Technical Paper doi:10.3723/ut.30.207 International Journal of the Society for Underwater Technology, Vol 30, No 4, pp 207–215, 2012 Ancient coastal landscape of the marine protected area of Porto Cesareo (Lecce, Italy): recent research C Alfonso*1, R Auriemma1, T Scarano1, G Mastronuzzi2, L Calcagnile3, G Quarta3 and M Di Bartolo1 1 Dipartimento di Beni Culturali, Università del Salento, via Birago n 64, 73100 Lecce, Italy 2 Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e Geoambientali, Campus Universitario, Università degli Studi ‘Aldo Moro’, via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy 3 Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell’Innovazione, Center for Dating and Diagnostics (CEDAD), Università del Salento, via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy Abstract In the Porto Cesareo (Lecce, Italy) coastal area, submerged and semi-submerged archaeological evidence has been uncovered by recent preliminary surveys carried out in close collaboration with the local marine protected area (MPA): (a) a navis lapidaria wreck of the Roman imperial age; (b) various scattered and decontextualised finds; (c) a beached wreck, probably medieval; (d) some submerged built-structures that are part of the Bronze Age Scalo di Furno settlement; and (e) remains of structures (walls, buildings, burial areas). The last three pieces of evidence allow for the hypothesis of a significantly different ancient coastal landscape than that of the present and a ‘dynamic’ scenario over the centuries. Keywords: coastal landscape archaeology, geo-archaeology, sea level changes, Bronze Age and Roman settlements, Porto Cesareo 1. Premise The reconstruction of the ancient landscape and organisation of the environmental system requires a multidisciplinary approach. Archaeologists, geologists, geochemists and physicists must contribute to surveys and data elaboration, with the aim to correlate their results in a reliable view of the relations between cultural evolution and environmental dynamics (Leveau et al., 2000). Since the 1970s, archaeological data have been largely used to reconstruct sea level change during the Late Holocene (Schiemdt, 1972; Pirazzoli, 1976; Flemming, 1979–1980; Antonioli and Leoni, 1998; Scicchitano et al., 2007; Sivan, 2007). Generally, the data have been employed in one way: by geomorphologists and/or geographers to identify, * Contact author. E-mail address: cristianoalfonso@libero.it with undefined approximation, positions and ages of past sea level stands. Later, collaboration with archaeologists allowed them to reduce the error bar of chronological attribution and to determine, with precision, the functional elevation of anthropological remains above or below sea level (Sivan et al., 2001; Antonioli et al., 2007). More recently, the need to standardise the use of archaeological markers in sea level change history led to the paper by Auriemma and Solinas (2009) in which every archaeological marker is considered in relation to its functional elevation on the relative past sea level. From a chronological point of view, the archaeological approach is absolutely precise in dating some man-made artefacts like pottery or metallic objects. Furthermore, written historic chronicles – when available – permit large constructions, like harbours or built structures, to be dated. On the other hand, classical archaeological study has limitations in the age attribution of wood structures or objects (pile holes, ships, fire remains), or organic remains (skeletons, paintings, clothes). In this case the opportunity to use a geochemical approach with C14 techniques is especially invaluable when carrying out an evaluation. 2. Background The presence of extensive archaeological remains in the inlet of Porto Cesareo has been known of since the 1960s. In particular, the area attracted the attention of researchers through the presence of the protohistoric site of Scalo di Furno and the Roman wreck of a navis lapidaria, with a cargo of monumental marble columns from Greece (Auriemma, 2004a). 