22
MYTH AS EVIDENCE IN
STRABO
Lee E. Patterson
Strabo's use of myth as evidence
Tlrere is n() way to ovelestirr::rtt tht' rnle nrl't,h plal* irt Srr;rbo's lr:irrned geogrtphic;rl rrcirtise.
rnvrhis pervasivc ecross th.'opur. Sccold. it mutinclr []re\jes t(] hc;r r'.ital tctol il rhe prtrsuitoLSrnbo'sgeoeraphir:alg<irrls Avrstrruavrll'lrtc;rriq>:rs,hrq.rnndsrrl;rll,L:ltrrousar.ttlobscurr.
poprrlare the Grogral*y, :lud rl;ltt(ini nl. r:*n(srt: to Srr:rlro ls ht: clrrt'usst's lhcsr': pl:rces inr;ludc
bistorical e!'ent$! crrlttrurl attlihutr'i. antl topogr;lpbicxl fAaturers. anvthirrg tl:at nigbt speak to rhe
distinctiveness of that locatitrn and justify irs iu{:lusion in dre r'"-ork. Myth :rlsg corltributes to
this dynamic, qvrn if So:aht) ofteil seerrrs rtlrr('tartt to urlnrit hi-s reliancc on it. Its perr,,.;rsiveness
in the C.*ograplry lrirn:rs iLs pervasivtrrqss ir tlrt (ir*eco*lLc>rrrarl u,olld. h: r.rther *"prds, ruytb
Firsc.
is unar.oidahle tt"rr sorucoue wishitrg to sEarclure nud makc semt' of dte oikoulttene. which is rhg
ultirrrate goal of the Geo,graphy. As such, Str;rho oliert rrser nwth tojustitr rhc tludr ofhis explanlttt):rs, esper:iallf itr cnscs u'let'r'c tht'"1.:ictc'" ita1.t^ltrt:rr ilitptrrcrl br prr:r,icus r,*licerr. Thus rrrvth
l.ras the s:ll:e pott'nti;rl to prc>vir-lt'ilr$\rcn as ger:rtr:tpbr'. hirtolr.. ccbntrgr.lplrs, und ot[re:: are;rsHorvever, Stlaho's :trcitudt torv:rtr"l uryth is vrry tliffir:ult to nrap, L har.c of"fertx] st)llc sLrSgestion'i elser'here a:rd n'ill prtrvide orily l hritl^ chrr;rctilr.izatior: hcre.' As n -startin{a point,
rvr' migbt rtotc drat Stritbo gt"nerally joins tlt+ runk"r <>f^itrtcllt'r:tuals u,hr: sc* heloir: lcqentls as
tncient hiscory, reprrdless of thc uncertaintie* and contradictions inhercr:t in dre fraditions.
Fror:r Herodortrs to Aristtttle t{') Plusilrlias. thi"t r:oterir'of analvticel rvritelr, to larviug de14rees,
ilurcpt{d thc lristr:r,iritv rlf Hermr:li",,i, Thest"-tts, nttrl .rverl [-lclli:rr: :rt tlrc s:.rurc timu chc-v tltbatcrl
nlattcrs trf t;unorr .,rnd :rrttlrcnticity rrlrilc oiictt rt:slr:rFinq thcul as thev pr()por.ul(lcJ tLrcir prc*
lerrecl vcrsions ol] thc grorrnels oi. rvh;rt $ras ll:ost pl:rrrsible {)r nlr)st :llpcctl up<>rr.r Str.rho vcr;r:ruc'h shrlred in thc cotrct'r'ns o{- this inr.t'llcutu;tl rrrilii,'rr. [;r.rr iustancc, hc r<'klou,lccjges rhe
hist<lricit,v ot the Trojarr War, tlrs'1\c:htru rlf rltc l:ltr:rr:lt:id:lc, rhe \,o)iagr oi'drc Argonauts, irnd
other cvents rvc todav genclallv re.iect xs hrcto::icrl.
Hc cxpresses dris rnindst't b,v dcrr:r'ibilg hirr:-qtlf ;rs a philosophgr, 1;iverr thlt, ls he scqs it,
pbilosophir:al training is csrcnti;rl firr grogr';tphil:;r) inquir:1". As a tr:r'autit;ul gcn^rc {bl stateslrcr anrl
gencnls {1.1.1 ()l). gc()grapby }ns to ire bascd rtn cvidr:rrcc ;'xrvidcd [r5 r:eputablc sotn'ces of
philos<.rphical urcrit,:r$ u,c1l as <lr cvcn"itrtcs.q olrrr'::vatiorrs:rnd r:rt"asrrren:trrts.i Strllro's nss.-'ss*
nrcut of !l),rhs and thcir uscfirlnssr t,r his S.rostrphie:rJ go;rls is brsctl {)r'l rhir tr'.rirring, n'hich
allorvs hirn to seFiilrt(' d:Ort' rrryths or pnrc.rt:ul;rr tlt'r:rents of r:rvths thrrc ilre firl*e frQrrr thr:se
276
Mylh
as evidencv
in Strelta
rtolies 'uvhose ver',rcity is not tr'r b,: douhter'|. So rvhilr Straho rnighr be criti<:rrl ol nryth, rvhich us
a caregoly lerrds itscll to (blrr"rlous tirlcs rvitl: t{r'flf trrtqrhinrlernt r,illrru (.,g., X.1.19 Cll, 1.2.8
C19-20, 7.7.1{} C128, 17..}.3 C$2ft. he llso recoglilzes, includi.ng ir the relcrences just given.
that uryd.l has I practical rolc' to play in his geolyrrphical enclcavor as long ;ts onc hirndles it rvitb
care. Thrts hc clrr n:;rkc efli'ctivt' nse of:a varictl" of sorrrcr:s, irrclurlirr{ fostl\. lrccausc trl-lris
schollrrlr u:aining.
ln this contc-st Hourcr is nlfurlllt' alr c.isent.i..ll sor,u'ct:. Stmho-s attitudc rou,nrcl lJorurl rs
conrplicatcd huc can bc snrrunarized as follows: thu {enteut of' Horncrit: eltic uradc thc Poet
hinrsslt in Srabo's mirrd arr early practitiontr: ot gerrglaphy (1.1.? C.2, l.L.ll C.7), givur irs
vast scclpc'aud trerfurcnc nf crtltulcs urcl sitgs,lgt'{)ss thf anr:itrnt oiftot/,1fi/c. Mcan$'[:jlc. he lrrllcl
Honter in such high rcgard that hc bt'carue thc hlutpr:i:rt on rvhieh Str.tbo hased his accotur!
of Cittccc. The imprutrrlce of Holrelir; epic:N;r (:ornerstonc oilbellenic tradition pracdcillly
;lrqrJrlrelrts ({1.}.3 C)-\7), ls rv* sl:all ser.irr;r fuw grstrr:i.rlerr l.clorv'.*
As thr'catalog[e at thc end ol. thi"s c$$ay suggcsts, Str::.rbo \rscd e vilicty ot. t-r.']res <.rf nrvtl: to
explain a vlriety of urodcrn pheirourcna, which the cilaal$linu brc;rks into scvcn tables. .llesrdes
the carrqories I have suggestecl there are no d<luht othcl wiilvs to conceprualizc tht' rerults oF
Straho'* rrsc of nlt'th nll evidence, l:rtl dr*: c;rtllrtgirc dtes nor prrrsurui: tr: br: coruprehensive,
even if ic a$pirrx to bt. Ilur cfrritinly the inrprmsion is clt'nr. \Uithor.rt rl).th nruch ot rvhat ir
irlpc.r11i1n1 to Stnrbo wor.rLl go urrcxphirred. rot lu:rst th* r.rrigins r:f ,''elious conrlrunities aud
rcqiorrs (Table 13.1) Sur:h r:l.r;rrtr'r nrvtl"ls :n'c gsserrri;rl for thr articul;)tion of lor:el identitv.
clearlr.'a n:atter ol. utnlost colr{:r'rn lo Str'*thcr. Tlris nri:rhc nlrn cr:xpl;lin tJ:r: p.rourineut:t oL cpo*
nvnts across dre oF1rl (Table 22,2). hy rvhir;h a (:orrrrtm:tll origirr ruu .lt lcrst he cxplersei-i bv
associarirrn rvith an epon)'rrrous founder or ancestor !f rrot alrvar.s rvitlr u substantivc ch;rrter
n;rrr-ative. Sctatro elro sper:d.r nruch tirrre twing to rrnr.t'el thr l;rvers of tr:ibal distrihurion that
corrrplieate thc riernograirhi;s llthc pirkt:rlllcrrr, altrl jn ru*trv cir-sr's, espet'ially older oncs, he iras
recourse only to rr:-vth. Th*se cxanrplt's app+:rr iu sevsml tables, lrtrq pfimnfily in Table 22.-1.
Stralro rr'ill alse notg fbstivals, tornbs aud slrriner. a:rd otbcl irrtligt'nous phenornena not trrrlv
tn prr>r,ide some of. tht lor:;ll llavor: of tlre location l..ut :rs er,idente Ior ccrt;rin rleinrs oi. tht'
corrururnity. agairr usually inveh,ing oriSritrs (Trblc 32,a). lntcr(stir:sh. in thc rrra.jr,rritl, (tlror-rgh
cercairrly not all) nf thest' cascs, he ritres not s*(irlt i1r{rr\iulorr* ahnut tht' cllirrr*. Tahle 3f.5
presenls r'videuce thrt supporfs L.A. Tbonrpsou's drerir that Stlabo anstrci;rces rn'banizatiori vrith
civilizatiqn.5 A nunrber r:f myths leinfrrrte thjs inr.frression, though rrot rvithout sonlc cen*
traindicaticxs. The 6nll tal>les tr::rsid*r rrtircerll;rnrous iter:ts ltrt{ cascs 'uvhgre Strabo ;rpplics the
sant critical -strndiud-\ t(:r niyth{)le$ic;rl claiurs il$ t(} ;)llv r)thcn lnd rciccts thc'r:r rccortlingl.v. In
all these tables I hirve tr-is"(i to iudic;rtc 5tr-aho's sourcrrs u,hcrrgvq'r porsiblc." Such iriiirnrratior:
is often impnrtant fnr;sstssing Str,lbo's r.rse <rf nlyth, a.s vvh.:u hc rruplol's ;ur cpichoric nrvth.
u.hicb is clearly urcful fot dcs<:r'iliing lontrrtrulill iilerititl or rcsolving qucstiou-s of conrrnur::rl
olig.ins. Nlrnrr:rlly, gi.ven spact lin:icilrir:ns, rvh;rf i-s olli'r'r:r,{ irr tlrc rcrrrairrtlt'r of this t:ss;rl is discussiol of n m<ldesr sanrPling of tltg itqnrs {iorr: rlr,,'cirutlogut, irr prtrticular rhose rr"ith rlrc;.rter'
potential to illurniniltc Strrhro's usc ol. lu)'th as evidrrlrcr.
