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Scientometric Study of Nuclear Science and Technology Research
in India and China based on Web of Science (2000-2019)
Subhodip Bid
National Library, India, subhodipbid@gmail.com
Sukumar Mandal
Department of Library and Information Science, The University of Burdwan,
sukumar.mandal5@gmail.com
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Bid, Subhodip and Mandal, Sukumar, "Scientometric Study of Nuclear Science and Technology Research
in India and China based on Web of Science (2000-2019)" (2020). Library Philosophy and Practice (ejournal). 4425.
https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/libphilprac/4425
Scientometric Study of Nuclear Science and Technology Research in India and
China based on Web of Science (2000-2019)
Subhodip Bid
Library & Information Assistant, National Library, Kolkata- 700027
Email: subhodipbid@gmail.com
Dr. Sukumar Mandal
Assistant Professor, Department of Library and Information Science,
The University of Burdwan, Burdwan – 713 104
Email: sukumar.mandal5@gmail.com
Abstract
The present study attempt to compare the research output in terms of publications between two
Asian giants India and china in nuclear science and technology for the period 2000 to 2019 as
indexed in web of Science database under different parameters like publications size, mode of
communication, research wise distribution, authorship pattern and collaboration pattern, citation
pattern. The study reveals that India published 8637 research papers while China published
16879 papers which is almost twice of India’s publication. India leads China in terms of average
citation per paper. China shows tremendous growth after 2012. In terms of collaboration,
Germany is at the top with India and USA is at the top with China. Researchers have tendency to
publish their papers in group rather than individual. Contributors from both the countries have
tendency to publish their paper in journal. Bhabha Atomic Research Centre share 37% of the
total output of India’s publication where Chinese Academy of Science shares 33% of the total
output of China in nuclear science and technology.
Keywords: Nuclear Science and Technology, India, China, Comparative study, Scientometrics,
Authorship pattern, Degree of Collaboration, Bibliometrics, Growth rate
Introduction
As many countries in the world tries to develop and utilize the nuclear science and technology in
many field likes as alternative source of energy, engineering, medical applications, industrial
applications and many different commercial aspect. In this aspect India and China as one of the
nuclear power country also utilize the nuclear science in diverse field. Due to the effort of Homi
Jehangir Bhabha who is also known as “father of Indian nuclear programme” started the Tata
Institute of Fundamental Research in the year 1945 with the help of Sir Dorabji Jamsetji, Tata
Trust. Homi Jehangir Bhabha also proposed the government to set up lab specially on the area
atomic energy programme. Due to his effort Atomic Energy Establishment Trombay (AEET) and
Department of Atomic energy was established in the year 1954. After than many institutions or
specialist laboratory for nuclear science research had been established.
In case of China, many pioneer in the field of nuclear science like Qien Sanqiang also known as
Tsien San- Tsiang refer to as “China’s father of the atom bomb” founded Chinese Academy of
Science (CAS) which present name is China Institute of atomic Energy. Hoff Lu who is known
as the “father of Nuclear energy in China”. Hoff Lu also made remarkable contribution in
nuclear physics, theortical physics and neutron physics.
Literature review
Some previous studies have done to examine the research activity of particular subject between
two or more countries.
Bid S (2016) analysed the quantitative research output between four countries India, Pakistan,
France and Germany for the period 1988-2008 as reflected in Web of Science. The paper reveal
that India shows steady growth in different sub domain of physics. Nanoscience and
nanotechnology, remote sensing, geochemistry and geophysics emerge as strong research fields
in physics for all the four countries. It also reveal that authors from France and Germany prefer
to publish their research paper in their native language where as India and Pakistan researchers
prefer to publish in English language only.
Dhawan (1998) examined the research output of physics between India and China during 19901995 as reflected in INSPEC- Physics and revealed that China was ahead of India in terms of
research output and also suggested a strategy for identifying leading research in physics.
Gupta (2009) evaluated the contribution of India, China and Brazil in social science. The study
found that India lags behind China in terms of publication and publication growth rate. Brazil
leads India and China in terms of average citation per paper. The USA and UK are at the top
collaborating partners with the three countries.
Garg (2002) has examined the research output in laser between India and China and found that
China output was twice to that of India. The study also reveal that Chinese preferred to publish in
their domestic journal where Indian researcher published in foreign journal and also found that
India research papers got more citation per paper than Chinese paper. Both the countries authors
preferred to publish their paper in team.
Suresh Kumar (2002) the paper evaluated the research output between India and China in
Computer Science during 1971-2000. In this study, to identify channels and pattern of
communication, relative research effort and pattern of co-authorship of the two countries.
Kademani (2006) this study analyse research output of nuclear science and technology in India
during 1970-2002 as reflected in International Nuclear Information System (INIS). In this study
to identify year wise growth of publication, domain wise distribution, authorship pattern,
collaboration pattern, channels of communication have been find out.
It is also seen that no studies have been carried out to compare the research activities in nuclear
science and technology for the two Asian giants India and China for the period of two decades.
The present study is useful to understand and compare the research activities between India and
china in the concerned subject.
