The Early Coinage of Kaunos

in R. Ashton and S. Hurter (eds), Studies in Greek Numismatics in Memory of Martin Jessop Price (London, 1998), p. 197-223, pl. 47-50. The Early Coinage of Kaunos ' KORAYKONUK [PLATES 47-50] A group of early silver Carian coins has puzzled numismati sts for the past century and a half. Despite several attempts to unravel their identity, both their iconography and place of issue have remained obscure. In the absence of a secure attribution,2 these enigmatic coins were conveniently nicknamed ' winged Carians' by Troxell on the basis of their obverse type which invariably depicts a winged dei ty 3 Staters were minted on a slightly reduced Aeginetic standard. and a range of fractions is attested down to a :i; stater. A few recorded provenances indicate a southern Carian mint. somewhere along the Caro--Lycian border, but precision has not so far been possible. All these issues, regardless of denomination, are united by their obverse type, but the gender of the winged fi gure and the different reverse types indicate that they are the product of at least two distinct mints: 'Mint A' with a female fi gure which has usually, but nO! convincingly. been identified as Nike. and ' Mint B' where the figure is male and holds a kerykeion. prompting some to identify him as Hermes. The present article deals with the issues of Mint A which, it will be argued. can at last be given a definite attribution to Kaunos. The early staters display a winged female deity in a 'kneeling-running' position to the right or left with no attribute other than wi nged boots (it will be argued later that she is Iris); their reverse is a crude punch mark in which a triangular shape may be o bserved. Fractions display the same obverse but their reverse is fully developed and depicts a griffin standing to right or left with a front paw raised. all within an incuse square with dotted border. All fractions appear to belong to the earliest period where the winged figure holds no objects . On later issues, only staters. the winged deity holds a wreath in one hand and a kerykeion in the other; the reverse becomes more elaborate with a well-defined triangle and one. two or three letters in the Carian script in the field , all within an incuse square. On some dies a fourth letter is added in the middle of the triangular object. At a final stage, Kaunos minted a modest series of fractions , and its first series of bronze coins which also constitute its last coinage with Carian letters. The following catalogue is intended as a corpus or near-corpus and includes some 560 specimens. The arrangement loosely follows Troxell's but more period-divisions have been introduced to accommodate all the intricacies that result from a die-study. All die-combinations are illustrated on Plates 47-50. I I am grateful to Cannen Amold-Biucchi and Hans-D ietrich Schultz for sending me phofographs of coin!'. under their c ustody at respec tively New York and Berlin. Richard Ashton kindly lent me the plaster caSls of a number of coins from the Archaeological Museum o f Fethi ye in Turkey whose coin co ll ection he is to ｰｵ｢ｬｩｾｨ＠ with Melih Arslan, John Casey and Tolga Tek . Various mints in earia, Cili cia and Cyprus have been suggested . E.S.G. Robinson. ' A Find of Archaic Coins from South-West Asia Minor' , Ne 1936, pp. 265-80, firmly established that these coins originated fro m soumem Caria.. Hereafter ci ted as Archaic Coins. 3 H.A. Troxell . 'Winged Carians'. in £SSQ.¥s Thomp.w n , pp. 257--68, pI. 31. Hereafter ci ted as Winged C(uians. 1 198 KORAYKONUK CATALOGUE Abbreviations Asyut CNA CNG Poelta MFA NAC NFA Rosen Wadding/on Weber M. Price and N. Waggoner, ArciuJic Greek Silver Coinage: the 'A syu/ ' Hoard (London, 1975). Classical Numismatic Auctions, Lancaster, PA. Classical Numismatic Group, Lancaster, PA-London. M. Poetto. ' Nuove monete carie' , Kadmos 23 (1984), pp. 74-5, pI. I. A.B. Brett, Cataloglle a/ Greek Coins. Mu seum 0/ Fin e Arts (Boston, 1955). Numismatica Ars Classica, Zurich. Numismatic Fine Arts, Beverly Hills. N.M. Waggoner, Early Greek Coins/rom the Collection of iona/hall P Rosen (ACNAC 5, New York, 1983). E. Babelon , Illventaire de la collection Wadding/on (Paris, 1897). L. Forrer, Descriptive Catalogue of the Collection of Greek Coins fonned by Sir Hermann Weber M.D. (London, 1929), vol. 3. Period I (c.490-470j4 Staters, drachms, hemidrachms, tritartemoria, trihemitartemoria Obv. Rev. (all denominations) Iris with curved wings and outstretched hands in a kneeling-running position to I. or r. , head turned back: she wears a long chiton with overfold tied at the waist; she has winged shoes and two scrolls curling up from the top of her head. (staters) Rough rectangular or triangular shape in crude incuse square. (drachms and fractions) Griffin standing I. or r. , one front paw raised, in incuse square with dotted border. Staters aI/RI a* 11.56 b. c. d. e. f. 11.65 11.56 11.50 11.74 3 2 12 g. h. J. k. ? 4 11.75 11.78 11.76 4.39 All ancien! dates are sc. 12 12 Sternberg 26 (1992), 99. Winged Carians I; MM FPL 209 (1961 ), 18. New York. ANS 1968.57.105 ; Winged Carians 2. Owen 30 (1996), 34. Berk 68 (1991).189. Berlin, Imhoof-Blumer. Asyut 670. Test cut on obv. Rosell 618: Asyut 67 1. Test cut on rev. NFA 3 I (1993), 237: Asyut 669. SNG VOIl Aulock 2345. London, BM 1972-7-\3-18; A syut 682. Cut; neither die identified with certainty. THE EARLY COINAGE OF KAUNOS 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 02fRI a* b c. d. e. f. g. h.? 03fR2 a. b. c.* d. 04fR2 a.* b. OSfR3 a* 06fR4 a* 07fR5 a.* 08fR6 a.* 11.47 12 11.32 11.61 11.83 G. Hirsch 171 (1991),321. J. Hirsch 29 Nov. 1909,2691. Berk 45 (1986), 211. Peus 328 (1990), 211. Superior 30 May 1995,7579. Schu1ten 20 Oct. 1987,202. As)'u! 676. Test cut on obv. AS)'lI! 672. Test cut on obv. which prevents certain identification of either die. 11 .71 7.52 11.64 11.74 12 12 As)'u! 679. London, BM 1972-7-13-17. Cut in half. Winged CariallS 3; As)'u! 673. G. Hirsch 180 (1993), 287. 11.62 11.86 11 12 Paris, BN 695; Winged Carians 4. Asyu! 683; Superior Galleries 30 May 1993, 1929; NFA 14 Dec. 1989,294; 27 June 1986,379. 11.75 Bourgey 17 June 1959,568; Naville 1 (1921), 2819. 11.86 Winged Carians 10; Hess-Leu 12 April 1962, 290. 11.65 Kress 159 (1974),174; 125 (1963),468. 11.59 Martin FPL 20/2 (1993), G48: FPL 19/4 (1992), G54; Sternberg 11 (1981), 136. Lanz 32 (1985), 247 . Giessener Miinzhandlung 23 (1982), 82; Lanz 20 (1981), 243. NFA 27 June 1986,380. Winged Carians 8; Kricheldorf9 (1961), 244. Empire Coins FPL 33 (undated), 25. Winged Carians 7; MM 25 (1962), 471. Auctiones 26 (1996), 232. NFA 18 Oct. 1990,778; Malter 30 Nov. 1985,47. New York, ANS 1986.78.942. London, BMC CiUcia, p. 95, 3 (pI. 15, 11); Winged Carians 9. Kress 144 (1968), 188. 9 6 J. k. I. 09fR6 a.* b. 11.80 11.83 9 9 London, BM 1979-1-1-478; SNG van Aulack 2344. Dombrowski FPL 9617 (1982), 2111; FPL 93 (1981), 9124; Knopek 15 (1979),208; Schenk-Behrens 30 (1975), 79; 29 (1975),125. 09fR7 a* 11.72 8 b. c. d. e. 11.64 11.38 11.81 11.83 8 10 9 G. Hirsch 183 (1994), 464; 172 (1991), 260; Peus 330 (1991), 133; 328 (1990), 212. Giessener Miinzhandlung 30 (1984), 2453. SNG Keckman I, 810. Acquired 1976. London, BM 19487-12-24; Winged Carians 5. ASYll! 684. 1. 10 12 11 .65 11.60 11.56 11.75 11.74 11.83 11.68 11.59 11.61 11.83 11.65 b. c. d. e. f. g. h. 9 11.66 11.30 6 199 KORAYKONUK 200 11 12 13 14 15 091R8 a. b. c. d* e. f. g. 0101R9 a.* 011IRIO a.* o I 21R 11 a.* b. 0131R12 a.* 11.68 11.68 11.85 11.62 11.76 9 11.44 11.50 10 1l.S5 6 New York, ANS 1986.78.944. Fethiye Archaeological Museum 5493. Kress 123 (1962),188; 120 (1961),233. New York, ANS 1986.78.943. New York, ANS 1944.100.47621; Winged Carians 6. Obv. die in advanced stage of deterioration. CNA 21 (1992),92. Fethiye Archaeological Museum 6146. Richard Ashton coil. Acquired 1996. G. Hirsch 186 (1995), 367. 11.59 12.02 11.08 12 3 1l.75 6 London, BMC Cilicia, p. 95, I (pI. 15, 10). From Naucratis. Lanz 64 (1993), 250. London, BMC Cilicia, p. 95, 2. From Persia. Drachms 16 17 18 19 20 03IRI a.* b. 061R2 a* 0141R3 a* b. c. 0141R4 a.* 0151R4 a.* 5.67 5.63 7 6 5.66 12 03 was also used to strike staters (no. 3). Boston, MFA 2323 ; Winged Carians 12 . SNG Keckman /, 811. Acquired 1976. 06 was also used to strike staters (no. 6). H.A. Troxell, ACNAC 1, The Nomlan Davis Collection (New York, 1969), 220; Winged Carians 11. 5.74 5.93 5.83 Peus 321 (1988), 183. SNG von Aulock 8037. GiessenerMiinzhandlung 78 (1996), 209; 73 (1995),169. 5.76 G. Hirsch 188 (1995), 275. 5.65 Sternberg 18 (1986), 160. Hemidrachms 21 22 OlIRI a. b.