207 Alfonso et al. Ancient coastal landscape of the marine protected area of Porto Cesareo (Lecce, Italy): recent research Previous papers have aimed to describe these emergences, but have not attempted to insert them into a cultural-environmental context. The present paper, instead, focuses on the numerous archaeological remains found along the shore which could provide – directly or indirectly – data for the reconstruction of human history in relation to environmental dynamics. Various submerged and semi-submerged remains have been detected by some recent notifications and preliminary surveys in the Marine Protected Area: •฀ scattered and decontextualised finds; •฀ a beached wreck; •฀ submerged structures, located between the locality called Scalo di Furno and the islet opposite it; •฀ remains of structures (walls, buildings, burial areas) and findings of the Roman age (Fig 1). The evidence has allowed researchers to hypothesise a significantly different ancient coastal landscape to that of the present and a dynamic environment over the centuries. The historical and archaeological capabilities inside the Marine Protected Area of Porto Cesareo have been uncovered by a series of recent preliminary surveys. Old and new recoveries, measurements and reports concern isolated or decontextualised finds, such as anchors, amphorae, lamps, tableware and cooking pottery, fishing equipment and ship elements (Congedo, 1984; Borricelli and Zaccaria, 1995; Auriemma, 2004a) (Fig 1). All these remains testify to an intense inhabitation of this area in ancient times, both along the fishing and coastal routes. New data, based on new finds, have given researchers the opportunity to attempt a reconstruction of the paleolandscape. 3. Geomorphological setting The coast of Porto Cesareo is an example of a gently sloping rocky coast (Mastronuzzi et al., 1994; Mastronuzzi et al., 2002) shaped by a sequence of Mesozoic limestone over-capped by Pleistocenic calcarenite belonging to the Upper Pleistocene (Mastronuzzi and Sansò, 2002). Unfortunately, this last deposit did not show any evidence – paleontological or geo-chronological – that would permit allocating a precise age to it. The only chronological attribution seems to be derived by the nearby Strombus bubonius, which remains at about 4m above present sea level (APSL) near Gallipoli (Hearty and Dai Pra, 1992). Another attribution may be derived by a beach level at 6m APSL near cape Santa Maria di Leuca. This is allocated to the marine isotope stage (MIS) 5.5 by means of U/Th age determinations (Mastronuzzi et al., 2007), so that the calcareous outcropping in the Porto Cesareo bay can be categorised to a generic MIS 5 but without the possibility of differentiating between the possible sub-stages. From the tectonic point of view, the first consequence is that this area can be considered to be more or less stable, characterised by a vertical displacement ranging from −0.03 and +0.02mm/yr (Ferranti et al., 2006). The problems facing the recognition of the environment in which fossils have been found means that researchers cannot be Fig 1: Archaeological map of recoveries in Proto Cesareo 40° 16′ 10″ N 17° 52′ 45″ E 208 Vol 30, No 4, 2012 absolutely certain in identifying the sedimentation depth as a consequence of the past sea level elevation. Therefore the chronological attribution and the tectonic assessment are still questionable. However, here the local geological sequence has been partly submerged by the Holocene transgression which occurred in the last 20ky. At that time, the sea level was 150m below its present position (Lambeck et al., 2004a) and only 6ky BP stopped its fast rise to a few metres below its current level (e.g. Lambeck et al., 2004a,b; Auriemma et al., 2004b; Auriemma et al., 2005; Antonioli et al., 2009). The last 6ky were characterised by a slower rise in sea level that reached the present zero, inducing the inland migration of dune belts (Mastronuzzi and Sansò, 2002; Mastronuzzi and Romaniello, 2008) conditioning the development, and perhaps the permanence, of human settlements. 4. Archaeological data 4.1. Scalo di Furno The Bronze Age site of Scalo di Furno is a protohistoric, coastal, long-term settlement occupied almost without interruption from the early middle Bronze Age (17th–18th c. BC) to the late Iron Age (5th–6th c. BC). The archaeological investigations, directed by the Superintendence of Archaeological Heritage of Apulia between 1969 and 1977, highlighted the importance of the fortified Bronze Age settlement. During the excavation of the inhabited area, a great quantity and variety of local handmade impasto pottery was unearthed in a good state of preservation, along with some Aegean-type sherds (LH IIIA–IIIC) and bronze objects (Lo Porto, 1990). Many of these artefacts, a large number of bones and stone tools, and faunal, malacological and botanical remains were often identified in their functional position on the floor of the dwelling structures. Furthermore, the remains of a large dry-stone fortification wall, running northwest to southeast along the isthmus and possessing a gate located on the southeast side of the inhabited area, were identified during the archaeological excavations in the late 1960s. The wall, possibly dating almost to the end of the 2nd millennium BC, probably marked the settlement boundary on the landward side and defended the inhabited area. The