Identity find origins
At the lcvcl of indivicl"r.rl loc;llitits ancl r:1. the gleatcr p;url.lcllcuic rvorld, nry--th :rcconnts ]i>r
urrrclr of tlrc political <:on:pnsition of Suabo's fiikeruncnt. As Katlrerirrc (llukc h:r"s obscrvcd,
sorrre oL tbe miicr'o*architccfurc ir ancht:rer{ irr tht' 'T"roian luXilr cvcle arrd the B.eturrr ot the
277
Lw E. Patt*rson
Herac[idre, rvliclr provide irr:pttltant qlu'<.rr:l:l<tgir:t[ urir::kti$ to help situiltr' iD tinre evcrrrs of
the distarrt pirst - tbat is, drc cl:ror:r':ltigy of sonrr nrvtbelogii:;ll evcnn ir cstrl:lishcd in re]atiorr
te thl'cvelfs ni ttLose cnrdiur.l traditi<irrs.i At thc ltlcal ler'91 tht'r:e Jre nunrcrerls cl:arrer rnyths,
the nrajority of whir:h ir"rlulve nivthi$irl p{irr()nirgc.{ r^)il Fantics associat*d rvirh.l:rrget p;rnlrellcnit:
r)rrrarives. We sl'ror.rld not fird this srrrprising giiren th* wiue of sirrmtillg ote's origins in the
glirnder scltetnc tli. h*llcrrir trrrtliti<l'r, rspccurllv tlle tr<>[rlcr echerknn oi'tLrrl 'l nr.jarr W:rr nrrd othcr
rycles of'vtnq'rable a:rtiqtrirr'.^ Tl:us, hv tlrc critcri;r trut'-s*ntrd ht'ru..rr.lur*llv r:rrytJrs rs evitlence
of utodqrn geoglaphiual rurd histt".rriuni rcaliric*, ths chartcr rnvths undcr prrscrrr discr:ssion ar.c
ex"rmplcs r:f such rvie'lqr:cc in th;ri e;rr:ll corttrilrrrtt's to tll$ jlx)d{:rir tif:lri{: of idurrirv th;lr distin*
suishes sach lotariort. Souili of tli{jric nrc hx:.11 r)lj,th1i, but cvr'ri whfl) tlrr:y alc not. Stlal>r) rc<:ortls
the rrryth rs arr inrptrrtar:t irrdi<:irrnr ol"iLletrtirl'a$ hri undeJ:{tarrtls it."
In cvt'ry c.asr: iilentjtv cleprnds nu lrietn{)r\', rvhsrchv:r l"crurrrurriry's F:lsr is presen,ccl lrncl
lr.liirtfiilr(d, This errdear,rrt collrci irt thr lirlrtr of rtnr:rr's, lor-{l rr)p()uvnrs. lrrd phvsic:tl .snnraf.n
suc.h as lrlotluurelr[s, tt-ttr:l:,s, li'strvals, irn<l ot]rr:r ttt:trr,'ri,rl rua:rifi:rt:Ltiorrs rvith n.l'tic1r l;llritulilr
trrydts arc associated, nl rttetted eipr'ci.l1l,v rrr'I"ablc )1..;n.r') As is conrr:ronly n:cognizcd, \r,e Are
rnainly talking ab<rut hellcrri(: rnclu$ry, both rrr t{rn$$ of ths ht".llenocclxr-ic <lrictrfrdol nf the
(kography irnrl in thtt clistribtrtion of r:rythol"lgit:rtl cutnurr:niar.v w:ithin the upus. l.l"t'cr.rrding the:
tirst, the overn'hdrnirig urajtuitv el'Strsbo's sonr(:es ;lre (ircek, (lonugr.'rr'ly. thcre is a conspicn*
ous abselee <ll. n;rtive s{)urcei iilr: srrt:h plactx t$ fu{csrrpr:t;ur:ie, rv}:elr'\1,e,qre, for i:}stiurre, lro
eritlence ot r.:onsulcrtin.:r o{'Jr:ra'ish nr;lterial cur rhe E'x${ir.t$ or thc sons t.ri. Abl':r}rrnr.11 What
results is it hellenor:rrttrir: r'onstnrr:t o{ th* oi{,ora,ryr:rtt', inclutlin* r}r<rr.: p*rtr jn tr.hitlt (ir:eek
-I"hus
rvc hlvl rrur cxtrrl;ullrion tor thc ali-.rerur'ntionecl dir*
cultural nctiv-ity u':ls less Fervlsivetr"ibution rtf rnvths. rvl:cre tht ulllrc*r)frirfion lic,t il }']o<.rks {r'*lJ, r-ovrring (irec,cc, srltrd:en:
Itrly, errti Atia JVlil<rr. M,v <:;rcaltrgne trearr this uvrf aq I {<>uncl i.er.\. *.x;rnipler r:t'murh :lr rr.idctrce
<iut*idr thrxe llt>cks.
Also notable is that the sourcer fnl Strubn'r r'l-:;r:tql mvths jrrc tnicd. (llearlv murh uratrrill
cornt't l?r'rr:r sorrccs t>f br<r*der srt,e*p. sr.rrll t$ F.Fhlxlrs. [3r-rt Stl*bo.rlrcr rrlied on loc;rl trlrd.i*
rrr-rte. f.ir.l e-r:rnrplc.
tha t::rsc oiN1;rllus
.3-1$
(l(i:i*.?{}i.
Str;rhc ser.. thnr MailLis ro,.rs lirurrderl
bv A:lphilochus rtrd Mo1:us:riicr thrir ilrtFxrtrrte fir:rlr Trlv- Anr1.lljle,r1',t,* tlir'r: rrrutnr'cj to
lris native A::g<rs but. fintiinl4 r]l-irttr'$ urwiti$fi(:fory theyc, ruturnrd ro Mallus. Unu".rlli:tg to
*hate;t<rrver, Moirsus chlllt*ngetl hilr: and hLrrJr perishr:ti.l: Str':rh,r rntntions Arr""uridorrrs ancl
Sophr:clt's cadier i,r I 4.5. l{r, but it is rrot flcxr tllit cirlrrrr' of thur:r is tht sourr:c (br rhe fbundation
mlth itself. Hou.el'cr', r',.I:atevgr rtrq. r.vc qnn srfcrlv po$ir I local fitdiuon ;rs tlte sour-cc. Stllbn
ul.f,nt.i(,)ns torubs to A.rrrphilochirs :rnr1 l!kr1:sr"rs nrr rlisIl;r.y close tr.r the rre;r'hv port o1. Ml*ann The
idengficacit.rn of'suctrr ruarkcn, ns c1.i.rr:usr*r.l irr.r;lr:ttj tlet;ril br:1o,'v in lelatio:r t<> Trlhlc 23.'{, tcntls
to dcpelli ort lor,;,1 itrttrprct,ltit:rt, rrtrt rutpri;in{ Sl\r't) hou'tlre lrr<:,rls rvill l.r: c:rtt'r r() f(rii)t (rut
rrrollume.:rts or nltural feltun'-s flrrrt distirrguish thr:ir r:orrrrrunities. Strabrr olictr uscs sor:rc lilrnl
<rftlre verb deiknun!,:rs lre docs rt !,1.5. lfi, trl ilL{i.cttt sr}ms()rr'shqru'irrg bi::r {or hi"r -strurce) .such
nrrrket's.t3 Adtlitior:;rlly, At 14.5.17 O67fr Stmlro lll{trti()ns Ak'xandcr's visit t<> thc sicc. r'".bere hr:
sacr'ificed ro Anrpl:iJr:chu$ hd{:l{ust tti'hi-s kinxirip rvith tllsr Malii;rr:s thror.rul"r l r:orrr.nron Arqive
origir:. ()u rbis trasi"c bc irls<l sparc(l thcrD drc urrrnl tributc ir:nposctl o:r srrbjutatrel ciric,s,ti Iu tbis
account l-* rvcll. tlre:r, rve se(' the l\{.lllilrns :tck.ntru,l*l$ing Anrpllilochu$ :rs their [?lrntlt'r, fion:
rvbich tl:c1, dcrivrd c()1'lsidcral)h bcnr:tjt rl"trrr,'rt Alsxirnrhl {:iulrr rhlr:rt:gh
,& suggestecl .ttrovr. drc Tnr.ian \Ur:' r')'(lc fft)\'i(l{s the (:()ntr':\t lirr ru";niv ot^ tl:e nrvllrs
listi:d irr Tablc* !2.1, ?2,?, 12.4, antl 23.ri, *'[rir:h trc coilr:erned s'idr o::igins n:td odrer rrour*
blt"'evcnts" in the historl,<lf thrr lor:uli11,,ri hur ttutrw odx)r tr.rditj(lrrs arr (lustr'rt.1 tht'r't'in as
wcll. Thesc includt' otlrr'r nuit:r cyt:les sLu"lt ;ts tlle l{dturll r:rittrrq. Herac:lcidae ln<l thc Thch;rn
(t-1-
a?o
MTth as cvidtnct
ir
Sfrrr[rn
eycle as rl"ell as moj:e i,rol*terl *aclitions. ots irn *xm:rphi of. tlre lilrter'. Striibo exphins the r:arne
of rhe Tencric l?lain rscyr Thrbe$ [:,v ciring ])inrlar'r refsrcnce t{) nn eFonyrlr" Tr;nerus, a son r:f
Apollo (9.3.34 C413, cf. Paus, 9,26.1). The finsrrrsntx frrrm Pintlar that Straho prL.scrves sng*
ge$t a work devoted to a lncal cult t<l Telrenrs anr'l Apullo.ri'Tl':crc'$ irL,io the case of (lleuers rnd
M;rlrus (13.1..) C5fi2), rvl:s rvere part ul ttrrt Arolir: nrigtati<ur tl Lr:shos;rud Asi;rrie .A.e<rlis. lrci
especially by C)restes' ron Penthihrr (It;ru*- 3 2,1, af. Stlabo li.2,5 fl40'3). OlErre* arr<l j\{alaus lcd
Dne of seyerzl wavEs of coloni"tts to {,'r.rrte, ivh.ich r'nrne to bt called. lJhriconian aiier Mrrunt
Phir"icioninLorris,rvheretheyhrt"l tarr"iederrroute{r:f.Hclt, I,14t/)"AlthorrghlikePenrhilus
they rvere descencled fir:rn Ag;unt'nrn()rr, tl'r4:ir lit$ry seqrlls i$rlatecl frorrr the broader Aeolic
charter ntolfi. F.phorus, a r],rtive of C1'mr ott whotn Stuho relied heavily, is ah:rost certninly the
sr:urce here, ant"l a"s srrch sgcnr$ tD prov.id+ ilur $nlv rejb:ett(e to (llcr.res and Malaus. rvb$ art'
j:
al:scnt in othsl gccorrr:ts of ths: Ac<rlic rrrigrrlciotr, 'Uhus \+'rr s{:clrt to hirv{j a cli^rtincr local variaut
ii'or:r a pltlioric snn of. Cyr:c.