Objectives
The main objectives of the paper are
• To analyse year wise distribution of publication between India and China;
• To find out the top funding agency for India and China;
• To identify citation patterns and highly cited papers;
• To determine the authorship pattern and degree of collaboration of two universities;
• To find out the geographical distribution;
• To identify the top collaborating institutions with India and China ; and
• To study the top subject wise distribution of publications of India and China
• To find out the top journals which are preferred by the researchers of two countries
Methodology
The aim of the study to find out the contribution of two Asian giants India and China in
the field of nuclear science and technology for the 20 years period on the basis of data
retrieved from Web of Science database (WoS), Clarivate Analytics company. In the
address field of the general search option the word India were used and in the publication
year field, every year from 2000 to 2019 was used individually, rather than in a group i.e.,
2000-2019, to search total literature in every individual year after than refined by nuclear
science and technology. In order to study the publication growth, documentary forms,
funding agency, country, subjects and source title from India and China during 20002019, the quantitative data relating to these seven fields had been searched separately for
individual year. For the analysis purposes the data, saved in text files and then imported
into Micro Soft- Excel for analysis. The collected data would be evaluated and analyzed.
Data analysis and discussion
Publication growth
Table 1 : Year-wise Distribution of Publication with Citation (India and China)
Sl.
No.
Years
Records
India
% of Records
China
% of
8637
Average
Sum of the Citations per
Times Cited
Item
%
of
India
16879
h-index
China India China India China
1
2000
199
250
2.304
1.481
2937
2829 14.76
11.32
29
27
2
2001
219
239
2.536
1.416
3321
2858 15.16
11.96
29
27
3
2002
226
351
2.617
2.08
4818
8428 21.32
24.01
30
38
4
2003
336
268
3.89
1.588
17128
4870 50.98
18.17
30
29
5
2004
251
289
2.906
1.712
4163
4614 16.59
15.97
32
30
6
2005
227
318
2.628
1.884
3589
4817 15.81
15.15
31
33
7
2006
407
364
4.712
2.157
6417
6304 15.77
17.32
34
36
8
2007
315
534
3.647
3.164
4515
7303 14.33
13.68
31
39
9
2008
444
497
5.141
2.944
6239
6573 14.05
13.23
38
38
10
2009
368
557
4.261
3.3
4462
8119 12.13
14.58
30
41
11
2010
407
637
4.712
3.774
5452
8173
13.4
12.83
35
37
12
2011
568
753
6.576
4.461
5828
8621 10.26
11.45
33
38
13
2012
557
774
6.449
4.586
5182
8222
9.3
10.62
29
33
14
2013
608
1140
7.039
6.754
5270
10976
8.67
9.63
28
36
15
2014
658
1243
7.618
7.364
4968
11302
7.55
9.09
27
35
16
2015
517
1456
5.986
8.626
2999
11023
5.8
7.57
18
32
17
2016
583
1435
6.75
8.502
2722
9354
4.67
6.52
18
29
18
2017
657
1667
7.607
9.876
2938
8753
4.47
5.25
18
27
19
2018
510
1858
5.905
11.008
1656
7277
3.25
3.92
14
25
20
2019
580
2249
6.715
13.324
786
3766
1.36
1.67
10
16
Total
8637
16879
2500
2249
2000
1858
1667
1500
14561435
1243
1140
1000
India
China
753 774
658
657
583
580
568 557 608
534 497 557
517
510
444
407
407
368
364 315
351 336
289 318
268 251
250
239
227
226
219
199
637
500
0
Figure 1: Year-wise Distribution of Publication from India and China
The contribution of India during the year 2000-19 in nuclear science technology is 8637 papers
and the average number of papers per year is 432 whereas China has published 16879 papers
during the year 2000-19 and the average number of papers per year is 844. From table 1 it is
clear that for India, in 2000 which is the initial period of the study, 199 papers published while in
2019, 580 papers have been found. From the table it has been found that the highest number of
papers published from India in 2014 with 658 papers followed by 2017 with 657 papers, 2013
with 608 papers, 2016 with 283 papers and so on. In the case of China, 250 papers published in
2000 while in 2019, 2249 papers have been found. The highest number of papers published from
China in 2019 with 2249 papers followed by 2018 with 1858 papers, 2017 with 1667 papers,
2015 with 1456 papers and so on. It can be seen that publication from India shows fluctuating in
nature while China during 2000-2008 varies but after 2009 it shows continuous exponential
growth.
The total number of citations per article for the last 20 years of India & China is also shown in
the table 1, which varies from 1.36 to 50.98 for India and 1.67 to 24.01 for China. For 8637
papers of India received 95390 citations i.e. 11.04 average citation per paper and for 16879 paper
of China received 144182 citations i.e. 8.54 average citation per paper. This shows that average
citation per papers of India is better than China. Data also reveals that for India, in 2003 got the
highest average citation per papers i.e. 50.98 followed by 2002 with 21.32, 2004 with 16.59,
2005 with 15.81, 2006 with 15.77 and so on. For China, it got the highest average citation per
paper in the year 2002 with 24.01 followed by 2003 with 18.17, 2006 with 17.32, 2004 with
15.97 and so on. It shows that for both the countries have got highest number of citation per
paper in the year 2002.
