Queen ermengarde and the abbey of St edward,
balmerino*
Matthew H. Hammond
On the feast-day of St Lucy the Virgin – 13 December 1229 – Dom Alan the abbot
and a group of Cistercian monks left Melrose Abbey and headed for Balmerino in
northern Fife, in the Scottish east midlands. According to the chronicle of the founding house, the new abbey ‘was made by King Alexander [II] and his mother’.1
Melrose, a daughter-house of Rievaulx, was by then nearly a century old, and by
Scottish standards was a large and prosperous monastery. King Alexander likely had
* This research was irst presented in a session on Balmerino Abbey at the International Medieval
Congress at the University of Leeds on 9 July 2007, in a session organized by Cîteaux–Commentarii
Cistercienses. I would like to thank Dr Julie Kerr for inviting me to take part, as well as Prof Dauvit
Broun for reading and commenting on drafts of this paper.
abbreviations
anderson, SAEC Alan Orr Anderson, Scottish Annals from English Chroniclers, A.D. 500 to 1286,
new ed. with corrections by Marjorie Anderson (Stamford, Lincs 1991).
Arb. Liber
Liber S. Thome de Aberbrothoc, i, ed. Cosmo Innes, Bannatyne Club, no. 86
(Edinburgh 1848).
Balm. Liber
Liber Sancte Marie de Balmorinach, [ed. William B.D.D. Turnbull]. Abbotsford
Club, no. 22 (Edinburgh 1841).
Carpenter, ‘King henry iii’ David Carpenter, ‘King Henry III and Saint Edward the Confessor:
the Origins of the Cult’, English Historical Review 122 (2007), p. 865-891.
CDS, i
Calendar of Documents relating to Scotland in the Public Record Ofice, i, ed.
Joseph Bain (London 1881).
CDS, ii
Calendar of Documents relating to Scotland in the Public Record Ofice, ii, ed.
Joseph Bain (London 1884).
Chron. Bower
Walter Bower, Scotichronicon, gen. ed. D.E.R. Watt. 9 vols (Aberdeen
1987-1998).
Chron. Melrose
The Chronicle of Melrose Abbey: a Stratigraphic Edition. Volume I: Introduction
and Facsimile Edition, ed. Dauvit Broun and Julian Harrison (Scottish History
Society 2007). Facsimiles of both MSS are provided on a DVD (British Library,
Faustina B IX and Julius B XIII).
Moray Reg.
Registrum Episcopatus Moraviensis, [ed. Cosmo Innes]. Bannatyne Club, no. 58
(Edinburgh 1837).
1
Chron. Melrose, DVD, Faustina B IX,fol. 41v. The full entry reads: Anno domini mccxxix. Facta
est abbatia sancti edwardi de balmorinac a rege alexandro et matre ejus & missus est illuc conuentus
de melros cum domino Alano abbate suo in die sancte lucie virginis. Broun has assigned this entry to
‘Stratum 15’ and states that it was entered into the chronicle itself between 11 Feb. 1233 and early 1240,
possibly mid- or late 1233. See volume 1, p. 139-144.
Cîteaux : Commentarii cistercienses, t. 59, fasc. 1-2 (2008)
2
MATTHEW H. HAMMOND
a special affection for Melrose; he was buried there after his death on distant Kerrera
in 1249. Balmerino was the irst daughter-house of Melrose – and the irst royal
Cistercian foundation – in some sixty-ive years.2 Indeed, it was the irst new royal
foundation of any order since the Tironensian Arbroath in 1178.
