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http://www.mostraaldomanuzio.it/
2023 •
Audition certificates are a salient feature of Arabic manuscript cultures. They are brimming with data and can include: the name of the teacher(s), the name of the student(s) (including highlighting those coming late or leaving early), the name of the reader, the name of the writer of the certificate, the name of the book’s owner, the date of the reading, the place of the reading and many other surprises (such as a writer recording the birth of his son during the reading session in the room next door). These certificates contain a wealth of historical data, in particular on persons we do not find in many other sources such as women and dependants. They are thus a source of outstanding importance for fields such as social history, history of ideas, economic history, urban history, historical topography, and biographical studies. It goes without saying that, especially in a comparative perspective with other world regions, such as Latin Europe, this copious material represents a considerable resource for widening the understanding of Islamicate societies. So far, this unparalleled source has only been used on the basis of individual manuscripts or small corpora. ACP is the first major project aimed at unlocking the potential of this unique source corpus. It is based on the holdings of selected libraries (Staatsbibliothek Berlin, Forschungsbibliothek Gotha, The Bibliothèque nationale de France, Syrian National Library) and will be continiously enlarged.
International Journal of Risk & Safety in Medicine
A reactogenic "placebo" and the ethics of informed consent in Gardasil HPV vaccine clinical trials: A case study from Denmark2024 •
BACKGROUND: Medical ethics guidelines require of clinical trial investigators and sponsors to inform prospective trial participants of all known and potential risks associated with investigational medical products, and to obtain their free informed consent. These guidelines also require that clinical research be so designed as to minimize harms and maximize benefits. OBJECTIVE: To examine Merck's scientific rationale for using a reactogenic aluminum-containing "placebo" in Gardasil HPV vaccine pre-licensure clinical trials. METHODS: We examined the informed consent form and the recruitment brochure for the FUTURE II Gardasil vaccine trial conducted in Denmark; and we interviewed several FUTURE II trial participants and their treating physicians. We also reviewed regulatory documentation related to Gardasil vaccine approval process and the guidelines on evaluation of adjuvants used in human vaccines. RESULTS: It was found that the vaccine manufacturer Merck made several inaccurate statements to trial participants that compromised their right to informed consent. First, even though the study protocol listed safety testing as one of the study's primary objectives, the recruitment brochure emphasized that FUTURE II was not a safety study, and that the vaccine had already been proven safe. Second, the advertising material for the trial and the informed consent forms stated that the placebo was saline or an inactive substance, when, in fact, it contained Merck's proprietary highly reactogenic aluminum adjuvant which does not appear to have been properly evaluated for safety. Several trial participants experienced chronic disabling symptoms, including some randomized to the adjuvant "placebo" group. CONCLUSION: In our view, the administration of a reactive placebo in Gardasil clinical trials was without any possible benefit, needlessly exposed study subjects to risks, and was therefore a violation of medical ethics. The routine use of aluminum adjuvants as "placebos" in vaccine clinical trials is inappropriate as it hinders the discovery of vaccine-related safety signals.
The groundwater supply of the city of Chihuahua, Mexico, is currently unsustainable: demand exceeds replenishment in this area of relatively low precipitation and periodic droughts. The Chihuahua basin hydrologic analysis reflects only two areas of opportunity to increase water supply: water reuse and managed aquifer recharge with treated wastewater. This paper presents the results of project studies carried out by the Institute of Engineering of the UNAM (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México—National Autonomous University of Mexico) to define the best method for managed aquifer recharge (MAR) with treated wastewater and to identify suitable locations. The work was conducted in accordance with the Mexican guidelines for aquifer recharge with treated wastewater (NOM-014; CONAGUA NOM-014-Requisitos para la recarga artificial de acuíferos con agua residual tratada, 2007) and includes geophysical surveys and unsaturated zone modeling to design a pilot test for intermittent infiltration which will subsequently inform the feasibility and design of a large scale system to recharge 25 Mm 3 /year.
Banana is a tropical fruit crop that is consumed at large, not only because of the quantity produced but also because it serves the calorific needs of millions of people. Banana is a potential source of high starch content (more than 60%). The application of starch for various purposes is dependent upon its structural, physicochemical, and functional properties. A native starch does not possess all required properties for specific use in the food product. To improve its application, starch can be modified physically, chemically, and enzymatically. Each of these modification methods provides different characteristics to the modified starch. This review aims to examine the chemical composition, granule morphology, crystallinity, pasting, thermal properties, and digestibility of banana starch, and discusses the various modifications and potential applications of banana starch in the food industry.
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