Table 2 Quadruple Publication Output (2000-2019) of India and China
Paper
Quadruple Growth Rate, %
Year
India
China
India
China
2000-03
980
1108
2004-07
1200
1505
22.44
35.83
2008-11
1787
2444
48.91
62.39
2012-15
2340
4613
30.94
88.74
2016-19
2330
7209
-0.42
56.27
From table 2, quadruple publications output by Indian authors published 980 papers in 2000-03,
1200 papers in 2004-07, 1787 papers in 2008-11, 2340 in 2012-15 and 2330 papers in 2016-19.
Thus the publications growth has been 22.44 for the quadruple period 2000-03 to 2004-0.
Growth rate shows sudden increasing trend with 48.91 again it gradually decreased to 30.94 for
the period 2008-11 to 2012-15 and it shows a negative trend for the period 2012-15 to 2016-19.
From the above table, quadruple publications output by Chinese authors published 1108 papers
in 2000-03, 1505 papers in 2004-07, 2444 papers in 2008-11, 4613 in 2012-15 and 7209 papers
in 2016-19.Thus the publications growth has been 35.83 for the quadruple period 2000-03 to
2004-07. Which increased to 62.39 for the period 2004-07 to 2008-11 again it shows positive
increasing trend with 88.74 and it suddenly shows a decreasing trend with 56.27 for the period
2012-15 to 2016-19. It has been noticed that in terms of publication for both the countries, only
in the year 2003 and 2006 the publication output of India is more than China and the total
publication output of China is near about twice of India’s publication output. After 2012 China’s
research output in terms of publication has shown tremendous growth while India contribution
shows almost steady growth in terms of publication throughout the study period.
Document type
Table 3: Types of publication preferred by the authors of India and China
Document Type
Records of India
Records of China
Article
8426(97.55)
16554(98.07)
Correction
31(0.35)
56(0.33)
Editorial material
31(0.35)
66(0.39)
Letter
32(0.37)
20(0.11)
Proceeding papers
1496(17.32)
2841(16.83)
Review
112(1.29)
182(1.07)
The papers published by the authors of India and China publish in different types of documents.
Both the countries have almost similar trend of publishing and authors preferred to publish
papers in journal, proceeding papers, review as shown in the table 3
Funding agencies for India and China
Table 4: Top 10 funding agencies for India and China
Funding Agencies for India
Sponsored
papers
Funding Agencies For China
Sponsored
papers
402 (4.65)
National Natural Science Foundation
of China
6986(41.38)
University Grants Commission India
248(2.87)
Fundamental Research Funds for The
Central Universities
810(4.79)
Board of Research in Nuclear Sciences BRNS
237(2.74)
Department of Atomic Energy DAE
National Basic Research Program of
698(4.13)
China
Department of Science Technology India
226(2.61)
Chinese Academy of Sciences
634(3.75)
Council of Scientific Industrial Research CSIR
India
180(2.08)
China Postdoctoral Science
Foundation
376(2.22)
Euratom Research and Training Programme
72(0.83)
National Magnetic Confinement
Fusion Science Program of China
319(1.89)
United States Department of Energy DOE
42(0.48)
United States Department of Energy
DOE
272(1.61)
Engineering Physical Sciences Research
Council EPSRC
30(0.34)
China Scholarship Council
245(1.45)
30(0.34)
National Key Research and
Development Program of China
194(1.14)
26(0.30)
Ministry Of Science and Technology
China
186(1.10)
Federal Ministry of Education Research BMBF
23(0.26)
National High Technology Research
and Development Program of China
178(1.05)
Ministry of Education Culture Sports Science
And Technology Japan MEXT
22(0.25)
National Key R D Program of China
175(1.03)
National Science Foundation NSF
21(0.24)
Ministry of Education China
170(1.00)
19(0.22)
National Magnetic Confinement
Fusion Science Program
164(0.97)
18(0.20)
National Magnetic Confinement
Fusion Program
150(0.88)
IUAC New Delhi
Science Technology Facilities Council STFC
Defence Research Development Organisation
DRDO
European Union EU
Table 4 shows the top 15 funding agencies for India and China. Maximum numbers of funding
for India has came from DAE, UGC, BRNS, DST, CSIR and China came from National Natural
Science Foundation of China, Fundamental Research Funds for The Central Universities,
National Basic Research Program of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences and China
Postdoctoral Science Foundation. It is also noticed that out of top15 funding agencies for India, 2
funding agencies each from United States, European countries, United Kingdom and one from
Japan and Germany while in case of China only one funding agency came from United States i.e
United States Department of Energy DOE and rest 14 funding agencies are from China. Above
table also shows that the top 15 funding agency covers only 18.47% of the total publication of
India while top 15 funding agency covers 68.47% of the total publication of China. It shows that
China funded more on research and development self financed where India has been funded by
the other countries also.
