Studies on the Incidence of Major
Predators of Kerria lacca (Kerr.) and their
Management in Baishakhi Lac Crop in
Anuppur District, Madhya Pradesh ,' ~
,...
• • 2- J
THESIS
Submitted to the
Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur
In partial fulfilment of the requirement
for the Degree of
MASTER OF SCIENCE
In
AGRICULTURE
(ENTOMOLOGY)
By
DEVENDRA KUMAR KHOBRAGADE
Department of Entomology
Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur
College of Agriculture
Jabalpur (MP)
2 1
6/' )
CERTIFl,C A TE - I
This 1s to ce,r tify that the thesis entitled "Studies on the
incidence of major predators of Kerria lacca (Kerr.) and their
management i.n Baishakhi lac crop in Anuppur District, Madhya
Pradesh" submitted in partial fulfilment of the requ irement for t e
degree
of Master of Sci·e nce
in
Agriculture
(Entomology)
of
Ja aharl.al 'N ehru Kr.ishi Vishwa Vidya:l aya , JabaJpur is a record of the
bonafide research w·o rk carried out by Devendra Kumar Khobragade
under my guidance and supervision . The subj ect of the t es is has bee
appr·o ved by the Studen s Adv;sory Committee and the Director of
lnstruc ·on .
er deg ee o
·o part of · .e thests has been subm· ed for any o
diploim a Ce ·fica ,e a arded e c. or has bee n p blis ed I p ub lis ed
pa
as
· g
d
een fu 'I y ackno
e course of ' e i
edged.
es ·ga io
a e bee
e lp recei e
lfy ac
o ledge
z
,:Jt'. VJ
, oni Thomas
Chairman Advisory Committee
'P ace : a, a p r
a·
e ass1s a ce a d
: U o1/ :l. 1
ITTEE
0 r.
1
,or.
e
1
oni Thomas
R.K. Pac ori
.Dr. S.K 11
.
n
0 r. H. L S anna
1
CERTIFICATE - II
This 1s to certify that the thesis entitled "Studies on the
incidence of major predators of Kerria lacca (Kerr.) and their
management in Baishakhi lac crop in Anuppur District, Madhya
Pradesh"
submitted
by
Devendra
Kumar
Khobragade
to
the
Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur in partial fulfilment
of the requirements for the degree of "MASTER OF SCIENCE IN
AGRICULTURE
(ENTOMOLOGY)"
1n
the
Department
of
ENTOMOLOGY has been, after evaluation, approved by the External
Examiner and by the Student's Advisory Committee after an oral
examination on the same .
Place : Jabalpur
Date:
3
~
-J · ..l. ~
Advisory Committee
MEMBERS OF THE ADVISORY COMMITTEE
Chairman (Dr. Moni Thomas)
Head of the Department (Dr. O.P. Veda) .. . ..... .
Director of Instruction (Dr. O.P. Veda)
ACKNOWLEGEMENT
At the hour of submission of my M.Sc.(Ag) thesis , I feel it as my duty to
acknowledge the valuable contribution to all those who have helped in the
process of empowering and enlighting me, a midst their other assignments.
I express my gratitude to my mentor and facilitator Dr. Mani Thomas ,
Senior Scientist, Directorate Research Services, Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi
Vishwavidyalaya, Jabalpur, Major advisor and the chairman of the advisory
committee, for his valuable guidance and encouragement during the course of
my research work.
I am also thankful to all the members of my advisory committee Dr.
R.K.Pachori Dr.S.K.Tiwari and Dr. H.L. Sharma, for their constant and critical
suggestions that helped me in more than one way. At this moment it reminds
me the Faculty members of the Department of Entomology namely for Dr.
A.K. Bhowmick, Dr. (Mrs.) S. Shrivastava, Dr. S.B. Das, Dr. A.K. Saxena , Dr.
A.S. Thakur and Dr. A. Shukla for their efforts to teach and train me in
Entomology with total sincerity.
I also take this opportunity to thank Prof. Gautam Kalloo, Hon'ble Vice
Chancellor, JNKVV, Dr. S.S.Toamr, Dean Faculty of Agriculture and Director
Research Services, Dr. O.P. Veda, Director of Instructions, Dr. P.K. Jain,
Director of Extension Services and Dr. R.S. Khamparia , Dean, College of
Agriculture JNKVV Jabalpur for providing necessary facilities during the
course of the present investigation.
The present work have been completed with valuable help of Madhya
Bharat Lac Utpadak Sangh, Mediaraas , Anuppur, M P, especially Shri
Narmada Patel Shri Raj Kumar Patel Shri Ram Niranjan Patel Shri Virendra
Patel and Shri Malli Kole. Shri Kamal Singh Baghel (President, Gram Van
Samiti, Janamkhari) Shri Ohan Singh Rangdhale (Lac munshi Dhama) and
Shri Sunil Chauhan (Dhama) of Seoni also taught me the survey methods and
lac processing.
I am grateful to the Programme Cordinator and Scientists of Krishi
Vigyan Kendra, Shahdol for providing the meteorological data. I am grateful to
the co-operation of my colleagues namely Ajit Borkar, Wasim Khan and my
seniors namely Mr. Atul Shrivastava, Dr. Pankaj Sahu, Mr.Vinod Thakur,
Mr.Rakesh Sahu and Miss Jyoti Nema.
My parents Shri T.C. Khobragade and Smt. Sulochana Khobragade
were source of inspiration and support throughout my education. My brother
and their family members encouraged me at every level.
Date: ~1./Pr
&to.to
Place : Jabalpur
(Dev ndra Khobragade)
LIST OF CONTENTS
Ch pt r
Tltl
no.
II
R vi w of Lit r tur
111
M t ri I nd M thod
v
Di cu
ion
-4
umm ry. Conclu ion
u g
tion
R f r nc
App ndic
Vit
no.
-4
lntroducti n
VI
P g
nd
for furth r work
44 -4
4 7-5
LIST OF TABLES
Table
no.
Page
No.
Title
1.
Details of Anuppur district, MP
20
2.
Soil profile of district Anuppur (Area in ha)
21
3.
Meteorological data during Baishakhi lac crop
season 2009-10
21
4.
Details of lac growers in the present study
23
5.
Analysis of variance (ANOVA)
28
6.
Seasonal incidence of predators
larvae at fifteen days interval
7.
Details of the lac cell per inch of lac settlement
34
8.
Impact of treatments on the lac insect settlement
34
9.
Incidence of E. am a bi/is larvae on stick lac /foot
lac insect settlement on the twigs
35
10.
Reduction on the incidence of E . amabilis larvae
due to different treatments
35
11.
Mean weight of scraped raw lac (g) /foot stick lac
36
12.
Assessment of losses (per cent) to Baishakhi lac
crop due to E. amabilis incident
37
13.
Expenditure on E. amabilis management
37
14.
Economics of E. amabilis management
38
E.
amabilis
31
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
no.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Title
In
between
Page no.
Seasonal incidence of E. amabilis on Baishakhi lac
crop
Regression of atmospheric pressure on E. amabilis
larvae on lac settlement.
Regression of wind speed on E. amabilis larvae on
lac Settlement.
Regression of minimum temperature on E.amabilis
larvae on lac settlement .
31-32
31-32
32-33
32-33
LIST OF PLATES
Plate
no.
I
1.
2.
Title
In
between
Page no.
Office of Madhya Bharat Lac Utpadhak Sangh,
Mediaraas, Anuppur.
Sorting and weighing of brood lac
22-23
22-23
3.
Traditional method of brood lac inoculation
25-26
4.
Inoculation of brood lac in 60 mesh nylon pouches
25-26
5.
Application of-insecticide
26-27
I
6.
Lac settlement covered with 60 mesh nylon net
26-27
l
7.
Observation of predators on lac settlement
29-30
8.
Moth of E. amabilis
29-30
9.
Egg and young larva of E. amabilis
30-31
10.
Full grown larva of E. amabilis
30-31
11 .
Pupa of E. amabilis
36-37
12.
Scrapping of stick lac
36-37
11,
CHAPTER -1
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
Worldwide, collection and sales of Non wood forest produce
(NTFPs) form an important livelihood activity especially among the
forest dependent communities and people in rainfed areas . In India over
50 per cent of the forest revenues and 70 per cent of the forest export
income comes from NTFPs (Shiva, 1993). Among these resins and
gums form an important group of product in the portfolio of NTFPs that
fetch premium price at national and international level (Mulugeta et al.,
2003). Madhya Pradesh (MP) is endowed with rich forest wealth . Out of
a total geographical area of 3, 08,252 sq . kms of the State , 31 per cent
of the area is classified as forest area. The 73rd Amendment to the
Constitution has provided for devolution of power to the Panchayat Raj
Institutions (PRls). In a landmark legislation , the Parliament enacted the
Provisions of the Panchayats (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act
[PESA], 1996, which has provided for endowing Panchayats at the
appropriate level with the ownership of NTFPs. Consequent to this , MP
became the first state in the country to decide upon transfer of
ownership of NTFPs to the Gram Sabhas (local level PRls) . It was
decided by the Government of MP to transfer all the net income from
the trade of NTFPs to the Primary Forest Produce Societies located at
village level.
In MP there are many important NTFPs found in the forests eg .
Tendu or Bidi leaves (Diospyros melonoxylon) , Sal Seed (Shorea
robusta), Chebulic Myrobolan or Harra (Terminalia chebula ), Gum ,
Chironji (Buchanania lanzan) , flower and seeds of Mahua (Madhuca
latifolia) and flowers , seeds , bark and roots of various plant species .
Tendu leaves , Sal seed , Kullu Gum and Lac are nationalised forest
produce in
MP whereas the other NTFPs are
(www . mfp. federation .org) .
1
non-nationalised
Lac is a valuable gift of nature to mankind. It is resinous secretion
by the minute insect Kerria lacca,(Kerr.) that feed on the sap of its host
trees . Lac insects are reported to have 400 host plant species in the
world (Sharma et al., 1997), while in India there are 113 species
(Roonwal et al., 1958).The most common host trees for lac are Butea
monosperma, Zizyphus mauritiana and Schliecheria oleosa (Sharma et
al., 1997).Lac is a major source of income support to the farmers in the
rainfed area as well as forest dependent communities in MP (Ogle and
Thomas, 2006).
K. lacca is a scale insect belonging to order Hemiptera, Sub
order- Homoptera, Super family- Coccoiddae, Family -Laciferridae . K.
lace a are exploited for their product of commerce viz. resin, dye, and
wax .Cultivation of lac not only provides livelihood to millions of lac
growers, but also helps in conserving vast stretches of forest and biodiversity associated with lac insect complex. Lac ecosystem is complex
multi - trophic web of flora and fauna. Twenty two species of lac
predators,
30 species of primary and 45 species of secondary
parasites, beside several fungal pathogens, represent a rich biodiversity of this ecosystem. Moreover, this natural lac complex also
maintains a variety of other tree flora, micro-fauna and soil microorganisms . Several of the insect of the fauna associated with lac insect
are species - specific (exclusive to the ecosystem) and hence , loss of
even one species of lac insect poses a danger losing many other
related species (Sharma et al. ,2006).
Nine genera and 88 species of lac insects reported worldwide .