!9e alro seg avenus's of rn'th*rrtnking tlrrr hrrrtclr o{f tl"rrrt ehe lalgpl ont-s. Naturally tht:
Trqan War lc:rdl itlell. to urnrlv add*ons, i nrentiurrerl the cxar:rphs of Tflresir ancl Dh;*gela
abrrvc {nofc 8), Ir k:oms large in t}re accr:ui'rt *r{^rr:;rtrr'*itcs in ltaly. inch:r'ling l?rs;l (5.1.5 C222j,
Ilai;re and Mist'uuttr {5.4.(r C?45), ljt*telfu (f,. 1.3 C25"1),Sc1.lletiulr (fi.l.1(} {136 l), Hcrat'le;r
(:.1.14 C364). Mecapontium {$.1.15 tl3(r4}, ,\egestaca {f'.1.5 C:7:). ;rnd urrioirs sitt's irr Apuli;r
{6,3.9 C2$3*84). Thr: pro.liferr"rrir:n ol' (irtelr $::iuin :toris* fbr therc :ites ;rnr1 oi r:orlrrc {irr
Ron'e irself {5,3.} C330) nrav l>c dre result o}. $tr';rbo'r *fibrts tt: -drr:r.t'ttrrr deht of the l{or:rair
;tehier.crrrt'.r:ttr:r a hcllenic <:r:ltlilal firuni;lltrii.rn.;r dr:bt thc I'1<ru:;ru th*nxelve* aekr:awledgeil.r$
off.sl"rerot o{. tire H*rarleid;er: str'lry tluc .Srralrc r-eiiri in Ephom* corrcenrs {)xvlus. thc
f<runder ol Elir (8.8.5 C3{19, 10.3.3 C4$3}. Tl{s Osl.lus \tns {DutenrF{)xan$er.rs ,'r'ith Tetrenus
A rrqtaltle
but apparcntlv led a *ep;lr.rte gmup ol Htracleir{ac li'oln Aet{rli;r tt.l Elis ilJ.-\.:}{) C354}-re
However" rt 8.].:]3 C358 Strabo say"s rbat (-)xvlus rvar mcrely a frj*r:d of Teirrrnus ald the
Hereeleidae icf. ?aus 5.4.1. Apollcd. fiilr. 2,ts,,1). .[ic]rer..vav. he r,vat peripherallf inr.olved in
as ;r ltltnl firuncling htlrtl in Elis, rvl:cre Ephoms
3}
I
1,3.2
(
{.)4(r"1)
of
1
hinr
scli' ;l stiltlrc
M,vch;rlsg enal'rLd Stral,rrr-s ethnr:gr;rp1:ical ertdt'avols, ir.s rc.iren hs rclied r:lrt it trr expl;1in
rrruch of the uibal distributi<rn qrJ the oi&otJ$trn{- Touchiug orl this srrbjet:t r"enrinds rrs of'the
hyeled $tructil.re r:{. the GeugrapAy, lvith vat'ir.tus "ilr;tps" :,llpeilnrposcr! on eadr r:ther: topographic, political, rnd r'dr:ris, If rultural arrd linprirtic diller"enreii rvrre lesspronornced iu the
clrffent Rolran world, tlr*y scill h;ril a histr>r1', rvtrrich ir:formetl the edrr:ii; urlrp that represrnted
a realiq' askaue to the l\<rniar: 1-rr6o'in,,tot $trr{tur'{',rr ln 'I;rhle 22.-1 I have tlird to lircus olr
tribal drvelopnlenrs tbat irrl.irrlirei{ dre (:r:rrl:tt crhrropinp}r.ic rr:akt'*u1: of the oi&,.rrlrlcar, hur irr
sernr cas{js rhe nrig::atior: latt*ril-r rnd errrltttior": r.tl'h'ilrt:s ;r::c fi"ultuitinglv unr:le,rr. Even rhe
Ionian Milryrti<:n, r'"'hich is essentially a historiral pltcrontt'nrln lvidl a n:.vthr:l<;tr;ical ovellay in
Incicnt a{count$o de{irs c;r-sv charrctcdzado:r, wirh fhc" involv('r:rgnt of othel hellerric $troupt
and the di*placenrerrt ()r it$siru.i:lation oi. c;rrlicl rrr:r:rllllk:rric pe*plcs.s .l}.rt the t'uc{ r'esulr is irn
Ionian poprrlndon drat pruvrrils !n the llorri.rn rra alorrg uluqh of the lvqf,tenr Anatollrn littolal,
Odrcr trihal developnrenls are evelr morc corlv$lured. and Str*hc: olten linds hirrrsclf rmrangSliug
r:r;rind traditiorrs, rvhir;h ht'i{oel rvitlr virry-ing lc','rrls ofsuc$riss. "N4uclr of tlu di$.lculty lics in rhe
lronhellcnic grc)ups rvl:tr prect<lerl th{ crrr"r'dlt Gretk irr4rrrlntions. ln st)rllr' crse.1, there setrns
to have lreen somc a*sinrjlaric:rn, :ls i.rqr Sourvirrtlu-lnrvuod's lcrdi:rg oL Str:llr<r 5.2.4 C,221 ,
rvhich lssigrs thc ubiqrritotrs l?clnsgitrrs :a helltlvric iderrritl, hfc:ruse thc'y are ecluatetl rvith early
Aruadiarrs.s Elservhcfla Sfrrbo rcclru to filllrrrv dte ntor<t {(}rlrrrtt$n linr: of a harbarir; Peliugian
psople (e.g.,9.2.35 C,410) w'ho;llc n(,!v en the penphcr"y.;rs irr Etr"urir (5.2,3*4 C330*?l).
Likurvise, thE anr:ielt Lcl*5ges $qeln to fl)rrtin$e i*to rrrrldenr tir:res in the tclnn of tlre Carians,
the Her.acleidire rtory ;urd rvls likely' pror:rot*d
.
279
L*e E. pntterson
arxlther nolrheller:ic periF[.'.n1 pe$ple whr:r ack.nt:rrvlerige tlrcil anccscry th.rrrugh fomh* arld
other nrarkers ln[reled as Lel*gian, ;.ilthough $tnho rr:hrrnrvledges tl'rat sonre sour(qs see thr'lrr as
separate F.7 2 C.:321, cf. 14.?.27 t.166 1).
S<rrrie r:ryths of. or:i14ir: also help to iurs$,{:r qurxlioits t:tlrr-r th;rn those of identirv. A not.lblE
examPls ctrtrrcs fi:ont Stmhr:'s ilr(elurt o1" Arttenia. [r: clisr:ussin.tr4 thr size oi'Artlcnia, S$.tb<r
hegiru by citing Tl"reopbirrres ot IvlyrilrurJ, rvho hatl ar;ror:rpnr:irrd llourpev il dre 60s. rcuarding
Theophanes'$le;L,iurerurr1ts as ltl(l by !(Xl .rrllorry,i, rr'.nderjng a wi.dth o1400 stadia and len$h of
800. Despite Thcr:ph;r.rres' r:n*sitc nlsnsrrrcrncnt$. "5tr.rbr: judgrrs tlrelrrr sxr:essive (1 1.1 4.11 C530),
.Wlrat
follorvs i* a chalrtr uryth that also adtlress{ru thE size of Anrrenjn. Follorxi:rg two Thessalian
writers ofthe {r:urdr century, (i1'rsilus <>f Plr.lrxirlus arr,"{ Mr.'ilirrr of Larissn. Sffabo tr:lls oiAr.srenrrs
from the r.;ity of Arnrenjutn in Thessaly v".ho arconrltirrriccl Jn*r:l cn d.re Argcrnaucic exFedi*
tion, Jlils eperryrl:ous tigrue se'tdcel in Ant:t:triir, npcr"itir:nlll at Acilist:nc" on the '*-est .ridc <rf
dre Amrcnran phte;lu. ()thcrr, i-e-, l<lt in Antret'ruli'party. sL"trl$cl furd:cr t:ur i:: Svspiricis, "as
hr' ;rs C;rlaehtrue and Adialr*lrc h':1,cxrri tlrc Annsrii;rrt rr':t ulcgfl. " {Eog n1g Kula'6lvqq rctti
r{q A6tc{.prlvil! 6{to c6v App€vlq.*rb\i 6porvJ, thrt is sr:uth of dre AnleDian plateiru (11.14.!2
C53{}, ef. 11.4.8 C5{13), IJec';rnse
Ie nlern thlt Amenia 1rroper
tht lafisr scftl*rrrent
tc
Lrslorrg$ r.sclusir,{,'}y
i.s
not xsseqirt{:il rvith Arrrrt'rus. I 6lke tllis
in jts err'Iiest era, u,lric.b
Ar:ili.s{anc. at leart
conformg rvith Stralro's crieicisrrt ol. Tlru<:phan,:rri. lu otlrer u'ords, Strabo priolitizcs
I
chqrter nrvth
nleasillcrlen$ frker"r by a r"isit<.n't<: Atxrenia.tt We ar"e liirehel rer:fnderl of the obsertation nlatlc earlier of hir rcliarcu trn lu.lltlric !iouft'es. t'r"en f(rr peri;.rhrL:l rcglic'ns, .;r'hieh l:ovi.detl
e1,er tl"re
dre lens throutr;h r.rfiich he snus)rt licoEl;tph.i<:*l irnd h:stnrit:al e.xplrr:r.ltiuns. evr:l:r :rr dre exper:se,
.u here. of inl.onrraeion baset{ trn ;rrltoF$y.
Local phcnornra*
{l$ evidenee
Table 32".d lbts e"xamplcs I fi.rt:rrcl rvhcrg "<itlatxr or his stlrrtce oh$err.r't'l a r:ronurnt'rt. oo$rb, iirti"al,
frlture. or lear:red a tup{n)ynl cilor:;d on*irr. tllrt thr: locals a:;rociated rvittr a p:ninrlrr
nryth, Such cultural feaiur,is nu:- \{:gnl fo pl:{)vr tlrc nr1'th, r'lth.:]r fh.rn dre othcl qr:ly lrourrd. btrt
<u natur.rl
it
is the myth rhrt giv*s
thrtn their signifi*ncc
or: ic|"rrritv. As such.
the mytb.
as expressed
ir:
these feaftrc*, suppoltr the histtrrii:al ilrgurlicnr thar S$abo is r.ruking. cspeci;rllv ccncemiug {bun*
It is conrpar:rtively rart' fr:l'Strabo to rtj{rt such eiairns, altl-rouglr occ.rsi{.)nirlly he r:liglrt
do so in dre {,1cs of corrtr.rry r:vi.rience, esp,:d'ally Hortreric, Such il ths ca^sf oifulessenian Pylrrs.
datinr:s.
r.vhose clainr.s
to he Nrtstor's city arr' nol sutrp$ffed t'y tl"rc uviderrce in Hr:mcl itf.3,7 C1339*40).rh
l{aulilirn as thc lnrrrrdsr o{'N';rlrplia. ;r pofi in tlre A:'grlid, plelbn:irg an
Liksr.r,ise, Stmbrr lejects
etynlological e.spl;rrrltior: (thr' cit;* tn .,uher',,' i/r4r.r rnrny tui[ T)re lilrnt r ir ;r popular explanatiorr bv
"the more rccenf rvrifcm" {toiq veoitepotq), pr:s$urnilbly tlre orrcs who rcc{r,rrl the lich traditir:ns
of Naupliur irn<l his son Palanr*dcr, lirrt rhest tr:uclitior:s iiostdate Herncr arrd. for thet. ltlsr'dreir
authority, u.hen cne rrjc's to as$ciatr th{jnr rvitL Nauplia {lt.fi.3 t)3(rS}.n
Ilut overdll Sr:ahr: sr'ems tr) aq(rpt l<rccl explanation^s f<rr rhe phr'rrorrrena on dirplay her:lrrse
of dreir value in situatilg tbs sitrr irr thr culturn.f rrr+rsaic under srudv in thc Crryrapfty. Prcdictlbly
such evidence is r:ftt'r: applicd to ;Iiisort :tlr ;t$souilrtiorr rvjth thc T::ojrlri War. Suabo hltl r"eail
'nhout corruurunirv called {)dirsscia ir: the rriolrrrtailrs of srlrrrhenr Spain in dre Pcnlgc.ris of
"1
AsclcPiades of Mvr'lea {fir'*t ccttturv tX)E}, r.r'trrtr [ril,] raudr]rt glanlilnnr i;r ner*rbv 'I'urdetrnil (;].4.3
C157). As thq narrre sugscsfs. chis torvu, ai; rn{utv othtrr*, }rrd clairrrcd ro havc bccn visitctl by
O,Jysseus durilg hir r:reanclering ,rdt/oi. Hsre A*clepiades lud ser'n drielcls ard ships' Irrorvs from
Odysseus' ships. "Aruorrg tlte Tlny*reluffd phrlron:qr)a in ltrl"v qrbscr-ved h-v Str:abo or his squrces
(rarely nanred) were a statue oi'A.thsrr;r reglded ar "pronli'(rercpriptorr) b1, dre inhabiran* oi
Heraclea c>l the Gul{. of Tarenhinr of its fbundaciolr hy Tro"ians (fi.1.14 C264), a eourmunal
280
Myth rs ettid.erwt in Sfnrbrr
*acrifice to the s$ns eif Nelerrs ils a "$igrr'o {oqg.frov} i:rf Metirprutiunr's founclation by l"\lians
1.15 {)2{t4},21 anrl vorinrrsdeirlicationsacr<rssApulintosignif,vftiirndarjr:nsr:1.
