Forms of Address in Bogotá Spanish: A System Crossing

Forms of Address in Bogotá Spanish: A System Crossing Xavier Frias Conde Theoretical Framework: Tagging according to FCG 2 3  Honorifics: Spanish formas de tratamiento,      Catalan formes de tractament, German Anrede. It is a part of Linguistics whose aim is to deal with the use of 2nd person pronouns in terms of courtesy, social distance, etc. It is mainly related to Pragmatics and Sociolinguistics, but also to Morphosyntax. Catalan  Tu què vols fer avui?  Vostè què vol fer avui?  Vos què voleu fer avui? English  What would you like to do today? Czech  Co chceš ty dělat dneska?  Co chcete vy dělat dneska? The concept of Address 4 The concept of Address Even within one same language, regional differences may be found: ES_ES ES_AM PT_PT • Ustedes no pueden entrar. • Tu tens as chaves • A Joana tem as chaves • Você tem as chaves • A senhora tem as chaves PT_BR • Você tem as chaves • A senhora tem as chaves • Vosotros no podéis entrar. • Ustedes no pueden entrar. 5 Tagging  In order to classify and identify each single form, we use a tagging system based on two principles:  Primary tagging: fixed features of each honorifics  Degree (G): [+formal] and [-formal]  Paradigm (Π): [±2P]  Reference: [±2P]  Secondary tagging (ψ) spontaneous references which may vary among speakers or even the same speaker may alternate among different formulae.  Example. Context in ES_AM, when a mother, who is slightly angry, talks to her baby to force it to tidy its room up:  A ver, mijito, ¿no ves qué desorden hay acá? ¡Recoja ahorita todos sus juguetes! 6  The degree primarily refers to [±formal]      One degree ⇛ English or Classical Arabic. Two degrees ⇛ Spanish, French, Italian, Czech, German (most languages have a twodegree system) Three degrees ⇛ Some varieties of American Spanish Four degrees ⇛ European Portuguese When dealing with languages with more than two degrees, other tags are required, for example [±distance] or [±intimacy]  [±distance] mainly refers to the belonging to the same or a different social class.  [±intimacy] refers to personal relationships Degree 7 EN SG PL [-FORMAL] you you [+FORMAL] you  English you with no difference between singular and plural. One-degree system: English 8 AR SG DU PL [-FORMAL] anta antomá antom [+FORMAL] anta antomá antom  Arabic with dual (only masculine forms are shown). One-degree system: Arabic 9 AR_EG SG PL [-FORMAL] ente ento [+FORMAL] haďratak haďrátkom One-degree system: Arabic  Egyptian Arabic, instead, lacks dual and has a courtesy form 10 ES_ES SG PL [-FORMAL] tú vosotros [+FORMAL] usted ustedes Two-degree system: European Spanish 11 CT SG PL [-FORMAL] tu vosaltres [+FORMAL] vostè vostès Two-degree system: Catalan (youngest generations) 12 ES_EC_QUITO SINGULAR [-FORMAL] [+INTIMACY] vos [-FORMAL] [-INTIMACY] tú [+FORMAL] [-INTIMACY] usted Three-degree system: Ecuadorian Spanish and Cali Spanish (Colombia)  Vos: [-formal] [+intimacy]  Tú: [-formal] [-intimacy]  Usted: [+formal] [+distance] 13 PT_PT SINGULAR [-FORMAL] [-DISTANCE] tu [-FORMAL] [+DISTANCE] NP [+FORMAL] [-DISTANCE] você [+FORMAL] [+DISTANCE] o/a senhor(a) Four-degree system: European Portuguese  NP: refers to the use of personal names as a courtesy form > ad hoc pronominalisation (see further)  O João gosta de café? 14 ES_EC_AZUAY SINGULAR [-FORMAL] [-DISTANCE] vos [-FORMAL] [+DISTANCE] tú [+FORMAL] X ~Y usted [+FORMAL] X <Y sumercé Four-degree system: Central Ecuadorian Spanish  X e Y refer to both speaker and listener (addresser and addressee)  Both token represent social status 15 ES_CO_BOGOTÁ SINGULAR [-FORMAL] [-DISTANCE] sumercé [-FORMAL] [+DISTANCE] tú [+FORMAL] [-DISTANCE] NP [+FORMAL] [+DISTANCE] usted Four-degree system: Bogotá Spanish  NP: also refers to the use of personal names (ad hoc pronominalisation).  ¿El profe toma café? 16  Concerning Romance languages (and Reference (R) all European ones), Reference refers mainly (but not only) to the second person, either singular or plural.  