Citation Profile & highly Cited papers
Table 5 Citation distribution of India and China
Times
Cited
Number of papers
India
China
% of India
8637
Zero
Citation
1046
2657
12.11068658
15.74145388
1
950
2170
10.99918953
12.85621186
2
804
1883
9.308787774
11.15587416
3
727
1428
8.417274517
8.460216837
4
605
1137
7.004747019
6.736181053
5
545
955
6.310061364
5.657918123
6--10
1728
2968
20.00694686
17.58398009
11--50
2046
3365
23.68878083
19.93601517
51-100
141
228
1.632511289
1.350790924
100-150
28
44
0.324186639
0.26067895
151-200
9
18
0.104202848
0.106641389
201-250
2
6
0.023156188
0.03554713
251-300
0
10
0
0.059245216
>300
6
10
0.069468565
0.059245216
Total
8637
16879
100
100
% of China 16879
In case of India, table 5 shows that 1046 papers received zero citation, 950 papers received one
citation, 804 papers received two citations, 727 papers received 3 citations, 605 papers received
4 citations, 545 papers received 5 citation, 1728 papers in citation range 6-10, 2046 papers in
citation range 11-50, 141 papers in citation range 51-100, for more than 100 citations are
received by 37 papers, more than 200 citations are received by 2 papers and more than 300
citations are received by 6 papers. Top 5 highly cited papers of India in the nuclear science
technology.
Agostinelli S, Allison J, Amako, K. et. al. GEANT4-a simulation toolkit. Nuclear Instruments &
Methods in Physics Research Section A-Accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated
Equipment. 2003; 506 (3) : 250-303p. (Times cited : 12557)
Abashian A, Abe K, Abe R. et. al. The Belle detector. Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics
Research Section A-Accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment. 2002; 479
(1): 117-232p. (Times cited: 1153)
Abazov V. M., Abbott B, Abolins M. et.al. The upgraded DO detector. Nuclear Instruments &
Methods in Physics Research Section A-Accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated
Equipment. 2006 ; 565 (2) : 463-537p. (Times cited : 513)
Adcox K, Adler SS, Aizama M. et. al. PHENIX detector overview. Nuclear Instruments & Methods
in Physics Research Section A-Accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment.
2003 ; 499 (2-3) : 469-479p. (Times cited : 427)
Abbon P, Albrecht E, Alexakhin V. Yu.. et. al. The COMPASS experiment at CERN. Nuclear
Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-Accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and
Associated Equipment. 2007 ; 577(3) : 455-518p. (Times cited : 384)
In case of China, table 5 shows that 2657 papers received zero citation, 2170 papers received one
citation, 1883 papers received two citations, 1428 papers received 3 citations, 1137 papers
received 4 citations, 955 papers received 5 citation, 2968 papers in citation range 6-10, 3365
papers in citation range 11-50, 228 papers in citation range 51-100, for more than 100 citations
are received by 62 papers, more than 200 citations are received by 16 papers and more than 300
citations are received by 10 papers. Top 5 highly cited papers of China.
Aubert B, BazanA, Boucham A. et. al. The BABAR detector. Nuclear Instruments & Methods in
Physics Research Section A-Accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment. 2002;
479 (1): 1-116p. (Times cited: 1182)
Abashian A, Abe K, Abe R. et. al. The Belle detector. Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics
Research Section A-Accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment. 2002; 479 (1):
117-232p. (Times cited: 1153)
Abraham J, Aglietta M, Aguirre IC. et.al. Properties and performance of the prototype instrument
for the Pierre Auger Observatory.Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section
A-Accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment. 2004; 523 (1-2): 50-95p.
(Times cited: 654)
Abazov, V. M., Abbott B, Abolins M. et. al. The upgraded DO detector. Nuclear Instruments &
Methods In Physics Research Section A-Accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated
Equipment. 2006; 565(2): 463-537p. (Times cited: 513)
Ackermann KH, Adams N, Adler C. et.al. STAR detector overview. Nuclear Instruments &
Methods in Physics Research Section A-Accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated
Equipment. 2003; 499(2-3): 624-632p. (Times cited: 501)
From the above it can be seen that the title “The Belle detector” received 1153 citation and has
common to both the countries. Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section AAccelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment is the most common source where
both countries authors publish their research papers and all the top 5 cited papers from both the countries
are coming from this journal.