* c. d. e. f. 011R2 a. 2.82 2.83 9 6 2.84 2.87 2.86 2.73 12 12 2.81 6 Athens; Winged Carians 14. Elsen FPL 156 (1993), 31; FPL 148 (1992),48; Lanz 44 (1988), 231. London, BM 1896-6-1-93. Giessener Miinzhandlung 36 (1987), 234. Elsen 36 (1994),137; SNG von Aulock 8038 . Aufhauser 7 (1990), 188. Superior Galleries 30 May 1993, 1927. THE EARLY COINAGE OF KAUNOS 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 b. c. d. e. f* 011R3 a* 021R? a.' 031R4 a.' 041R5 a.' 051R5 a.' b. 051R6 2.83 2.83 2.85 2.86 2.77 11 Credit Suisse FPL 46 (1986), 48 Spink NCirc Jan. 197 1, 26. Giessener Munzhandlung 78 (1996), 208. Muller 53 (1986). 96; 51 ( 1986),98; 49 (\985), 154. New York, ANS 1983.51.450. 2.75 12 Berlin, Irnhoof-Blumer. 2.89 3 London, BM 1926-1- 12-\' Very worn rev. 2.85 3 Paris, BN 696; Winged Carians 15. 2.82 2.73 7 I Berlin 70011903. Paris, BN 697; Waddington 4355; Winged Carians 13 . a.' 2.75 7 SNG Kecklllan [,8 12. Acquired 1969. 061R7 a.' O71R8 2.45 a.' c. d. e. 31 32 33 34 35 081R9 a* 08IRIO a* 091R1l a* O l01R 12 a. b* Ol01R13 a. b. c.' d. e. f. g. h. i. J. k. I. m. n. G. Hirsch 175 (\ 992), 366. 2.79 O. Hirsch 187 (1995), 494. 2.50 2.48 10 2.44 10 2.44 Lanz 66 (\ 993), 270. Peus 326 (1989), 224. Riller FPL 37 (1994), 371. NewYork, ANS 1965.77.112. Peus 326 (1989). 225. Kurpfalzisches Miinzhandlung 54 (1988), 78. 2.55 3 Oxford; Cummings FPL April 1990,029. 2.44 2.45 7 Paris, BN 699. NFA 27 June 1986, 38 1; Rose" 622; Myers FPL Jan . 1982, 87; NFA 6 (1979), 307. 2.38 2.48 2.54 2.55 2.52 2.48 2.69 2.44 2.49 2.5 2.62 2.38 2.52 2.44 2 7 2 Hess-Leu 45 (1970) . 287 . Lanz 40 (1987) . 286. MM FPL Nov. 1996,82; Lanz 38 (1986), 338. G. Hirsch 173 (1992), 401. Lanz 30 (1984), 275. Lanz 22 (1982), 381. New York, ANS 1977 .1 58.392; Winged Carians 17 . New York, ANS 1978.198.3. New York, ANS 1978.198.2. G. Hirsch 160 (1988), 216. J. Hirsch 29 (1910), 806. Empire Coins 9 ( 1988),107. Schu lten 20 OCI. 1987,203. CNA 20 (1992). 148; NFA 18 Ocl. 1990,780; Kovacs 7 ( 1987),87. 8 12 2 9 3 20 1 202 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 KORAYKONUK o. p. OlOIR14 a* b. c. d. e. f. g. h. OllIR15 a.* Ol2IRI6 a.* O13IR17 a.* Ol4IR18 a.* b. c. d. Ol4IRI9 a* Ol5IR20 a* Ol6IR21 a* Ol7IR22 a.* b. c. d. e. f. 45 Ol8IR23 a.* 2.45 2.53 12 2.49 2.39 2.62 2.48 Weber 7250; Sotheby 10 July 1884, 1280. Oxford; ex Hay June 197 1. MM 28 (1964), 179. Artemis Antiquities FPL 4 (1970), 77; FPL 3 (undated), 90. Paris, BN 698; Waddington 4354: Winged Carians 16. Sternberg 14 (1984).128. NFA 18 Oct. 1990, 779; Malter 34 (1986), 43; Myers FPL Jan. 1982. 89; Rosen 621; NFA 6 (1979), 306. Knopek 15 (\ 979). 209. New York, ANS 1983.51.449. Kricheldorf 33 (1978), 125. 2.50 2.64 11 2.45 12 New York. ANS 1978.198.1. 2.45 7 New York, ANS 1968.57.106. 2.12 9 SNG von At/lock 8039: Hess-Leu 16 April 1957. 289. 2 .21 2.33 2.20 2.09 12 3 2 2 Berlin 2401196. New York, ANS 1950.191.22. Fethiye Archaeological Museum 6363. SNG Keckmanl, 816. Acquired 1975. 2.11 6 SNG Keckman 1, 814. Acquired 1984. 2.11 11 SNG Keckmalll, 815. Acquired 1984. 2.14 6 2.19 2.07 2.26 12 5 1.82 2.25 9 Myers 11 (1975). 145. SNGKeckmanl, 813. Acquired 1979. Paris, BN, SNG Delepierre 2786. Peus 315 (1986), 107. Superior 15 June 1976, SOL Malter 59 (1994) , 135; 57 (1994), 398. Giessener Miinzhandlung 46 (1989). 271. CNG 39 (\ 996). 590. 2.27 Trihemiobols (i stater) 46 47 OIIRI a* 02IRI a* b. c. d. e. f. g. New York, ANS 1983.51.452. 1.45 1.40 1.27 1.41 1.40 L42 1.32 1.49 2 4 3 3 Lanz 38 (\ 986). 339. London, BM 1905- 10-5-4. Coin Galleries 15 Nov. 1989,202. Fethiye Archaeological Museum, unnumbered. New York, ANS 1983.51.451. Aufhauser 8 (1991), 190. K01ner Miinzkabinett 17 (1975), 68. THE EARLY COINAGE OF KAUNOS 48 03IRI a* b. 49 c. d. 041R2 a.' b. 50 51 c. O51R3 a.' 061R4 a* b. c. d. e. f. g. h. 1. 52 J. 071R5 a.' b. 53 54 55 56 c. 081R6 a* b. 091R7 a.' b. OlO1R8 a. * OllIR9 a.* Tritartemoria 57 58 59 60 OIIRI a* b. O21R2 a.* b. O31R3 a.* 041R4 a.* 203 1.29 1.14 1.30 1.37 3 6 3 9 Paris, BN 700; Winged Carians 19. Lanz 22 (1982), 382. SNG Keckman 1, 818 . Acquired 1983. SNG Keckman I, 817. Acquired 1982. 1.43 1.43 1.44 9 New York, ANS 1977.158.390: Winged Carians 18. SNG von Aulock 8040. Aufhiiuser 7 (1990). 189. 1.10 I SNG Keckman I, 820. Acquired 1983. 1.35 1.22 1.04 1.09 1.18 1.17 1.18 3 4 I 6 12 10 10 0.90 1.13 6 1.10 12 1.17 0.70 3 I New York, ANS 1986.78.945; Rosen 623 ; Myers FPL Jan. 1982. 88 . G. Hirsch 179 (1993), 452. Fethiye Archaeological Museum 2995 . 6 Superior 30 May 1995. 7593/3. Fethiye Archaeological Museum 6804. 0.90 Lanz 66 (1993), 271. Lanz 52 (1990), 224. MUller 50 (1985), 109; Lanz 32 (1985), 248. Elsen 44 (1996), 185. Oxford; Cummings 16 May 1990. London, BM 1899-4- 1-90. SNG Keckman I, 819. Acquired 1981. Superior 30 May 1995, 7593/ 3. Fethiye Archaeological Museum 6804. Fethiye Archaeological Museum 5355 . 1.09 Peus 326 (1989), 226 KUnker 18 (1990), 7960. 1.16 Giessener MUnzhandlung 46 ( 1989), 272. 1.19 Aufhauser 6 (1989), 158; MUnz Zentrum 66 (1989), 4 12. (n stater) 0.68 0.72 9 0.71 New York. ANS 1968.57.107. SNG Tiibingen 3309. NAC I (1989),205. KUnker 18 (1990), 7959. 0.75 8 0.58 12 London, BM 1979-1-1-483; SNG von Aulock 8042. Paris, BN 701; Winged Carians 20. 204 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 KORAY KONUK b. c. 051R5 a.* 06/R6 a. b. c.* d. 07/R7 a.* 081R8 a* b. 091R9 a.* 0101R10 a. * Oil/RI I a. * 0.50 0.58 SNG von Aulock 8041. 0.54 0.60 0.43 0.50 Peus 315 ( 1986).108. Peus 316 (1986), 194. G. Hirsch 173 (1992),402; 169 (1991), 428. Aufhauser 7 ( 1990), 190. 0.62 5 0.42 0.40 12 12 0.60 7 0.55 69 70 New York , ANS 1983.51.453. SNG Keckma/ll, 821. Acquired 1975. Fethiye Archaeological Museum 5245. New York, ANS 1978.6.1; Winged Carians 21. MUlier 71 (1991), 242. 0.57 Ol/RI a.* b. 021R2 a* 031R3 a* Fethiye Archaeological Museum 3316. Fethiye Archaeological Museum 4136. 0.63 Trihemitartemoria 68 6 12 3 London, BM 1991-1-30-17. (:b stater) 0.31 0.35 6 9 London, BM 1909-10-5- 10. Oxford ; Kress 137,369; Winged Carialls 22. 0.22 9 Oxford; Baldwin Jan. 1991. 0.24 Hesperia Art FPL 21 (undated), 136; Winged Carians 23. Period 11 (c.470-450) Staters only Obv. Rev. As Period I but Iris no longer wears winged boots and has lost the two scrolls on the top of her head; she holds a kerykeion in her r. hand and a wreath in the I.. and runs I. (r. on 023). [ncuse square containing a regularly-shaped triangular or conical baetyl with on some dies two horn-like tags springing on I. and r. from its apex; the rest of the field filled with irregular corrugations. Type J: plain baetyl 71 72 016/R13 a. b* c. d. 0171R[4 a* 11.55 [2.06 11.24 11.85 11.92 9 6 Kress 181 (1981),707; 179 (198[), 507. Superior 30 May 1995.7577; CNG 27 (\ 993), 615. Lanz 14 (1978),103. SNG Tiibillgell 3308. Bourgey 17 May 1959,567. THE EARLY COINAGE OF KAUNOS 73 74 75 76 b. c. d. Ol8/RI5 a.* Ol9/RI6 a. b* c. 0201R17 a* 0211R18 a'* 12.02 11.45 11.17 9 9 New York, ANS 1977.158.387. Miiller 62 (1989), 90. Test cut on obv. NFA 11 (1982), 182. 11.18 9 SNG Keckman I, 822. Acquired 1988. 11.56 11.58 11.95 9 Albuquerque 40 ( 1993), 24; 35 (1992), 71. London, BM 1979-1-1-480; SNG van Aulock 2346. Miinzhandlung Basel 4 (1935), 854. 11.45 9 London, BMC Cilicia, p. 95, 4 (pI. IS, 12). From Smyrna. 205 NC 1936, pI. 14,4; IGCH 1180. 11.79 Type 2: horn-like tags on baetyl's apex 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 0221R19 a. 11.41 b* 0231R20 a.* b. c. 0241R21 a* b. c. 0251R22 a.* 026/R22 a. b. c* 0261R23 a.* 027/R24 a. b* 0281R25 a* 6 Rosen 619. R 19 represents a first attempt to depict the handles at the top of the triangle. Coin Galleries 18 July 1995,2169. Iris r. Spink NCirc March 1996, 594. Peus 321 (1988), 182. Oldenburg 29 (1994), 31. 5 Elsen FPL 96 (1987), 45. Kricheldorf 11 (1962), 200. Superior 30 May 1995,758111 . 8 11.49 11.62 11.39 11.56 11.63 11.1 NC 1936, pI. 14,3; IGCH 1180. 11.36 12.08 11.86 3 12 Sotheby 19 June 1991 (New York), 373. NC 1936, pI. 14,2; rGCH 1180. Paris, BN 1981-245. NC 1936, pI. 14, 1; rGCH 1180. 12.01 11.76 11.27 9 12 Paris, BN, SNG Delepierre 2782. Probably from IGCH 1180. Winged Carians 24. NC 1936, pI. 14,5; Ars Classica 16 (1933), 1438;lGCH 1180. Period III (c.450-430) Staters only Obv. Rev. As Period IT but more developed style. Incuse square containing a regularly-shaped triangular or conical baetyl with on either side handles on apex; on either side, granulated patterns in the field; the Carian letter 'V makes its first appearance from no. 89 onwards 206 85 KORAYKONUK 029fR26 a.* 11.47 b. 86 87 88 030fR27 a. 030fR28 a.* b. c. d. e. f. g. 031fR29 a.* 12 11.46 12 11.68 12 Lanz 36 (1986), 398. 11.60 12 12 12 12 Oxford; Kraay, ACeC 994. Lebanon Hoard 1985/6; CH 8, 133 (pI. 11,4). Giessener Miinzhandlung 30 (1984),2454. Empire Coins 6 (1986), 69. Miiller 18 (1976),137. Shore FPL 26 (undated), 11. Paris, BN, SNe Delepierre 2784; Florange 23 Oct. 1933,218. 