Two genera and 19 species are reported from in India , namely Kerria
and Paratachardina . K. lacca is exploited commercially (Kondo and
Gullan, 2005) .
2
There are two strains of lac insect viz., Rangeeni and Kusmi. Each
strain is specific to particular host trees, having different life cycle and
produces different body extracts but morphologically is too similar to be
separated into different species. Rangeeni strain is specific to B. monosperma
and Z. mauritania, and the Kusmi strain is specific to S . oleosa. The lac
produced by the kusmi strain is of higher quality (Dwivedi, 1993).
India is the largest producer of Lac in the world , followed by
Thailand, Indonesia, China, Veitnam and Burma (Ogle and Thomas ,
2006). India has a share of 62 per cent of the world production of
44,000m tons. India export lac and its products worth Rs 15,262 lakhs
(Ogle and Thomas, 2006). Chhattisgrah has recently emerged as the
largest producer of Lac in India pushing Jharkhand to second position .
Madhya Pradesh with an estimated production of 65 ,000 q per annum in
2008(Thomas , 2010) holds the third position. Maharashtra , Andhra
Pradesh and Gujarat are the other Lac producing states in the country
(Sharma et al., 2006). The Indian Institute of Natural Resins and
Gums(earlier Indian Lac Research
Institute),
Namkum , Ranchi in
Jharkhand established in 1924,is the premier Lac research institute in
South-East Asia (Mukhopadhyaya and Muthana, 1962).
Madhya Pradesh is traditionally a Lac production centre of the
country during late 19th century and early 20th century (Ogle and
Thomas, 2006).ln MP, Jabalpur division is the major producer of lac.
Balaghat and Seoni districts in Jabalpur division are the largest
producer of lac in the state. Anuppur district is the largest producer and
seller of brood lac in MP. The government of Madhya Pradesh after
having initiated many policy changes is promoting Lac cultivation in the
state under Madhya Pradesh Chief Minister's Fellow programme since
2002, with the cooperation of JNKVV, Jabalpur.
In the recent years the production of lac has drastically reduced
in the major lac producing states in India. The primary reason for this
3
decline is due to the incidence of predators of lac insect . The yield loss
is up to 40 per cent in certain cases (Glover, 1937., Malhotra and
Katiyar, 1975). Decline in lac production affects millions of lac growers
across the country, therefore management of predators is a major issue
that needs to be addressed scientifically.
In view of the above the present investigation was conducted with
the following objectives.
1.
Identification of the major predators of Baishakhi lac crop on
Butea monosperma (Roxb.)
2.
Seasonal incidence of major predators
3.
Assessment of losses to Baishakhi lac crop due to predators
4
CHAPTER -11
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
The literature reviewed from various source have been classified
under different sub- head for clarity.
2.1
General
Roonwal et al., (1958) recorded the most of common host trees
for lac cultivation as Butea monosperma (Palash ) , Ziziphus mauritiana
(Ber), and Schleichera oleosa (Kusum), besides several trees of
regional importance.
Jaiswal and Dwivedi (2005) recommended four key steps for
systematic
lac
cultivation
-
pruning
of
host
trees,
infestation
(inoculation) of the host trees with lac insects, removal of used up
broodlac (lac insect seed) sticks and crop harvesting . This is apart from
the application of insecticides/fungicides for pest/disease control,
grouping of trees, and other tips for proper maintenance of lac culture.
Of the 87 species of lac insects reported worldwide are
under
two genera, 19 species belonging to Kerria and Paratachardina are
found India (Sharma et al., 2006 ).
According to Sharma et al., (2006) lac insects are exploited for
their resin, dye and wax. The cultivation of lac not only provides
livelihood to millions of lac growers, but also helps in conserving vast
stretches of forests and biodiversity associated with lac insect complex .
This natural lac complex also maintains a variety of other tree flora ,
macro-fauna and soil micro-organisms. Several of the insect fauna
associated with lac insects are species-specific (exclusive to the
ecosystem) and hence, loss of even one species of lac insect poses a
danger of losing many other related species. Many lac insects and
5
associated fauna have become endangered where lac cultivation has
been abandoned or the habitat has been destroyed. Promoting and
encouraging lac culture will not only check environmental degradation
but also conserve associated fauna and flora for posterity.
According to Sharma et al., (2006) the lac ecosystem 1s a
complex multi-trophic web of flora and fauna .There are 22 species of
lac predators, 30 species of primary parasites, and 45 species of
secondary parasites, besides several fungal pathogens, represent a
rich biodiversity of this ecosystem.
Sharma et al., (2007) studied the resin production of Rangeeni
and Kusmi strains of K.lacca on different host. Resin production by
individual female lac insect was highest on S.oleosa (22 .84 mg) ,
followed by Acacia auriculiformis (18 .9 mg), Flemingia macrophylla
(9.43 mg) and Cucurbita moschata fruits (6.11 mg) for Kusmi and A.
auriculiformis (9.09 mg), followed by B. monosperma (8 .76 mg) , F.
macrophylla (7 .49 mg) and C. moschata fruits (6 mg) for the Rangeeni
strain. A strong and positive correlation was recorded between cell size
and weight of resin produced. A higher resin weight: cell size ratio of
6.452 in S. oleosa for Kusmi and 2.932 in A. auriculiformis for Rangeeni
indicated suitability of the host plant for lac cultivation.
Ramani et al., (2008) recorded occurrence of K. lacca on
Euphorbia pulcherrima (Poinsettia) , an ornamental plant for the first
time. The infestation level on this plant species is indicative of its
potential as an economic host for lac culture for summer crop .
6
2.2
Host tree management
Purkayastha and Moti Ram (1979) found that the foliar spray of
GA at 40 ppm on bushy lac hosts of Moghania macrophyla (Willd.) 0 .
Ktze. and Albizzia lucida Benth. during the initial stage induced
enhanced growth and reduced the gestation period of plants, which
gave higher yield lac.
Ramani and Sharma (1991) reviewed the genetical and cytogenetical aspects of lac insects viz .,Lac insect taxonomy, chromosome
system and their evolution in relation to other scale insect groups, sex
determination and gene expression.
Mishra (1998) revealed that the two strains, 1.e. Rangeeni and
Kusumi of Indian lac insect K lacca (Kerr.) are distinct and identifiable
on the basis of significant variations in their morphometric characters ,
viz., branchia, dorsal spine and pedicel.
Mishra et al., (1999) evaluated the productivity of Indian lac
insect, K lacca in terms of fecundity, live cell weight and dry cell weight
of mature female lac on F. semialata and F. macrophylla . On F.
semialata live cell weight, Phunki (dry) cell weight and fecundity on
varied from 13.16 to 38.33 mg, 8.00 to 19.00 mg and 253 to 565 eggs
respectively, whereas on F. macrophylla it were from 16.83 to 31.67
mg, 9.33 to 18.83 mg and 297 to 477 eggs and were significant.
Ghosal et al. , (2005) in an another similar investigation conducted
in West Bengal, India during 2002-03 studied the effect of seedling size
at the time of transplanting on F. semialata vigour, using the initial
height of the seedling before transplanting as a parameter for vigour.
Fifteen plants of the same age, belonging to 3 categories (big , 30-35
7
cm; medium, 20-25 cm; and small, 10-15 cm), were transplanted in
July .. Shoot length and shoot number per bush were recorded during
December at the start of water stress. Irrigation schedule was at
intervals of 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. The lowest plant mortality ( 16.6 per
cent) occurred in the most frequently irrigated plants. When irrigation
frequency was reduced to 28 days, only 27.5 per cent of the plants
survived. Plant morality increased with increasing intervals between
irrigations. Larger and healthier seedlings during transplanting time
were more vigorous under water stress than smaller ones.
Kondo and Gullan (2005) reported a new lac insect pest,
Austrotachardiella colombiana sp. nov. (Kerriidae). It is described and
illustrated based on the adult female .. This species was reported
causing dieback on the twigs and branches of two cultivars of Psidium
guajava in Santander de Quilichao, Cauca, Colombia. A revised
taxonomic key to the genera of the family Kerriidae and an updated key
to separate the species of Austrotachardiel/a Chamberlin is provided.
No previous records of lac insects from Colombia were found.
Sharma et al., (2005) found that though a single lac insect (K
/acca) has a potential to multiply 250 times in one generation, but the
actual seed (brood lac) to yield (lac-produced) ratio is very low. Single
cell cultures maintained on F. macrophylla in the laboratory yielded 56175 times more lac while it was reduced to 45-50 times in the field
conditions. When the mode of infestation was changed to mass
inoculation and the scale of operation was increased, the yield was
drastically reduced to 3, 4 and 7 times of the input on B. monosperma,
F. macrophylla and Z. mauritiana, respectively, for Rangeeni strain; and
5, 9 and 14 times, respectively, on F. macrophylla, Z. mauritiana and S
oleosa for Kusmi strain during rainy/winter season crop under field
8
condition. With scaling up of lac culture operations, quantitative and
qualitative loss of brood lac, damage due to pests and management of
lac insect population on the host plant became critical factors affecting
adversely the lac crop.
Barman et al., (2006) conducted a two year (2002-04) study in
Bangladesh to evaluate the effect of irrigating host plants Z. jujube on
lac (K. /acca) survival and yield under extremely hot weather conditions.
Treatments included foliar spray of water every alternate day, weekly
and fortnightly; and irrigation weekly and fortnightly. An untreated
control was included. Results showed that basal application of water to
the host plant improved the survival of lac. A remarkable reduction
(39.71-44.90 per cent) in insect mortality was observed with weekly
irrigation compared to the untreated control. A significant increase
(31.9-33.8 per cent) in the production of stick lac was obtained under
irrigated condition.
Ghosal , (2008) on a study on different pruning times of ber (Z.
mauritiana) for Aghani (winter season)
lac (K.
/acca) cultivation
revealed that May pruning was not suitable at Purulia, West Bengal ,
India. Ber trees were pruned in February and May and inoculated with
Kusmi lac in July 2005 for raising Aghani lac. Lac yield from February
and May pruned trees was compared to that of farmers' method, which
included pruning operation in February but no crop protection measure
was adopted. Predators (Eublemma amabilis and Pseudohypatopa
pulverea) population in the lac crop was found to be lowest in Februarypruned trees (5.11 times lesser than the farmers' method). May-pruned
trees showed the lowest yield ratio, which was 2.17 times lesser than
the farmers' method.
9
According to Ghosal (2009) pruning is an important operation for
lac cultivation. Aghani lac cultivation (winter season) on ber is a
profitable enterprise, for which usual pruning time is February/March .
The paper explains consequences of lac cultivation under three
different pruning times i.e. normal pruning in February, delayed pruning
in April and unpruned conditions. Investigation suggested that pruning
can be performed even up to mid-April without hampering lac yield .
Length of encrustation per shoot in April pruning was found to be
significantly higher than other two treatments. As a result, brood
yield/brood used ratio was found maximum in April pruning, though
difference was non-significant. Ratio were 6.87, 5.65 and 5.62 in April
pruning, February pruning and under unpruned conditions (14 months
old shoots).
2.3
Yield losses
Glover (1937) recorded the two predators Eublemma amabilis
Moore (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and Pseudohypadopa pulverea Meyr
(Lepidoptera :Blastobasidae ) as the key pests of Lac crop causing a
loss of around 30 to 40 per cent.