Dionrcdes (6.3.9 C283*8a), On th{ vexed isrue (){'the getrrrrlpl:v of'sorrthrrn Thessal.v as it
ryht€s to Honrer"s Phtliir ;rnd the tclr:itory rul*cl by Achillcs. Stnrb<r x:lcr:s to dtc 'I"cnrple oi
lefrlryNestor{6.
lt a sife nrar Pl:ars;rlus, u.hieh estrlrlilhcs {rercpatp6rr€vot} the location of Achilleid rer*
ritory (9.5.6 C431), Not surprisinglv. d:cre,.rre ilranv ruitteriill .rc,fi$f., in the Tro.lcl fo rrirforce
(oD top ol the firrrunlrte kic;ttio:r) r sitt"s associrlrinns ",r"ith thc T:<rj;lr: Wn'cvc;lc: a romb <:f rhc
efonyr:rou$ f<runder of thu vilhge of M*nrnou {1 .}.1,11 C5tl7}, an tsr;oc;iatiou thar is, scrictlv
speaking, po$t*Homedc; shrint's to Ar:hilltt. lhtr:oulrr*o lnd Antilor:hus;rt Sigr'iunr (1i1.1.32
Thetis
C595*96); th€ tornb of Paris at Oqbr:e:ria" ,uvhich furllrrrr srrggested to l)cnrcrrius of Sccpsis that
Hr'ctcrt's dmrrain extcnded this f;rr: (13..l.33 ()5$fr)l Rrr ,rltur ro dre nvelvc Olvrupian gotls raised
by Agagrenrrrn tt Lsf tuilr (1:i, l,4l$ O(:(t5); antl so ut:. l3ut. rs I lnrauc farnously said, ervcn Honrsr
sonretinrrs nod$, and Strabo dor's acknorvlrrlge fhis <lrr t:<:ca$ion. Srahr:'s donbt conres through
r.r'heu he speaLs of Hor:ler'* uctggctatior:s of rh0 $fit \'$.yages nor i.l.:r11, of Oclysseus bur r:l.Jasorr,
as occnsioned by tht'curiou$ sfifliltn irt Poltn* Argur"rx on tbe idand <lfAeth;rlia oiFthe Tyrrirenian
eoart, The sifc u,'.rs:rameeJ aftcr rhe r{ryn, ft.rr:Jaron h;ld r;nr:re rhere in srarch of (l:irce. r+-honr
Mcrlea had wanted te riler'f. As pr'oof tlre krr:;rls poirtt eo d1s viiyjegxteri pehhles thar are rbe
rsorains nf crrngcaled rrrapirlp fronr tl"r* Ar6onauc*' strigils. This evidcnce tppe,r$ to bt' co<r
much ftrr Str.;rtro as he recoldr ir in his 'uvork and tl-:<:lr rrsa$ it tn pror,'c his poir:t about Honreric
exuegscs. aFF;rrentlir abetterl h1' thil particular"rpichcrir: tr:rdiri$n {5.2,6 Cl3+}.
Myth ru el'idenre of '*civilization"
no*-l hope thr easrr tbr Str.aba"s e.rrrpl*vnrui:t of m1'th as evidence has been nrade, brrt wc
migbt e:rd 'u.r'ith *ne nlnre hriqf denrensmilfirlr:. This usr-" sl.'mvth u.r:l:Ll ;rLro seenr t$ sllpl:r$rt:1
patticular tllcsi.c r*g,lrdiugl civilizafior: ;l:rd ull:anization tlrr r+iri<:h much stuclv has bcctr tlonc.
This the.sis is baserl partlv r:.u Str:rho's inr,"or;ation r"rl lllltn's fiuri of r..ir.iliz:rcron (13. 1.27 {".3q1,
cl, I'latrr furu,s 1.677-78). lr.hich. w'ith ir little hc'ip tir.onr Hctnrcr. defrnr" thrrre levels of r:r"rlture.
Thc last involtes rrrbanizatior:, rt'ith the roualle d uity r.:l" Treiy firundr-d h,v llus a:i the rrarl).ple,
and Strub<r essociarrs this ticr $'itb '"hiqhesr lcr.cl nl't:ultulc" (&ptotov i10ol). ()n this hesis
L.A. Thnmpsou has not only suggested tlr,rt Strtb.r ;tsli$siirtrs c.iviliz;rtian with ulhanieation but
that civilization reqlrires a socio-political ordeditiess tlrrt is best exemplified by the achiel'e*
ments of (.ilreks and ldonrnn"t.s This irrgulltflnf imnrs,tJiatclv rh.trvs us irrto the l;rrger qut'stiou of
Greek lt. barbaritn thtt animates mu{:ll Strot)onian schola:ship trnt can t1e trentecl bne'fly here in
the context ol. tbc prcserrt studv or: ruyrlr. T.n hugin. L rvnrrld p<ri.rrt out t1ut, gtetr rvhc'n Strahr:
ascribes urbaoiz*tion ro nonhellenic grrrtlps, he often trse* qurlifitrrs tlrat reveal his hellerocen*
trie, r:rr:rtJrer (.ilaeco-L{.omarr, hins, suc.b us "iu tirc (ireek nrarr:rer" rlr "ir: d.re llomnn ilan.ner"
(e.g",3.4.20 C167,4.1 .12{1 1,!(r, 17.1.42 Ctll3},iulrttloingso,hrlisi:asirrghis:rppraisalofthe
(]reek and harbilrian dicl"ret(]nly not (,ril tlhni(:ity hut or: .-rlegrct'and nature of civilization, He
is not consiste:l[ in thi"r re55;rd, as srl oll{:r, hr,rt th{re i"t a lecurr-irrg as*ociirfru:r of barbarisn: lvifh
prirlitivisrn,st;urd.'.ts it tll'rts out, a r)uflrhij!: of llyths rei.rrlirlrcr-' rhis irrrprtssion.
Specifically. r,vq rt{i nl!ths, irs lisced irr"f;lhle 11,5, thnt srrgg,{\[ iur otF()sitirrr ofnt:nhcllenicitv
n.lrd urbarizatiorr, although evctt l:ur:r thsrc itre rt fbrv ctrtrtrnintllt:;rtion^s, rt'p:'csentetl espccially
by the Leleges, lburrrlen of'ritim rv*rn i1'still "rvarlikt:" ie.g., 11.1.5t, C(i(15). ()therrvise.
rve find n<rtices t:lf cities tll;rI erller'g$d lfirr rh*: hcllelrrir.' SrouF".i displeccd or ovrreook rl:e
uoll:ellcrric * thar is. \,e i{r irrt ;ldv;tr:dcrrrr':rrt rri"r:ivilizntion irr ca:Iv tr}'tocbs :onrcrvhat ;llolg
rhe iines of l?lato's ${hcrnil, M*ny ciri<'r u,r:fr: l?rurrdcd hv heroes and eponvrnns (r:r' dreir
companions), rs ths t$'o hundrc,":l <rides fituxdi'd l v cmrtpanic:rs tl H.eracles iu Spanisb
]3v
281
L*s E. Pnttet'sott
Turdetania (3.2, 1
CI41,3.4.3 C157) nnd,;tcuonling to Ephorus. the Hemclid crties oi
()re"sphontes in Mtrsscnir (|t.4.7
C3fil) arrd nf Eurvsthr'rrs and Proclcs ilr Laconia (8.5.4 0364).
Molc amhigutrus in tcrnrs o{'rheir hcllenit:jtv;tt'e (l;rclnnrr. iirurrtler oi. Thehcr (9.2.3 O4(tl),
atrcl T,vn'henus. wbtr sstal-rlishsd trvcl\,'r: Etlusr;an citjts i5.t.2 (121t)). Strrbo iltrn;ucates:r clcar
b:rlbarian phast' predatiil$ rhc conrins of thr: lrlrrrcnit'iatt* rr:rdcl (lirdluus, lr.hen prt'-urblrl
IJoc'otia ra,as irrhnlritccl lry scter:;rl b;rrlrar-inlr trilrus. rrrrluding thu Lc.lcgcs, As firr Tyrr.henus,
Strrbo eck.no.,r4eclges him as ;r clgsccndanr ol'Hcrnclcs, svcn it his pcople ultinrately hecrrrrrc
pirates and despite tbc rltcrnr[c tr.rr{ition <rf Etrusr:;rnr as odgiu:rlly Pel;rsgians.
The displacr'urent r:lf harb;rrians rs ;t prerequi"sitc to c'stabl.isbing civilization is suggestcd in
l rturubcl of orhcr p;lssagest as wlten Epbcsiarrs dtovq tlrt l-clegts bcfirle founding Snrrml,
accordirrtrg to Mi.nrnernttts (l;1. I .-l ( )fr.t.l), <lr rt,hetr Andttrclui strrr t.rt'( lrrcilrrs cst;rblishcd Epl-resus
orilv afcer cxpclling thr'Orri:rn"s:nrd Lt:lcgers (1.i.1,2 I (l(r4{)). llStraho gcrrexlllv rcqllrdcd tbc
liel;rsgiarrs ns lbreigrr (scc p. 379), we cnl: srle rl sintiliu flrttcnl :r t I -1,.-l.l) ( l(r3 I . v"lrerc Scrabo cites
Menecmtes oi..Elacrr oll the prehclllenic (;rrrd p.r:r:.trlbrn) $cttiil$ oa'Ioniir, Aetrlir.:rnd Thcs"sall ,
beiirrc thc Pt:la-rgilns, olre \{,ay ot il:rod)fr. tttttt,t'.1 or"r.}i
Conclusion: Strabo's credulity
Despite bis pt't'itldic nrisg.ivitrgs altout tltr: l'irnlity ()l trrvtJr6l6git'rl ;rc.:ourlrs, it is c.lear r1:rt Str:abt>
relied heavilv on nrvth to rt'hir:vc lris ggrgraphi+',tl, lristorical, and ethno$lJ,rphir:al irru. Likc
urrn.y.ln:ilytictl u,rir** ol'arrrrtpity, he str:rtgglu'd rv.ith'issurs of vemcirl,arrd;rr:ther:ticity..He
was often lrrki:rd to l:.rcdecess()rs rvl:$ srtccutrib(-d ro 'llrytiir{)poei{: fsrvtrr: jn thcir prese:rtafior: crf
the past. Solre of hi-s sricicisms 'ur.t'r'e baserl $lr h.i$ sefls(' of rr.'hnt u,irs hc.lievahlc and pl.rusible, but
tlso in sorue ilases on the .lpplication ofthc ri{rh6r'trsirzrr cf a story. In tbat sensc he rvas r:r,r dif*
ferent fr<lm HccaHeus, -l-lerodotus, or P.rr'l:ranias. Ilecause the';* shered a belief i.l the basic realitv
of rhe hcroer of tht'Tlo.j:rn Wat, tl.rt'Algonuucii; advcnttlr'c, lrrcl otherrnytbJ, grveD thet t}:est
mlths were essentlally ilccoulits c"rt fhc rnost lncient hi*tory, thcy nll corrld iind rlucll us('liil
n'raterirl firr their hisrorirtl and geogflphical inquiries. For Stralro rnyth aff?rrded opportur)i*
ties to explain idcntity urd orig,ius. ro bririg (x'd*r tr) tirnglcd rthnologir:rl re;rlitics (hoth on the
grorrn<l arrri in the lasgs of bjs sr.ltrrqes), ar:d t0 $uppot:r su<:h v'icrvs rs thc propgr w3v to rsscss
hcllenicity anrj its inlgracr on historical out.rorlrcs, llut thcse ;uralytir:al rvritcrs :rlrt>, ro oDc cxrent
or another, hacl to arslvcr to thc i:;rll of traditiorr. Srnbo oftet ,lc.knorvlcdgcs bis responsibilih, to
respcct vcnemhlc nrtiquily, ahor.c ;rl1 Hr.rnrt'dc. ;m hr: firshiou"s in thc OcoEnp/ry :rn oifrorrrnr,;rr that
resonntc,q rvith his lrttlicnc'c. Strlbo's oiLrrtnlr:itr- ii ;r rlros;rrt' trl'plirt:es atloss thr llonian sphclr
aurl bevond tlmt haye:r stor,v t() trll, n st{)ry lrterrrtjnqlirl trr tlr.: pluvuls irr thr u;urrrivr.. to rhc
sqdignr;e rqading it. arrcl to Strabo hiruscl{.
C*taloguc of Myth$
Tible
22.1 Chartcr rrryrhs
Rcfewurr
lnaliou
|
Mytlt
.Sorrrrr
trulrclrrtittl ol" l.)r.li;rns
rdtunlirrg frur'r thr:
5.2.-t
|
(r-
I .3
J)ctclia
Phil{ritcrq$,
6_
l. l0
Snlleriunr
liou rrclrrliou of Atherr i'rrrs
is;t
I
Lor.rl tr';rdition
llrujtrr Wlr
{:bLrrr<lcr
tr;rvelinq rvitlr
Mtrrcstlrcus
282
Apollod<.rrus
Urrspcciticcl
1
iilr
{cl
Vtrrg.