11.60 11.90 11.69 11.72 11.50 12 12 11.58 12 b. c. 11.50 11.68 12 12 d. e 1l.78 11.60 12 f. g. h. 11.57 11.65 11.50 2 12 1. 89 90 J. 032fR30 a* 1l.74 b. 1l.76 c. 11.69 d. 033fR31 a.* b. c. d. e. 91 f. g. 033fR32 a. b* c. d. Nomisma 1 (1991),96; G. Hirsch 168 (1990), 315; Sternberg 18 (1986), 161. MM 72 (1987), 308; Rosen 620; Myers FPL May 1982, 71; Vinchon 25 April 1966, 220. 12 11.90 11.67 11.72 1l.71 9 11.64 11.60 9 11.68 9 11.50 11.85 9 11.69 Hess-Leu 2 April 1958,233; H. de Nanteuil, Collection de monnaies grecques (Paris, 1925),519; Bourgey 14 April 1910, 193. Giessener Miinzhandlung 23 (1982), 83. Auctiones 26 (1996), 233; MM 79 (1994). 348; Kricheldorf2 (1956),1107; Coin Galleries 11 July 1955,389. Lanz 70 (1994),123; Athena 2 (1988),167. Naples, National Museum 8529; F. Imhoof-B1umer, Monnaies grecques (Paris-Leipzig, 1883), p. 357, no. 31, pI. G, 4. Test marks on obv. SNG von Post 304. From Mugla 1950. Auctiones 8 (1978), 270; SNG von Aulock 2348. Spink 7 Dec. 1995 (New York), 2112. Kricheldorf 21 (1970), 103. Berk 47 (1987), 179. Aretusa 4 (1996), 299. Credit Suisse FPL 49 (1988), 51. Elsen FPL 146 (1992),30; FPL 143 (1992), 59; FPL 136 (1991),45; FPL 130 (1991),37. Walker FPL 25 (1988), 25; FPL 23 (1988), 21. Paris, BN 703; Winged Carians 25. SNe Sweden f, 484. Vedrines 8 Jan. 1986,64; Baudey & Pesce 19 June 1984 (Lyon), 143; NFA 18 Oct. 1990, 781; Malter 30 Nov. 1985,48. Auctiones 25 (1995),464; 16 (1986),179; MM FPL 441 (1982), 16. London, BMC Cilicia, p. 96, 5 (pI. 16, 1). Uncertain countermark. NFA 3 May 1994, 1395. Berlin. Auctiones 3 (1973), 190. Kovacs 6 (1985), 122. G. Hirsch 43 (1965),1210. THE EARLY COINAGE OF KAUNOS e. f. g. 11.80 11.68 11.08 I 3 8 11.41 11.71 11.81 11.79 11.75 4 8 h. i. J. k. I. m. 92 9 9 2 0341R33 a.* 11.28 207 New York. ANS 1986.78.98. New York, ANS 1986.78.96. SNG Keckman I, 824. Acquired 1983; G. Hirsch 58 (1968), 3192; 48 (1966), 243. Giessener Miinzhandlung 21 (1982),46. New York, ANS 1986.78 .97 . New York, ANS 1986.78.99. New York, ANS 1986.78.95. New York, ANS 1986.78.102. New York, ANS 1986.78.101. SNG von Aulock 2347. Period IV (c.430-410) Staters only Obv. Rev. As Period Ill. As Period III but the granulated patterns in the field have become stylized birds and subsequently bunches of grapes. Type 1,' stylized birds 93 0351R34 a* 94 11.48 11.15 5 11.70 11.74 12 b. c. d. 11.63 11.62 b. 0361R35 a* e. f. g. h. i. j. k. I. m. n. 11.94 11.85 11.66 11.33 11.68 11.82 11.94 11.47 11.46 12 12 o. p. q. 11.88 11.60 7 The letter 'V is not apparent. SNG Keckman I. 823. Acquired 1982. Miiller 60 (1989),107; Ritter FPL 27 (1988), 354. Paris, BN 705; Winged Carians 26. Coin Galleries 28 March 1977,471; Myers FPL March 1974, 82; 5 (1973), 208. G. Hirsch 175 (1992), 371. L. Mildenberg and S. Hurler (eds.), The Arthur S. Dewing Collection of Greek Coins (ACNAC 6; New York, 1985),2359; Naville I (1921), 2820. Superior 30 May 1995, 7578. J. Hirsch 33 (1913), 872. J. Hirsch 33 (1913), 873. J. Hirsch 34 (1914),495. London, BMC Cilicia, p. 96, 6 (pI. 16,2). Cahn 80 (1933), 361 ; J. Hirsch 16 Nov. 1908, 3848. Bourgey 17 June 1959,569. Naville 4 (1922), 933. G. Hirsch 191 (1996),460; 188 (1995), 273. Paris, BN, SNG Delepierre 2783. Ex Seltrnan 1938; Naville 7 (1924),16\2; J. Hirsch 32 (1912), 567. Not from IGCH 1180 as suggested in SNG Delepierre. Owen 13 (1994), 40; 31 March 1994,52; FPL 6 (1993). 121. New York, ANS 1986.78.100. Kress 157 (1973), 442; 137 (1966), 367. 208 KORAYKONUK r. s. t. u. v. x. y. z. 11.66 11.78 11.62 11.49 11.00 11.76 al. b l. Cl. d1 e l. f1 gl hi. 11.69 11.72 11.07 11.75 11.44 11.84 11.68 11.65 11.24 '1 1 . 95 12 11.72 0371R36 a* 11.55 b. 11.66 c. d. 12 3 12 12 9 9 6 9 New York, ANS 1986.78.92. New York, ANS 1986.78.93. Egger 46 (1914), 2158. New York, ANS 1944.100.47623. G1endining 31 Jan. 1951,245. Vinchon 14 April 1984, 192. Vinehon 11 April 1988, 525. Malter 45 (1991), 106. This and the following three coins are probably from a same find. Malter 45 (1991 ), 107. Malter 45 (1991), 108. Malter 45 (1991), 109. Peus 268 (1968),44. Two uncertain countennarks on the rev. New York, ANS 1968.57. 108. New York, ANS 1958.33.14. New York, ANS 1957.8.1. New York, ANS 1986.78.94. Miinz Zentrum 68 (1990), 335. 12 12 Berlin, 337/1873. Kurpfiilzisehe Miinzhandlung 42 (1992), 278; Credit Suisse FPL 58 (1992), 67; G. Hirsch 71 (1971),241. Lebanon Hoard 1985/6; CH 8, 133 (pI. 11, 3). Rauch 43 (1989), 387. 12 Paris, BN. J. Babelon, Catalogue de la collection de Luynes (Paris, 1930), vol. 3, 2776. G Hirseh 173 (1992), 403; CNA 9 (1990), 95. Giessener Miinzhandlung 46 (1989), 273. Spink NCirc June 1988,3493; June 1986, 3866; Jan. 1979, 11; NFA, 24 March 1977,295; Spink NCirc May 1970, G17 G. Hirsch 180 (1993), 286; 176 (1992), 293 ; Kiinker 21 (1992),297 . MM 10 (1951),303. Giessener Miinzhand1ung 76 (1996), 207. NFA 18 act. 1990,326; 14 (1984), 608. J. Hirsch 29 Nov. 1909,2692. Sehulten 21 act. 1986, 94; FPL April 1986, 9. Burgan 21 Nov. 1987,254; Myers 6 (1973), 214; Naville 5 (1923),2723; R. Ratto 27 April 1911, 487. Rollin & Feuardent 9 May 1910, 586. Kress 120 (1961), 232. Kastner 6 (1974), 131. New York, ANS 1977.158.388. 11.78 Type 2: bunches of grapes 96 0381R37 a* 11.37 b. c. d. 11.69 11.72 11.59 12 12 e. 11.73 12 f. g. h. 12.56 11.58 11.78 12 11 .32 11.68 12 1. J. k. 97 I. m. n. o. 0391R38 a. b. c.' 10.50 12.35 11.74 11.13 11.38 11.60 12 12 12 Giessener Miinzhandlung 58 (1992), 405; Leu 52 (1991), 95. Naville I (1921),2821. Berlin, Fox. THE EARLY COINAGE OF KAUNOS d. e. f. g. h. 11.72 11.20 11.56 11.62 11.38 1. J. k. I. m. n. o. 98 99 p. q. r. s. t. 0401R39 a* b. c. ILl! 11.64 11.69 11.54 11.27 11.1 11.68 11.05 10.79 11.14 11.36 11.34 0411R40 11.40 a.* b. 10.99 c. 10.67 d. e. f. g. h. 1. J. k. I. 11.21 11.51 11.42 11.30 11.50 11.16 11.23 11.50 11.80 99bis Rev. : the letter 11/ is m. 11.55 n. 11.42 o. 1\.39 p. 11.54 q. r. 11.36 s. 11.54 t. u. 11.63 12 12 12 12 10 12 12 12 11 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 209 Vinchon 13 Nov. 1986, 241; Hess-Leu 45 (1970), 288 . Sternberg 26 (1992), lOO. Lanz 14 (1978). 104. Paris, BN, Vogue 170. New York, ANS 1944.100.47624. Schulten 21 Oct. 1986, 94; FPL April 1986, 9. G. Hirsch 188 (\995), 274. NFA 13 August 1992, 144; Superior 3 June 1985.2165. SNG Keckman t, 825. Knopek 1978 . G. Hirsch 186 ( 1995),368 . G . Hirsch 171 (\ 991). 322. G . Hirsch 150 (\986). 231 ; Kolner Mtinzkabinett 36 (1984), 29. Kastner 12 (1976), 99. CNG 39 (1996). 592/2. Kastner 12 (1976), 99. Kress 178 (1980). 666. Athena 2 (1988), 166. Sternberg 21 ( 1988), 133. Peus 324 (1989), 180. Coin Galleries 10 Feb. 1993.98; 22 July 1992, 128; 13 Nov. 1991, 304. Spink 3 May 1995 (New York), 238. Berlin, Prokesch-Osten. Weil 15 Nov. 1994, 26; Vigne FPL Feb. 1986, 40; Sternberg 16 (1985), 145. London, BMC Cilicia, p. 96, 8 (pI. 16,4); Winged Carialls 27. 12 Giessener Mtinzhandlung 71 (1995), 337; Albuquerque 44 (1994),57; 41 (1993), 40. G. Hirsch 192 (1996), 227; 189 (1996), 248 . 12 Burgan 6 Dec. 1986, 332. Giessener Mtinzhandlung 78 (1996), 207 ; 71 (1995),336; 60 (1992), 205. Kriche1dorf 45 (1996), 75. 12 Lanz 22 (1982), 380. Auctiones 25 (1995),465. 8audey & Pesce 11 Oct. 1981 (Mulhouse), Ill; Kricheldorf 33 12 ( 1978), 124. added to the centre of the baetyl. 12 Vinchon stock Nov. 1995. Boston, MFA 2110. 12 E1sen 36 (1994),138. 12 KOlner Mtinzkabinett 53 (1991),345; Schuhen 12 April 1989, 119. CNG 39 (1996), 591. 12 CNG 39 (1996), 592/ I. Auctiones 22 (1992). 294; KOlner Mtinzkabinett 53 (\991), 12 345; Sternberg 17 (1986), 152. 12 Lebanon Hoard 1985/6; CH 8, 133 (pI. 11 , 5). Vedrines 22 June 1982,40; Societe de Banque Suisse 6 (\980), 12 64; Athena FPL 6 (\ 979),200. 12 KORAY KONUK 210 v. w. x* 11.55 11.27 12 12 Kress 174 (1979). 457. Auibauser 6 (1989), 159. London, BMC Cilicia, p. 96, 7 ( p\. 16, 3). Period V (c.410-390) Staters only Obv. Rev. As Period IV but more ornate and vigorous style. As Period IV but the baetyl is invariably a triangle and is flanked by the Carian letters 'V -r; type 2 includes a pellet; type 3, the letter I; type 4 has ridges on the edges and middle of the baetyl. Type 1: two letters only 100 0421R41 a. b. c. d. e. 11.74 11.69 11.78 11.48 11.76 9 f g. 11.15 11.60 9 9 h.' 11.57 9 11.67 11.50 11.76 9 9 1. 101 j. k. I. m. n. o. p. q. 0421R42 a. 11.56 11.60 9 11.90 3 b. c. d. 11.78 11.78 11.62 e. f. 11.55 11.47 g. h* 11.84 11.88 1. 11.93 11.88 11.86 11.80 j. k. \. 3 3 Sotheby 27 Oct. 1993 (Zurich), 693; NFA 18 (1987).199. NAC 2 (1990). 97; Credit Suisse 8 (1987), 823. Kricheldorf 23 Oct. 1981 , 231. Schulten 2 Nov. 1983. 100; 8 Nov. 1982,49. Peus 332 (1991). 208; Superior 12 Dec. 1987,458; Giessener Munzhandlung 32 (1985), 97; 31 (1985), 173. Vedrines 5 July 1985, 100. Vigne FPL April 1985, 46; Lanz 30 (1984), 274; Giessener Munzhandlung 17 (1980), 79. Sotheby 27 Oct. 1993 (Zurich), 694; Superior 30 May 1990, 6863. Kovacs 8 (1988), 74; 6 (1985),122. Kricheldorf 43 (1992). 