Authorship Pattern
Table 6 Authorship Pattern of Papers Published India
Year
One
Two
Three
Four
Five
Six
Seven
Eight
Nine
Ten
Ten>
Total
%
2000
11
39
41
46
25
13
11
3
3
2
5
199
2.30
2001
15
32
47
42
27
21
13
8
1
2
11
219
2.53
2002
12
33
36
62
35
19
7
6
4
3
9
226
2.61
2003
16
46
57
57
63
42
25
9
7
3
11
336
3.89
2004
10
54
47
45
33
27
17
6
1
11
251
2.90
2005
10
32
43
50
32
22
11
8
2
2
15
227
2.62
2006
11
66
59
85
67
54
30
7
8
7
13
407
4.71
2007
13
58
54
66
47
28
10
14
5
6
14
315
3.64
2008
12
68
84
73
87
47
32
16
6
10
9
444
5.14
2009
17
57
71
66
55
38
21
15
8
4
16
368
4.26
2010
12
67
72
94
56
42
23
11
7
5
18
407
4.71
2011
25
74
99
114
80
60
44
19
11
10
32
568
6.57
2012
10
73
115
91
74
73
45
26
15
8
27
557
6.44
2013
16
82
110
114
93
65
35
20
14
22
37
608
7.03
2014
32
87
112
119
101
69
47
21
16
18
36
658
7.61
2015
9
57
96
95
74
55
40
31
15
17
28
517
5.98
2016
22
55
91
110
90
67
43
20
30
11
44
583
6.75
2017
25
64
126
101
87
82
49
18
20
10
75
657
7.60
2018
13
66
87
91
73
61
20
26
12
9
52
510
5.90
2019
15
87
100
93
87
58
35
31
11
8
55
580
6.71
Total
306
1197
1547
1614
1286
943
558
315
196
157
518
8637
100
3.543
13.859
17.911
18.69
14.89
10.9
6.4606
3.647
2.269
1.82
5.997
100
%
From the table 6 shows the authorship pattern of India. The authors of India, published 8637
papers which is indexed in WoS database shows that they preferred to publish contributed by
four authors (18.69%) followed by three authors (17.91%), five authors (14.89%), two authors
(13.85%), six authors (10.9%) and seven author (6.46%) and so on. This pattern shows that
authors of India published their paper with the group of authors rather than single. There are 152
no. of titles where the single paper is contributed by more than 100 authors out of which 115 no.
of titles having more than 1000 contributors. The title “A locked mode indicator for disruption
prediction on JET and ASDEX upgrade” has been contributed by 2133 authors published in
Fusion Engineering and Design in the year 2019.
Table 7 Authorship Pattern of Papers Published China
year
One Two Three
Four
Five
Six
Seven Eight Nine
Ten
Ten> Total
%
2000
12
21
48
47
37
23
20
12
6
7
17
250
1.48
2001
16
19
41
54
29
26
15
8
9
1
21
239
1.41
2002
13
33
61
69
54
36
26
13
13
5
28
351
2.07
2003
8
26
37
51
45
31
20
11
2
8
29
268
1.58
2004
9
29
53
39
42
39
25
13
10
5
25
289
1.71
2005
10
26
57
61
42
22
28
17
8
7
40
318
1.88
2006
19
42
46
78
57
38
24
15
15
8
22
364
2.15
2007
14
44
84
96
73
69
46
35
22
17
34
534
3.16
2008
14
59
66
94
81
57
47
21
18
8
32
497
2.94
2009
9
42
113
103
84
70
49
26
10
10
41
557
3.29
2010
9
36
79
122
107
88
61
47
20
19
49
637
3.77
2011
11
48
97
147
148
89
60
40
30
10
73
753
4.46
2012
8
50
132
117
149
101
80
39
32
11
55
774
4.58
2013
24
55
128
178
228
149
119
83
55
30
91
1140
6.75
2014
16
72
129
217
244
186
126
91
53
32
77
1243
7.36
2015
18
56
174
226
273
226
172
96
53
38
124
1456
8.62
2016
16
78
172
202
255
229
161
90
66
38
128
1435
8.50
2017
14
60
143
257
266
287
182
126
80
64
188
1667
9.87
2018
17
68
169
271
328
299
204
153
104
56
189
1858
11.00
2019
25
85
198
313
401
332
253
204
117
107
214
2249
13.32
Total
282
949
2027
2742 2943 2397
1718
1140
723
481
1477 16879
100
%
1.67
5.62 12.009 16.25
10.18
6.75 4.283 2.85
17.4
14.2
8.75
100
Table 7 shows the authorship pattern of China. China authors also preferred to publish their
papers contributed by five authors (17.4%), four authors (16.24%), six authors (14.20%), three
authors (12 %), seven authors (10.17 %), more than ten authors (8.75%). The paper published by
a single author is only 1.67%. There are 189 no. of titles where the single paper is contributed by
more than 100 authors out of which 115 no. of titles having more than 1000 contributors. The
title “A locked mode indicator for disruption prediction on JET and ASDEX upgrade” has been
contributed by 2133 authors published in Fusion Engineering and Design in the year 2019.
From the above it is seen that authorship patterns show almost the same nature for both the
countries India and China, and have a tendency to publish their research paper in multi-authored
rather than the single-authored. It is also found that for both the countries have 115 numbers of
research papers where contribution by more than 1000 authors.