underwater archaeological survey of the area between Scalo di Furno and the islet produced two important results. First, a submerged wall (about 17m long, 5m wide and 1m high) was found about 100m southwest of the southern remains of the Bronze Age fortification wall (Fig 2). A reasonable Fig 2: Submerged wall in Scalo di Furno (photo by G Piccioli) hypothesis is to consider this submerged structure to be a part of that protohistoric enceinte. The second piece of evidence documented concerns a large area (about 2000m²) paved with a flagstone floor lying on the bedrock and preserving archaeological soil with hundreds of local handmade impasto sherds and many animal bone fragments (Fig 3). The pottery sampled (mostly handles and rims) can be seen to derive from some incomplete close- and open-shaped containers (cups, dippers, bowls, small jars, dolia and biconical vases) dating mainly to the local middle Bronze Age archaeological facies (late proto-Apennine and Apennine) (Scarano, 2011). Both pieces of evidence lie about 3.5m under the actual sea level and mark a deep change in the coastal geography of this area that probably began during the first half of the 2nd millennium BC (Scarano et al., 2008). Some archaeological evidence suggests that both the submerged structures (as well as the fortification wall above the sea level) could date back to the early phase of occupation of the middle Bronze Age settlement of Scalo di Furno. Fig 3: The area paved with a flagstone floor lying on the bedrock in Scalo di Furno (photo by C Alfonso) 209 Alfonso et al. Ancient coastal landscape of the marine protected area of Porto Cesareo (Lecce, Italy): recent research In the present day, the Bronze Age settlement of Scalo di Furno is a small peninsula about 1ha wide, and the marine erosion produced by the sea level rise has heavily modified the morphology of the ancient site. 4.2. Torre Chianca Along the stretch of coast between the Torre Chianca headland and the narrow peninsula immediately to the west, the continuous receding of the coastline has brought to light many ancient remains that attest to intense human activity in the area, especially in the Roman age. A few of these pieces of evidence were already known and had been examined by the research group of the Unità Operativa di Topografia Antica, Dipartimento di Beni Culturali. In the 1980s the group carried out some surveys both on the Torre Chianca headland and on the islet near to it. In the area black gloss, grey gloss, African red slip and dolia sherds, net weights, nails, hooks, besides relevant quantities of malacological remains (murices), were detected. The marine shells found were actually of a small size and not related to purple dye working process. Only an archaeological excavation could verify the existence of specimina used for this purpose (Guaitoli, 1997; Valchera and Zampolini Faustini, 1997). There were also dozens of artificial holes, aligned and of various diameters, that probably were associated with a sort of pile structure and could be related to the protohistoric phase. The whole promontory of the tower known as Torre Chianca and the small western peninsula, which has an archaeological deposit up to 1m above the present sea level in the preserved part, has a corroded border from the action of the sea. Numerous pottery fragments (belonging to amphorae, tiles and coarse ware), together with remains of fauna, can be observed in the section clearly evident behind the bare rocky bench of the intertidal stretch. These ceramic sherds are associated with local laterepublican amphorae, flat-bottomed amphorae (Forlimpopoli type, end of 1st–2nd c. AD) and common ware. There is also one lamp presumably related to the high imperial age. Net weights and nails by naval carpentry have been discovered also. There are remains of wall foundations and a double curtain of limestone blocks. Two structures located near the tip of headland are particularly significant; they are perpendicular to each other and define a large room. Other archaeological evidence, such as remains of limestone sarcophagi, have been detected along the western side, near the dunes which stretch to the north. They are represented by a double slope lid with corner acroteri, which is fragmented and eroded, and other remains partially 210 preserved, only 30cm above sea level and attributable with caution to the 4th–5th c. AD. Other burials partially submerged, together with the remains of at least three individuals, are visible in a simple grave cut into the rock near the sarcophagi. The bones are stuck to the bedrock because they were lying at sea level. The lack of grave goods does not allow researchers to date them more precisely, but the burials could belong to the same phase of the late imperial sarcophagi. With regard to the chronological horizon, the few diagnostic materials scattered in this area seem to indicate a range of periods from the late Republic to late Antiquity. 