252 ; 41 (1988), 125. London, BMC Cilieia, p. 97, 9 (pI. 16,5). Malter 34 (1986), 44. Kricheldorf 30 (1976), 157. Superior 30 May 1995, 753112. Test cuts. Kurpfiilzische Munzhandlung 27 (1984), 83. Kricheldorf 36 (1982), 70. Kurpfalzische Munzhandlung 27 (1984), 82. Oxford, ex N. Zitelli, Rhodes 1929; ACGC 994; Winged Carians 28 . Superior 30 May 1993, 1528; 10 Dec. 1988, 1962. G. Hirsch 157 (1988), 166. Schulten 24 May 1983, 82; Giessener Munzhandlung 16 (1980), 391. NFA 20 (1988). 734. Peus 348 (1996),171; 334 (1992), 447; Lanz 18 (1980), 110; Myers 13 (1976), 178 Malter 30 Nov. 1985, 49. Spink NOre Sept. 1993, 6038; CNG 26 (1993), 335; Credit Suisse FPL 50 (1988), 64; SpinkNOrc Dec. 1986,8133 . Credit Suisse FPL 51 (1989). 61. Auctiones 27 (1996), 332. Credit Suisse FPL 52 (1989), 70; FPL 49 (1988), 52. Christie 2 May 1989 (New York), 701. THE EARLY COINAGE OF KAUNOS m. n. o. p. q. r. s. t. u. v. w. x. y. z. 102 103 12.08 11.60 11.49 11.61 11.55 11.54 11.69 11.83 11.37 11.67 11.56 11.71 11.68 11.55 11 .89 11.81 11.55 11.74 11.60 11.84 11.67 11.77 11.89 11.70 11.76 11.69 11.45 11.52 11.70 11.80 12.08 al. bl. Cl. d l. e l. fl. 0 1 o' hi. I'1 . J'1 . kl. 11. ml . nl: 0 1. pi . ql rl . Si. t I. 11.61 Ul. yl. w'. Xl. 11.72 0421R43 a.* 11.61 b. c. d. e f. 0421R44 a* b. c. 11.35 11.55 11.30 11.52 11.50 11.60 11.75 3 3 9 3 3 2 12 3 9 3 3 3 3 9 3 3 3 3 3 9 3 3 3 3 9 2 3 3 3 3 211 MM FPL 482 ( 1985), 17. Spink 3 May 1995 (New York), 239; MM FPL 485 (1986), 16. Kriche1dorf 8 ( 1960), 145. MM FPL 485 (1986), 16. London, BM 1979-1-1-481; SNG van Aulack 2349. New York, ANS 1986.78.73. New York, ANS 1986.78.82. New York, ANS 1986.78.91. New York, ANS 1986.78.64. New York, ANS 1986.78.86 New York, ANS 1986.78.83 . New York. ANS 1986.78.84. New York, ANS 1986.78.89. New York, ANS 1986.78.90. New York, ANS 1986.78.87. New York, ANS 1986.78.88. New York, ANS 1986.78.76. New York, ANS 1986.78.77. New York, ANS 1986.78.74. New York, ANS 1986.78.75. New York, ANS 1986.78.78. New York. ANS 1986.78.79. New York, ANS 1986.78 .80. New York, ANS 1986.78.8 1. New York, ANS 1986.78.69. New York, ANS 1986.78.70. New York, ANS 1986.78.71. New York, ANS 1986.78.72. Paella 23. CNG 23 (1992), 214. MM FPL482 (1985),17. Berk47 (1987),180. Berk 57 (1989), 154. Lanz 48 (1989),337; Athena 1 (1987), 115. Pegasi Coins FPL 47 ,64. Superior30 May 1995,7580/1. Superior 30 May 1995, 7580/2; Walker FPL 17 (1987), 21 . 1. Hirsch 13 (1905),4340. 3 Cambridge, S.W. Grose, Fitzwilliam Museum. Catalogue of the McClean Collection of Greek Coins (Cambridge, 1929), Yol. 3, 9066; 1. Hirsch 16 Noy. 1908.3849. Kress 181 (198 1),717. G. Hirsch 176 (1992), 294. Kress 173 ( 1982), 447. New York, ANS 1986.78.85. Berlin, lmhoof-Blumer. 9 CNG 39 (1996), 592/3. Kurpfalzi sche Miinzhandlung 50 (1996), 123. Poetto 23. 9 212 104 KORAY KONUK 043!R44 11.65 a.* b. 11.53 12 Spink 3 May 1995, 240. Boston, MFA 2108; K. Regling, Die griechischen Miinzen des Sammlung Warren (Berlin, 1906), 1245. Type 2: as last but with a pellet 105 106 107 044!R45 a.* b. c. d. 045!R46 a.* 046!R47 a. b.* c. Pellet below r . 11.53 12 Giessener Miinzhandlung 44 (1989), 393; 40 (1988), 248. Giessener Miinzhandlung 22 (1982), 115. 11.55 6 Paris, BN 704. 11.58 Sternberg 10 (1980), 131. Pellet in middle of triangle . 12 Sotheby 19 June 1991 (New York), 374. 11.60 11.60 11.72 11.39 9 New York, ANS 1977.158.389; Winged Carians 29. NFA 18 Oct. 1990, 783 ; Ariadne Galleries 9 Dec. 1983, 116. SNG Keckman 1,826; Peus 321 (1988), 184. Type 3: as type I but with I below firs! letter 108 109 110 047!R48 a. b.* 048!R49 a* b. 049!R50 a. b.* c. Rauch 43 (1989), 418. G. Hirsch 174 (1992), 304. 10.79 11.72 11.56 11.64 6 11.70 1l.57 12 12 11.39 12 Vinchon stock Nov. 1995; Lanz 28 (1984), 272. Credit Suisse FPL 39 (1983), 33; Sternberg 12 (1982), 261. London, BMC Cilicia, p. 97, 11 (pI. 16,6). Lisbon, G.K. Jenkins and M. Castro Hip61ito, A Catalogue of the Calouste Gulbenkian Collection of Greek Coins. Part /I (Lisbon, 1989), 780; Ars Classica 13 (1928), 907; Naville 1 (1921),2822. Lanz 30 (1984), 276. Type 4: as type I but with ridges on the edges and middle of baetyl III 112 050!R51 a.* b. c. d. e. f. g. h. OS1!R52 a. b* c. d. 11.55 11.46 11.62 12 12 11 11.59 11.39 11.58 12 12 12 12 11.47 12 11.71 11.62 11.56 12 12 12 Tradart 18 Nov. 1993, 112; TNA 2,148. NFA 8 (1980), 273 ; Boston, MFA 2109. Lanz 42 (1987), 253. London, BM photo file. NFA 11 (1982), 183. Paris, BN 702; Waddington 435b. Kricheldorf 21 (1970), 104; FPL 92 (1969), 44. Athena FPL 15 (undated), 51. London, BMC Cilicia, p. 97, 11 (pI. 16,7); SOlheby 23 March 1896,645. Leu 48 (1989), 239. CNG 20 (1992),147; 16 (1991),176; G. Hirsch 165 (1990),447. Ariadne Galleries 7 Dec. 1982, 108. THE EARLY COINAGE OF KAUNOS e f. g. h. 11.39 11.65 11.34 12 12 12 !. 11.44 11.72 12 11.45 12 11.54 11.52 11.80 11.67 12 12 12 11.67 11.95 12 12 9.46 11.50 11.72 12 12 J. 113 114 k. 0521R53 a. b. c., d. e. f. 0531R54 a. b. c. d. e* f. g. h. 115 12 !. 11.70 11.57 11.69 11.34 11.35 11.73 J. k. I. m. 11.51 10.94 11.66 11.74 12 12 12 12 n. 11.56 12 o. p. q. 11.70 r. 11. 72 s. 0541R55 a* 11.70 b. 116 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 11.54 12 0541R56 a* 11.65 b. c. 11.58 12 12 12 213 Weber 7507. Superior 10 Dec. 1988, 1961 ; AUCliones 17 (1988), 242. NFA 6 (1979), 308. Superior 22 August 1994, 1806. Naville 7 (1924),1613. G. Hirsch 172 (1991),261; Kurpfii1zische Miinzhandlung 27 (1984). 84; Giessener Miinzhandlung 1I (1978), 2018. New York, ANS 1957.172.1702. NFA IO (1981), 185. Sternberg 11 (1981) . 137. Berlin, Uibbecke. Societe de Banque Suisse 35 (1994). 52; 33 (1993), 314; NFA 8 ( 1980). 272. Albuquerque 24 (1990), 522; 21 (1990), 92. Athena FPL 11 (\98112 ), 33. G. Hirsch 175 (1992), 370. CNG 35 (1995), 305. Waddell FPL 63 (1994). 105 ; FPL 61 (1993),75; FPL 59 (1993),66; FPL 57 (1992), 69; FPL 55 (1992),78. NAC B (1992), 1443. Giessener Miinzhandlung 42 (1988). 330. Giessener Miinzhand1ung 52 (1990), 310; 48 (1990),435. New York, ANS 1944.100.47625 ; Naville 4 (1922), 934. Monimat & Rauch 22 Nov. 1989,66. Giessener Munzhandlung 48 (1990), 436; Burgan 2 July 1988. 273. Kovacs 12 (1995) , 98. Peus 308 (1983). 180. Superior I Dec. 1990.2075; CNA 11 (1990) , 94. Peus 334 (1992). 446 ; 301 (1981).413; Kastner IO (1976). 66. Leu 59 (1994).136; SNG von Aulock 2350; R. Jameson, Collection Jameson. Monnaies grecques antiques (Paris, 1913). 1601. Kunker FPL 123 (1996), 33. London. BM photofile; shown 1988. Giessener Munzhandlung 46 (1989), 274. Kovacs FPL 27 (1994). 37. NAC 1 (1989).206; G. Hirsch 159 (\988), 357. Societe de Banque Suisse 33 (1993), 315; Muller 36 (1982), 143. G. Hirsch 153 (1987),146; 149 (1986).107 ; Schulten 22 April 1985, 189. Lanz 70 (1994),124 ; G. Hirsch 156 (1987). 192. Kriche1dorf 1 (1955),492. Kolner Mtinzkabinen 62 (1995), 80; Athena 3 (1990),188. KORAY KONUK 214 Period VI (c.390-370) Type 1, bronze coins only Obv. Rev. Head of Apollo three-quarter faci ng r. or I., with. on some dies. chlamys fastened at neck. Sphinx seated I.. flanked by '7-r. 117 Apollo facing I. a. 1.15 b. 0.84 12 c. d. e. f. g. h. 0.81 0.80 0.70 0.90 1.1 3 0.80 0.80 0.73 5 2 6 9 12 I. j* 11 8 Apollo fac ing a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h* I. j. k. I. m. n. 2 12 SNG von Aulock 810 1. Acquired at Mugla with coins of Kaunos, and therefore tentati vely attributed to Kaunos. Winged Carians 32. Berlin; F. lmhoof-B lumer, Zur griechischen IInd romischen Miinzkul1de (Geneva, 1908), p. 204. 2. Winged Ca rians 30: London. BMC Troas. Gergis 4. Fethiye Archaeological Museum 3843. Fethiye Archaeological Museum 3846. Fethiye Archaeological Museum 5825. Fethiye Archaeological Museum 5405. Fethiye Archaeological Museum unnumbered. Fethiye Archaeological Museum 3843. Fethiye Archaeological Museum 769. r. 1.10 1.02 0.66 0. 79 0.89 0.70 0.90 0.90 1.21 0.82 0 .96 0.80 0.90 1.2 6 12 12 12 12 12 5 7 6? 3 SNG Keckll1an I. 828. Acquired 1982. SNG Keckman J, 829. Acquired 1982. SNG Keckman I, 830. Acquired 1980. Private coIl. ; Win ged Cat'ians 31. Fethiye Archaeological Museum 1675 . ｡ ･ｯ ｬ ｯｾ［｣｡ ｬ＠ Museum 3855. Fethiye ａｲ｣ｨ Fethiye Archaeological Museum unnumbered. Fethiye Archaeological Museum 3 190. Fethiye Archaeological Museum 4293. Fethiye Archaeological Museum 3782. Fethiye Archaeological Museum 4290. Fethiye Archaeological Museum 3009. Fethiye Archaeological Museum unnumbered. Fethiye Archaeological Museum unnumbered. Type 2, silver fractions only Obv. Rev. 119 Sphinx standing r. or I. (i). Sphinx standing r. or I. (i) in incuse square with dotted border. a. 0.82 12 b. 0.78 0.75 0.90 0.70 1.00 2 c. de. f. 6 12 SNG Keckman I, 66; Marmaris 1981. Reportedly found near Kaunos. Winged Carians A, note 36. SNG Keckll1an l, 67. Acqui red 1975. Oxford ; Kress 137 (1966), 344. CNG 3 1 (1994), 356. Fethiye Archaeological Museum 3945. Felhiye Archaeological Museum 6779. THE EARLY COINAGE OF KAUNOS g. h. 1. 