Narayanan
(1962)
reported
the
Eublemma
amabilis
as
a
monophagous predator of lac insects, causing damage to the tune of 20
to 25 per cent to lac crop.
Malhotra and Katiyar (1975) too reported Eublemma amabilis and
Pseudohypadopa pulverea as major pest normally causing 30 to 35 per
cent damage to lac crop.
Thomas
(2004)
reported
squirrels
(Funambulus
pennant1)
damaging Kusumi lac. F. pennanti in the process of searching and
10
eating the larvae of E. amabilis in Kusumi lac on S. oleosa plucked lac
settlement that fell to the ground.
2.4
Eublemma amabilis Moore
Witt (1901) reported that E. amabilis was first described and
illustrated by Moore from Sri Lanka in the year 1884.
Mishra et al., (1930) reported that in the year 1884 George
Hampson listed 128 species of Genus Eublemma, of which 44 species
were from India and Sri Lanka. Six species of the genus Eublemma
have been recorded as coccidophagous.
According to Mishra et al., (1930) the larvae of E. am abi/is after
hatching from the eggs on the surface of the lac colonies, lead a cryptic
mode of life by burrowing and tunneling within the lac encrustation
feeding exclusively on lac insects. This predator undergoes three
overlapping generations in both summer and rainy season lac crop. The
larvae moult ten times before pupating.
Rahman et al., (2009) described the moth E. amabilis Moore as
generally white-pinkish in colour and lays grey to white coloured round
eggs that has a depression in the centre. The newly hatched larva
enters either through one of the opening in the cell or by tunneling a
hole through the encrustation .A single larva damages 42 to 50 matured
cell of Lac insect prior to pupation . It completes six generation in a
years and causes comparatively more injury to the Kartki crop than to
the Baishakhi crop.
11
2.5
Management of predators of lac insect
2.5.1 Cultural control
2.5.1.1 Nylon net pouch
Malhotra (1983) recommended to keep the brood sticks inside a
60 mesh nylon net bag during inoculation to trap parasitoids and
predators , while allowing only lac crawlers to come out for settlement
on new shoots.
2.5.1.2. Trap crop
Patel and Yadav (1991) found that
Trichogramma
chilonis
(parasitoid of E. amabilis and P. pulverea) parasitizes the egg of
Catopsilia
pyranthis
Lennaeus
(Lepidoptera
Pireridae)
a
Lepidopteran pest of a naturally occurring medicinal plant, Cassia
occidentalis L of family - Leguminosae .
2.5.1.3. Light trap
Bhattacharya et al., (2008) trapped in large numbers of Chrysopa
spp. attacking Kusmi lac crop raised on kusum (S. oleosa) during the
months of August and September by placing a light trap in the field.
2.5.1.4. Repellent
Bhattacharya et al., (2008) found the extracted essential oils from
Cymbopogon citratus (lemon grass), C. martini (Palmarosa) and C.
nardus (Citronella) as excellent repellents against E. amabilis and P.
pulverea.
12
2.6.
Biological management
2.6.1 Egg parasitoids
Sushil et al., (1995) found Trichogramma pretiosum- Riley as an
efficient egg parasitoid of E. amabilis Moore (Noctuidae). The parasitoid
damaged the eggs of E. amabilis to the extent of 88.23 percent but the
emergence of the parasitoid from the parasitized eggs was only 20.5
per cent.
Bhattacharya et al., (2004) evaluated the hymenopteran egg
pairasitoid T. brasiliense Ashmead against E. amabilis and P. pulverea
on the summer season crop of Kusmi strain lac insect. T brasiliense
was released @100, 200, 300, parasitoid/ tree/ release (corresponding
to 1, 1.5 and 2 lac parasitoids/ ha respectively) during the 7th.8th ,9'h and
1oth week after the brood lac inoculation, coinciding with the peak
incidence periods of the predators during the season . A significant
suppression in the population of E. amabilis and P. pulverea was
recorded
19.23 to
69.23
per cent and
4.83
to
42.89
percent
respectively. Four releases of 200-300 parasitoids I tree during the
summer season crop periods of egg laying of the predators have been
found to be economical in the management of the E. amabilis and P.
pulverea in Kusmi lac crop during summer.
Bhattacharya et al., (2006) observed higher incidence of T.
chilonis suppressing E. amabilis and P. pulverea . The reason for the
built of T. chilonis population was due to the availability eggs of white
butterfly Catopsilia pyranthe laid on the leaves of C. occidentalis in the
vicinity.
13
Bhattacharya et al. , (2006) in a field evaluation trail for the
management of E amabilis with three species of the egg parasitoids T.
achaea, T. exigum and T. ostrinae) in Jharkhand , observed significant
suppression of E. amabilis over the control with the release of 75 egg
parasitoids per plant in Kusmi and Rangeeni lac biotypes .
Bhattacharya et al., (2007) reported that all the three egg
parasitoids viz. , T. achaea (Nagaraja and Nagarkatti ), T. exigum Pinto
and Platner) and T. ostriniae (Pang et Chen)] were able to successfu lly
suppress the population of E. amabilis on lac crop raised on the bus hy
host
plant, Flemingia
macrophylla
Kytze . The
reduction
in
the
population of E. amabilis was 77 to 86 per cent in case of Rangeeni
crop and 52 to 72 per cent in case of Kusmi crop w ith a dose of 20 egg
parasitoids per bush.
Kumar et al., (2007) recorded that the presence of ant fa una on
lac colony reduced the predator of E.
amabilis and P. pu/verea
population by 78.66 per cent .Ant in the process of co llecting and
feeding honeydew secreted by lac colony destroyed the eggs of the
predators.
Sharma
et al.
2007
observed
the
du rin g
rainy
season
parasitization of the K. lacca was 18.40 Kusm1) and 26. 00 Rangeen1
per cent respectively . Aprostocetus purpureus alone pa rasitized 7.8
(Kusm1) and 11.8(Rangeen1) per cent respectively. A single ceU of K.
lacca consisted upto 9 parasitoids in the Rangeeni strain and 6 in
e
Kusmi strain. Parasitism reduced the mean resin productio
a
fecundity per female lac insect between 17.25 to 39 .80
er ce
a
22.44 to 96 .82 per cent in Rangeeni strajn respecti ely
ie i
strain it was 25.24 to 37.91 per cent a d 25 .29 o 90.39
Kusmi
e
ce
respectively. As the number of parasitoids in each cell increased, there
was a corresponding decrease in resin production and fecundity; the
latter being affected more severely.
2.6.2 Bacillus thuringiensis
Bhattacharya et al.,
formulation
thuringiensis
of
Bacillus
serovar.
(2008)
recorded
thuringiensis
Kurstak1),
Delfin,
subspecies
highly effective
in
a commercial
kurstaki
(B .
reducing
the
incidence of E. amabilis and P. pulverea while significantly increased
the yield of K. la cc a.
Jaiswal et al., (2008) after a two year trail recommended three
sprays of Bacillus thuringiensis 0.051 per cent (commercial formulation
Biolep) at an interval of 30 days after brood lac inoculation was for the
successful control of both E. amabilis and P. pulverea in a Rangeeni lac
on Ber.
2.7
Chemical management
Bartlett (1964) suggested that the freshly laid eggs of C madestes
were collected and sprayed with insecticides which were found the most
effective method.
Condriet and Seay (1979) recorded the Diflubenzuron- a fifth
generation insecticide with insect growth regulatory activity , has been
reported to affect a number of lepidopterans.
Bhattacharya et al. , (1995) reported strong ovicidal action of
Diflubenzoron (Dimillin 25 WP) against the egg of E amabilis Moore.
Mishra et al. , (1996) reported that although dichlorvos and
malathion at concentrations were found safe to K lacca and effective
15
against eggs and larvae of Chrysopa madestes but, Dichlorvos at
0.03°/o was most effective for control of the predator- C. madestes.
Jaiswal et al., (2004) recommanded Endosulfan, Dichlorvos,
Cartap
hydrochloride
lepidopteran
(E.
and
amabilis
Ethofenprox
Moore,
for
the
P. pulverea
management
Meyr
)
and
of
the
neuropteran ( Chrysopa spp.) predators of K. lacca.
Bhattacharya et al., (2005) conducted an experiment to determine
the effect of different concentrations of ethofenprox [etofenprox] (0.02,
0.015, 0.01 and 0.005 per cent), endosulfan (0.05 per cent) and
profenofos (0.075, 0.05 and 0.025 per cent) on the lac insect predator,
E amabilis, and 2 important parasitoids-Aprostocetus purpureus and
Tachardiaephagus tachardiae. Spraying the lac crop with ethofenprox
and endosulfan was ineffective against A. purpureus. Profenofos was
toxic to lac insect crawlers and ethofenprox was safe to lac insects but
was unable to suppress the population of insect predators and
parasitoids of lac insect. Endosulfan was unable to reduce the
population of insect parasitoids.
Bhattacharya et al.,
(2005) evaluated Cartap
hydrochloride
(CHC), an insecticide having systemic and contact action, in lac
ecosystem
as
a substitute
for the
currently
used
conventional
insecticide -endosulfan. Three doses of CHC (0.05, 0.075 and 0.1 per
cent) were tested against the predator-E. amabilis infested on the 2"d
instar larvae of lac insect (K.lacca) larvae reared on B.monosperma
during the rainy season All the tested doses proved safe to the lac
insect and enabled effective control of E.amabilis. CHC at 0.05 per cent
provided results at par with endosulfan in respect of reduction in the
population of E.amabilis and consequent increase in lac crop yield .
16
Jaiswal et al., (2005) in a field experiment evaluated the field
experiment in Ranchi, to the detrimental effect of different doses (0.05,
0.04, 0.03, 0.02, 0.01 and 0.005 per cent) of ethofenprox [etofenprox]
against predators based on the time of application on S oleosa trees
inoculated with K. lacca. Ethofenprox was found to be a suitable
insecticide for application in lac ecosystem as it manages all 3 major lac
insect predators, i.e. Chrysopa sp., E. amabilis and P. pulverea, if
applied timely.
Jaiswal
et
al.,
(2005)
studied
the
impact
of ethofenprox
insecticide application a day prior to the probable time of emergence of
male lac insect .They observed that the application killed emerging
male insects resulting in the loss of brood value of the produce as most
of the female insects remained unfertilized. Besides this, there was a
quantitative loss in the resin secretion. The unfertilized females
secreted resin approximately one-third of that secreted by normal
fertilized female insects. They suggested that ethofenprox should not be
applied in lac culture either at the time of male emergence or near to
that time.
Jaiswal et al., (2006,a) recorded the efficacy of ethofenprox
[etofenprox]
(0.005,
0.01,
0.02,
0.03 or 0.04
per cent),
cartap
hydrochloride (0.05, 0.075 or 0.1 per cent) and endosulfan (0.05 per
cent) against parasitoids infecting the lac insect (K lacca) on B
monosperma, A purpureus and
T tachardiae were the dominant
parasitoids that emerged from the lac insect. The mortality of the lac
insect did not significantly vary between the control and insecticide
treatments, suggesting the insecticide application to be safe at 20 and
40 days after treatment. The populations of T tachardiae and A.