Degree of Collaboration (DC)
Table 8 : Authorship Pattern with Degree of Collaboration Measures (DC)
Percentage (%)
of total
publication
Number of
publication
India
China
India
China
100
100
Nm+Ns
DC
India
China
India
China
8637
16879
0.96
0.98
Total number of
Single/Multi-Authored
Publications
8637
16879
Number of Co-Authored
Publication (NM)
8331
16597
Number of Single-Authored
Publication (NS)
306
282
3.5429
1.6707
Number of two-Authored
Publication
1197
949
13.859
5.6224
1503
1231
0.79
0.77
Number of three-Authored
Publication
1547
2027
17.9113
12.009
1853
2309
0.83
0.87
Number of Four-Authored
Publication
1614
2742
18.687
16.245
1920
3024
0.84
0.90
Number of Five-Authored
Publication
1286
2943
14.8894
17.436
1592
3225
0.80
0.91
Number of Six-Authored
Publication
943
2397
10.9181
14.201
1249
2679
0.75
0.89
Number of Seven-Authored
Publication
558
1718
6.46058
10.178
864
2000
0.64
0.85
Number of Eight-Authored
Publication
315
1140
3.6471
6.754
621
1422
0.50
0.80
Number of Nine-Authored
Publication
196
723
2.26931
4.2834
502
1005
0.39
0.71
Number of Ten Authored
Publication
157
481
1.81776
2.8497
463
763
0.33
0.63
Number of Eleven and
above-Authored Publication
518
1477
5.99745
8.7505
824
1759
0.62
0.83
For finding the degree of collaboration (DC) of India and China, Subramanyam (1983) formula
has been used i.e DC= Nm/Nm+Ns
Where Nm = Number of multi-authored papers
Ns = Number of single authored papers
Calculation: DC for two authored publications
Nm = 1197 & Ns = 306
DC = 1197/(1197+306) = 0.796
Table 8 shows that the value of DC of India is lowest among ten authored which is 0.13 and
highest among four authored (0.84) followed by three authored (0.83), five authored (0.80), two
authored (0.79) and so on. The same patterns show for the DC of China. The lowest value of DC
is found among ten authored publications (0.63) and highest found among five authors (0.91)
followed by four authored publications (0.90), six authored publications (0.89), three authored
(0.87) and so on. Both the countries have shown the same trend towards multi- authorship
papers.
Collaboration with other Countries
Table 9: Geographical Distribution of Publications
Collaborating countries with India
Collaborating countries with China
Country
Country
Germany
Records
437
% of
8637
5.06
USA
Records
1572
Rank
% of
16879
9.31
1
USA
427
4.944
Japan
876
5.19
2
France
340
3.937
Germany
694
4.11
3
Japan
317
3.67
France
567
3.35
4
South Korea
283
3.277
Italy
388
2.29
5
Italy
277
3.207
South Korea
383
2.26
6
England
231
2.675
Russia
362
2.14
7
Peoples R China
226
2.617
England
354
2.09
8
Russia
223
2.582
Switzerland
323
1.91
9
Spain
189
2.188
Sweden
231
1.36
10
Switzerland
185
2.142
India
226
1.33
11
Austria
182
2.107
Netherlands
220
1.30
12
Poland
178
2.061
Spain
215
1.27
13
Czech Republic
163
1.887
Canada
213
1.26
14
Greece
160
1.852
Poland
195
1.15
15
Table 9 shows the top 15 countries collaborate with India and China. It has been found that both the
countries have collaboration with the other countries researcher of the world for publishing their research
papers. It is found that 10 countries are common out of top 15 countries in both the countries. China rank
9th in terms of collaboration with India while India rank 11th with China. The Germany is at the top in
collaboration with India with 437 records followed by USA with 427 records, France with 340 records,
Japan with 317 records, South Korea with 283 records and so on. In case of China, USA is at top with
1572 records followed by Japan with 876 records, Germany with 694 records, France with 567 records,
Italy with 388 records and so. It is also found that top 15 countries collaboration with India share 44.20 %
of total publication where countries collaboration with China share 40.4% of the total output of China in
nuclear science technology.
From the table it is also visible that USA, Germany, Japan, France, Italy, Russia and England are the
countries where more research work have been done in the field of nuclear science technology for that
reason this countries are common with both the countries India and China.
Research area -wise Distribution of Publications
Table 10: Subject-wise Number of Papers Produced
Research Areas
Records for India
Records for China
Chemistry
2653(30.71)
2460(14.57)
Computer Science
16(0.18)
349(2.06)
Energy Fuels
280(3.24)
830(4.91)
Engineering
118(1.36)
890(5.27)
Environmental Sciences Ecology
399(4.62)
344(2.03)
Imaging Science Photographic Technology
16(0.18)
349(2.06)
Instruments Instrumentation
1737(20.11)
3426(20.29)
Life Sciences Biomedicine Other Topics
134(1.55)
144(0.85)
Materials Science
642(7.43)
1463(8.66)
Nuclear Science Technology
8621(99.81)
16528(97.92)
Physics
2776(32.14)
5384(31.89)
Public Environmental Occupational Health
399(4.62)
344(2.03)
Radiology Nuclear Medicine Medical Imaging
1013(11.72)
1250(7.40)
Contributors from both the countries have published their research paper in the above research
area. From the table 10, Indian researchers published 2776 (32.14%) in physics followed by
chemistry with 2653 (30.71%), instruments and instrumentation with 1737 (20.11%), radiology
nuclear medicine medical imaging with 1013 (11.72%), material science with 642 (7.43%),
environmental science ecology and public environmental occupational health with 399 (4.62%)
each, energy fuels with 280 (3.24%) and followed by other.