0.86 0.80 0.90 10 2' 5 Fethiye Archaeological Museum 5499. Fethiye Archaeological Museum 3320. SNG Keckmanl. 68. Acquired 1982. Forgeries Slaters only Period I FI F2 F3 OIIR I a. O21R2 a.* O31R3 a* • 10.26 Rauch 43 (1989), 386. 10.34 Lanz 14 (1978). 102. 10.80 Muller 48 (1985), 94; 45 (1984), 72. 10.86 SNG Keckman J, 827; Muller 15 (1975), 65. Period IV Type I F4 F5 041R4 a.* 051R5 a* Giessener 2 1 (1982), 47 ; 20 ( 1981 ), 45. This and the previous coin might be contemporary imitations or forgeries rather than modern fakes. Period V (F6-FIO are the works of the same forger.) Type 3 F6 061R6 a.* b. c. d. 10.20 9.73 Grigoli 2 (1989), 59. CNA 12 (1990), 385. London, BM forgeries file. London, BM forgeries file . Type 4 F7 F8 061R7 a* O71R8 a.* Cummings FPL June 1993, G56. 11.26 Bull. on Coullferfeits 2111 (1996), pp. 27- 8, 7a. Hybrid: Period IV, type 2 combined with reverse of Period V, type 4 F9 081R9 a.* 11.31 Bull. on Counterfeits 2111 (1996), pp. 27-8, 7b. Fantasy: Period V, type I, with an upside down trident on the baetyl. FIO 08IRI0 a* Cummings FPL June 1993, G57. 215 KORAYKONUK 216 Summary of Issues Specimens recorded Diecombinations Obv. die I.-running Obv. die r.-running Rev. die griffin r. 59 8 71 34 20 4 15 5 25 1I 11 31 3 I 4 3 4 I 10 3 14 8 7 2 12 (baetyl) 10 4 4 2 4 13 5 7 I 196 98 16 44 32 30 Specimens Die- recorded Combinations Obv. die Rev. die Period I Staters Drachms Hemidrachms Trihemiobols Tritartemoria Trihemitartemoria Total Period IT (Staters only) Type I Type 2 Period III Period IV Type 1 Type 2 Period V Type I Type 2 Type 3 Type 4 Total 14 16 45 6 8 8 6 7 6 6 7 8 40 62 3 4 3 4 3 4 78 8 7 49 5 3 3 6 2 3 3 5 4 3 3 6 319 46 39 44 Rev. die griffin I. GENERAL OBSERVATIONS The different issues are fairly well represented as can be judged from the number of specimens recorded for each die-combination. As is often the case, fewer fractions survive than units and a good number of new dies for them will probably turn up in future. Staters of Period I and IT are not as well represented as later issues and quantities of new dies for them may well likewise remain to be discovered. By contrast, the very high ratio of specimens per die-combination for Period III onwards makes it unlikely that a significant number of dies still remains to be discovered, although some new die-combinations could appear. A peculiar feature of the die-study is the surprisingly low incidence of die-linkage between the different die-combinations. This is the more surprising given the completeness of the material for later issues. It seems that each obverse die was made to be coupled with only one reverse die, in contrast to normal striking methods whereby obverse dies were almost always used with several reverse dies. The mint clearly did not issue large numbers of coins uninterruptedly over long periods as this would certainly have involved some die-linkage. Its issues are more likely to have been sporadic and concentrated within limited periods. Several dies show heavy breaks and flaws (e.g. PI. 50, 960, 97m, 100q) suggesting periods of intense striking. THE EARLY COINAGE OF KA UNOS 217 CHRONOLOGY Period-divisions rely mainly on the interpretation of hoards and die-studies. Style and gradual development of a type within a series may be helpful for determining the sequence of issues, but should be used cautiously fo r they can sometimes be misleading 5 The tenninus ante quem of Period I is the Asyut hoard (IGCH 1644) for which a closing date of c.470 is generally accepted 6 All Mint A coins included in the Asyut hoard belong to the earliest issues and their average degree of wear indicates that they might have circulated for one or two decades before the hoard's concealment. A further coin of Mint A Period I was contained in another Egyptian hoard found in 1885 at Naucratis (lGCH 1647). Its concealment date is not precisely established and is given as 450-430. Coins of Period II are included in IGCH 1180. which was probably buried c.460 J Unearthed up-country on the Caro-Lycian border, it consisted of 144 coins from Mint A (86 staters). Mint B (36 staters), Phaselis (one stater) and some other uncertain mints. Robinson, Archaic Coins, published and illustrated only a small proportion of the Mint A coins, but all are in excellent state of preservation. It seems likely, but cannot be proved, that many of the Period II coins in my catalogue came originally from IGCH 11 80. The reverse of these coins is more elaborate than that of Period 1 coins in the Asyut hoard, a further indication that they are later. The contents of a further hoard. IGCH 1181 , reportedly found somewhere between Mugla and Telmessos in 1960, are only vaguely known. It seems that it included an early coin of Mint A not known to the editors of IGCH whose date of c.460 should perhaps be revised to c.480-470 8 CH 8, 133 is a hoard from Lebanon found in 1985/86 that mostly contained Levantine imitations of Athenian tetradrachms and at least three coins of Mint A of Periods III and IV (CH 8, pI. I I, nos. 3, 4 and 5; nos. 87b. 95c and 99bis t in the present catalogue). The burial date of 340 proposed in CH 8 would be far too late for our coins, and its justification is unclear, since the chronology of Athenian imitations is uncertain. Either the burial date should be raised by some fifty years or the coins of Mint A were intrusive. Although stylistic comparisons of coins with sculptures is not always chronologically very conclusive, it is tempting to note that the winged figure in Period V has flowing and transparent drapery like that on Nereids of the Nereid monument from Xanthos in nearby Lykia, which dates from the end of the fifth century. One striking feature of our catalogue is the high representation of certain die-combinations from Periods IV and V. For instance nos. 99 and 101 are respectively attested by 24 and 50 specimens, and neighbouring dies are almost as well represented. Most of these coins have been sold through dealers in the second half of the 1980s and in the 1990s. In 1986 the ANS acquired some 37 staters, 23 from no. 101 , and all almost certainly from a single hoard, although unfortunately no details have been recorded. Are all these coins part of CH 8, 133. or do they belong to another dispersed hoard? Whatever the answer, our catalogue probably contains over 120 coins from this e lusive hoard. The dating of Period VI is dealt with below in the 'attribution' section. ATTRIBUTION It has long been recognised that the Carian letters on the later staters and bronzes would eventually reveal the name of the issuing authority.9 Given the long time span, probably over a century. during which coins of Mint A were struck, these Carian letters must refer to an ethnic and not to a local dynast. 10 Their hitherto uncertain phonetic values have given rise to several tentative attributions, none S For instance. the obverse dies of some staters of Period r (nos. 3 and 7) with a crude reverse were used 10 strike contemporary drachms (nos. 17 and 18) with a fu lly-developed reverse of the griffin type. 6 Asyut 669-85. Only half of the recorded specimens are illustrated. i Archaic Coins. p. 279. 8 Winged Carians, pp. 264-5. 9 The letters were first described as Carian in Archaic Coins, and interpreted as ra-l-j in E.S.G. Robinson. 'Coin-Legends in Carian Script' , in W.M. Calder and J. Keil (eds), Anatatian Studies Presented to William H. Buckler (Manchester. 1939). pp. 269- 75 (hereafter cited as Coin-Legends). 10 Proper names have been suggested: Kbeom by J.O. Ray. 'The earian Coins from Aphrodisias', Kadmos 24 (1985), p. 88; Pleoll- by M. Poeno, ' Nuove monete carie', Kadmos 23 (l984), p. 75 . 218 KORAY KONUK convincing." Carian is still a little understood language but a spectacular breakthrough in deciphering its script was initiated some fifteen years ago by the Egyptologist John Ray who made extensive use of Carian inscriptions found in Egypt. 