4.3. Medieval wreck The navis lapidaria wreck lies on a bed of silt-clay sediments of very compact texture. It is oriented 330° N with the bow facing north and is perfectly parallel to the shoreline (Fig 4). The boat, in fact, pertains to the category of beached wrecks frequently found along the coasts of Salento. Their presence could be considered as a marker of significant variations of sea level in the Late Holocene (Mastronuzzi and Auriemma, 2007). When determining how this vessel became a beached wreck, it is important to calculate the vessel draft. In particular, the gross tonnage of the vessel (based on Colbert’s formula on mutual relations of length, width and height: 15 × 5 × 1.8m, in this case), is estimated at about 20 tonnes. Then, using a diagram reference that connects tonnage to water displacement according to Archimedes’ principle (Charlin et al., 1978), the vessel draft can be estimated (although completely approximately) at about 1.5m. This is in line with the estimated drafts of boats of similar size and shape, and especially contemporary ones, such as Serce Limani 11th c. AD (Steffy, 1994). This draft explains the dynamics of how the wreck came to be stranded. Encountering hazardous conditions, probably as a result of a storm, Fig 4: The medieval wreck (photo by C Alfonso) Vol 30, No 4, 2012 the boat was dragged into a body of water (now at 2m deep) similar to Porto Cesareo bay. In the 10th c. AD, it is estimated this body of water would have been about 1m deep, which would have prevented the vessel’s draft and therefore probably remained aground. It is unusual to come across a beached wreck of this type because of its unusual naval architecture. In fact, because of its chronological attribution, it has only been possible to compare it to the shipwreck of Tantura Lagoon in Israel (Kahanov and Royal, 2000). An interesting parallel can be found with that shipwreck: it concerns the rabbet (receiving groove of the first planking). In both cases there is a ‘lip’ that projects outward (1cm in Porto Cesareo wreck and 3cm in Tantura B wreck) on both sides of the upper face of the keel. It is likely to be the wreck of a medium-sized cargo vessel, suitable for a long coastal navigation and similar to the Yenikapi vessels (Ward, 2010), coming from the Syro-Palestinian or the Aegean area. Wood samples of the floor timber in the Porto Cesareo wrecks were radiocarbon dated by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS). Conventional radiocarbon ages (Stuiver et al., 1986) were then measured by using the AMS beamline installed at the 3MV Tandetron accelerator of CEDAD (Calcagnile et al., 2005). The selected wood sample was dated to 1128 ± 45 BP (uncalibrated radiocarbon age). The age was then calibrated to calendar years by using the INTACAL04 calibration curve to 770–1020cal AD with a probability of 95.4% (Fig 5). 5. Methods The coastal archaeological evidence can be correlated to geological data to determine changes in Atmospheric data from Reimer et al (2004); OxCal v3.10 Bronk Ramsey (2005); cub r:5 sd:12 prob usp[chron] Radiocarbon determination 1500BP LTL4757B : 1128±45BP 1400BP 68.2% probability 870AD (68.2%) 990AD 95.4% probability 770AD (95.4%) 1020AD 1300BP 1200BP 1100BP 1000BP 900BP 800BP 600Cal AD 800Cal AD 1000Cal AD Calibrated date 1200Cal AD Fig 5: Conventional radiocarbon ages, which were converted to calendar ages by using the INTACAL calibration curve and the OxCal software the sea level in the recent past. The archaeological structures that can be taken into consideration are as follows: harbour infrastructure (quays, piers, navy yards); fishponds; residential units (villae maritimae); caves (nymphaea); private and public buildings, or town quarters (foundations, floorings, roads and pavements); thermal baths; plumbing installations (wells, aqueducts, cisterns, sewers, drains, gullies); tombs; pre- and protohistorical settlements; quarries; caves; beach rock; beached wrecks; and anchorages (Kraft et al., 1985; Auriemma et al., 2003; Auriemma and Solinas 2009). It is necessary to collect the archaeological data directly from the field (documenting which typology of evidence, the constructive technique, presumed dating, functional elements). In addition, the geologic/geomorphological data (beach/dunes deposits, beach rock, bioconstruction or bioconcrection, inner margin, wave cut platform, trottoir, notch, cave, speleothem) should also be recorded, although with different levels of approximation (Ferranti et al., 