17
purpureus at 20 and 40 days after treatment were also not significantly
affected by the insecticides.
Jaiswal
et
al.,
(2006,b)
1n
an
evaluation
of
ethofenprox
[ethofenprox] (10 E.C.) for the toxicity adult male insects under field
conditions on shoots of S. oleosa in Kusumi lac ecosystem resulted in
the mortality of a large number of adult male insects. Six concentrations
of the insecticide were evaluated and relative toxicity was assessed.
Quantification
of
the
incidence
of
T tachardiae,
an
important
endoparasitoid of lac insects in virgin and fertilized females, indicated
significantly higher incidence of the parasitoids harbouring fertilized
females. The finding indicates that besides the population density of
host (lac insect), the physiological activity also plays an important role
in the build up of parasitoid ( T. tachardiae) population.
Jaiswal et al., (2007) among the four (0.005 0.01, 0.02 and
0.03°/o)
concentrations
of
ethofenprox
[etofenprox]
only
0.02°/o
ethofenprox was the most suitable for protecting the lac crop at the
critical stage against C. madestes .The field evaluation showed it
caused cent per cent mortality in all the developmental stages of C.
madestes without harming the lac culture.
18
CHAPTER - Ill
MATERIAL AND METHODS
MA TE RIAL AND METHODS
The present research work entitled 'Studies on the incidence of
major predators of Kerria lacca (Kerr.) and their management in
Baishakhi Lac crop in Anuppur district , Madhya Pradesh' was
carried in Anuppur district during the year 2009-10, under Jawaharlal
Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur, MP.
1
General features
District Anuppur was curved out Shahdol district on 15th August
2003 to be constituted as a new district of the Madhya Pradesh(MP).
Geographically, the district lies between 23°50' to 23° North latitude and
81°40' to 82°1 O' East longitudes, 432m above the Mean Sea Level. This
notified tribal district of the Government of MP has four blocks
(Anuppur, Pushprajgarh, Kotma, Jaithari) and 601 villages (Table-1 ).
Amarkantaka, on Maikal Hill ranges, in the district is the place of origin
of three rivers -Narmada, Sane and Johila . The majority of the district's
landscape in hilly and undulating.
1.1
Soil
Red, yellow, medium black and skeletal are the soil types found
in district (Table-2). The latter is found Puspharajgarh block. Soil at
higher elevations is usually shallow, with good forest cover and
comparatively rich in organic matter, while those in the lower elevation
areas is deeper to over 90 cm but has low organic matter and lesser
forest cover. Generally, soil in the district is low in nitrogen and
phosphorous content but medium in respect to potash.
19
1.2
Agro-climatic zone
Anuppur falls under Agro-climate Zone-Ill Northern HiU Zone of
Chhattisgarh. Being a Rice zone , Paddy is main crop of district The
district has several underground and open Coal Mines operated by
South Eastern CoalJields Limited(SECL) . It may be one of the reason
for the recedi1ng groundwater table that affects agriculture in the area .
May and June are hottest months when the maximum temperature
varies 38°C to 45°C
while December and January months are the
coolest months when the minimum temperature varies 6 .82 C to
23.52 C (Tabl,e -3).Unrke semi-arid crmate in majority of the d istri,ct it
is tem,perate i:n Amarkantak where the mercury dips even to 0 C 1n
w inter. Mean annual rainfall is about 1230mm.Distribution of ra in 1s
uneven and erratic.The district receives showers from m id June to mid
September. However about 70 to 80 per cent of the total annua l ra infa ll
is received between June to August.
Ta,ble 1.
Details of Anuppur district, MP
s.
Geographical
area
ha.
Gram
panchayats
.no . .
Revenue
villages
no.
uppur
60211
52
99
Block
no.
1
2
Ko
a
4084 1
3
8
3
a
ari
9 247
80
49
4
p s
ra·ga
Total.
*so rce:Deputy . Diredo
63 2
9
2 3
374671
282
601
p
r ,Agricuft~p
2
Soil profile of District Anuppur (Area in ha)
Table 2.
s.
no
Black soll
Area
%
Block
Sandy loams
•,4
Area
Others soils
•,4
Area
40
12022
20
18669
31
Red SOii
Area
%
Sandy SOii
Area
%
620
1
24084
1
Anuppur
2
Kotma
3675
9
816
2
17152
42
8990
22
10208
25
3
Jalthari
27230
28
6807
7
38890
40
14587
15
9733
10
4
Pushprajgarh
72313
41
35274
20
33511
19
26456
15
8818
5
108034
28.80
43517
11 .60
113637
30.30
62055
16.60
47428
12.70
Total
* Source:Deputy Dlrector,Agrlculture,Anuppur,MP
Table 3. Meteorological data during Baishakhl lac crop season 2009-10
Fortnightly
interval
Temperature (°C)
Mean
Humidity
Sun dur.
(hr.m)
Rainfall
(mm)
Wind
speed
(mis)
Min
Max
(%)
Atm. Press.
(hpa)
15 Dec'09
8.60
18.69
78.71
963.91
4.54
0.33
0.65
31 Dec'09
8.16
18.17
74.29
964.93
4.44
0.37
0.84
15Jan'10
7.28
17.58
72.57
965.08
4.72
0.09
0.85
31 Jan'10
6.82
19.00
61 .55
965.86
5.12
0.00
0.84
15 Feb'10
8.90
19.63
64.11
962.76
4.67
0.19
0.95
28 Feb'10
10.68
20.73
58.22
961 .27
5.07
0.26
1.02
15 Mar'10
16.96
28.66
41 .44
959.85
5.39
0.00
1.30
31 Mar'10
21 .15
34.39
29.83
955.92
5.76
0.00
1.62
15 Apr'10
22.12
36.54
41 .44
959.85
5.39
0.00
1.30
30 Apr'10
23.52
37.50
29.83
955.92
5.76
0.00
1.62
*Source : AWS of Krishl Vigyan Kendra,Shahdol
2
Location
The experiment was conducted
on
the
standing
Palash
(Butea
monosperma Roxb) trees in the field of five lac growers in Mediaraas
village, Jaithari Block, Anuppur district. M. P. from October'2009 to
May'2010.
21
2.1
Madhya Bharat Lac Utpadhak Sangh
Madhya Bharat Lac Utpadhak Sangh- is an organization of Lac
growers, formally constituted in the year 2004. The Sangh has its
operational Headquarter in the village Mediaraas, Anuppur district. The
village has a large tract on land with B monosperma trees on which Lac
is produced by Lac growers of the Sangh. The Sangh with its over 150
lac growers offer a wide range of services through its extension wing-
Lac Soochna avum Technique Kendra. They sell Brood lac to Central
India, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Jharkhand and Rajasthan. The
Kendra also impart skill based interactive training on Lac production,
harvesting, and post handling with the help of its farmer friendly Master
Trainers. The Sangh has done a business worth over one crore rupees
since its establishment through a range of its services. Over the years
these Lac growers have expertise themselves not only in technical
aspects but also in the marketing aspects (Plate-1)
The present research work was designed 1n consultation and
cooperation with the Madhya Bharat Lac Utpadhak Sangh to address
one of their core production issue i.e. on reducing the yield losses due
the incidence of predators of Lac insects. The five Lac growers (Table4) who volunteered in the study acted as equal partners and interacted
during each step of the entire investigation.
2.2.
Experimental details
•
Host
B. monosperma trees
•
Design
R.B.D .
•
Number of lac growers
5
•
Number of treatments
4
•
Number of trees per treatment -
3 B.monosperma trees
•
Total number of trees/grower
22
-
12 B.monosperma trees
Plate - 1: Office of madhya bharat lac utpadhak sangh
Mediaraas, Aunppur
p :1ate - 2: Sorti ng and we··gh ·ng of brood lac
Table 4.
Farmer's
name
(age)
R.Patel
Details of lac growers in the present study
**No.
of
HH
3
Total
5
Holdings (acres), cropping and irrigation
Field
Land use
Crops cultivated
Soils
pattern
situation
type
Up
Low
Waste Cull
heavy
Kharif
Rabi
land
land land land
3
2
3
2
(40)
N.Patel
5
20
9
11
9
11
(45)
M.Kole
4
5.5
3
2.5
3
2.5
(46)
V.Patel
1
6
2
4
2
4
(36)
R.N.Patel
(38)
6
7
4
3
2
3
R,M,A,K
W,MB,C,T
(2)
(2)
R,A,K
W,G ,L
(11)
(11)
R,A,K
L,W,G
(2.5)
(2.5)
R,A,K
W ,G
(4)
(2)
R,A,K
W,M,G
(2)
(2)
No. of Palash
trees
Irr.
Rainfed
Heavy
2
Heavy
Share of Ann.
Income
(Rs in Lakhs)
Brood lac
Prod"ltree
(kg)
Cult
land
Waste
land
Agri
Lac
3
30
200
0.20
0.75
20-25
5.5
14.5
350
2000
0.025
0.60
10- 15
Heavy
0
5.5
50
600
0.10
0.30
10- 15
Heavy
2
4
200
150
0.25
0.20
10-15
Heavy
2
5
150
2,000
0.10
0.60
10-15
*R-R lce ;M-Maize ; G-Gram ; Mo-masoor; A-Arhar ; 8-Brinjal ; K-Kodo ; C-green Chilli ; W-wheat; T-tomato ;L-linseed ; * • HH - House holds
23
2.3
Lac Grower's name
•
Shri Raj Kumar Patel
•
Shri Narmada Patel
•
Shri Virendra Patel
•
Shri Ram Niranjan Patel
•
Shri Malli Kole
2.4
Treatments
T1
=
T2
= Inoculation of brood lac in 60 mesh nylon net pouches
T3
= T 2 + one spraying of Endosulfan (0.05°/o) after 30 days of brood
Control (Lac growers practice)
inoculation
T4
=
T 2 + Covering one foot long twigs of larval settlement with 60
mesh nylon net
3
Experimental procedures
3.1
Selection of B monosperma trees
Twelve healthy B monosperma trees with sufficient succulent
branches were selected in the field of each of the five selected lac
growers for the experiment. It was ensured that all the twelve trees
stand in the same patch of land. All twelve B.monosperma trees in the
farmer's field was marked with serial numbers from 1 to 12.
24
3.2
Selection of broodlac
Mature
and
healthy
broods
were
selected
for
brood
lac
inoculation on the selected B. monosperma trees . Brood lac sticks were
harvested from the tree when the gravid lac female cell turned yellowish
in colour. The harvested brood stick were further cut to a length of 6 to
7 inches with help of secateurs and made into bundles , with each
bundle weighing 1OOg. Each of the brood lac bundles were then
inserted into the 60 mesh nylon net pouches as per the treatments ,
before its inoculation (Plate-2) .
3.3
Inoculation of broodlac
Inoculation is a process of transferring the crawling larvae of K.
lacca to its host trees . It is a sensitive and timely process to be carried
out, as the crawlers crawl for just 6 to 7 days before losing their legs . All
selected B . monosperma trees of the five lac growers were inoculated
with brood lac in the month of November 2009 . Each tree was
inoculated with 500g brood lac, thus five brood lac bundles each
weighing 1 OOg, were uniforming distributed on the tree .