12 His knowledge of the hieroglyphic equivalents of several words and names in Carian enabled him to put forward new and more convincing values to the Carian letters which had not been deciphered already. The past few years have seen a number of studies aimed at perfecting Ray 's system 13 and progress is still being made as new evidence continues to crop up.14 There is no need here to discuss how the letters on our coins were given the conventional values which have received common acceptance 15 On our coins, the first letter appeared on the reverse of issues of Period n. Some time later, the second letter was added, and eventually, in period V, the third, underneath the first letter. A fourth letter makes a brief appearance during Period IV when it was added to an existing reverse die in the middle of the triangle flanked by the first two letters. This fourth letter does not appear to form the continuation of the first two letters but seems to be either an issue-mark or, more probably (see below), a letter which directly refers to the triangular object. The initial letter can be described as an upside down Greek delta: 'V (number 29 in the conventional numbering system).16 The second and third letters are similar respectively to a Greek gamma: r (a form of number 10) and iota: I. The fourth letter is IJI (number 22) . Long thought to represent the value b or d (8), the initial letter is now transliterated in the Egyptian system as k. The second letter, formerly transliterated as I, is now regarded as b by Ray and his followers. The third letter appears only at a later stage. right at the very end of the issues (Period V, type 3), and is not attested on any other known inscription . It may be that late Carian script, as used in Mint A, adopted a Greek vowel for which a need arose at a time when Greek was becoming increasingly dominant. It seems likely that this third letter represents the sound i.17 When combined in the chronological order of their appearance on the coins, the three letters form kbi. Not long ago, Ray also suggested the same transliteration for the first two letters, kb , but was unable to propose a satisfactory attribution. 18 Unfamiliar with the numismatic evidence as a whole (see below), he assumed that kb might be the beginning of a patronymic or an ethnic that could refer to Kabalis. Kibyra or the Kibyratis. 19 Is there an ethnic in Caria beginning with kbi? In 1973. during the excavations of the Letoon near Xanthos by a French team, a trilingual inscription of the utmost importance was discovered. Written in Greek, Lycian and Aramaic, it is an official decree of the reign of the fourth satrap of Caria. Pixodaros. in which provisions are made for the establi shment of a cult from Kaunos. All three versions refer to a Carian deity: the Basileus of Kaunos. The Lycian text gives a form that can be transcribed as Xiitawati Xbideiini. the second word being the 11 In Cilicia: Anchiale: l.P. Six. 'Monnaies grecques, inedites et incertaines', Ne 1894, p, 220; Aphrodi sias: F, Imhoof-Blumer, Kleinasiarische Miin:.en, yol. 2, p, 435; Mallos : Babelon, Traitl, pp, 553-64; BMC 21: Olbi" l.P. Six. ZjN 1879. p. 81; l.P. Six. NC 1898. p, 217. In Caria: Aphrodisias Plarasa : M. Poetto, 'Nuove moneee cane ' , Kadmos 23 (I 984 ). pp. 74-5, pI. I; Kalynda. Kaunos, Krya or Telandria: Winged Carians, p. 268. In Cyprus: Marium : WH . Waddinglon, Ｇ ｍｾ､｡ｩｬ｜･ｳ＠ de Marium en Cypre', RN 1860, pp. 1-10, pI. I: 12 J. O. Ray, 'An Approach eo the Carian Scripe ', Kadmos 20 ( 1981 ), pp. 150--62; 'The Carian Inscripeions from Egypt', Journal oj Egyptian Archaeolog)' 68 (1982), pp. 181 - 98: 'The Carian Script', Proc. Cambridge. Philul. Soc. 208 (1982), pp. 77- 90; 'The Egypeian Approach eo Carian', Kadmos 26 ( 1987), pp, 98- 103; 'An Outline of Carian Grammar', Kadmos 29 (1990), pp. 54- 83. J3 I.-J. Adiego, Srudja Carica (Barcelona, 1993); 'Recherches de 1.D. Ray ' , Kadmos 3 1 cariennes: essai d'amelioration du ｳｹｴｾｭ･＠ (1992), pp. 25- 39: ' Deux notes sur ｉ Ｇ ｾ｣ｲｩ ｴｵ ｲ･＠ Cl la langue cariennes' . Kadmos 29 (1990), pp. 133-7; H.C. Melchert, 'Some Remarks on New Readings in Carian', Kadmos 32 (1993), pp. 77-86: 1. Faucounau , 'A propos de recents progres dans le dechiffrement de l'ecriture carienne', BSL 79 (1984). 229-38: R. Gusmani. 'Karische Beitrage', Kadm os 27 (1988), pp. 139-49; D. Schiirr, 'Zur Bestimmung der Lautwerte des karischen Alphabets 1971-1991', Kadmos 3 1 (1992) , pp. 127- 56. 14 A new bilingual inscription in Greek and Carian was found at Kaunos during the ･ｾ｣｡ｶｴｩｯｮｳ＠ of summer 1996. At the time of printing, Prof. Marek and PIaL Frei. who are to publish the inscription , were not in a position 10 comment on its contenl . ｉ ｾ＠ For a discussion of the va lue of the first two leners on our coins, see 1.D. Ray, 'The Carlan Coins from Aphrodisias' , Kadmos 24 (1 985). pp. 86-8. 16 All known Carlan signs have been given a conventional number in O. Masson. 'Un lion de bronze de provenance egyptienne avec inscription carienne' , Kadm os 15 (1976), pp. 80-3. 17 [ am grateful to John Ray for discussing questions of transliteration with me, He would also entertain the possibility that the Ihird letter has the value i. 18 1.0. Ray, ' The Canan Coins from Aphrodisias', Kadmos 24 (1985). p. 88. Coins with the third teller are not mentioned. 19 See references in nn . 8 and 9 . THE EARLY COINAGE OF KAUNOS 219 adjectival form in Lycian for Kaunos, whose name in Lycian is thus Khbide 2 0 It is very likely that this form derives directly from the native Carian name for Kaunos. Since Kbi is the beginning of the ethnic on the coins of Mint A, it is difficult [0 resist the conclusion that they belong to Kaunos. Troxell had hinted that Kaunos, along with Kalynda, Krya or Telandria, might be Mint A but she did not have at her disposal the value of 'V. and the incorrect transliteration of f as I did not allow her to confirm any attribution.21 Kaunos, a native Carian foundation, was a prominent trading centre and port in south-west Asia Minor.22 In his description of the region, Herodotos lists three peoples, the Carians, the Lycians and the Kaunians, who are mentioned separately on account of their peculiar customs and language which differed from Carian 2 3 Hitherto no coinage has been firmly attributed 24 to the city before the middle of the fourth century when it struck an issue of small bronzes. The lack of coinage during the archaic and classical periods was not easy to explain, and the newly attributed silver coinage thus fills a gap. Kaunos paid only half a talent to the Delian Confederacy until 425 when its tribute was suddenly raised to ten talents, more than her powerful neighbour Knidos. The scarce series of bronze coins (117-118) which clearly accompany the silver of Mint A confirms, if confirmation is needed, the attribution to Kaunos . They have on the obverse a head of Apollo, threequarter facing r. or I.. and on the reverse a sphinx seated r. and flanked by the letters 'V_f 25 As far as I know they are the only bronze coins to bear Carian letters. My record comprises 24 specimens. of which 17 are in the Archaeological Museum of Fethiye. ancient Telmessos on the coast between Caria and Lycia. The Museum's usual catchment area is western and northwestern Lycia and south-east Caria. and most, if not all , of its 17 coins were almost certainly found or collected there 2 6 A further specimen (SNG von Alllock 8101) was reportedly bought at Mugla along with coins of Kaunos. The first bronze coins of Kaunos with Greek legends have on the obverse a forepart of or a whole bull butting r., and on the reverse. a sphinx seated r. and flanked by the letters K-A or K-NY (PI. 50, A, Band C 27). The similarity of the reverse type with that of the bronzes with 'V -f is evident, and it seems clear that the Greek legend sphinx coins succeeded the Carian legend sphinx coins. Further. a common feature of the K-NY bronzes and the staters with 'V -rtl is the location of the third letter placed just underneath a letter of the first row, a sequence which seems peculiar to Kaunos . It is worth adding that the Archaeological Museum of Fethiye possesses large numbers of the K-A and K-AfY sphinx coins of Kaunos. The facing head of Apollo on the Carian legend bronzes has been compared to the coins of Mausollos on which a similar type was introduced c.365 2 8 The chlamys fastened at the neck is not always present and some specimens just show a plain line of truncation. A useful comparison can be made between the style of the Kaunian Apollo head. in particular the heavy eyelids and straight hair lines, and that of the Helios head on the early silver fraction s of Rhodes for which a date of c.404-390 has been suggested 29 A further group of anepigraphic silver fractions (119) can also be ascribed to Kaunos. Although their type as well as their weight-standard differ from the regular fractional coinage of Period I, the seated sphinx depicted on each side is very similar to the sphinx on the bronze coins of Kaunos. It seems therefore likely that these silver fractions were also minted at Kaunos. perhaps at the same time as the first bronzes, or a little earlier. Four of the nine recorded specimens are in the Fethiye Archaeological E. Laroche, ' L'inscription Iydenne'. in Foumes de Xamhos. 4. La stete rri/ingue du. U rbon (Paris. 1979), p. 64; I-J. Adiego. 