2006). This will assist in correlating them and determining the period of construction, the chronological range of usage/frequentation, and the dynamics of its abandonment/destruction/obliteration. This is possible only after a series of surveys ranging from the prospecting of the area, to the sampling of the chronological indicators (ceramic finds), and the detection and (partial) excavation of part of the structure (sample). The surveys carried out in the area for the present study did not permit the discovery of any geological or geomorphological markers that would permit direct correlation to past sea level stands with precision. Unluckily, widespread dune belt and wave cut platforms together were not enough to indicate more than a transgressive tendency which has occurred in the last 6ky; their analysis did not supply data about the age and position of past sea level. On the contrary, archaeological evidence indicates an age when the area was frequented and, consequently if submerged, an age ex-ante when the sea level was lower than it is today. It is problematic to attribute the functional elevation that corresponds to the height at which the structure worked without directly receiving breaking waves or extensive aerosol effects. Together, they would not have permitted human settlement. Therefore two parameters characteristic of the coastal landscape must be determined: the gradient of the submerged/emerged slope; and the wave-climate feature. The first set of data can be easily derived by the analysis of the present landscape in an area in which geological sequence and physical geography (fetch and wind exposition) are about the same; in 211 Alfonso et al. Ancient coastal landscape of the marine protected area of Porto Cesareo (Lecce, Italy): recent research the case of the Porto Cesareo area, a slope of no more than 5° can be given confidently. It is more difficult to hypothesise the past waveclimate feature. Obviously, it is a function of the past climate; however, since there is no record of the past winds and consequent waves, the only way to approximate this is to consider the present waves as representative of the waves of 3500 years BP (the submerged pavement), 1500 years BP (the tombs) and 1000 BP (the wreck). Of course this approximation excludes any possibility of considering occasional extreme events, such as an exceptional storm or a tsunami, whose impact is evident not far away (Mastronuzzi and Sansò, 2000). Together these constraints need to consider a functional elevation of at least 1.5m (Table 1). 6. Results and discussion Considering the constraints adopted and explained in the previous sections – age and functional elevation – the present study attempted to reconstruct the sea level change by building a sea level curve of the past 5000 years. Ages and elevations of the surveyed remains have been reported on the most recent curves elaborated, according to the model produced by Lambeck et al. (2004a; 2011) (Fig 6). The horizontal error bar indicates the supposed Table 1: Measurement data and inferred sea levels for archaeological site in Porto Cesareo Type, and measured height (m) Age yrs BP Corrected height (m) Functional height (m) s.l. change (m) Walking surface of flagstone floor −3.55 2 Roman grave 2011/02/16 h grave cut Torre Chianca 14.00 GMT into the rock −0.00 2011/05/10 h beached 3 Medieval 12:00 GMT wreck beached −2,47 wreck 3400 ± 100 −3.85 1.5 a.m.s.l. ± 0.60 1600 ± 100 −0.55 1.5 a.m.s.l. ± 0.60 1128 ± 45 (14C uncalibrated) 1117 ± 125 (14C calibrated data) −2.77 −1.5 a.m.s.l. ± 0.60 Site name 1 Flagstone floor of Scalo di Furno Survey date (yyyy/mm/ dd, h) 2011/10/01 h 11.30 GMT Fig 6: Ubication of the archaeological data derived from Porto Cesareo with respect to the known curve by Lambeck et al. (2004a; 2011) 212 Vol 30, No 4, 2012 age, and the vertical error bar indicates the functional elevation on the correlated sea level for 1 and 2. In the case of site 3, it indicates the depth of the beam for the medieval wreck. As evident, the data from Porto Cesareo fit only in part with previous curves from the two models produced by Lambeck et al. (2004a; 2011). The present position of the wreck and the Roman remains below and above (respectively) the present mean sea level are in acceptable agreement with these curves. Both of them permit researchers to estimate the position of the sea level 2000 years ago at about 1.5m below the present one, and a mean sea level rise of about 0.75mm/y can be calculated. This data explains the transgression recognised on the basis of morphological markers, such as wave cut platforms and dune belts. Conflicting scenarios were derived from the study of the protohistoric submerged wall and flagstone floor. In