Some Slavonic languages still conserve dual  Slovene  Sorbian 17  Courtesy forms usually refer to a 2P  However their (verbal) paradigm usually doesn’t   Courtesy and Paradigm (Π)   coincide with the actual reference: French vous (like Czech vy)  Vous êtes sympathiques > R [2PP], Π [2PP]  Vous êtes sympathique > R [2PS], Π [2PP] Spanish usted  Usted es simpático > R [2PS], Π [3PS] Italian Lei  Lei è molto simpatica > R [3PS], Π [3PS]  Lei è molto simpatico > R [2PS], Π [3PS] German Sie  Genau, sie ist meine Freundin > R [3PS], Π [3PS]  Genau, sie sind meine Freunde > R [3PP], Π [3PP]  Genau, Sie sind mein Freund > R [2PS], Π [3PP]  Genau, Sie sind meine Freunde > R [2PP], Π [3PP] 18  Courtesy in the first person also exists in certain varieties of ES and PT  ES_ES: Courtesy and Paradigm (Π)  (Un) servidor [+form] [Π 3PS] [R 1PS]  Mi menda [–form] [Π 3PS] [R 1PS]  ES_CO/EC  Mi persona [+form] [Π 3PS] [R 1PS]  PT_PT  Seu criado [+form] [Π 3PS] [R 1PS] 19 ES_ES SG PL [-FORMAL] tú vosotros [+FORMAL] usted ustedes Symmetric and asymmetric paradigms  Symmetric paradigms > SG = PL as for the number of forms 20 ES_AM SG [-FORMAL] tú PL ustedes [+FORMAL] Symmetric and asymmetric paradigms usted  Asymmetric paradigms > SG ≠ PL as for the number of forms 21  Not all pronouns in Romance come from Pronominalisation ad hoc Latin.  Certain NP have become pronouns throughout the history of the Romance languages.  Vuestra merced > vusted > usted (ES)  Vossa mercê > você (PT)  A gente (PT_BR) 22  However, sometimes certain NPs work spontaneously as pronouns > ad hoc  In Bogotá Spanish any NP, but one even Pronominalisationad hoc containing a proper name:  El profe es un genio > R [2PS], Π [3PS]  Juan es un genio > R [2PS], Π [3PS]  In PT_EU prefers NP whose core is a proper name:  O Manuel é um génio > R [2PS], Π [3PS]  O professor é um génio > R [2PS], Π [3PS] 23 Social Status (Σ) At times, Social Status plays an important role in Address. X (=speaker) Y (=listener) X>Y Y<X X=Y X ~ Y (Status doesn’t matter) X≥Y X≤Y Address in Bogotá D. C. 24 25  Bogotá doesn’t have a unique system of Address  It’s a meeting point where all the varieties of the whole country meet  In a certain way, it could even be considered a melting point.  As a matter of fact, several systems cohabit in Bogotá’s variety  We will present them, but without statistics regarding the number of users of each system  The presentation of all this paradigms is based on my own observations (2017-19) and the comments made to me by several colleagues of the ICC.  No quantitative data  Therefore this is just a beginning Anything special about Bogotá variety? 26  The so-called pronominalization ad hoc (PAD), which is practically unknown in the rest of Spanish  NP [proper names]: Veo que Susana no quiere Does Bogotá Spanish have some features of its own? hoy un tinto.  DP: Veo que la profesora no quiere hoy un tinto  Con VOC: Susana| profesora, pro no quiere hoy un tinto, ¿cierto?  This PAD reaches even the plural  Probably sumercés also exists as a plural form 27 System 1 System 2 5 Address Systems [- Standard] System 3 Sytem 4 [+ Standard] System 5 Xavier Frías Conde - UNED 28 G SG [- FORMAL] [- DIST] vos [- FORMAL] [+ DIST] tú PL ustedes [+ FORMAL] [- DIST] PAD [+ FORMAL] [+ DIST] usted  This same system is to be found West Colombia and the System 1 (coincides with Cali) Ecuadorian Sierra. Moreover, the Venezuelan border (Zulia) uses a similar system  Spontaneous use of vos among young people on social networks 29 Verb paradigms with vos ES_CO: vos cantás, tú cantas vos tenés, tú tienes vos partís, tú partes ES_EC: vos / tú cantas (Old: vos cantás) vos / tú tienes (Old: vos tenís) vos / tú partes (Old: vos partís) ES_VE vos cantáis, tú cantas vos tenéis, tú tienes vos partís, tú partes 30 G SG [- INFORMAL] [-DIST] sumercé [- INFORMAL] [+ DIST] tú PL ustedes [+ FORMAL] [- DIST] PAD [+ FORMAL] [+ DIST] usted System 2 (coincides with Boyacá) 31 G SG [- INFORMAL] [- DIST] tú [+ FORMAL] [- DIST] PAD [+ FORMAL] [+ DIST] usted System 3 PL ustedes 32 G [+ FORMAL] SG [- DIST] PL PAD ustedes [+ FORMAL] [+ DIST] System 4 usted 33 G SG [- FORMAL] tú PL ustedes [+ FORMAL] usted System 5 Formal Standard ES_AM 34 Verb Paradigms in Spanish ES EC CO (Cali) MX AR canto + + + + + cantás — ± + — + cantas + + + + — canta + + + + + cantamos + + + + + cantáis + — — — — cantan + + + + + 35 Verb Paradigms in Bogotá SYSTEM 1 2 3 4 5 canto + + + + + cantás + — — — — cantas + + + — + canta + + + + + cantamos + + + + + cantáis — — — — — cantan + + + + + 36 Singular Pronoun Paradigms in Bogotá SYSTEM 1 2 3 4 5 Vos + — — — — Sumercé — + — — — Tú + + + + + PAD + + + + — Usted + + + + + 37 Plural Pronoun Paradigms in Bogotá SYSTEM 1 2 3 4 5 Sumercés — ± — — — Ustedes + + + + + PAD ± ± ± ± — Thank you for your interest Děkuji za pozornost xfrias@flog.uned.es 38