'Contribuciones a1 desc iframineto del cano' , Kadmos 34 (1995). pp. 18-23. 21 Winged Carians , p. 266. 22 Its extensive ruins suggest that ｋ｡ｵｮｯ ｾ＠ was tJle main native 20 Carian port of the region. It was a major producer of fig s which were known all ove r the ancient world . Dried fi sh, olives. salt and slaves were also commodilie.<; which the cit y traded . See O.E. Bean . lHS 1953. pp. 10-35 and JHS 1954. 85-110. 23 Herod. 172. One may also assume that the separate listing of the Kaunians was an indication of their relative importance at the time of Herodotos. 24 A series of sil ver Slaters with a lion forepart on the obverse and two incuse rectangles on the reverse in sometimes attributed to Kaunos. Two coins of this series we re reportedly found in a tomb at Kaunos: E. Keckman, 'Zwei Fundmi.lnzen aus Kaunos in Karien ' , SM 122 ( 198 1), pp. 34-5. But an attribution to Mylasa seems more convincing : see E.S.G. Robinson, ' A Hoard of Archaic Coins from Anatolia', Ne 1961, pp. 114-15 . 25 It was Robinson in Coin-Legends, p. 2'11, G and p. 273 who tirst suggested that the bronze bel ongs with the silver. 16 lnfonnalion kindly provided by Richard Ashton. See n. 1. 11 A: London. BM 1979-1 - 1-5 14; SNG van Aulock. 2563 0 .23 g; 12). B: G. Hirsc:h 189 ( 1996). 252. C: London, BMC Cariu. 14. 7 (I .35 g; 12). Ａ ｾ＠ Winged Carians, p. 261. 29 SNG Keck.man /, 362-77 . 220 KORAYKONUK Museum, and no. 119a was reportedly found near Kaunos. The use of the sphinx as a coin type is thus attested at Kaunos from an early stage. This adds some strength to Seltman 's attribution to Kaunos of a ｶ･ｾ＠ early stater depicting a sphinx on the obverse, and two square punch marks Dn the re verse (PI. 50, D ). 0 The attribution still remains tentative in view of the existence of at least three other obverse types united by similar fa bric and reverse punches, which indicate that they are from the same mint. The three other types are two dolphins, a crab and what IDoks like a crude female head,31 and thus dilute the argument for assigning the sphinx stater to Kaun Ds. WEIGHT-STANDARD AND DENOMINATIONS The Aeginetic standard was by far the most widely used in the southern Aegean area (the Cyclades, Crete and south-west Asia Minor) in the 6th and 5th centuries. It is generally ass umed that the weight of the Aeginetic standard, c. 12.30 g,32 remained the same throughout the different mints which used it. In fact it was subject to IDeal variatiDn , and Kau nDs was among the mints which used a slightly reduced Aeginetic standard of c.11.80 g33 as the followin g frequency tables show. Other such mints were Teos, Mint A and the early Cretan mints J4 By contrast Knidos minted in the 5th century drachms (or halfstaters) of c.6. 15 g on the full Aeginetic standard J5 It is worth noting that IGCH 11 80 included a Kaunian stater of Period IT oversttuck on a stater of Aegina weighing 12.39 g.36 Thi s makes it the heaviest recorded stater of Kaunos, and the failure to reduce it to the local standard was presumably due to an oversight. The reason for the reduction in the Aeginetic standard was probably the profit to be gained from accepting coins of full weight and giving in exchange coi ns that were about 4% lighter. Staters Period I 11.00-09-1 11.10-19 11 .20-29 11.30-39---3 11.40-49--2 11 .50-59---------9 11 .60- 69---------------15 11.70-79------------ 12 11 .80-89----------10 11.90- 99 12.00-09-1 Period 11 -I ---3 --2 --2 ----4 ----4 --2 --2 --2 --2 ----4 CT. Sellman. 'Aegean Mints', Ne 1926, pp. 150-1 foll owed by E.S.G . Robinson. 'A Hoard of Archaic Greek Coins from Anatolia', Ne 1961. pp. 11 4- 15. SNG Firz;w ifliam 4693, 12. 12 g. The separately applied punch marks of different sizes, a common feature of early electrum coinage. indicates that this coin is to be placed among Ihe very tirst silver issues of Asia Minor, c. 530 BC. 31 Seltman, 'Aegean Mints' , pp. 149- 50: pI. 8, nos. 10-13. In an article in the present volume, pp. 321 - 5, Kennelh Sheedy suggests that the four issues might be attributed to Lycia. 32 See, (or example, A.S. Hemmy, 'The Weight-Standards of 30 Period III -I ---3 ------6 --------------14 ---------9 ---3 --2 Ancient Greece and ｐ･ｾｩ｡ＧＬ＠ Ira q 5: 1 ( 1938), p. 73. .B A smdy of the spread and use of the Aeginetic standard is still awaited. 34 For Teos. see J.M. Baker, 'The Early Sil ver Coinage of Teos'. SNR 47 ( 1968), pp. 17- 18. Balcer simply described Teos' standard as Aeginetic and did not draw attention 10 its reduced weight. Ｓｾ＠ H.A, Cabn, Knidos. Die Miinz.en des sechslen und des fun/ten Jah rhundem (Berlin, 1970: AMUGS 4), p. 177. 36 Archaic Coins. p. 266. 2 (not illustrated). 221 THE EARLY COINAGE OF KAUNOS Period IV Il.00--D9---3 11.1 0-19------6 11.20-29------6 11.30-39---------9 11.40-49-------7 11.50-59-----------11 11.60-69-------------------19 11 .70-79--------------14 11.80-89-----5 11. 90-99--2 12.00-09 Over 12.10: 12.56; 12.35 Total Period V -I ----------10 --------8 -----------------------------29 -----------------------------29 -------------------------26 ------------12 ---3 5 10 9 26 24 59 79 63 32 9 5 12.08; 12.08 Fractions (Period I) Drachms 5.60-69----4 5.70-79--2 5.80-89-1 5.90-99-1 Tri tartemoria 0.40-49---3 0.50-59-------7 0.60-69-----5 0.70-79---3 Hemidrachms 2.00-09--2 2.10-19-----5 2.20-29-----5 2.30-39----4 2.40-49---------------16 2.50- 59---------9 2.60-69----4 2.70-79------6 2.80-89-------------13 Trihemiobols 0.90-1.00--2 1.00-1.09---3 1.10-1.19----------10 1.20-1.29---3 1.30-1.39-----4 1.40-1.49-----------9 Trihemitartemoria 00.20-29--2 00.30-39--2 The weights of the Kaunian fractions are sometimes inconsistent within each denomination. The hemidrachms, trihemiobols, tritartemoria and trihemitartemoria should in theory weigh respectively c.2.80; 1.40; 0.70 and 0.35 g and such weights do appear in the tables. But there are also other peaks at c.2.40: 1.20; 0.60 and 0.30 g. This picture is reinforced by the fact that some dies seem to have been used exclusively to strike fractions at weights fully in accordance with a stater of c. l1.80 g (e.g. nos. 21, 22 and 47, 48), while others consistently struck lighter coins (e.g. nos. 40, 44 and 51 , 52). The significance of this apparent dual standard is not yet clear. Five of the thirteen staters of Kaunos in the Asyut hoard have been chemically analysedY The lowest percentage of silver is 95.2% (Asyut 672), but the other four coins contain at least 98% of silver, the highest at 99.6% (Asyut 680). This level of fineness is in line with that found on the coins of other mints represented in the Asyut hoard. Three of our coins (Asyul 673 , 680 and 685) had lead isotopic compositions characteristic of Laurion and very well defined 'normal' Laurion chemical compositions, with no added copper. Laurion mines were a major source of silver for the issues of Aegina. Asyut 672 and 684 have a chemical profile which likewise corresponds with the third main source of silver 37 N.H. Gale, W. Genther and W. Wagner, 'Mineralogical and Geographical Silver Sources of Archaic Greek Coinage', in D.M. Metcalf and WA. Oddy (eds), MeTallurgy in Numism<Jtics, vol. 1 (London. 1980), pp. 27 and 46. Asyut 672, 673, 680, 684 and 685. 222 KORAY KONUK postulated for Aeginetan coins. These results led the authors (n. 37) to suggest that the mint fo r our coins was more probably located in Caria than at Mallos, and that it could have used Aeginetan coins for the silver for its early issues. This assumption is supported by a stater of Aegina overstruck by Kaunos (see n. 36). One suspects that a more careful and direct examination of early Kaunian coins will reveal other overstrikes on Aeginetan coins. TYPES There remains the problem of interpreting the enigmatic types of our coins of Kaunos. The winged femal e fi gure on the obverse of the earliest staters and on all fractions has two scrolls curling up on top of her head and wears winged shoes. On later staters, she carries a device in each hand. She is usually described as a Nike because one of these devices is a wreath. But the other is a kerykeion which is not one of Nike's usual attributes. Other identifications proposed in the past include Eirene or lris 38 However, previous discussions of the identity of the winged figure have not taken into account the reverse type. The reverses of the early issues depict a crude punch mark in which an irregular triangular shape can be observed. As the type develops, the triangle becomes the central device and horn-like tags and then 'handles' are depicted on its apex. The curved surface of the triangle on some dies suggests that its actual shape was conical rather than triangular or pyramidal. It has been argued that this device did not represent anything in particular but was simply a development of the original incu se pattern. 