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An article to the effect that the Angolan War was essentially a Cold War conflict between the Soviet Union and its proxies and the Republic of South Africa and its allies. It therefore did not represent an internecine state of hostilities between different polarised sections of the South African population. (Note: There is a statistical error in the attached article. The figure of 300 000 Soviet Personnel refers to all Soviet personnel in Angola during that period - not military personnel alone. Soviet military and intelligence personnel in Angola during the period of the Angolan War numbered between 13 000 to 16 000).
"For some fifteen years little attention has been paid to South Africa's late Cold War conflicts and the memories of soldiers who fought in them. Likewise, combatants with the liberation movements have all but been forgotten or otherwise marginalised in the new political dispensation. But the recent controversy over the exclusion of the names of SADF soldiers from the Freedom Park memorial wall and the popularity of publications and the existence of Internet sites that host personal accounts of the war suggest that there is significant public interest in these matters. The discovery of mass graves and questions about the treatment of detainees in SWAPO camps have kept the war in the public eye in Namibia. This volume offers new perspectives on the Border War through the paradigms of diplomatic and military history, cultural and literary studies, as well as victimology. Contributors to this volume have challenged the boundaries, broken the silences, even tackled some taboos about the war. They have put the Border War firmly back on the academic agenda thereby mirroring its place in the popular imagination."
2016 •
This book is a welcome addition to the growing body of literature on the conflict increasingly referred to as the ‘Southern Africa Thirty-Year War’. That armed conflict extended from the Mpondo Rebellion, which started in 1960 and the uprisings in northern Angola in 1961, to the final whimpers of township unrest in South Africa in the early 1990s. It included the protracted insurgencies of the former Portuguese territories of Angola and Mozambique, the brutal Rhodesian ‘Bush War’ for Zimbabwean liberation, the foreign involvement in the Angolan civil war, the fight for the independence of Namibia and the ‘Struggle’ in South Africa.
Journal of Contemporary History
The impact of war on Angola and South Africa : two southern African case studies2006 •
Christo Botha, Review of: Gary Baines and Peter Vale, (eds.), Beyond the Border War. New Perspectives on Southern Africa’s Late Cold War Conflicts, Pretoria, Unisa Press, 2008
Kronos
Outsiders' and 'Insiders': Post-Conflict Political Violence and Reconciliation in Malanje, Angola2019 •
After 15 years of liberation struggle, Angola attained independence from Portugal in 1975. Almost immediately, the country descended into a civil war as power struggle ensued between the three former Liberation Movements namely, the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) (which took over state rule after independence), the National Union for Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), and the National Front for the Liberation of Angola (FNLA).The civil war attracted the intervention of conflict entrepreneurs. Angola became a cold war zone with superpowers like United States of America, Union of Soviet Socialist Republic and France gaining ground for testing their weapons among other economic interests. South Africa's drive for regional hegemony, and Zaire's desire to establish influence in the area were examples of how seriously the rivalries and peace spoilers were bargaining for power at the expense of peace and sustainable development in Angola. The civil war was being funded by sales of diamonds and oil to United States of America, United Kingdom, France, Russia and Cuba in exchange for weapons and military personnel (mercenaries).Findings from research, indicated that fundamental issues underpinning the civil war ranged from power politics and control of resources. Deep ideological and strong ethnic differences, low literacy in the society, poor economic policies and corruption were also causes of the protracted conflict, making peace initiatives impossible. The Angolan civil war period can be divided as 1975-1991, 1992-1994, 1998-2002 with each period characterised by breakdown of a fragile peace (Ferreira 2006). About 8 peace agreements were signed without success with the civil war escalating each time an agreement is signed, resulting in about 1.5 million people dying and more than 4 million people internally displaced (Amnesty International 2001).The death of the UNITA leader Jonas Savimbi in a battle in 2002 and the surrender of UNITA, signalled the signing of a memorandum of understanding between Armed Forces of Angola (FAA) and UNITA which brought the Angolan civil war to an end. The ceasefire and peace agreement, which outlawed any hostile interventions, triggered the demise of all external actors and peace spoilers as well as bringing to light a massive humanitarian crisis in which over 18 million people needed food assistance, more than 4 million displaced families needed repatriation, and over 85000 UNITA soldiers demobilized and more than 43000 family members became dependent on government and the international community (Kibble and Steve 2003). The focus on new Angola is now on post-conflict reconstruction, peace-building, respect for human rights and sustainable development.
2019 •
This study examined the main strategies adopted by the Angolan government in its post-conflict reconstruction efforts, and the extent to which these efforts have promoted durable peace in the country. The number of post-conflict countries on the continent is increasing, with 16 African countries already in the process of implementing peace agreements signed during the last decade. With research showing that up to 50 percent of post-conflict countries relapse into violent conflict within five to 10 years of signing a peace agreement, implementing practical and effective strategies to prevent a return to conflict becomes imperative. In the light of the limited experience of African countries in post-conflict situations, Angola presented an interesting case study. The oil and diamond rich country, emerging in 2002 from over 40 years of conflict, has been able to develop its own homegrown post-conflict reconstruction strategies. Notable progress in addressing some of its short-term post...
Globalisation, Societies and Education
Objects and subjects of risk: A governmentality approach to education governance2022 •
International Studies Quarterly
Compliance Agreements: Emergent Flexibility in the Inter-American Human Rights SystemBibliotheca Archaeologica 59, Edipuglia, Bari
ANTIUM. Archeologia subacquea e Vitruvio nel porto di Nerone (Introduzione)2021 •
German Law Journal
Systemic Changes in the Politicization of the International Trade Relations and the Decline of the Multilateral Trading System2023 •
Religions
Madhyamaka vs. Yogācāra: A Previously Unknown Dispute in Vimalamitra's Commentary on the Heart Sūtra2023 •
Revista de la Asociación Argentina de Ortopedia y Traumatología
Dedo azul agudo idiopático no isquémico: síndrome de Achenbach. Presentación de un caso y revisión bibliográfica2021 •
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LAW OFFICES OF LALIT K JAIN ESQ Practice of Law in NY State, US Tax and District Courts, US Supreme Court, and all Courts in India2024 •
2024 •
Asian Journal of Research in Animal and Veterinary Sciences
Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Parasite in Four Goat Breeds Slaughtered in Two Major Abattoirs in Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria2024 •
Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering
Kinetic modelling of cadmium and lead removal by aquatic mosses2014 •
2008 •