal area of the basin.
In this basin, the interlayer of shale between sandstones bed on the shelf and slope,
changed to marly limestone or limestone in the south of Sulaimanyia and Dokan area
(basin plain). Karim (2005a) showed that the paleocurrent in the foreland basin of the
Tanjero Formation is toward southwest and south. The same direction is cited for upper
part of Khabour Formation by Buday (1980). He also mentioned that, in some case
direction of currents was toward south. By analogy with lower part of Tanjero
Formation it is possible that the basin of Khabour Formation has different environment
ranging from shelf to slope environments.
Fig. 10 : A) Longitudinal ripple marks found at 1km west of Kaista village in Khabour
Formation
B) same type of ripple marks found in Tanjero Formation( Taken from Karim, 2004).
Comparison Study Between Khabour and Tanjero…
11
Fig. 11: A) Body fossils of pelecypods found in Khabour Qauartzite-Shale in Sinat Gorge
(Al-Omari and Sadiq, 1977).
B) Pelecypods body fossil found in the lower part of Tanjero Formation in the
Chaqchaq valley 2km west of Qizlar Village on the peak of Girdy Gawra hill.
(Taken from Karim, 2005).
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CONCLUSION
The study has the following conclusions:
The result of this comparison revealed that Khabour Formation, in many aspects such as
bedding characteristics, sedimentary structures, trace fossils, body fossils and association
with red beds are analogous to lower part of Tanjero Formation.
The Khabour Formation was deposited in various environment include fluvial, deltaic,
shelf, slope and basin plain. Among these, only the sediments of shelf and possibly slope
environment are cropping out now.
The thick succession of sandstone with interbeds of shale of Khabour Formation was
deposited in low stand system which created lowstand wedge.
The paleocurrent was possibly toward southwest and may be bordered by active fault
during Ordovician.
Both formations are deposited in fault bounded basin with rapid mode of sedimentation.
The source area was granitic or gnessoid body which possibly weathered in wet climate.
REFERENCES
Abdel-Kireem, M.R., 1986b. Planktonic Foraminifera and Stratigraphy of the Tanjero
Formation (Maastrichtian), Northeastern Iraq. Micropaleontology, Vol. 32, No.3,
pp.215-231.
Al-Juboury, A.I. and Al-Hadidy,
A.H.,
2001a. Lithofacies and Depositional
Environment of the Khabour Formation, Western Desert. Raf. Jour. Sci. Vol. 12,
No. 1. pp.34-42.
Al-Juboury, A.I. and Al-Hadidy, A.H., 2001b. Petrography and Diagenesis of the
Khabour Sandstone, Western Iraq. Raf. Jour. Sci. Vol. 12, No. 2. pp.50-62.
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Kamal H. Karim
Al-Omari, F.S. and Sadiq, A., 1977. Geology of North Iraq, Mosul University Press.198p.
Al-Rawi, Y.T. and Al-Rawi, I.K., 2002. Tanjero Formation from Northeast and North Iraq.
A Turbidite Example of Flysch Type. Proceeding of 15th Iraqi Geological Conference,
15-18 Dec. 2002, Baghdad.(abstract).
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