39 This view does not take into account the varying forms of the triangle. For instance, the horn-like tags and the handles must have had a function and cannot be explained as decoration. Moreover, flanking the triangle are irregular shapes rendered by means of dots . This granulation technique is rare, but a parallel occurs on the reverse of a later coinage from lonia which has been interpreted as depicting a map of lonia.4O On later issues these irregular shapes become stylized birds, one on either side of the triangle. One can clearly make out on some dies (e.g. no. 95) the eye, beak and wing of a bird in profile. On other dies the outline is similar but the same details are not readily seen. These birds are soon replaced by two bunches of grapes rendered again by means of dots. The triangular or conical object that form s the main reverse type has usually been described as a baetyl. Thi s term (Aramaic beth el meaning 'House of the God') is applied to cult objects in the form of conical stones which were worshipped in antiquity as the abodes of the gods. As coin-types, baetyls are not uncommon on Roman provincial issues from Asia Minor and the East, e.g. at Sardes, Paphos, Pergamum, Perge and Byblos,, 1 but are unusual on early coinage. An interesting parallel occurs on the early silver coins of Mallos which are roughly contemporary with our coins, and depict a baetyl similar to the Kaunian device 42 There seems to be no better explanation for the Kaunian device. The horn-like tags that later turn into handles may have been used to carry the sacred stone during processions. As mentioned in the section dealing with attribution, a fourth Carian letter '¥ appears briefly in the middle of the baetyl. This letter was clearly added to an existing die, as traces of recutting can be observed, and may thus be the initial of the Carian name for the sacred stone. Its value is not certain but it may be n. 4 ) On coins of Period V, type 4. the edges and middle of the triangular stone are enhanced by ridges. When turned upside down these ridges form the very letter '¥ covering the entire surface of the baetyl. 38 Babelon. TraM, 2: I, p. 561 ; A rchaic Coins. p. 269. 39 Archaic Coins, p. 27 1: ' In fact the same observation may be applied to the baetyl itelf. which there is no reason to take as more than a development of the original iocuse pattern. Shapes closely resembling it in its earliest fann occur commonly on the contemporary coinage of Lycia (e.g. BMC Lycia. PI. I. nos. 6- 12) where they are rightly regarded as purely formal devices' and Win ged Carians. p. 259: 'The stater reverses have me look of a square bar sectioned by having a wedge-shaped tool driven inlo il. and then snapped apart where the cut had been made. Can thi s be the origin of A. Johnston, 'The Earliest Preserved Greek Map: a New Ionian Coin Type ', lHS 87 (1967), pp, 86-94, pI. 9- t 1. An example of this coinage is illustrated at PI. 32. 34 of this volume . 41 See A. Brezina, 'Darstellung van Meteoriten auf antiken MOnzen' , Monatsblatt 70 (1889), pp. 312-14; MJ . Price and B.L. Tren, Coins and their Cities (London, 1977), pp . 34, 53 , 145.147-9. 15 1-2. 169-70: fig . 2 17. 2 19. 256. 329. 42 J.c. Brindley, ' Baetyls and the Early Coinage of Mallus', NCirc Sepl. 1996. pp. 33 1- 2. 43 J.O. Ray, 'An Outline of Carian Grammar', Kadmos 29 ( 1990). 4() the conical or pyramidal shape, known for so long erroneDusly as a pp. 80--3; 1.-J. Adiego. 'Deux notes sur l'ecnture et la langue "baetyl"', The author does not explain 'erroneously', cariennes ', Kadmos 29 (1990). pp. 134-7. THE EARLY COINAGE OF KAUNOS 223 A decisive and final piece of evidence for the interpretation of the reverse device comes from Kaunos itself. Near the harbour, a curious round building consisting of two concentric three-quarter circles has attracted the attention of archaeologists. Its function remained obscure44 until the discovery in the centre of the inner circle, at a depth of about 3 m below the surface, of a large conical piece of limestone broken into two parts 45 Measuring over 4 m high and 1.50 m wide, its lower part stands on the bedrock and was buried in order to support the exposed part which rose to c.2.50 m. It appears that when its cult was established in the fifth century, this sacred stone was the sole cult object and was freely accessible to worshippers. From the fourth century onwards, various structures such as enclosure walls, tholos, temple and porticus were erected around the baetyl. Given that stone-worship is now attested in Kaunos, there can be little doubt that the reverse type of our staters depicts a baetyl, perhaps the very one found inside the round structure. A unique coin (PI. 50, E) from the south-west Caria hoard (lCCH 1180) should be mentioned here for it depicts on both sides a triangular object which recalls the Kaunian type. 46 Its reverse, in particular, with elongated triangle within an incuse square, is very similar to the reverse type of Period IT. The obverse, described by Robinson as a wedge-shaped marking, depicts a dumpy triangle of a shape not encountered on Kaunian coins. The identification of the object as a sacred stone may help to support the identification of the winged goddess on the obverse as Iris, a more convincing candidate than Nike whose attributes do not usually include a kerykeion. Iris is customarily shown holding a kerykeion and a wreath in either hand 47 She is the goddess of the rainbow and a messenger of the gods (hence the kerykeion), presumably because the rainbow seems to connect sky and earth. Some sacred stones were in fact meteorites believed to have been sent by the gods. The Kaunian baetyl might also have been of heavenly origin, like a rainbow or Iris.48 This prompts the suggestion that both sides of the coins were closely linked in a theological sense. Because our knowledge of native Carian cults is so limited,49 the possibility remains that she might be a local deity unknown to us, but similar in appearance to the Greek Iris. The identification of coins of Mint A as Kaunian is the first certain attribution of a coinage with a Carian legend to a city. Some light has been shed on the early economic activities of Kaunos whose prominent position among native Carian cities makes it a natural place for a coinage of this magnitude. There still remains, however, an ever-increasing number of coins with Carian legends that await attribution to an issuing authority, be it a city or a ruler50 Addenda (a) While this article was in press, Christian Marek presented to the 15th Archaeological Symposium in Ankara in May 1997 the bilingual inscription from Kaunos mentioned in n. 14.51 The Greek text begins with "EOO£f Kauv[LOL';, and I am glad to report that the first two Carian letters of the city's name are the same as those found on our coins. (b) I have also learnt (private information) that CH 5, 17 (closing date: c.380) contained at least 21 Kaunian staters of Periods IV and V. None of these coins could be traced. The surface of the inner circle was plastered which led the excavators to suggest that it might have been a bathing-pool: B. Ogiin. 'Kaunos kazllan t 981' , KaZI Sonurlan Toplam/sl 4 (1982), pp. 248-9; G.E. Bean, Turkey beyond the Meander (London. 1989), 44 p.150. C. ｉｾｬｫ Ｌ＠ 'Kaunos [99[', Kaz r Sonu{:Jan Top/antlsl [4 (1992), p. 159; A. Diller, 'Account of the Sanctuary Exposed at Cauous City', Studien zum antiken KJeinasien Ill. Asia Minor Srudien, vo!. 16 (Bonn, 1995), pp. 9-18. 46 Arrhaic Coins, p. 269, 14, pI. 14, 14. 47 UMC 5 Iris, pp. 741--60, citing on p. 744 our coins of Kaunos. 45 There is no need to discuss here the highly speculative explanation of J. Svoronos, 'Sternbilder als Mtinztypen', ZjN 16 (1888), pp. 219 ff. , that the stylized birds and grapes on the reverse of our coins refer to the constellation of the doves, or the constellation of the grape. 49 See A. Laumonier, us cultes indigenes de Carie (Paris, 1955), which is still the standard reference for Carian religion . 50 I plan to publish a catalogue of all extant coin types with Cariao legends. 51 I am grateful to Christian Marek for sending me the proofs of his article on the inscription: P. Frei-C. Marek, 'Die karisch-griechische Bilingue van Kaunos' , Kadmos 36 (1997), pp. 1-79. 48 PLATE 47 3 5 14 15 17 16 18 21 20 19 22 23 ｾ Ｎ＠ 'w 32 • 38 34 39 ｾ＠ 40 KO UK. KAU OS ( I ) 41 PL.ATE 48 ｾ｜＠ Ｍｾ＠ Ｕｾ＠ • .. • 64 76 (8 .., - 83 84 81 78 77 j.C" '-' .1" ;.. :,,1/ ,.' . . ' , r: 85 86 KONUK, KAU OS (2) 87 ｾ 65 Ｂｾ -::J - r 82 ｾ＠ I PLATE 49 90 91 91 97 94 98 @ 103 101 106 ｾ＠ ｾ＠ Ｈｾ＠ 104 - 107 ｾＮ＠ IOS - 109 KO U K . KA UNOS (3) 110 I1 1 112 PLATE 50 114 117 115 ｬｾ＠ 118 119 ｾ＠ A B E 960 97m 100q o FI F2 F3 F5 F7 KONUK. KAUNOS (4) F6