3.4
Treatments
3.4.1 Treatment (T1)
Each of the three B .monosperma trees numbering 1 to 3 were
inoculated with 500g brood lac bundles by tying them directly is the
succulent branches without using 60 mesh nylon net pouches . Th is is a
traditional system of brood inoculation by the Lac growers- Lac growers
practice· (Plate-3).
25
-----------
-
-
Plate - 3: Traditional method of brood lac inoculation
Plate - 4: Inoculation of brood lac in 60 mesh nylon pouch
3.4.2 Treatment (T 2)
Each of the three B.monosperma trees numbering 4 to 6 were
inoculated with500g brood lac placed 60 mesh nylon net pouch . The
system was evolved by the Indian Institute for Natural Resins and Gum ,
Ranchi (formerly Indian Lac Research lnstitute)(Plate-4 .
3.4.3 Treatment (T 3)
Each of the three B.monosperma trees numbering 7 to 9 were
inoculated with 500g brood lac placed 60 mesh nylon net pouch . Th is
treatment was sprayed once with Endosulfan , 30 days after the
inoculation Plate-5).
3.4.4 Treatment (T
•>
Each of the three B.monosperma trees numbering 10 to 12
ere
inoculated with 500g . brood lac placed 60 mesh nylon net pouch . The
resultant Lac larval settlement on the twigs
as covered upto one fo t
with 60 mesh nylon net -Total protected condition Plate-6 .
3.5
Rem.oval of phunki
Twenty one days after the brood ac inoculation the bu die
removed from the host trees. These bundles are stic
era ters and is kno n as Phunki. Phunki
are
lac
as remo· ed o
21
o
2009.
3 .. 6
Sprayi.ng of endosulfan
T
e treatme
1
e ce
a 3 I da s afte . roo
d-
.
0
a
0
eda
I
a
EC
ac
4
1e
3
e
e
Si.
2
.
5
ay
g 2 .
.ed
Q1
E d s
as spa ed
ae
e
e
Plate - 5: Application of insecticide
Plate - 6: Lac settlement covered with 60 mesh nylon net
---------------
3.7
Covering with 60 mesh nylon net
Five twigs, each of one foot length settlement of lac insect
selected randomly on the three B. monosperma under the treatment T 4
were covered with 60 mesh nylon net after 30 days of brood lac
inoculation . This operation was done on 30th November 2009, with the
help of the participating lac growers .
4
Observations
4.1
Identification of predators and it seasonal incidence
A sample of one foot long stick lac obtained randomly from the
untreated B. monosperma in the village Mediaraas carrying Lac
settlement was scrapped carefully to record the presence of predators .
Ten such samples were scrapped at an interval of fifteen days from 15th
November 2009 to 1st May 2010. Identification of predator complex and
their different growth stage was recorded during the observation . The
data obtained was correlated with the weather data obtained from the
Automatic Weather Station of Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Shahdol , located
50km away from the experimental site (Plate-7) .
4.2
Yield loss and management
The Baishakhi lac crop was harvested on 30th April 2010 . The
incidence of predator was observed in all the treatments by carefully
removing the Lac from the twigs . Five twigs of one foot in length were
randomly selected per tree per farmer for the observation . Number of
predators was recorded to observe the impact of different predator
management treatments . Similarly the scrapped lac obta ined after
observing the predators from the one foot twig was shade dried and
weighed to calculate the yield loss . The data obtained were statistically
analysed . When the entire result was discussed with the Lac growers
involved in the experiment they demanded the cost benefit ratio
27
analysis to be included for their better economical understanding of the
role of predators and its management.
5
Statistical analysis
Analysis of observations taken on different variables was carried
out to know the degree of variation among all the treatments . The
pooled data was statistically analysed through randomized block design
(Fisher, 1967).The results obtained through analysis of variance is given
in appendix and the skeleton of analysis of variance table is given
below:
Table 5.
Analysis of variance (ANOVA)
s.
Sources of
variance
(S.V.)
.
Degree of
freedom
(d.f.)
1.
Replications
(r-1)=4
2.
Treatments
(t-1 )=3
3.
Error
(r-1 )(t-1 )=12
4.
Total
rt-1=19
no.
Sum of
squares
(S.S.)
S.E.(m)+
--
"EMS/2
S.E.(d)±
--
"2EMS/r
C.D.
-
S.E. (d) x ts% at error d.f.
-
number of replications
Mean
sum of
squares
(MSS)
Calculated
d.f.
value
where,
r
t
E.M.S .
S.E. (m)
S.E . {d)
C.D.
-
-
---
number of treatments
Error mean square
Standard error of treatment mean
Standard error of difference to two treatment mean
Critical difference of two treatment means
28
Table
value
5°/o 1 %
CHAPTER- IV
RESULTS
RESULTS
The findings on the research entitled 'Studies on the incidence
of major predators of Kerria lacca (Kerr.) and their management in
Baishakhi Lac crop in
Anuppur district, Madhya Pradesh' was
carried in Anuppur district during the year 2009-10, under Jawaharlal
Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh is presented
below with following objectives.
4.1
Identification of the major predators of Baishakhi lac crop on
Butea monosperma (Roxb.)
4.2
Seasonal incidence of major predators
4.3
Assessment of losses to Baishakhi lac crop due to predators
4.1
Identification of the major predators of Baishakhi crop on
Butea monosperma (Roxb.)
Eublemma amabilis Moore (Lepidoptera; Noctuidae) was the only
predator observed in Baishakhi Lac crop in Anuppur, district in MP
during 2009-2010. All the developmental stages (eggs, larvae , pupae
and moths) of E.amabilis were observed in the Baishakhi crop of
Rangeeni lac.
4.1.1 Adult
The moth of E. amabilis is generally white-pinkish in colour.
Female moth is longer (Plate-8) than male. The mean length of the
female moth varied from 8.0 to 9.7 mm while 7.3 to 7.5 mm in case of
male. The abdomen of the female moth was found to bulge out a little in
the middle before it gradually tapered to posterior.
29
Plate - 7: Observation of predators on lac settlement
Plate - 8: Moth of E. amabilis
4.1.2 Eggs
The eggs are broadly circular, depressed in the middle with
longitudinal ridges radiating from the centre .The larva hatches out of
the egg shell by gnawing a hole at the side of the chorion (Plate-9) .
4.1.3 Larva
The newly emerged larva found in the Lac settlement was pinkish
which later turned to creamy-white and pinkish in colour as it grows.
The newly emerged larva measured about 0.50 mm in length. The larva
enters the lac insect either through the openings in the cell or by
tunneling hole through the encrustation. Larger size larvae were found
in the Lac cell. They may be feeding on the lac insect as the cells were
found empty and half filled, when carefully removed the scale of Lac
cell. The full grown larva is fleshy, thick and deep ten segmented
bodied with brown head on the white to creamy colored body (Plate-10).
The larva retracts its head on slight disturbance. It measured 10 mm in
length and was less active than the earlier instars. Both young and old
larva can hang down and swing with the help of a silken thread.
4.1.4 Pupa
Pupa is on obtect, adecticous type and dark brown in colour.
Pupa was found concealed within the empty Lac cell which was filled
with insect excreta and white silken threads. The pupa had a shining
coat (Plate-11 ). The mean dimensions of the pupa were about 7.7 to 8.2
mm in length and 2.0 + 0.21 mm wide.
30
Plate - 9: Egg and young larva of E. amabilis
Plate - 10: Fullgrown larva of E. amabilis
4.2
Seasonal incidence of major predators
E. amabilis was the only predator of K lacca found in Baishakhi
crop of Rangeeni lac in Anuppur during November 2009 to May 2010 .
The mean larval population of E. amabilis was maximum (3 .0 per foot)
and minimum (0.36 per foot) on
ath
and 1oth fortnight after the brood lac
inoculation respectively (Fig-1 ), the mean temperature was 28 .36°C and
16.96°C respectively, while relative humidity was 41 .44 per cent.
Further, mean sunshine, wind velocity and atmospheric pressure were
5.76 hr.m, 1.3 mis, and 955.92 hpa respectively (Table-6) .
Table 6. Seasonal incidence of predators E. amabilis larvae
Observation
period
Re Ii cations Lac rowers F1 to Fs
Mean no. of E. amabilis larvae/foot of Lac insect
settJed twigs
Over all
mean
15 Dec'09
1.50
2.10
1.90
1.80
1.70
1.80
1 Jan'10
2.10
1.76
2.50
1.60
1.50
1.89
15 Jan'10
2.30
1.50
1.30
1.40
1.60
1.62
1 Feb'10
2.10
1.90
2.60
1.60
2.30
2.10
I
- - - - - - -- - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
15 Feb'10
ar'10
1.90
2.4-0
1.90
2.70
1.90
2.16
2.60
2.10
2.50
1.90
2.30
2.88
2.60
3.20
3.40
2.80
3.
3.
1.40
1.20
1.40
1.10
.5
.32
0.3
0.
.7
.54
0.8
.3
.2
I
.
3.50
u
-"C"'
3.00
.2
.___
2.50
0
·---ca
fl)
._
.Q
...
E c
ca G>
.
lU E
.....
0
c
2.00
1.50
G>
EG> 1.00
a. en
0
0.50
a.
"''=
-"'c
"'
:E
G>
Seasonal incidence of E. amabilis on Balshakhi lac crop
Fig.1 : Seasonal incidence of E. amanilis on Baishakhi lac crop
r=0.74
3.50
"C
0
a
.___
.!!
:::::
i
i
...c
CD
Q. .,
0 u
a. .!!
CD
=- 89 .54 + 0.09x(R 2 =0.55
•
3.00
&al E
CD
.....
0 i1
c
CD
-•
-•'c=
•~
~
•
2.50
Observed
tstirreted
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00
945
•
950
955
960
965
970
Atmospheric preS15Ure hpa
Fig. 2 : Regression of Atmospheric pressure on E. amabilis larvae lac
settlement
The larval population of E. amabilis increased gradually from
15thJanuary 2010 with the peak on March 2010 followed by a sharp
decline till end of April 2010, when the crop was harvested (Fig -1 ).
The weather factors had a significant correlation with population
dynamics and the seasonal incidence of the E. am a bi/is on
lac
settlement. It was found to be significantly associated with m1n1mum
temperature, high atmospheric pressure and wind velocity .
4.2.1 Correlation of population of E.amabilis with weather factors
4.2.1.1 Atmospheric pressure
There was significant positive correlation between atmospheric
pressure and larval population of E. amabilis vide regression equation .
AY =-89 .54+0.09x (R 2 = 0.55)
The mean larval population of E. am a bi/is increased with the
increase in the atmospheric pressure from 945 hpa to 965 hpa , however
mean larval population was highest (3.0 per foot) at 960 hpa and lowest
(0 .36 per foot) at 945 hpa atmospheric pressure (Fig -2) .
4.2.1.2 Wind velocity
Similarly ,
the
mean
larval
population
of
E. amabilis
was
significantly correlated with the wind velocity vide regression equation
AY =-3.09 - 1.09x (R 2 = 0.40)
The mean larval of E.amabilis showed a decline with an increase
in the wind velocity .It was maximum (3.0 larvae per foot) when the wind
velocity was 1.30 mis . The larval population was minimum (0 .36 larvae
per foot) at 1.62 mis (Fig-3) .