This article is an examination of the rôle played by Alexander’s mother, Queen
Ermengarde, in the founding of Balmerino. Her devotion to St Edward the Confessor, an English royal saint, was unique in this period within Scotland. The abbey’s
charters reveal a irm identiication with the saint, a situation which ceased after
Ermengarde’s death. Questions concerning Ermengarde’s motives for her reverence
of St Edward and the foundation of the abbey, the Cistercian monks’ changing relationship with their initial patron saint, and the reasons why Balmerino eventually
dissociated itself from Edward, will in turn be discussed.
i. Queen ermengarde and the foundation of balmerino
While the decision that the convent would come from Melrose may have been
Alexander II’s doing3, the driving force behind this momentous new foundation was
his mother, Queen Ermengarde (d. 1233). She was the daughter of Richard, vicomte
of Beaumont-sur-Sarthe just north of Le Mans (d. 1200×01)4, a grandson of King
Henry I by his illegitimate daughter Constance. Ermengarde was still a child when
married to King William (1165-1214) at Woodstock in September 1186.5 Little is
known of Ermengarde’s life during her twenty-eight years as the queen consort and
nineteen years as queen mother; however, she was inluential enough to marry her
niece, Marguerite de Tosny, to Earl Mael Coluim I (Malcolm) of Fife (1204-1229),
the premier earl in Scotland.6
As Jessica Nelson points out in her thesis on medieval Scottish queens, Scotland
had been without a queen since the death in 1131 of Maud de Senlis, wife of David
2
Since Coupar Angus, in 1164. See Ian B. Cowan and David E. Easson, Medieval Religious Houses
Scotland, 2nd ed. (London 1976), p. 73.
3 An impressive thirty-three acts of Alexander II to Melrose Abbey survive, of which nine are new
grants. See Liber Sancte Marie de Melros, ed. Cosmo Innes, Bannatyne Club; no. 56 (Edinburgh 1837),
nos. 173-177, 183-185, 198, 202, 203, 207, 228, 229, 231, 237, 239-241, 245, 248, 254, 255, 257-259,
264-266, 270, 278, 299, 366.
4
Dates linked with an ‘x’ in this paper indicate an event occurring at some point between (and
including) the dates given. This follows the style current in Britain and corresponds to the ‘/’ used on
the continent.
5
Geoffrey W.S. Barrow, Scotland and its Neighbours in the Middle Ages (London 1992), p. 72.
This chapter, ‘The Reign of William the Lion’, irst appeared as an article in Historical Studies, vii
(1969), p. 21-44. Gesta Regis Henrici Secundi Benedicti Abbatis, I, ed. William Stubbs, Rolls Series,
no. 49 (London 1867), p. 351. Anderson, SAEC, p. 289, p. 293-294.
6
Daniel Power, ‘Terra regis Anglie et terra Normannorum sibi invicem adversantur: les héritages
anglo-normands entre 1204 et 1244’, in La Normandie et l’Angleterre au Moyen Âge, ed. Pierre Bouet
and Véronique Gazeau (Caen 2003), p. 200-202; George W. Watson, ‘Margaret de Toeny, Countess
of Fife’, Miscellanea Genealogica et Heraldica and British Archivist, ed. A. W. Hughes Clarke, vol.
VII, 5th ser. (London 1929-1931), p. 329-332. My thanks to Mr Andrew MacEwen for bringing this
article to my attention. It is noteworthy that Ermengarde held the lands of Crail and Kinghorn in Fife,
as mentioned in King Alexander’s 1221 grant of £1000 in dowerlands to Queen Joan. CDS i, no. 808.
QUEEN ERMENGARDE AND THE ABBEy OF ST EDWARD
3
I (although it could be argued that Countess Ada de Warenne – wife of Earl Henry
of Northumberland and mother of Kings Malcolm IV and William I – acted in a
quasi-queenly capacity).7 In this light, the period between 1221 (when Alexander II
married Joan, a legitimate daughter of King John) and 1233 (when Ermengarde died)
is something of an anomoly. During these twelve years, Scotland had two queens.