In case of China, Physics ranked top with 5384 (31.89%) followed by instrument and
instrumentation with 3426 (20.29%), chemistry with 2460 (14.57%), radiology nuclear medicine
medical imaging with 1250 (7.40%), engineering with 890 (5.27%), energy fuels with 830
(4.91%) and so on.
Institution-wise Distribution of Papers
Table 11: Top 25 institutions/Universities collaborating with India & China
Affiliation with India
Records
Affiliation With China
Records
Bhabha Atomic Research Center BARC
3174(36.74)
Chinese Academy of Sciences
5604(33.20)
Indira Gandhi Centre For Atomic Research IGCAR
1006(11.64)
Tsinghua University
1571(9.30)
Indian Institute Of Technology System IIT System
847(9.80)
University of Science Technology of China
CAS
1256(7.44)
Inter University Accelerator Centre
605(7.00)
Xi An Jiaotong University
1020(6.04)
Institute For Plasma Research IPR
510(5.90)
University of Chinese Academy of
Sciences CAS
979(5.8)
Homi Bhabha National Institute
349(4.04)
Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics CAS
747(4.42)
Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics
311(3.60)
Institute of High Energy Physics CAS
737(4.36)
Helmholtz Association
280(3.24)
Chinese Academy of Engineering Physics
696(4.12)
Indian Institute of Technology IIT Bombay
245(2.83)
Institute of Modern Physics CAS
684(4.05)
Council of Scientific Industrial Research CSIR
India
232(2.68)
Shanghai Jiao Tong University
665(3.94)
Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre
225(2.60)
Peking University
644(3.81)
United States Department of Energy DOE
209(2.42)
China Institute of Atomic Energy
637(3.77)
CEA
201(2.32)
United States Department of Energy DOE
576(3.41)
Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique
CNRS
192(2.22)
Helmholtz Association
450(2.66)
ITER
175(2.02)
Lanzhou University
407(2.41)
Chinese Academy of Sciences
169(1.95)
Harbin Engineering University
396(2.34)
University of California System
159(1.84)
Sichuan University
388(2.29)
Max Planck Society
156(1.80)
Southwestern Institute of Physics China
296(1.75)
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
153(1.77)
University of California System
292(1.73)
Guru Nanak Dev University
148(1.71)
Beijing Normal University
285(1.68)
Panjab University
148(1.71)
Fudan University
285(1.68)
Institute of Physics Bhubaneswar IOPB
145(1.67)
University of Science Technology Beijing
282(1.67)
Mangalore University
144(1.66)
Centre National De La Recherche
Scientifique CNRS
274(1.62)
University Of Delhi
143(1.65)
North China Electric Power University
271(1.60)
Tata Institute Of Fundamental Research TIFR
142(1.64)
Nucl Power Inst China
269(1.59)
The contributors from India and China publish their research work from many
institutions/universities. It is found from the table that Indian authors from Bhabha Atomic
Research Center ranked top with 3174 records followed by IGCAR with 1006 records, IIT
systems with 847 records, Inter University Accelerator Centre with 605 records, Institute for
Plasma Research with 510 records, Homi Bhabha National Institute with 349 records, Saha
Institute of Nuclear Physics with 311 records and so on. It is clear from the table that top 5
institutions cover 71.11% of the total output in nuclear science technology. Maharashtra
contributed 45.27% of the total output, 17.58% from other countries and rest from other states of
India.
In case of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences ranked top with 5604 records followed by
Tsinghua University with 1571 records, University of Science Technology of China with 1256
records, Xi An Jiaotong University with 1020 records and soon. It is also found that only three
institutions which are from other countries are in the list of top 25 institutions.