,.4err.
6,2.5
Aegesteea
of
R>urrdatiorr
c$nrpauious
Unrpecified
of
philu)tqtes
6,1.2
lapyg"
Forrndcd by
rraveling *ith
6.3.6
Orrria
Forrnded by
traveliD$
Cr*rarrs
Min<x
Unepecified (pftal)
(Antiocbrrs of
Greranr
Herodotus {1,I70)e
Syracuse?)
with
Mirros
7.7,7
.10
8.t.2
Arg-llipyr.
Sipous
Arnphilochic Argos
Dodonr
Megro
f"orurdpd bv
8.52
Helus
Four:ded by.[Ielirrs.
8.8.5
8.8.5
8.8.5
8.8.5
S.8.5
8.8,5
(lorirrrh
Sic.von
Achrea
EIir
Mtseue
Iacedaemorr
ifisenrerru,r, ftrurrdtrr
Oxylrrs. {iruu+ler
8,8.5
Arpr
Trnrenuc and Cissus,
$.8.5
Acte
Ag;:rmm rlrxl l)eiphprrtes,
9.1.6
Atherrs/Meglra
Nisrr:, son of
6.3.9
7.7
Canusiunr,
Dionreds
Fouuded h,v
Al*rrrucrlrr,
ftrunder
Pclergiaus
lorrndcd b'r'
t.I+rncleidae
Locnl traditiorr? (cf,
Tnble 22.4)
Ephorus (cfl 10.?,20
Ephorus
Unspecified {ct: g.1.4
(prob;rbly rn Atrhis
historian)
sorr
Unspeciticd (ptr.o)
ofPenqus
Al*tus,
lourrdol
Ephorusrl
Phelccs. tourxler
Creiphoures. fouuder
Errrysthcncs arrd Procler,
lourrden
frunclers
frunden
Pandiuo,
.,ltlrrs writen
ircquire$ Megrra
9.2.12
9.2.42
t).5.8
10.1.6
llysiec
Aclraears in
Pantus
Helus
Ererrio rnd
Chalcis
Nycrrw
fmnr
Orchou,enos wirh
lahrcnus
Athrnu*, fnurdct
Fouudqd by A,rheniarrs.
Forrnded by
Unrpecified
Cirlouiss
Unspecified (knrous)
hrc.l.
(cf llonr. 11.2,512tr.,
Peu*. rJ,J7.7)
Unrpccitied
Unspcci(ied
(lcgnt*)
Aich$ end
Codrur, theu
Aeoliaus lcti belrirrd
by licnrhilus {c;rr{iev
rvere Arrbirns bd by
(ladnrrrs)
l0.l.l5
Eubocu
(Mactdorri;r)
Founclrrtl h)'
[ubu.:lrrs
Uuxpcr:ified
rerumi:ng; frr:m
Trojan War
10.2.24
Acarnn:ia
Dif.fqrerrt truditirrns
of
(l),
(2)
ci.
1Q.2.14,
fourrders;
(1) Laertos anri
t0.2.?cr, (3) Flomer od.
(Jttphrllun i;luno
(rantittuet)
Tbblz
22.1 (antinueil)
Refercnet
Myth
l-oeatior
Snrn*
arrd
(3) Taphians
'l'elclroarrs (led
hy
Oelrhal.r*),
2.51-53
(3) $parr.rrrs urrr:lcr
It:lrirrs
10.1.25-26 Acamettl;r
13.1.3
Phrircrni:rn (l;"mc
foundcr
lVl;rhus.
Alcnut:orr,
Clrues rurtl
Epht>nrs
Ephonrs
f'<rrrrrduni
13-1,52
Scepsis
$crttlrr<lrius
rrrrl
il)cnrcrrius 6iSccpsis?)
Ascarrius, tirurrdrn
14.1.3
14.1-3
l4.l-3
l:1. t.3
l4.J.l
4.1 .3
1
Ephcsrs
Milctus
Mvus
Lcbcclus
Ccllophor
Pricnr
Auclt'oclus,
forrndcr
Plrrrccydcsrl
Nelcrrs. frrunder
Cydrelus. liruuclcr
Antlrrryrrnpus, fi>rurdcr
Andrterrrott, tounclcr
l\'lirrurcrrrrrrs
Adl),v(uri arrd Ilhilirt;rs,
tirundeni
14.f
.3
Tco:
Atharn;rs.
Nruclrrs,
Anacreon
APocctrs, l-laluasus,
l-1.1,3
l.l.l.3
14.1-l
t4- .:i
14.1,3
Errd'rr;rtl
Phocaea
(.llazor*cn;re
(jhios
Sarnns
1,1,1.12
Prieue (akr
1
arrl (irrrrs, fuurdc'n
Otrlpus, lbnrutcr
Philogents, forurdcr
P:rmlur. fonrrilo'
Egertirrs. lhrrnctcr
^l'c'nrhnon arrd l:'r'ocl('*,
{iruncltrrs
Cadnre)
Ithilutas of
Thcbcs,
Urrsperiliqd
finr:rdrr {tbrrs
t;t.1.30
Cadmc)
Founded hy
P\grla
vidicn
of
L<xal traelitiur
Agnrrcrrtrorr
14-1.4(r
14-2.(t
l\hodcs
Pre-1.)rrlirrrr
t-1.5.12
T'rrsrrs
Fouod(:d h;,
tt;rveling
'liiptr>lcrnus
Nvsa on thc
Ma+rurder
Atltvrutrt'u*.
ltrrndcr
tr.runrhtiorr
t.oc;rl tra<litilru
t{orucr Il. 2.ftJ-(t8
bY 'l^le;-rolPx1x5
l.t.S.lfr
Mallus
14.6.3
14.(r..1
C,vprian
C11rrier
15.1.2
Susa
t7.t,34
Arabirn
Layltlrus
Salartris
Argivcs
$,irh
arrd
ArrrFhilochur
Mopstrs, krr:nde.r
l'raxattdcr,
'tcuct:r. sorr of 'I
Urrspct'ificcl (Atheurxlonrs
of Tanirrs?)s
Lr:r':rl o'adition
(:fl
14.5.17)
tbuudtr
v-rrspcciticd
clarrrorr. {ht phaini
loutttlcr
'l ithorrrrs,
Tro-r,
lixrurlsr
(lcurltai]
fiounded lry captive
-fn>jan*
lrrought
t-lurpccilicd (Ar:sr:ht'lus?
J)olvclirus ol:L;irissri)
[,or;rl rraditiorri (ci. Diod.
1.50,4)3{
rhcrc by I\4{rnflaus
17.3.15
Ca*hrgc
[)icln, i"nurrdcr
Unrl.eclfi cr{ (Poll.bius or
"l'irnrcus?)
Tahlc
22,2 Eponurrs
R{nrc
Luatiorl'ftibe
F.ponyn
Sounc
3.4,1
t tJ
Qccl;t (Spain)
Ocola*
"l yrrlrunus
A scl cpirrder rrf IVI
5.4.6
5.4.6
llaiar,.
Ilairr*
Mhenrrs
Unspocided (Iryoasr)
Misr:nrun
fi.
MertPontirun/M erahrr'nr
Metap0u(rrs,/ M4.tuhus
A
(r.J.l
l:rpygia
lap1,'.r
Unspcci{ictl fi/ralJ
7.6.1
Mesernbril (.rkr Mcnf lrria)
Mcn:rs
7.7.2
Luleges
Lclex
Urrspccifietl
Aristotle. Poliaiai
t.7.2
Telcboars
Arnphilochian Argos
^l'chbo;rs
Aristotlc, Pufireirri
Anrphilcrclmx
Ephorus,'l"hrLc. 3.{)8..1
Ortstir.s, Orestiarr Argos
Oresre$
I Iccatacus
Pelagonia
Fclc1,tr:n
$..].31
8.6. t 4
Acoli:rn.s
Aetolus
Ursprrificcl (cf l:lonrcr //
lr_r.+r)
E1'bon,s (cf 9.3.'l?. 1{).i.2)
Troczrn
Tnrezen,
8"7.1
lonians
lou
{i.?.r
l)oritrrs
E.7.I
Achrcarrs
9.2.t3
Mcssapia
l)$rrrg
A*hecus
Mesapus
9.2.34
l'e:reric Pl:ti:r
Erbot'e {nka }idlopia)
Jlcutrur
Itcllopt, ron n{'lqrn
10.2.?6
Acen:ania
Arnphil<rchianr
Acarnan
Amphil<xlrus
Unsprlcilit:d
Ephoms
Ephorus
t1,t4.12
Amrrnia
Anrtonlt*
(l-vrsilus <:f Phar:salus, Mcdius
12.8.18
(lelacnae
(.lel*euu.q
Unspeci{ietl
r3. r.25
l)andar:ia
I)ardarrus
Irlettr l+rrr 3.(rB l, l l<urrer Il.
2(l.l I ti-1 lJ (:rlso 1..)rrrrctrius
13.1.25
llion
llrr--s
l)latt> Izrr.s 3.682, Il<'orer
Tvrrhcni
1.1 5
yrlca
"'Tlrc (irrcks"
Uuspucitiecl
(lqourt
(d
1.2.18)
nticlchus of Sp'rtcusc
(Arrtiochus?)
7,7.7
7.7.8
7, F.
t7f'
10.1.3
r).2.26
sr>n
oiPelop
.
Unspcci6ed
Urrspecifitel
Urrsprcificd
Urxpecilit'd
Urrrpccified
Pindrr
oILa:r.sse
<'I Scc|sis?)
lt
I t. I 0('r{r?
Te rrcdos
"l"errr(.*
Unspccil!r:tl
1
Tcrrthrarria
Eruipides?
14. 1.4
Mt. Py'leeus (Lcsbos)
"$rnyma" (i.e., tphe*us)
Terrtbrts
I\'laeus
Srnyroa (Atn:rzon
't4.1.4
Slsyrbitat
Sisyrbc
Callirru-s
l4.1.ts
Icaria/lcarial Sr:r
Icantr
t4.2.8
Li nclus, lalSus. O;rrncinrr
Epot:,vrm, chiltlrcn
Unspcci6cd
I lonrcr II. 2.65(r(Cclcrphus)
r
3. r.46
3.r.69
l5-3.3
{r{
P;rus, 10,
I "+.
l)
Locrl traditron
Crllinus (r:f I1.5.a)
quce'rr)
(l\hodc$
of(lmr:aphus
trrd C.v<lippr
<.rr
rluughtex
Unspecificrt (uulrad
oI
Tlepolorrur
r
4..1.1(r
t6.r.25
r
6.3.5
Lyci;tns
Lyr:irr*,r Lycrrs
Gortlycne
Entlrrucarr
(iordys
Unsprcilled (cf 12,8.5)
Unspccificd tlcfetoD (cf. tft:.S)
Erytlrrus
Nc;rrchus, ()thegor:rs (t:t.
(l;nohut
Urrspecilircd
Sea
16.4 2(lj
t7
.r.17
Canobur (Egfl4
"IhNe
22.3 'liribal clirtriburir:n* explaincrl
Referncc Loration/Tibt
Euuria
7.7,l
7 -i .l
7.7.'l
Peloponrresu*
[At$x]
lsthnrus (ancl
cnvirorrs)
Artica
7.7 ,l
1.7.1
l)rulis
Cednrsir
Solra
Mytlt
joininr
J.2,1
j.7.1
h1' nr,vrl:
(Thebes)
Pccplcd hy Pcl;rrgiaus
l"vrrqnus
llcoplctl wittr l)hrylliarrs lry
Forrndtd by
Pclops
D;rnaus
Sederl bt Dryr.rpe*. Carrcorrcs,
.l
llo(,oril
l,.lccat;reus$
Urrspecificd (cf. fl.{r.9)
Unspcaifiod
l'clarlif,i. nrrcl l-clcgcs
$ettlcrl Jrr,'l'hr',rr:iu:rs
with
.Lurrrolpur
Scttlcd by "l'hraci:rus
wlth
I
nlrirlrit+'d by Aonc.r,
Un-rFcd[fig.1
Teretrs
with
$ealcd bv plroenicirns
C;rrlrnus
7.7
Auriclciclcs
'l'rrtrrrrk:cs,
cificd (cf.9.3.l li)
Unslrccifigtr (ct. {).1.3)
Urrspe
l)irrder
an<i I lt.rrrK'r
7.7.2
C'rria
Cari:rns rrriry hrye bctrr
7,7,2
.{carnarrie
lu}alrittd hy (.)nrctr:s.