32
r= -0.63
a
~
·-"i ..
~
......
Ii
•
~
c
G>
lU E
0
c
G>
ii
:
CL U
o ca
-
3.50
2.50
2.00
•
1.50
1.00
~
0.50
-
•
3.00
CL -
ca
c
ca
Cl)
:I:
~ = 3.09 - 1.19x(R2 = 0.40
•
•
Observed
- - Estimated
•
••
0.00
0
1
0.5
2
1.5
Wind speed m/s
Fig. 3 : Regression of wind speed on E. amabilis larvae on lac
settlement
r= -0.63
Y= 3.01- 0.07x(R2 = 0.40)
3.50
•
3.00
2.50
•
2.00
1.50
~
-•c
:
:&
••
•
Observed
- - Estimated
•
1.00
•
0.50
0.00
•
-+.r~,
0
5
10
15
25
20
Minimum temperature
30
35
°c
Fig.4: Regression of minimum temperature on E. amabilis larvae on lac
settlement
4.2.1.3 Temperature
The larval population of E. amabilis was significantly correlated
with
minimum
temperature.
However,
there
was
no
significantly
correlation between maximum temperature. The mean larval population
declined with the increase in the minimum temperature . It was highest
(3.0 larvae per foot) at 28 .66°C and minimum (0.36 larvae per foot) at
16.96°C (Fig -4).
"Y =-3.01 - 0.07 x (R 2 = 0.40)
4.3. Assessment of losses to Baishakhi lac crop due to predators
The impact of different treatments on the settlement of the lac
insect on the host trees, incidence of predator, assessment of yield loss
of lac crop due to incidence of predator and cost benefit ratio of the
different predator management options were studied.
4.3.1 Impact of the different treatments on the lac insect settlement
on B. monosperma.
The impact of the different treatments on the lac insect settlement
on B.monosperma was assessed at the time of harvest, by randomly
counting number of lac cell per inch of the settlement from five sticklac
per tree per treatment per farmer. There was significant difference in the
mean number of lac insect settlement due to different treatment .It was
significantly highest (63.0 lac cell/ inch) in T4 followed by T3 (58 .2) T2
(54.7) and T 1 (52.4) in the declining trend (Table-7).
33
Table 7.
Details of the lac cell per inch of lac settlement
Mean number of lac cells per inch of lac settlement
Treatment
F1
F2
F3
F4
F5
T1
58.2
53.0
49.4
51.6
T2
56.2
56.1
54.6
T3
61.2
60.0
T4
66.8
64.0
G.T
1142.21
50.0
Total
262.2
Overall
mean
52.4
54.8
51.9
273.7
54 .7
57.4
57.9
54.4
291.0
58 .2
64.3
61.0
58.8
315 .1
63 .0
C.F
TSS
Tr SS
RSS
Er.SS
Sed
Sem
CD
65232.53
445.31
317.57
103.20
24.53
0.90
0.6
1.97
The number of lac cell per inch of lac insect settlement on the
twig was compared with other treatments to assess the loss of lac cell per
inch of the insect settlement. The loss in lac cell (Table 8) was highest
(16.83 per cent) in T1 following by T2 (13.17 per cent) and T 3 (7.62 per
cent).
Table 8.
Impact of treatments on the lac insect settlement
T1
Mean number of lac cells per inch of lac settlement
Total Mean
Loss ( 0/o) in com pa riso n to T •
52.4
16.83
262.2
T2
273.7
54.7
13.17
T3
291.0
58.2
7.62
T4
315.1
63.0
Treatments
4.3.2 Impact of different treatments on the incidence of E.amabilis
on lac insect settlement
There was significant difference 1n the incidence of E. amabilis
larvae per foot of lac insect settlement due to different treatments . The
incidence
of
E. am abi/is
wa
larvae
significantly
highest
(2 .53
larvae/foot) in T1 and lowest (0.23 larvae/foot) in T 3 , while it was (1 .43
34
larvae/foot) in T 2 (Table-9). Since the lac growers practice (T 1) had
highest incidence of larvae of E. amabilis it was compared it with other
predator management options (T2 and T 3).
Table 9.
Incidence of E.amabilis larvae on stick lac/foot lac insect
settlement on the twigs
Mean larval population of E. amabllis per foot Lac insect
settlement
Overall
Total
F1
F2
F.F&
F3
Mean
2.20
2.80
2.80
2.47
2.40
12.67
2.53
Treatments
T1
T2
T3
T4
G.T
C.F
20.99
22.02
1.33
1.73
1.73
1.27
1.13
7.19
1.43
0.33
0.20
0.27
0.13
0.20
1.13
0.23
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0 .00
0.00
Total SS
Tr SS
RSS
Error SS
Sed
Sem
CD
21.27
20.67
0.27
0.33
0.10
0.07
0.22
It was observed that there were 43 .48 per cent reduction on the
incidence of E. amabilis in T 2 in when compared it with T 1, while it was
90.91 per cent in case of T3 (Table-10)
Table 10.
Reduction on the incidence of E.amabilis larvae due to
different treatments
Treatment
T1
T2
T3
T4
Mean larval population of E.amabilis per foot lac insect
settlement
Reduction of incidence ( 0/o) over T1
Total
Mean
12.67
2.53
7.19
1.43
43 .48
1.13
0.23
90 .91
0.00
0.00
35
4.3.3 Impact of different treatments on the yield loss due the
incidence of E. amabilis.
The yield loss of lac due to the incidence of E. amabilis under
different treatments were assessed by scraping raw lac from randomly
selected five stick lac (one foot long ) per tree per treatment per farmer .
The scrap lac was weighed separately after shade drying (Plate 12).
There was significant difference in the yield of raw lac under
different treatments. Significantly highest yield (7 .08 g/foot stick lac)
was recorded in the T4 (total protected) , and (4 .58g/foot stick lac) in T1.
The yield of raw lac was 5.25g and 5.92 g/foot stick lac in case of T 2
and T 3 respectively . The yield of T4 was compared with that of T1, T2
and T 3 to estimate the yield loss due to incidence of E. amabilis on lac
settlement. The yield loss of raw lac due to the incidence of E. amabilis
was highest (35 .31 per cent) in case of T 1 and lowest (16 .38 per cent)
in case of T 3 , while it was 25 .84 per cent in case of T2.
Table 11.
Mean weight of scraped raw lac (g.)/foot stick lac
Mean yield of raw lac (g)/foot stick lac
F2
F3
F4
FS
Total
Overall
mean
4 .19
5.16
4.34
4 .53
4 .70
22 .92
4 .58
T2
4 .86
5.55
5.32
5.04
5.52
26 .29
5.25
T3
5.44
6.19
5.87
6.10
6.04
29 .64
5.92
T4
6.87
7.59
7.1
6.92
6.94
35 .42
7.08
Treatment
F1
T1
G.T
114.27
C.F
652 .88
Total
SS
18.66
Tr SS
17.03
RSS
1.28
Error
SS
0.34
Sed
0.10
Sem
0.07
CD
0.23
Plate - 11: Pupa of E. amabilis
Plate - 12: Scrapping of stick lac
Table 12.
Assessment of losses (per cent) to Baishakhi lac crop due
to E. amabilis incidence
Mean yield of raw lac
(g)/ foot stick lac
Yield loss ( 0/o)
T 1 (unprotected)
4.58
35.31
T2
5.25
25 .84
T3
5.92
16.38
T4(Total protected)
7.08
Treatment
4.4
Cost benefit ratio of different management options of E.
amabilis on Rangeeni crop
In the treatments T 1, T 2, and T 3 , 500g of brood lac @ 65 /kg
was used for inoculation. The difference in the cost of management
varied in all the three treatments. There was no additional expenses
in case of T 1, however the predator management cost per tree was
Rs 13.30 and Rs 18.10 in case of T 2 and T 3 respectively .
Table 13.
Expenditure on E. amabilis management
Treatment/tree
T3
T2
Input cost per tree
Total
Treatment
(Rs)
cost/tree( Rs)
04.80
18.10
+13.30
+32 .50
Cost of spraying
Cost
(Rs)
1.50
3.30
Cost of pouch (5 pouch/tree@ Rs
2/pouch)
10.00
18.10
50.00
3.30
10.00
13.30
13.30
+32.50
Cost of insecticide
Cost of inoculation
Cost of pouch ( 5 pouch/tree @ Rs
2/pouch)
45.00
Labour cost of inoculation
65.00
Brood Y2 kg
32.50
The yield loss per tree due to the incidence of E.amabilis was
highest (1 .150 kg/ tree) in T1 and lowest (0 .480 kg/ tree) in T 3 , while it
was 0. 780kg/ tree in T 2. The monetary loss was Rs 92 .00 , Rs 62 .00 and
38 . 00 per tree in case of T 1, T 2 and T 3 respectively (Table 14) .
37
Table 14.
Economics of E.amabilis management
Treatment
Mean yield
loss ( 0/o)
T1
T2
CBR
Loss
(Rs)/tree
Gain
(Rs)/tree
35
Yield loss*
kg/tree
1.150
92.00
-
-
26
0.780
62 .00
30.00
1:2.30
16
0.480
38.00
*Considering a mean yield of raw lac/tree to be 3kg
54 .00
1:3.00
T3
Rs 80/kg raw lac
The monetary benefits of predator management options were compared
with that of lac grower practices (T1).The net gain was highest
(Rs54/tree) in T 3 and Rs 30 /tree in case of T 2 .The cost benefit ratio was
1: 2.30 and 1: 3.00 in case of T 2 and T 3 respectively.
38
CHAPTER -V
DISCUSSION
DISCUSSION
The result of the present research 'Studies on the incidence of
major predators of Kerria lacca (Kerr.) and their management in
Baishakhi lac crop in Anuppur District, Madhya Pradesh' carried in
year 2009-2010 with following objectives, were critical analysed with
earlier findings.
1. Identification of the major predators of Baishakhi lac crop on Butea
monosperma (Roxb.)
2. Seasonal incidence of major predators
3. Assessment of losses to Baishakhi lac crop due to predator
5.1.ldentification of the major predators of Baishakhi lac crop on
B. monosperma(Roxb.)
E.amabilis was the only predator of K.lacca observed in the
Baishakhi crop of Rangeeni lac in Anuppur district MP, during the
year2009-2010.
All the development stages of E.amabilis was observed on the
crop. Existence of 22 species of lac predators , 30 species of primary
parasites, and 45 species of second parasites were reported by
(Sharma et a/.,2006) while E.amabilis ,P.pulverea and Chrysopa spp.
were reported to be serious predators of K. lacca (Malhotra, 1975).
Of the 128 species of the genera Eublemma , 44 were reported
from India and Sri Lanka (Mishra et al., 1930 ) but E.amabilis was first
described and illustrated by Moore from Sri Lanka in the year 1884
(Witt, 1901 ).
39
The moth of E. amabilis is white-pinkish in colour and female was
larger than the male. Similar observation is reported by (Rahman et al.,
2009, Misra et al., 1930).The observations on eggs, larvae and pupae
are also in agreement with earlier workers (Rahman et al., 2009).
5.2.
Seasonal incidence
The larvae of E. amabilis were observed from 15th November 2009
till the harvest of Baishakhi crop in 30th April 2010. The larval population
increased gradually to the highest peak on 15th March 2010. This was
followed by a decline till the harvest.