the absence of more precise data, their chronological attribution seems to range from the 18th c. BC to the end of the 2nd millennium BC. Considering the former, in relation to modelled curves and if the yellow line is correct, it is necessary to invoke an anomalous subsiding behaviour of the land, which could be connected to the tectonic. No other possibility can be hypothesised, since a sediment load-induced subsidence and/or a sinkhole-like modelling are not supported by geological or geomorphological evidence. Therefore, it is necessary to suppose a tectonic subsidence estimated at 0.2/0.5mm/y, even though it is absolutely in disagreement with the local geological background. In fact, the tectonic behaviour of the entire Italian peninsula as suggested by the elevation of raised marine deposits indicates tectonic stability in the area around Porto Cesareo, with a possible downlift estimated at about 0.03/0.01mm/y and 10 order of magnitude bigger (Ferranti et al., 2006). A different scenario is derived from a different chronological attribution of the submerged wall and flagstone floor. An age of 3800 years BP tends to overlap the curves of Lambeck et al. (2004b) and is closer, but it is still far from those of 2011. It is evident that the chronological attribution of the protohistoric remains cannot be conditioned by a geophysical model, no matter how thorough and tested it may be. On the contrary, a model must be verified by local data. At this stage it is evident that it is not possible to calibrate the geophysical model using archaeological data, since the precision of the chronological attribution needs improvement. In general, the present study could affirm that in the Porto Cesareo area archaeological data seem to confirm the long-term tectonic downlift and the transgressive trend of the sea level, but are quite different between the last 2000 years and the previous time. 7. Conclusions The understanding of the ancient coastal landscape helps researchers to determine the particular human choices connected to the exploitation of the ancient resources and the settlement in the ancient environment. At the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC, the coastal areas of southern Apulia saw extensive growth in human settlements in the first centuries. Frequently they were characterised by dry stone fortifications and walls built at the top of morphologically elevated areas, useful in the recognition and control of the surrounding landscape both seaward and inland. This choice indicates the need to be in control of the nearby food and water resources from the network of rivers, swamps and woodland. Both the geographical and temporal extensions confer upon this phenomenon the dignity of a cultural evolution with historic foundations (Scarano, 2010). Regarding the successive phase of occupation, the geoarchaeological data render the image of settlement form to be completely different. Some coastal farmsteads/small holdings or manufacturing villages (vici), specialising in the exploitation of the maritime resources and probably related to more extensive landed properties, appear in the Roman age near the shore. They were inhabited only by small groups of people living on fishing and its proceeds, though probably only seasonally. Given recent research, this settlement pattern seems to recur along the Salento coast from the late Republic, and particularly in the imperial age and in late Antiquity, when it reaches a significant development. Examples can been found in the well-known and investigated case studies of S. Foca, Frascone – Palude del Capitano, S. Maria al Bagno – and also in less well documented case studies, such as Saturo, Torre Ovo and Punta Prosciutto (Auriemma, 2004a). Furthermore, the process of reconstruction of the ancient coastline, by the reading of the archaeological data, is determined by the analysis of single sites. This confers great importance on each archaeological site, along with the need to improve our scientific knowledge of it. In addition, accurate archaeological information has to be supported by areal geologic and biological investigations in order to better define in extension the reconstruction of the ancient coastline and landscapes. The particular coastal conformation of Porto Cesareo and its numerous archaeological sites, covering a large chronological span of time, allow researchers to be able to further conduct studies 213 Alfonso et al. Ancient coastal landscape of the marine protected area of Porto Cesareo (Lecce, Italy): recent research on the variations in sea level over time, coastal shape and erosion and the peculiarities of the ancient population along the coast. 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