Lchlgc*
t;igi:t;rllv
Lclctr1cs,
rnrl
Unspc'citied
ict.
li.l.irl,
1+.2.21)
Aristorltr
'l'eltirrrarri
7,7.2
1.7.8
7.7 .&
Locrir/lSorotia
Ortrme/Qrrstias
Errchelcian: (lll-vria)
Inhabitqd by"
.&tablishctl by
Lelegcs
()resx
l\ulers dnscc,nded irr.rrn Cadnrur
7"1.8
llulurl hy P\,rrhul. s$il
8.3-J
Mokrsi/El.irotcs
Triphl'lia iElei*i
1i.(r.13
llenlriorle
Aristode
llccatneus
Local tr.rdition
arrd I"Iarntonr:r
attd
$f
l{cr:anors
NcoPtolullrus
&{irryens <lnc
oithe tibrs
$ertl*d it,v I)rvope
here
Uu-tl.ccified
{ct li.3.l9)
r
Aristotle arrd orhers
Asir:0
10,4,1
5
'l?.4.(r
Crr:rc
Alth:rrnrcns
by
Trrrad,/N'1tr'r1;rll-ycia Shiiiiug ltibc'x irr :rttcrrnntl'r
3,1.3
'Irord
l:1.1.8
Tnracl
I
Scttled by l)orians l+cl
Unspeeifitd
<:l
'lrrrj;ru Wlr
thc
Tr<'r.i;rn
Acoliarr rictdeurcntr aficr
W;rr (Ferrthilus, An:hqlAus,
irt-
14.2.6)
llorrrer I/- 3.2$+fl8
Urrspc<:ificd
Crr$)
14 1.3
lorriarrs
14.3.10 Lycja
l\>st-Wtr r:hrirtrcrlog'y: lh:hrycr:s,
l)rroper, Mvliaus unt{cr'
'Trlrphus and l't'ruhrtr
22.1}
L,vcius,/Lycrrs)
*r:ru $+lyuri, thcrr 'I"r::rrii;*
Unsprcificd
lonian Mitrn-arion {ct.Table
}rhcrrwrles
Lyciarrs (uudcr
Urrspccificcl
{ct. 12.8.5)
itrndcr $rrrpcdon)
14.4,1
17,3.7
irl. Trblc
23.7)
Parnph-vliarrs
l)cscsndcd frorrr
Maurusiarrs
Arrrphilochus and Calchirs
l)qsccrrrlcrl {torn Inlliarm
pcrr>ples
bv I ltrra<'lt's
lcd
lry
hrorrgbt
llcrodotus 7.91
Urrspccifi+d
{.,rlriai
phuit)
Ttblc
22.4 L<xal fcaturer/phenomerra explained lry nryth
R{rcnc
n.43
Ir,cation
Myth
Euidsa
.frrrrc
Od'lsscia (Iberia)
Sourrdcd by
Shields ancl slrips' pror+'s
fuclepiacles
in stncnrary ot
Oilsseus
of
lllyrlca
Arhgrr;r
5.2.6
Acthdir
(Pornrs
Jason
tteppcd hPls
Nu*tc <tfkrr:al
pt>rt1
Local urdition
short'lirre pcbbles
Aa3orrs)
oritrJinallv scrapings
fronr Argonnulr'
striE4ils
5.3.3
Roure
Grcch
Forurdccl by
Sacrifice to l-leraclrs
dorre
Arilirrs
in Greek
nrarrncr (utler
Evrnilcr)
6-l.14
6.1.15
Ilemclea
(l$lt)
Metapontium
Trojan otigius
Founded bv Pvli;rns
rmurrrirrg fronr
Sratuc
o['l'rqirn
Atheoa
Locd fcstirtrl
ilrthorJ;
Unspecified
(1etrrl,a|
(Antiochus
Trojun Wat with
Nestor
(c1. Tablc 2?.2)
6,1.9
$.3..)
Apulia
l)riunr
l)qrlioatiorrs at
Arrcci:rtio:u with
Lrrchcnir,
l)iorrrcdiar"r lslerrds
Rcspecrive hc'rrrcxrs,
Calq"has and
Podirlirius
7,7,2
Milenrs/Caria
Cariaru = Leleger
of
$yrrarse?)
For.lnqLrtir>rrg
lry
l)iourerilcs
Urspecified
Lor:el uaditi<rnr'
t0lx)flJ..nts
L,oi:al
strcanr rr.ith ht:olirrg
19atrfs
Ccrtrin torrrbs
ancl
local t<rpcnym:
fortificagion:
idr:utiiied as
I-clc$iirn
tj.5. I
$parta
I
Clvc
lcraclg and
(lerbenrs
8.6,2
Tenr.eniunr
Fouurled by
Temonu$. ucar
locluorr
ter
the
Local tolxrnynr?
Urr<lenvorld
Torrrb {?) of 'Tcmertus,
Lrr:lre river rrcard;y
loctl
Lo*nl sarrcnrery
Locd
rraditicrn,r
I0pcvlr*ta
tlf
hydra
9.3.1r
Hamra
Arrrptriaraus died
hnr
01,
C-vnrrs
P,vniu clicd therc
9.5.(r
Thesraly (rre.rr
I\rrlcil by Achillcs
ll'onrb ol-P1'rrh;r
)'crrrplc of 'l hcds
Locd
Locrl
9.5.6
Mcliraee
l-lellen's kingrlnm
'fonrb of I lclleu rruartry
Lr:c;rl
Phaoa.lus)
trlditilxr
locatctl irr ilgor.r
10.1.3
Iloos Aulc
rilt/hcrc
l<.r
gpvo birtlr
Narrre of cave
Loc.al
ttr Epa;rh1rg
fttwimed)
22.4 {ontinued)
Thblt
Refuwce
lll,3.2
Snlrr
llvidtnrx
Myth
fucation
tr'ourrdud by $xviu* Surrrre ot ()xylu$
Elir
Local. [phonrs
it
ag()ra
l3.l.lI
Menrr:on
Torrrh rrf
M*rlrnorr
Locrl
(der'Ararlofl
t'tC:;r;l'}1-
| :1.1
.J3 Sigeir.rrn
"frr:jarr
W'tl
lihrincs to
l,::tr:<llr
Achilles,
Arlrilo<;hus
l3.l.J3 (lebrtnia
13.1.34 1"r<r.iirn lll;rirr
'I xrjrrn
W'ar
'l rr:r-i;rl W;r
l3.l,4tJ Lectr:nr
I rcriarr
I orutr uf
ll<:rrtctir'
trralis
!op{)n\r'rs
Altrl to 1) go*, <:ru;rre<l
fy'
Ag;r nre tr
14.1.:i
lr.rui;rn
t
lVligr;rt:iull
lluisrnde
.8
}iouudcd h.t'
Urtdl'tilir:rlt
"l'rojarr \tlor
at
L;itn1u$
l4-i.26 L+ke near
Ephcsus
1,1.:.11 Lindrrs f{lrodt*
1
4, I
E:lcnrc.lea
Larcal (defftratoi)
uton
l);rli*lrle <rillc.ll,re- l-ot:ll li:rtr-:res
nphon, t<.urrh of
frrlruborat('rl b],
iloni:r)
L.or:al
Locrl
itleiknmentus)
\{rar
t3.4.lfi "l"snnessos
Poreidiur:rr
Lr:rt:al
rs.
L,rcal. Ilr:lrrrrr
/r. {i.18+.
l"lourer
by
2l)i{lj+
A]ra:-cl'r'Aftd
Loi:al
Nelctm
Cnvc of Eu<\rrrictr
L,:L:al {rln&rlltor}
L'err'rple
rttributtd to
Local rr:acliriou?
Ag.uncrrxrol:
Teull.lc $t
Arhcn:I
Locrl trarlitirn?
Lirrdi;r lirundc"J
hy tlauglrrcrs r:1"
{c1. l.l.?.81
1..]an-rr:s
14-j.5 Pirr;rm
1.1",1.5 Chinraera
'I'ruj;:rn
War
{lult
lrri:atior:r ol lll-ttil
o{'
Ltrr:ll
l:tiudrrrls
triporrvnr
L{)cal trirditio:r
r>f
Loc;rl trrditiri:r?
(lhirrtlttr*
'l crtrpli:
1+.5.t(") Olbc
oi'?cus
Lcc;.:l tr::ilitirrrr?
liruu.lccl bv A-1;xt
land l:rtrr rrur:crl
rlicr
(Malh,r$
11.5..16
Mrgarr;r
1{:,2.5
Antiofh (Syriau)
Arrrpirilirchus
ful0f$rir
P+olrlerl
'lorrrtrt ol"A tnd
of
l-riclrl fbstir"rl t$
'l'riptcrk'urus
h.v
clesrcrrchnl$
'I"r\rt*rl
li-1.23
"I;t&b
Philac
'l'crLcer
lrrr,rl
fi'l
Larcal n:aditi<.ur
Loeal lbtival
crrr rt.t
Lluri,rl sitt
ot-()riris
Lui:rl tr-adiliou
22,5 Myrh rs sviclettco of'?ivlliatiou"
Rctettfltc L.orqnon
J.4,3
5-2.2
Mytlt
.9urrrc
Trr:rlerarriit (loh:rrigariou ot lber'in b,v r.'r.rurpaniolr< olI lcriri:lts /l(ll) r:iric;s: 3.?. li
{Ibcria}
'l *,rlvt liitrursl"u;l citics firuuclcd 1,-r.
Etruda
Avlcpiadc-r of lVllrlre
i l.l.i)
Urrsp<rilit<l rpla.ri)
"l'ynh.'urtri
8,4.7
{J.5.4
Mcsscuir
Lai,:r.rrria
ilrive ciriet h1'
(.lrc-rphrtrur;s
Eplrr>:ru
(jitics fourrdcd [tr' [irrt.r,':itlrcu* artrl Pr<.wlcs Il|l:oms
(cf
9.1.20
Attica,
Achata.
lorria
Atrica
Ciries forurdrtl by lonians: l'crrapolis
(Xutbrrs), 12 citi('s irr
'{nica
13 ciric'r in lonio iwirh Codricla+)
"I"welvc ditics ft)u:rdcd by
rrrrited lry "Ihcseilr
9.2.3
lloeori{
I:t>llorving trartxrian puiotl, Thcbcs
8.7.1
in
Achaca,
Cur:rups.
cit,v) fi>rrndoil b.v
11,5.H
lorria
Aflr:rz(-ul$ rvg
|3.1.50 lcdr-srrs
13.1.51 Antanelrus
13.1.59 Pedrsr-s
l-l.l.'l
Srnyrna
1).1.20),
(c[ la.].J)
l)hllochorrrs
(linr
E}th,>trrs
iurti-civiliz$tion, "ur(l yc't
Lelrgcs preccrle
G[
Pherec.vdcs?
{ltclnlrs
$onrc citics;rrr asiribcld to
12.7.i
Ptsidir
15.1.25 T'road
Philcrchorus?
i:irics
Unsprlcili.cd (d: 12.3.!1.
l-1.1.4) (Ephorrrsij)
thcrn
Artcrrridtrrrrs?
l)trclanio, fbturde<l by l)arrluntrs (cf.
'I'uhl+ 22.5), dcnrsnstrited Pldt'$'s
seconcl su14t <lf civlliarrion; rhircl stagc
rcprcsr:ntcd bv lllon ftrundr<l lry llus
Plnro
A "citr"'of thr: Lelcgcs, rvl:tr rtorrcthclcss llrrrrrsr{. ll.{td-87
ll'u "hlvcllr lrf r+'lr''
(lallcd "r'itv r:f thr Ltleg*s"
Ah:rcus
Lrlcgrs htd eighr citicr
C$listhcnts?