There are six generation of E.amabilis (Mishra et al., 1930 ),
during the year, however according to (Rahman et al., 2009), the life
cycle of E. a ma bi/is is complex which begins with the 3rd generation
.From the eggs the month of laid in October some emerge in November,
while the remaining adult hibernate from November to March (Rahman
et al., 2009).
The 3rd generation of E. amabilis extends from 9th October to 11th
February (Mishra et al., 1930), while the 4th generation of E. amabilis
from 11th February to 4th May. In our present finding the population of E
amabilis had a slight increase till 28th February 2010, while it peaked by
15th March 2010. This peak appears it be due to the egg laying
activities of the 4th generation of E. amabilis as observed by (Mishra et
al., 1930).
According
to (Rahman
et al.,
2009)
during the month
of
December the egg laying of E. amabilis is 14 to 49 days and incubation
period extends to 27 days, while in February, the egg period is 27 days
but the incubation period shortens from one to five days. In the present
40
study, the higher larval population of the E.amabilis may be due to the
cumulative effects of the two subsequent egg period of the insect.
The weather factor viz . atmospheric pressure, wind velocity and
minimum temperature has a positive significant correlation with the
larval population of E. amabilis .
The larval population of E. amabilis increase with atmospheric
pressure, the atmospheric pressure was highest during January and
first fortnight of February. This may have facilitated the hatching of eggs
of E.amabilis, leading on increase in population on 15th March 2010.
The larval population of E. amabilis decreased with wind velocity .
The wind velocity was highest in the months of March and April. The
high wind velocity may have carried away the gravid moths , preventing
them from laying their eggs. This may have lead to a decline in the
population of E. amabilis larvae in the experimental area .
5.3
Assessment of losses
a.
Impact of predator management practices on Lac insect
settlement
The mean lac insect settlement at the time of harvest was
significantly highest in the treatment T4 (63 .0 lac cell per inch) and
lowest (52.4 lac cell per inch ) in T 1
.
The difference in the lac insect
settlement on the twigs may be due to predation by E. amabilis.
According to ( Rahman et a/. ,2009) , about 42 to 50 matured all of lac
insect is damaged by a single larva of E.amabilis before to population .
The predator management practices resulted in the reduction of the
loss of lac insect settlement from 16.83 per cent ( T 1 ) to 13.17 per cent
(T2) and 7.62 per cent (T3) .T2 consisted of the use of 60 mesh nylon
41
pouch to trap predators of lac insect during inoculation, Malhotra, 1983
too found the use of 60 mesh nylon pouch helpful in reducing the
incidence of predator of lac insect. Various workers (Malhotra and
Katiyar 1975, Jaiswal et al., 2004) have reported the use of chemical in
reducing the incidence of predator.
b.
Impact of predator management practices on the incidence
E. amabilis
The management option T 2 and T 3 reduced the incidence of E.
amabilis in Baishakhi lac crop by 43.48 per cent and 90.91 per cent.
Trap
crop
(Patel
and
Yadav,
1991 ),
light
trap
and
repellent
(Bhattacharya et al., 2008) and egg parasitoids (Bhattacharya et al.,
2007)
were
used
to
management the
predators
of lac
insect.
Applications of chemicals to reduce the incidence of predators have
been reported by ( Bhattacharya et al., 2005, Jaiswal et al., 2006) .
c.
Yield loss of Baishakhi crop
The yield loss of Baishakhi lac crop was 35.31 per cent while it
was 16.38 per cent in T 3 and 25.84 per cent in T 2 . E. amabilis is a
serious predator of lac insect . The yield loss due to the incidence of E.
amabilis on lac crop was as high 35.31 per cent. The yield loss to lac
crop due to E.amabilis have been reported to be 30-35 per cent
(Malhotra and Katiyar 1975), 30-40 per cent (Glover, 1937) and 20-25
per cent (Narayana, 1962 ). The variation in the yield loss depends on
the local factors. The present yield loss of 35.31 per cent is in
agreement with those reported by the earlier workers .
42
d.
Cost benefit 'of E. amabilis management
An additional cost of Rs 18.30 and Rs 13.30 per tree provided a
net gain of Rs 54.00 and Rs. 30 in terms of more yield of raw lac .The
cost benefit ration was 1: 2.30 and 1:3.00 respectively in case T 2 and T 3
treatments.
The present study was carried out in a participatory mode with
the affected lac growers, and it was able to provide them an effective
and acceptable solution to their major problem .There are two options
for the management of E. ama bi/is for different groups of lac growers.
Lac growers with poor investment capacity as well as those
having their B.monosperma tree on the hilly and water scarce areas
may opt for 60 mesh nylon net pouch for the management of E. amabilis
in the lac crop. While those lac growers with better financial status and
the trees in the plain area and sufficient water can opt for a combination
60 mesh nylon pouches followed by a spray of endosulfan 30 days after
the brood inoculation.
43
CHAPTER-VI
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER WORK
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS FOR THE
FURTHER WORK
The research 'Studies on the incidence of major predators of
Kerria lacca (Kerr.) and their management in Baishakhi lac crop in
Anuppur District, Madhya Pradesh' carried in year 2009-2010 .
5.1
Identification of the major predators of Baishakhi lac crop on
B monosperma (Roxb.)
E.amabilis was the only predator of K.lacca observed in the
Baishakhi crop of Rangeeni lac in Anuppur district MP, during the year
2009-2010.
In the village Mediaras, district Anuppur E. amabilis was the only
predator causing a yield loss of 35.31 per cent in the Baishakhi crop of
damage lac during the year 2009 to 2010.
5.2
Seasonal incidence
The larvae of E.amabilis were observed from 15th November 2009
till the harvest of Baishakhi crop in 30th April' 2010. The larval
population increased gradually to the highest peak on 15th March 2010.
This was followed by a decline till the harvest.
The weather factor viz. atmospheric pressure, wind velocity and
minimum temperature has a positive significant correlation with the
larval population of E. amabilis.
44
Assessment of losses
a.
Impact of predator management practices on Lac insect
settlement
The mean number of lac cell per inch of the insect settlement at
the time of harvest was significantly highest in the treatment T 4 (63 .0
lac cell per inch ) and lowest (52.4 lac cell per inch ) in T 1
.
The
difference in the lac insect settlement on the twigs may be due to
predation by E.amabilis .
b.
Impact of predator management practices the incidence E.
amabilis
The management option T 2 and T 3 reduced the incidence of E.
amabilis in Baishakhi lac crop by 43 .48 per cent and 90 .91 per cent
respectively.
c.
Yield loss of Baishakhi crop
The yield loss of Baishakhi lac crop was 35.31 per cent due to
incidence of E.amabilis while it was 16.38 per cent in T3 and 25 .84 per
cent in T 2 . E. amabilis is a serious predator of lac insect .
The predator management practices resulted in the reduction of
the loss of lac insect settlement from 16.83 per cent ( T 1) to 13.17 per
cent (T 2 ) and 7.62 per cent (T 3) .T 2 consisted of the use of 60 mesh
nylon pouch to trap predators of lac insect during inoculation .
d.
Cost benefit of E. amabilis management
An additional cost of Rs 18 .30 and Rs 13.30 per tree provided a
net gain of Rs 54 .00 and Rs . 30 in terms of more yield of raw lac .The
45
cost benefit ration was 1: 2.30 and 1:3.00 respectively in case T 2 and T 3
treatments.
The present study was carried out in a participatory mode with
the affected lac growers, and it was able to provide them an effective
and acceptable solution to their major problem .There are two options
for the management of E.amabilis for different groups of lac growers .
Lac growers with poor investment capacity as well as those
having their B. monosperma tree on the hilly and water scarce areas
may opt for 60 mesh nylon net pouch for the management of E.
amabilis in the lac crop. While those lac growers with better financial
status and the trees in the plain area and sufficient water can opt for a
combination 60 mesh nylon pouches followed by a spray of endosulfan
30 days after the brood inoculation.
Suggestions for further work
1.
The work should be continued for one more year, because the
temperature during 2009-2010 was extreme, it affected the
Rangeeni lac crop through out India.
2.
A similar study should be conducted for the Karlik crop of
Rangeeni lac.
3.
An experiment using trap crop and egg parasitoids of E. amabilis
may be carried out.
46
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
Barman, J.C., M.M. Rahman ., D. Sarker and M.A. Alam (2006) . Study
on the effect of water application on Lac survival and Lac yield
during extreme hot weather condition in Bangladesh . Gurpukar,
Bangladesh. Gurpukur Research Institute. International Journal of
Sustainable Agricultural Technology. 2(4): 1- 4.
Bartlett, B.R. (1964). Toxicity of some parasitoids
to eggs , larvae and
adults of the green lac wing Chrysopa carnea . J. Econ. Ent. 57 :
366-369.
Bhattacharya,
A ., Y .D.
Mishra,
A.K.
Jaiswal,
K.K . Sharma,
C .P.
Malhotra and S.N. Sushil (1995). Division of Lac production,
Indian
Lac
Research,
Institute,
Namkum,
Ranchi.
Pest
management and Economic Zoology 3( 1): 29-31 ,
Bhattacharya, A ., A.K . Jaiswal, Y. D. Mishra and P.K. Chakrabarty
(2004) . Efficacy of Trichogramma brasiliense Ashmead in the
management of Lepidoptera predators of lac insect , Kerria lacca
(Kerr.) Lac production Division, Indian Lac Research, Institute ,
Namkum, Ranchi.
Bhattacharya, A., A.K. Jaiswal and S. Kumar (2005). Effect of treatment
of brood lac with a few insecticides on the harboured inimical
insects . Journal of Entomological Research. 29(3): 223-225 .
Bhattacharya, A. , S. Kumar, A.K. Jaiswal and K.K.
Kumar (2006).
Trichogramma spp. for the management of Eublemma amabilis
Moore (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) - a predator of Indian lac insect.
Entomon. 31(2) : 121-124.
Bhattacharya , A ., S. Kumar and A . K. Jaiswal (2007) . Evaluation of
Trichogramma species for the suppression of lepidopteran insect
47
predator, Eublemma amabilis Moore, in lac culture on Flemingia
macrophylla. Journal of Biological Control. 21 (2): 267-270
Bhattacharya, A., A.K. Jaiswal, S. Kumar and K.K. Kumar (2006) .
Management of lepidopteran insect predators of lac insect
through habitat manipulation . Entomon; 31 (1 ): 53-56
Bhattacharya, A., A .K. Jaiswal and J. P. Singh (2008). Management of
lac insect predators through IPM based bio-rational approaches .
Emerging trends of researches in insect pest management and
environmental safety, Volume-I. ; 221-226.
Condriet,
D.L.
and
D.
Seay
(1979) .
Diflubenzuron:
Laboratory
evaluation against three lepidopteran pests of vegetables. J. Ga.
Ent. Soc., 14:325-329.
Dwivedi, A.P., (1993) . Forests: The Non-wood Resources. International
Book Distributors, Dehradun.
Fisher, R.A. (1967). Statistical methods for research workers. Tenth Ed.
Oliver and Boyd. Edinburgh.
Ghosal, S., K.K. Sharma, and P.S. Kumar (2005).