Journal-wise Distribution of Papers
table 12: List of top 25 Journals where contributors of India and China published their papers
IF
Source Titles For India
Records
Journal of Radioanalytical and
Nuclear Chemistry
1293(14.97)
1.18
Nuclear Instruments Methods in
Physics Research Section B Beam
Interactions with Materials and
Atoms
Journal of Nuclear Materials
1096(12.69)
642(7.43)
1.21
2.547
Source Titles For China
Nuclear Instruments Methods in
Physics Research Section B Beam
Interactions with Materials and
Atoms
Nuclear Instruments Methods in
Physics Research Section A
Accelerators Spectrometers
Detectors and Associated
Equipment
Fusion Engineering and Design
Records
IF
1782(10.55)
1.21
1644(9.74)
1468(8.69)
1.433
1.45
Nuclear Instruments Methods in
Physics Research Section A
Accelerators Spectrometers Detectors
and Associated Equipment
641(7.42)
1.433
Radiation Physics and Chemistry
Nuclear Engineering and Design
Applied Radiation and Isotopes
Radiation Effects and Defects in
Solids
599(6.93)
534(6.18)
464(5.37)
1.98
1.54
1.34
416(4.81)
0.63
Fusion Engineering and Design
405(4.68)
1.45
Radiation Measurements
Annals of Nuclear Energy
Radiation Protection Dosimetry
Radiochimica Acta
International Journal of Energy
Research
International Journal of Radiation
Biology
Progress in Nuclear Energy
364(4.21)
336(3.89)
312(3.61)
297(3.43)
1.43
1.38
0.83
1.33
276(3.19)
3.34
134(1.55)
103(1.19)
2.26
1.56
Ieee Transactions on Nuclear Science
Nuclear Science and Engineering
Kerntechnik
102(1.18)
76(0.88)
73(0.84)
1.42
1.06
0.26
Nuclear Technology
67(0.77)
0.95
Fusion Science and Technology
Journal Of Fusion Energy
63(0.72)
48(0.55)
1.4
0.64
Nuclear Materials and Energy
47(0.54)
Nuclear Engineering and Technology
Health Physics
41(0.47)
35(0.40)
1.54
0.99
Journal of Nuclear Materials
Journal of Radioanalytical and
Nuclear Chemistry
Nuclear Science and Techniques
Annals of Nuclear Energy
1463(8.66)
2.547
1386(8.21)
1279(7.57)
1083(6.41)
0.96
1.38
Nuclear Engineering and Design
International Journal of Energy
Research
IEEE Transactions on Nuclear
Science
Radiation Physics and Chemistry
Progress in Nuclear Energy
Applied Radiation and Isotopes
989(5.85)
1.54
828(4.90)
3.34
557(3.3)
503(2.98)
463(2.74)
413(2.44)
1.42
1.98
1.56
1.34
Journal of Fusion Energy
Ieee Transactions on Medical
Imaging
Radiation Measurements
Journal of Nuclear Science and
Technology
Radiation Protection Dosimetry
Fusion Science and Technology
Science and Technology of Nuclear
Installations
Radiation Effects and Defects in
Solids
Radiochimica Acta
International Journal of Radiation
Biology
Nuclear Engineering and
Technology
Nuclear Science and Engineering
349(2.06)
0.64
329(1.94)
281(1.66)
7.81
1.43
238(1.41)
209(1.23)
202(1.19)
1.24
0.83
1.4
181(1.07)
1.08
164(0.97)
156(0.92)
0.63
1.33
144(0.85)
2.26
130(0.77)
128(0.75)
1.54
1.06
Table 12 shows the top 25 journals where the contributors from India and China published their
research papers in nuclear science technology. It is found that Journal of Radioanalytical and
Nuclear Chemistry gets the highest number of publications with 1293 records followed by
Nuclear Instruments Methods in Physics Research Section B Beam Interactions with Materials
and Atoms with 1096 records, Journal of Nuclear Materials with 642 records and followed by
other sources.
In case of China, authors preferred to publish their articles in Nuclear Instruments Methods in
Physics Research Section B Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms with 1782 titles
followed by Nuclear Instruments Methods in Physics Research Section A Accelerators
Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment with 1644 titles, Fusion Engineering and
Design with 1468 titles, Journal of Nuclear Materials with 1463 titles and followed by other
journals.
It is found that there are 21 journals are common in both the countries and it shows that these
journals are core jornal in the field of nuclear science technology. Top 10 journals of India
contribute 75 % of the total output while 74% contributed by top ten journal of China. It is also
found that all top 25 journals are published from foreign countries where the authors from India
published their research papers while only one journal from China is in the list of top 25 journals
of China. Impact factor varies from 0.26 to 3.34 for top 25 journals where the authors from India
prefer to publish their paper while for China impact factor varies from 0.63 to 7.81.
Conclusion
The present study mainly highlights the quantitative as well qualitative analysis of two Asian
countries, India and China in the field of nuclear science and technology during the period 20002019. The major finding of the study showed that India published 8637 papers and China
published 16879 papers. The highest numbers of papers published by the researcher of India in
the year 2014 with 658 papers and China in the year 2019 with 2249 papers. The studies
revealed that India leads China in terms of publication only in the year 2003 and 2006. India
shows almost steady growth while China shows tremendous growth after 2012. In terms of
average citation per paper, India leads China. The papers published from India and China
received 95390 and 144182 citations. China ranks 9th in terms of collaboration with India while
India ranks 11th with China and journal articles, proceeding papers and review are the most
favourite mode of communication. In terms of funding agency, India is funded by 7 foreign
agencies while China is funded by only one foreign agency within the top 15 funded agencies
and it shows China is more reliable on self financed research in nuclear science and technology.
There were 6 Indian papers and 10 Chinese papers, which got more than 300 citations. One paper
from India has received a 12557 citation while China got the highest citation on single paper
with 1182. The paper also revealed that both the countries had almost the same nature of citation
distribution among papers and had a tendency to publish the paper in multi-authored rather than
solo publication. It was also found that there were 115 numbers of titles where contributed by
more than 1000 authors for both the countries. Bhabha Atomic Research Center and Chinese
Academy of Sciences were the top institutions from India and China. Maharashtra contributed
45.27% of the total output in the field of nuclear science and technology.
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Sukumar Mandal