Ephesians clrirq: oru Lclegcs
urd
tbrrrrd
Minrrcnrrus
Suryrna
14.1.21 Eplrcsus
Tabte
rr citr- iuhirhitccl l,r1'(lllierrs und
Lclegtr. l;rtrr driverr out b-r' AnclrorJus
(i:f 'I'ablc 12.l)
Phrrccydcs? (ct, 14.i.5)
Eplresus
22"4 Mi^sccllarreous ur,vrhologir:al fn>ols oirnodcrrr gentrpaphv/historv
R*ferncr
S.3.7
Loeotiltn
P-vlo*
(Triphy*lia)
Eililzua
lv{yrh
The I'vlos
of
Soure
Arrthuriry of
Llourcr
F.lonrer
Nrstor irrut thc
other ftr"s)
L,rcnrri:t Agnurerrrnorr pn>rriscs
drrriug'li<:jnn ci1ics co Achillcs 1rr
Wrr islrt)icl:t, t<:
this lcgir>rr
l|.4.1
Mesc,r'ria
Pan of
10.2.11
(Jcphallenir
Srrbiectto Odvsseus Arrthr>rity- of
tlorrrsr
"ll. 9.151)
Mcncleus)
1ct.
'l'ahla
2L7)
l{omer
ll<rure.r Il 2.631 ,
Audrorr
(cf.10.?.10)
l3-l
.27
Tr.ry
Lirrks to
Alt-trnclcr Alexando:
Andrornri:hc:
(l;rcur; Acnels.
Iulus
Troy
Mtrdern llion ir rror Authont-v of l{orncr,
B.l.H5
(c$p. t3.l,J5)
I k>rrr+r's Iljorr
ccrrnparcd to locd
(cf Table n2.7)
topography. erc.
1"roy,/Athcrrs Pmsibfu kinlhip 'l'strcsr or Erichrhonius
3.1 .4li
dted as conrmon
rnd.Juliur
(lrtcrar
1
l3.l,6J
'I'n>ad
fl)istirrrtc
liorr:
N,rv"rl "{itatirtrrr
Chrrysal
Itrccstcr
I)etr:nrtinetl
t*
lly
r'ovagc
()dvsserrs'
Alcxandcr:
(lallisthsn,is?
C).rcsan
unspcciilcd
llomcr,
l)i:rrrcrrius of
Scepsis, etc.
"Morr. rece r:t
rvritrrs"
l{orlcr
IL
t.430tl
frorn J'rcv ro Chrlsa
(continucil)
L*s E. Patlersqfi
Tahle
22.6
(mn{nur.d)
Refcnnce
.64
I ll- I
L.oration
Myrh
\ir:ious
(hieirr
I\,ideua.
tri:r:*rcrjr,
V;rrions
$crnc
rrrvths
Unrl:rrcificd
*pitlrcrs:
S
rrtirrthil:r
(lortr<:r;riorl"
lp<)i:t()ilrts,
Erythibius.
Ponr$piu:r
11,1.+.
ll-12
Ar:ncnia
[$i*c of
of C,rrrilus of
flolkrwers Ph;rnalus,
,Arnreiria]
$*:opc of rcrtlcnrcnts
Ar.nr(.rres'
lV{cdirrs
of
Llrissr
'Ihlde
22.V Ulcrtairr or rsic{:red:rtvtirs al Fft)(}l:$f r:loder:n g*ognrphylhistor-r
*{tr*nee
5.1
.1
l*wtilm
Myth
{)isp;rtlana
I
lcru'd
So*rr:c
av
ltal""h.lirturian
rtrkruists
irn\'r!l{ rvith -Antenr:r {{leitic
oug)us
7.3.1
Norrhcm
l.lunrpt
Nauplia
Ceph.rHerria
15-1.35 "1'r<.ry
4..1, !
"
12 -}.$i
i,:lvnr cd?]
I llpcrhtr:t";lt:1.
()rcithvia'r
kidn+ppitg hv llorclr
8"6"2
1il.2.11
Unspcr:ified (ct.
Lrrt"lcss
firr
Scpl:o.:lcs. Phto
229
/4rrre./ars
ar$cstll$r gcr:paph:ic f fl r^rilcters
Not (our:ded hv N:lrplirrs
llorrrcr, laarr ryrittrs
l.l$t l)rtlic-]riu$r t::-Tirp.itrx {irirnr!
-IcltiraurrrJ
of
{c{. Talrlt 22.61
IlsllalTicus, }.lcnrer
Prt"rcnt lliorr js nqrl {.Iolnrr's
lliorr
11.2.625-i{t, Qd.
t.1${}-t{1 i.f l{}.2.I0j
}lonrer. Iccal mdition
ir:t. 1;rbl* 12.(r)
14.3.10
Lyi:ia
$rrl','r'nr rue
15,1.8-9 N1'saerns/$y<ir:lcecl
Sibae (lncli:ti
{rf
rt' Mil-vac, rro!
Lycilrrs
l.Iotrrtr ll.
6.1.94
'l"atrlc'23.1}
l{e.jcctcdr
l-}ir.rn1.'sns
ol'i.*pa,
*s
[irtndcr-
l.)iorr1'sr,rs irs
Ale-r:rrrder hirtorirns
*r'l('rtror
nf'S1'riracae, I"&:lacles' mcu rs
illlr{:stolx l;l' $ibac
17
-1,19
llrrsiri.s
{l!g-rpt)
Esirrurr:r o[ l{ing J}urirrs
elcrrird
Eutrxthtrrx
Notcs
I arl very S.ratrlirl
ltrrr: l)rrriela l.)utckl* inv:iuri+rr fo c;ntt(ributc to th:is r"olrulo *s r.vell as bcr guidance irr
thc rourg* of *ridrrg thir picce. My hutrr{blt tluruks rtito to l)u:r,re I\<.rllcr i'rrr l"ris gr:nc:ous revi*:rv oirry
mtaloliue of nr1'ths arrd his nr,rrry snwe$tjonri irrd :ull'ics. I olno tlr'a:rk (iirrgtr'Tiairrir fur rharirg bis irrsights
or: Arnrerria.A:ry rcnrairirrg crruls {)r rht>rilconriugs nre rr1' solr rrtponrihiliry.
1
Scc ll.rttcrron
l(ll
j.
Slrabo. ttc (]hrkc ltXi9: 250,20{)lJ: .l11;I)ucrl.r ll!(}(l:7"1-74; orr thu hrr>rdr:r (lnlck nrilicu. scr
Jhttsrsurr 2{\1 (la: 44t, 32-27 .
On thc xrle of philosophv in Strrbo, s*c furthur l\tlierruur 21)05"
tbr a rrort rh*xougb <lilcusriorr o'["Str;rbo's uso of lh)rtrcl,sceJarre Lightfi:ar'.s chrpter in this r.'r:ltunr,
Scc nlso Schenke+"cld l97f::Durck 30tXl: lt1-.1{ll l}itlt*rsttrl l{"t1J:213-1-1.
2 Or:
J
"l
290
Myth as ettid.ortcs in Strsho
5
csptcirllv l'ht>utpwn 19t-<.):121-)27.
$r>urccs is o:rc <ri thc bigg*tt <:hrtllcrlgc"r iu $rrahcniarr sBlclier. gi.i-cu his hcaw rcli;rncr r.lu
sourccs rhet hc riclcs ngt nanrt. fitir:crted ti$s'srins 'rrt' rrticl ptrssi[rlu, tor evnrple, r:r thc basis of rceiolr.
For;rn ov{,rvitrv of tlrcsc r:hallellgcso r"ith sonr* srrgxg;rstir:rrrs iu lxord tcl'ur.$. rcc I)r"rcck 2t1{IJ: tl}0-itl{r.
Sec
(r ldr;nti$'ing
7 (llarkt t 999: !5:-?54. 2li0lJ1 I 4.3-l 5tl.
t1 This is an crrdf:trur r.rf lrr,>th tlrc rutllor ;uitl [hc c{.rnrltrurt.ilv irt q'}rr:rr hc r',:-itcs 'l'hc fi:rurcr is ;nrpl,r,
dcnronvr.ttcd by thc sr:ctiorr (rr tl)r'lit)licl l!.),lJ rvtrcrl Scralrrr "Lr.r"r lire stolics rssoci:tctl llirh'.lrov
thc sceugs of llor*qrir: battlcs, tht riltl'{ i\i{:al"nAndcr anti $irrrutis, lix c-rrruplc - ro c.lt:kc r mr"th:ir:al
lar:dscapc th:oush whith thc rc:tdc,r rrtrty h'": guidcii ir$ ti1{)ugh rruutl)t)r'tcd irr time back t<.r thc her<ric
age" {Clarte 2D08: l4ll)."I'hc latlr:r i,; dfrru.lustrarcrl, u'ith Strabo'.s lrclp. hy irrry t:itv cl:rirrring:r sltrr.:e
irr dre Ti.ojur/Homeric h€riteHe- f<rr exaurplt' b-v iclcntificarion witjr r Hr:meric place nune. suc.h [s
Nestor'.s Ilylos (of u'bicb tircrc rvfr( threc r:oelrpcling tJ:ri:rs: {i.J.7 il3J9-40), r:rr thrr>rrgir c$rrnecri{)u
{ot dirrcd.v Acf$tcrl ir1 llr.rtflt'r',:rs rvith"lluH:srt (sotuher:r: ltaly) {6. 1.5 C255i r;r llhlgcl;r ^{Asia Miuof
-
(l 4.1.:0 C63!).T!:csc ('{scs :)nl tratrrirrf,(l irr l)ntt*rtr>rr l(l1l).
1) Iiorsorrre rljsnrsicnofStr;rholrat(irru.lctr)lr';rnlantlusc<rtL:r"al
l0
l)t'lhr.$cel);i(tcr-sorr2{)11)lr:Ill-ll?.
ft>r$tr;rbosu;hrn;rlerialFroudcrcticlctr(:ctir;rra'"phrris'li',r:cl-irr'sp:rce,".rs()lartciltrcrjl:csit(t91){):
2ll t). Sce aho l);rndrtrry 201ii 43(.,-4.+il ltrr thc r'{r1r ul rrtfrr:unv i:r tllr: corsffuctir>n of idcrrtitl'. l)andrcrv
sces drt pola as thr cxclusirt "iarulsr:epr t)l:tlrsrttor)"'l<,rr Srr;rbo - thlt is. unl-r' thr pol* ;:rct-idcs thu
srrr:ct{iics lry N,hii:h Strtlro;r$gxr.:s and prcs+rte"* dt>trtrrturtul nrcrl:or'1..Although Stralxr pri<.rririzrs t:ities
Il
as vErlucs of civilizatit>:r.;s tlircussr:d l,r1[q"rr+', lhir alSurt]frtt is {aoing rtrcr i}r.'J:ble ?2..i ak:rrc suggflit-\
rnothsr $ffncturc, tribal, l'ry '*'hich rnenxrry *rrrld b* ptc*url'td. SEc dst {-ll;rrkc 191}{):2?{r-!ljl.
Cllarke 19tX):f71,)-171.:i1S-l1t);l)urrh2lXr4): 7.i^l{ollt:r'rnult:r, Irrcorxrr{l{.t14:7!"1-lilltJ rcadil1.*hou.s
Str+bo'.s rcli+rr:c _pr:inarilv tn (l+t]:. rourrr$. licc:rlso Appcndix (l in (.jla*c 1i)9i) for a rr.{tion-t}--
rcqiott rtrrr,c\' 0l sr)ut|cs.
is a tat'iarrt rvl:ich pl.:rer ArrrFhilochrrs'spi$urLr !o A<.;rr*arria lr.herr: he fi:rrrrds Arll-.hiloctri;:u
ll Tlfft
A:.g>sn"rdthertstr.riAnrphik>chir,Sf;rhorncrrtinnsthisat r-.-j.t-('.t.l326.s,iltrchtcilcsfl:u<.'ydides.