Effect of seedling
size and irrigation on plant survival in Flemingia semialata - an
important bushy lac-host plant.Journal of Applied Zoological
Research. 16(2): 236-237.
Ghosal, S. (2008). Effect of different pruning times on aghani lac yield
from ber (Zizyphus mauritiana). Environment and Ecology. 26(3) :
1020-1022.
Ghosal , S. (2009) . Effect of different pruning times of ber (Zizyphus
mauritiana) in relation to Aghani lac yield.
Ecology. 27(1A): 275-277
Glower, R. M. (1937). Lac cultivation of India . PP. 147
48
Environment and
Jaiswal, A.K ., A . Bhattacharya, K.K. Kumar, and S. Kumar (2004) .
Evaluation of ethofenprox (Nukil 10 EC) on lac insect culture for
management of Eublemma amabilis Moore -A lepidopteran
predator .New Horizon of animal sciences .Zoological society of
India Magadh University, Bodh Gaya. Bihar, India . pp. 47-50 .
Jaiswal, A.K. and B.K. Dwivedi (2005) . How to culture lac insect on tree
of
Butea
monosperma
(Palas/Dhak).
New
Agriculturist.
16( 1/2):155-164
Jaiswal, A.K., A. Bhattacharya, M. Kumar, and S. Kumar (2005) .
Evaluation of ethofenprox toxicity to male lac insect and its effect
on broodlac yield. Shashpa; 12(2): 114-116
Jaiswal, A.K., A. Bhattacharya, M. Kumar, and S. Kumar (2006 ,a) .
Effect of ethofenprox, cartap hydrochloride and endosulfan on the
incidence of two
Cameron
major parasitoids Aprostocetus purpureus
(Hymenoptera : Eulophidae)
tachardiae Howard
and Tachardiaephagus
(Hymenoptera : Encyrtidae)
on
lac crop .
Journal of Entomological Research . 30(1 ): 71-73 .
Jaiswal, A . K., A. Bhattacharya, S.Kumar and M. Kumar (2006 ,b).
Incidence
of
Tachardiaephagus
tachardiae
(Hymenoptera ,
Encyrtidae), an important endo-parasitoid harboring lac colonies ,
in virgin and fertilized female lac insects .
Indian Journal of
Entomology. 68(3) : 307-308 .
Jaiswal , A .K. , A. Bhattacharya , S. Kumar and P. Patamajhi (2007).
Evaluation of ethofenprox on Chrysopa madestes (Neuroptera :
Chrysopidae) - a serious pest of Indian lac insect, Kerria lacca
(Kerr.) . Journal of Entomological Research. 31 (2) : 113-114.
Jaiswal , A .K., A. Bhattacharya , S. Kumar, and J. P. Singh (2008).
Evaluation of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner var. kurstak i on
49
kusmi winter crop for management of lepidopteran pests 1n lac
culture.
Indian Journal of Entomology. 70(2) : 153-156.
Kondo,T . and P.J . Gullan (2005).
with
A new lac insect from Colombia ,
revised keys to lac insect genera and to species of
Austrotachardiella Chamberlin (Hemiptera : Coccoidea : Kerriidae) .
Neotropical Entomology. 34(3) : 395-401,
Kumar, S., K .Kumari and A. K. Sharma ( 2007). Ant fauna - a potential
bio
control
agent
in
lac
ecosystem.
Indian
Journal
of
Entomology. 69(4) : 359-362,
Malhotra C.P. and R.N. Katiyar (1975) . Control of Eublemma amabilis
Moore , a serious predators of the lac insect Kerria lacca (Kerr. )
I: Screening of insecticide for their safety to lac insect . Indian
Journals of Entomology, 37: 385 -396 .
Malhotra C. P. (1983). Control of pest of lac insect Kerria lacca (Kerr)
for easy adoption by cultivators. Indian Shellac, 1(6&7) 6-7 & 35 .
Mehra,
B.P.
(1965).
Biology
of
Chrysopa
madestes
Banks
(Neuropteran) , Chrysopidae .Ent. Soc. Indian, 27(4) : 398-407 .
Mishra M.P., P.S. Negi and S.N. Gupta (1930) . The Noctuidae moth
(Eublemma amabilis Moore): A predator of the lac insect and its
control. J.Bombay nat. Hist. Soc., 34 (2): 431-446 .
Mishra, Y.D., S.N . Sushil , K.K. Sharma, A . Bhattacharya and
Jaiswal
(1996).
Efficacy
of
selected
insecticides for control of Chrysopa
organ
A .K.
phosphorus
madestes (Neroptera :
Chrysopidae ) a serious sporadic predators of Indian lac insect ,
Kerria lacca (Kerr) .lndian Lac Research Institute , Namkum ,
Ranchi-New Agriculturist 7(1 ): 17-20 .
Mishra Y.D ., S.N Sushil. A. Bhattacharya and Sharma , K.K (1998) .
Morphometric differences between strains on Indian insect, Kerria
so
lacca
(kerr.).Division
of Transfer of Tecnology,
Indian
Lac
Institute, Namkum, Ranchi. J. Insect Sci. 11 (2); 171-172
Mishra, Y.D., S.N. Sushil, K.K. Sharma, A. Bhattachary, S. Kumar, A.
Mallick, and K.K. Sharma (1999). Intra specific varation in the
host plants affecting productivity of Indian lac insect, Kerria lacca
(Kerr.). J. Non-Timber For. Prod., 6:114-117.
Mulegeta,
L.,
A.Tarekeng
and M.Olsson
(2003).
gum
and
resin
resources from some acacia, Boswellia and Commiphora species
and their economic contribution in Liban, Southeastern Ethopia.
Journal of Arid Environment, 55 : 465-482.
Mukhopadhyay,B. and Muthana, M. S.(1962). A monograph on lac.
Indian Lac Research, Institute Namkum, Ranchi. 378.
Narayanan, E.S. (1962). Pest of lac in India . In B.Mukhopapadhyay and
M.S.Muthana, (eds), A Monograph on lac .Indian Lac Research
Institute, Ranchi (India) . Pp.90-133
Ogle, A. and M.Thomas (2006). Technical consultancy report on
strategic development of lac in Madhya Pradesh. Enterplan
Limited UK 61 pp.
Patel, H.M. and Y.D. Yadav (1991). Occurrence of mottled emigrant
Catopcilia
pyranthe
(Lepidoptera:
Pyridae)
and
its
natural
enemies at Anand. Indian Journal of Agriculture Sciences 61
(10): 781 - 791.
Pukayastha, B.K. and Motiram (1979) Effect of gibberellic acid on the
growth of bushy lac host plants in relation to lac yield. Indian Lac
Research Institute, Namkum, Ranchi, Bihar; Indian Journal of
Agriculture Sci. 49 (8): 620.
51
Rahman M.Matiur., K.N . Ahmed, K. Shahjahan and A . M. Sohrab
(2009). Bionomics of Eublemma amabilis Moore (lepidoptera :
Noctuidae),a major predators of lac insect and
its control
measure . Bangladesh J.Sci. Ind. Res .44 (1), 57-64 .
Ramani, R. and K.K. Sharma. A review of some geneticalaspect of lac
insects (1991). Ann. Entemol., 9: 47- 53 .
Ramani, R., K.K. Sharma and P. Kumar (2008).
A new record of
occurrence of Indian lac insect, Kerria lacca (Kerr) (Coccoidea :
Tachardiidae) on Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd . (Euphorbiaceae) .
Indian Journal of Forestry. 31 (2): 283-284.
Roonwal, M. L., M. B. Raizada, R.N . Chatterjee, and B. Singh (1958) .
Descriptive account of the host plant of the lac insect ,Kerria
lacca (Kerr.) and the allied plants in the Indian region (parts 1 and
2 ),140.
Sharma, K.K, A.K . Jaiswal, A. Bhattacharya, Y.D . Mishra and S.N .
Sushil(1997).
Emergence profile and
relative
abundance of
parasitoids associated with Indian lac insect Kerria lacca (kerr.).
Indian J. Ecol., 24( 1) : 17-22
Sharma, K.K., K. Kumari and M. Kumar (2005). Analysis of factors
responsible for low yield of lac in India.
Journal of Applied
Zoological Researches . 2005; 16(1 ): 95-96 .
Sharma, K.K, A.K. Jaiswal, and K.K. Kumar (2006) . Role of lac culture
in biodiversity conservation: issues at stake and conservation
strategy. Current Science. 91 (7): 894-898.
Sharma, K.K., K. Kumar and S. Lakhanpaul (2007) . Host plant med iated
variations in resin producing efficiency of Indian lac insect, Kerria
lacca (Kerr) (Homoptera: Coccoidea : Tachardiidae :
32(3) : 203-207 .
52
Entomon.
Sharma, K.K., K. Kumari and S. Lakhanpaul (2007). Super parasitism in
Indian lac insect, Kerria lacca (Kerr) and its implication on
fecundity and resin producing efficiency of its two strains. :
Entomon. : 32(1 ): 33-39.
Sharma, A.K., K. Kumar, and K. Gupta, K.K. (2008). Effect of larval
parasitoid, Bracon greeni Ashmead on Eublemma amabilis, the
lepidopteran predator on lac insect, Kerria lacca Kerr. Journal of
Applied Zoological Research. 19(2): 215-216.
Shiva, M.P (1993). Solution to overcome impediment s 1n forest
development through MFP based management. Paper presented
at the international seminar on minor forest products in forestry,
17-18thApril, Dehra Dun.
Sushil, S.N., A. Bhattacharya, K.K. Sharma, A. K. Jaiswal and Y.D.
Mishra (1995). Introduction of Trichogramma pretiosum Riley
(Hymenoptera:
Trichogrammatidea )
as eggs parasitoid of
Eublemma amabilis Moore (Lepidoptera : Noctuidea ) -a predator
of lac insect . Pest Management and Economic Zoolozy, 3:51-53
Thomas, M. (2004). Squirrel damage to Kusumi lac in Madhya Pradesh,
India. Vaniki-Sandesh. 2004: 28(1 ): 14-15.
Thomas, M. (2010). Personal communication.
Witt, D.O. (1901). A note on the larva of Eublemma amabilis Moore, as
a lac insect destroyer in Damoh Division, C.P. Ind. Foreste, 17.
53
APPEND ICES
VITA
The
author
Devendra
Kumar
Khobragade
S/o
Shri
T .C.
Khobragade, was born on 28 1h August 1980 in Village Rampaili,
Waraseoni, Balaghat district, MP. In the year 2000, he passed his
higher Secondary School Examination with second division (59°/o)
marks from Carrier Higher Secondary School, Waraseoni, Balaghat,
MP.
He
enrolled
for
B.Sc.
(Ag)
degree
programme
in
Shahid
Gundadhur College of Agriculture, Jagdalpur, Indira Gandhi Krishi
Vishwa Vidyalaya, Raipur, Chhattisgarh in the year 2001 and completed
his graduation in the year 2006 with an OGPA of 6.42 out of 10 point
scale.
Thereafter, the author carried his post graduation studies in the
Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Jawaharlal Nehru
Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur, MP, leading to the submission of this
thesis as a pa rti a I f u lfi II men t for the award of M . Sc (Ag) degree .
Moni Thomas