CIlThut. 1.63-3. Su'alr<> rtgrrtlt llrrc-vrijdtr';ri:crtun{ ofl,,{n:hjlor:l'riarr Argos as a rrri;u:t tr) Ephorus'
!er$i(rl.whirh ira*Ar*hiiochus'ltgrt'ht":'Alcrnau:l {ivtnrr{ thc cit)l^^l'}r:? ili }.et;rrlothg'rrari;rnt iu ['rer<loAJ:rrllridrrrns'Silliotht:ka,whtch hrrk{r.4n:phikrcl:us son rr}'Alirrurri}rl r:.\ thc lirur:dt'r {-1 i.7l^Cf.fu:olhxl.
Ept.6. 19.
13 On rhis u$o oadciforsmi.sct l.)ue.ck 3l)1)t): ll,1l4 Arrirn2.5-9.Tlrrkil-ll'ripdcr:ircdir,rntthcctcc{{utnl.Alc:r*rrtlr::\hou*,tlrcAq;r':ds.fnxr:the'Icmctriclr
<li
A:'qot, Scr lrrrthe r P:ltt*rsltn 2ll i il:l: lJ;. ':,2.ll),{r.1.5.6--i.'J.9.2.11.
15 th>jarrW;rr:'lhblc2l,lr5,2.5,(r.l.ii.{:.1
11r1 1:.
1.1.1.1'r1, i4,1^?11. 14-2-(r. i4.tr.1}.
l?.1.i4;'Iihle ?2.2:11.4."1,5+"b,b.:.2. 1.7.1 "2Y;17a. 1(),1.1(i.i.1.1.4b, 1.1 -1.-], 17.N.1?: lihlul2-4:i..X.3,
6.t.1;1.(r,1.15,6.i.9,!.5.(r, I j.1.11, l:i.t.31, 13.1..111. 13.'l..14, i^1. t.+t{. 1.* l"l(:. 1.1 "i.l- l4.5.ll). 14.,5 lfr:
'Iable 22.6: Il.f,.l,8,4.1. |il.2 1+, 13.1 ,21-1t,1,5. L,+S, 13.1 .(i.]. Notc th::l rhrrc arq lnAr'r r!t()rr n:tc'rcrrces
irr Smbn tn thc'Ii<r.j;rr:W;.rr;rnr.l to lh>rrnrir'tprc. Listtd llers;!rc nNths S!r'ih$ uscs to rxPlilrr rnodcru
tof o!r.vrr: artcl s{) oll-
1(r Rutlcrfond 30t)l: 196-11)fi.
l7
lil
DrmrirS0t)l:123.
Ducck f()lXi: 172-173.
19 lhus;rnilrsrr<lfc-sd)atOxvlus'grcnt-gl:urr'hrrothurwj\!tllc{irtr:ro{l{tllus'rlor}:crfl-)ciarril;r,rvlrovl-$als<r
lionrArrolia) (5.i.1).
3{) ?attcrson 2{}04: 34ii.
21 l)urck 2000 451 Preztlcr 2()tj5l 1 4{)-l 50.
32 Strabo\m:rirrtrcrtrnenrisl4. l.JC$31-3i.$ce ii:r'tltcrl.)uttcrs+n1{11f,:319;llall 1'}97:51-53.
23 Sourr'iuou-lrrrvoodS0l).):lt7,illi.Strrlro13,3. l7t.l34.Parr*.ll.4.l.Fcrrilnq.tc1l$ire dircu*si<:rrolGrurk
t:adirious ahout the Pel;tsgiarrs. see also Fou'lur ?$llir ll4-U6.
?4 Sccr alsu lrrsrirr 4?,2"7-tl firr alr cstir?!af': r>1'Arttrtrriit'li sjzc;rnil arr Acc$r.ul{ of Anrrerrus, hcrc i:i]ltil
Arrrcrrirrr.AlthnugbStr"bo.:l;rit, tohrvcvrrrtrttlArrtrurriil(1.5.t1 (,117),hisclcscril'rion('rlthsgcoer;rphy is u,r <ruehg rvilh ptllrltnrs, rvith n'u;rddlcd ;rtd il'+)rt rtrl'{ irdtrr}r Lntr o{'tr:pogrlphri Sr:r turrlrr:r Svurc
t995: 29-30. (iirrrx> Ii'arrr:r ltas rxpmtsr:il trr r11r: hi* dnlLl.rts tlt*t Srralrr: rvcr yi-ritecl (.in:rtcr Arr:rcrri:r.
givun thr rccurrirrg nrilirary crisc-r thct'irr his lifl:tinrc. l':or rrrorg orr .\t:-al:o ts:r prinurv sourrc Ifur
Arnreria, scc hrirra in thir \,'orun:tl
2.i Pattssr:rr 2{J 1 3: 218.
291
L*
E. Pctlvrson
2(r As it h;rp1tcn,t, Sn'ahtr mrkcs arl cr()r vl"ht:n suqgcstirtg itttothcr rcasr)r'l trr n:_ject t}is ;r.ssociati<rn. llc
arguc$ fhA( Nlrr;rlirrs ct>rrld not havc loundcd Nar,rPli:r zrr<rnntl drq cirnc of t:hc'Ikljett W;rr sittcc, rs rht
son nf Post:idorr lncl l)arr:rus" rl;rughter Anrynronc. he i* fir too carlr'. ftr firct, Stralro has r:o;rfirsed hinr
with Nauplius son of (llvtcurr:u-r'rrrtl latllcr of lt:rlnnrcdr:s. l.)rrt hcrr- !'ric scc ilnothct cxrnrplc of Strah<>
trying tn ernplo)' nrydr^ if nnt fflrvlesrly. to ilns$'cr a historicrl qu*srion.
27 Stc;rho ds<> rrckrxnvlcrlgct l.rtcr rrr (r. l 15 iOl(r5J thc l.)r;rt(,r,rttqrtcd lirurrrhtitrrr of-1"'lctaptrrrtiurrr bl
to Ephr>r:us.
29
l-15; r:{.Varr dqr Vlict
(}l'l-l:
72-75, 2r t{tJ: 2ti7;rcrtrallv u$es ll'rf$e eit:tions to sul)port il cliti'crcrnt rlgunront finrn rriine, uarnr,l1, rhat urbanizatiorr ml rrlso apply ro b;rrbari:rn cultrrrc$, cvcu th(t$u hrn:ti o{'(.}r.rcr:o-I\orrun clltrrr;rl t?lr:ls, Strabo
is not consi*tcnt wherr ;applyin{a th$c conropcs,(>r rherc atc iildr:ud noti('c! caritirs:rnd high culturc irr
28 Thorrrpson I 979:
32
i
'I^h<rrrrps<rn
rronhe.llcrric stlting\. Scc cspcci:rl['l'horrtpsr):r 1 i)79 : 2.13rr. 5 1 .
-)t) AhrreFor 2t)()5: 5()-5j: ct.'I'hollenj tt)tlj .2 t=-31 .
J I Scc hrrthcr S<-'uryitou-lnrvrrod 2tt(!3: 1 l.l.
i2
Srnrho is cquatiug ()rrri;r
witlr Ilcltlorrts' l lrr il irr l:rpr{rir, thr'trgh l lvr i:i
t:r>lrl<I .rJso
possrbh [:r
VcretLt:rr.
Ephorrrs is
thf sr)rucc firr ell iirunthtiort$ llst('d itt 8.tl.i.
33
J4 l)hcrtc-sdcr is citc<J as thc r"r:;rin srlun.c lor rhc clrigins r>l'thc tu.clve lonirur t:itics:lt thc l)cqirrrill]I ol14.1.J. Strutrcr <.rbviousl), r:r.urslrlted fulirrurcrrrrut ani{ A!r,rr:rcon lri rr.'cll, hut thcl'u-c t>r:lv listrd irere
rvherc thc gittrion ir elear i;r $tcrho's tcxt.,lor) firrtltc'r (krok 1975: ?.q1-85
35 Giverrrh:rttheStoir:philrsopiler:Athenock>rrulvar$ner>fStmlrolrrca(hrrslrrdl';$ti'onr'Iilrsuril(r.42i
h;vc pvll1'j.lstrl rnur:h o{'$t'rul'xt'.i irrfir"rrr;rtit:rr jthout it, elchough othcr $ou!'ccs rn
liratrcu l{){J6: -i.i{)-.llil: l)ucck l{l{}0: -14
il6 ",{r:rl.ri;rn" herc rclers t{) th{r right b.urk of drt Nile. \Vr' kr:on thr! Slribo tnvcle'd rrp tlrr: Nile rvith
Aclirr-l (iallus {1.5.12 il1 18,17.1 .2, (;li!]1t,so lris irtk>rnr:rtirrrr 11u( lrs oil411"1l 1rr q n.
,i7 !:r:.rgrnerrr rrurrbeis trnnr Ri>licr 2tl I -1.
-)ti Asftn*lcrl{)lJ:89hasr:oted,the exrrntofStrrholsclchttollccltacus*t?.7.1 irrrr)cl*u'.fknvlrydoubts
that Her:etaeus is drt' speciEc source fbr all the frrrrnrtrticut irccounts here, so I birve indic;rted "unspe,ci6ed"
tbr chc rcrrrairrds'oi7-7 I.
C77'.Ji, hc nrav rvr.ll
1'r>ssihlt. Sce
"W'or:ks
cited
Alur:rgor, 1.. lpt)5 "\I/ho ir:r iSarhrrrirrr?'l"hc lllu'birri,rur it: tlrc [thnok:pii::rl irntl (-ultut;rl 'l'rxorrornrr5
of Srralr<r". Strabr's ()tllwal ("ito.graphy:'lftr A4rrk'rg tf rt Kukisst:urgr: fdr, l), ].)ucc\, Il. Linilra,*'arrrl
S. Pothci:ary ();rnrbridgt.
4'l--i.i.
llittury: I'idleristic C-'qrr-rlru,trn,r,s of tlu: Rrn4n llirrl/ ()xlc'rd.
P$!:
Lnol llistory rrnd thr: Pojis. (}xlirnl
.for
Cook, J.M. 1975. "(lrcck Scttl('Ir1oilt irr lhc l!:stcnr Aege:rrr atrd A:sia lt"linr>r". 'I'hc Canilridge Attciat
History. Vbl. 11.2. Histtry af tlw tutiddlv htst awl the tlqea.r. R4girrr, c. 1)80-1000 R.C. .Lds. l.E.S.
Ectra.arrh, C.l Cledd. N^(i.L l{elrrnrrrndanil [,. Solltrcrer ():rrtrbridgc. ?73-$0{.
I)ln<lrc'w, E. 2015. "lvlcrrrrlrr- arrd thr: ()rcck (lir,v in Strabt>'s (}cograpl4;' Lirlnn l)reous aril llealitits itt
Antiqaily: Re.mains tnd Rq)ftsilratiota of lhe ilntit:nt Cirl'. Ed. A.\1- Kcmczis. Lcitil:n 4-)8-454.
Dcnrir, M. l(X)t. "tvlakintl Sorsu of drc 51yths II:hinr'l Aioliam Ool<lnisrtir:u". Sosyal Bilimlar Enstitilsi|
Deqisi 6: I07-142
l)rrcck. D. 2(Xll). $fftrfo nf rlnwsitt:.{ Oncft Mttn tf lfutts in Auqtl-<tott Rorre. Lonrlon
Fowlcr, l\.L.2013. Ealy Cnch *'tl,thogruplty, Vilwnt 2: Cttnrnentvy. ()xfi>r'd.
Fr:atrrr>, (1. 200(r. "l'rrnio tnr Autortir.r c ()ttrvi:uro ($trahr:rrt 14,5.14)". Rrr/icc lll: 3t l-3.19.
I lill, J.l\4. 191)'t Ethric klmrity in Gnr& lntiqoity, ()trrrbridgr'.
Patrcnorr. L.ts. 2(n.l "Ar: ,{ttcliat: l.-ncr,rl i\41'rh itt l!:tuslrries?". ,'1Cn$ttosyrtf i7..}: 34{r-3i2.
Cl.rrkc,
K. 19r9, ,tfrri^,ri {kography
(.)larkrr,
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