Joan was born on 22 July 1210 and married to Alexander at york on 25 June 1221,
about a month before her eleventh birthday.8 Whereas Ermengarde had provided an
heir to the throne and lived a long life, Joan and Alexander failed to produce offspring. Moreover, Joan appears to have been sickly and died at the relatively young
age of 27 on 4 March 1238.9 As queen, it is likely that Ermengarde looked after Joan
in the early years, especially while she was still a child, and it seems probable that
Ermengarde took an interest in Joan’s welfare and marital duties. It is worth keeping
in mind that Joan was sixteen in 1226, by which time plans for the new abbey were
underway.10
The prestige and position of both queens sprung from two sources: their rôle as
queens of Scotland and their descent from kings of England. There was one historical igure who combined these two prestigious characteristics; Margaret (d. 1093),
wife of King Mael Coluim III (Malcolm), was one of precious few descendants of
the old Anglo-Saxon royal house of Wessex – the line of Alfred. Unfortunately, there
are no surviving documents to suggest whether Ermengarde and Joan supported the
nascent cult of Margaret at Dunfermline Abbey in Fife, but there is evidence to show
that Margaret was considered a saint locally before papal approval for canonisation
in 1249.11 The saintly reputation of Queen Margaret could only have relected well
on Ermengarde and Joan. We should perhaps not overestimate the St Margaret effect,
however; neither queen was buried beside her at Dunfermline.12
Nevertheless, Margaret was not yet oficially recognised as a saint at the time of
Balmerino’s foundation, and thus was not available for the more highly scrutinised
and often more public devotions of royalty. A saint who pointed to the Anglo-Saxon
7
Jessica Nelson, ‘Queens and Queenship in Scotland, circa 1067-1286’ (manuscript Ph.D. thesis
King’s College, University of London, 2006), p. 120. I would like to thank Dr Nelson for providing me
with access to her work on short notice.
8
For Joan’s death, see Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora, ed. Henry R. Luard, iii, Rolls Series,
no. 57 (London 1876), p. 66-67. Anderson, SAEC, p. 335.
9
Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora, iii, p. 479. Anderson, SAEC, p. 345. Chron. Melrose, DVD,
Faustina B.IXfol. 44v. Nelson, ‘Queens and Queenship’, p. 159-183.
10
Margaret, daughter of Henry III and wife of Alexander III, was probably between 16 and 18 when
their irst child, also called Margaret, was born in 1261. Dates of Queen Margaret’s birth range from
1240 to 1243. Anderson, SAEC, p. 363n.
11
Margaret is mentioned in several pre-1250 charters by laymen to Dunfermline Abbey, but not in
royal or episcopal charters. Registrum de Dunfermelyn, ed. Cosmo Innes, Bannatyne Club; no. 74
(Edinburgh, 1842), nos. 165, 166, 178, 202. According to Roger of Howden, King William had a vision
while passing the night at Margaret’s tomb in Dunfermline. Chronica Magistri Rogeri de Houedene,
ed. William Stubbs, iv. Rolls Series, no. 51 (London 1871), p. 100; Anderson, SAEC, p. 322.
12
Kings Edgar, Alexander I, David and Mael Coluim IV were buried at Dunfermline, but no other
Scottish royals were interred there until 1275. Ermengarde was buried at Balmerino and Queen Joan
was interred in England, where she died. See Steve Boardman, ‘Dunfermline as a royal mausoleum’,
in Royal Dunfermline, ed. Richard Fawcett (Edinburgh 2005), p. 139-153, at p. 150.
4
MATTHEW H. HAMMOND
background of Margaret and thus the prestige that such ancestry conveyed to European eyes on the Scottish royal line as a whole did, however, exist: Margaret’s greatuncle, Edward the Confessor, who had been canonised in 1161.13 At some point after
the death of King William, Ermengarde granted the advowson of the church of Kettins in Perthshire to the Hospital of St Edward in Berwick-upon-Tweed.14 This is the
earliest reference to the hospital, and it seems likely that Ermengarde was behind its
foundation; dedications to St Edward were not yet common, even in England, and
were unknown in Scotland. Although he was canonised in 1161, the cult of St Edward
the Confessor had not spread far beyond its base at Westminster Abbey. Papal sanction for the addition of his feast day to the English church calendar came in 1227,
and David Carpenter’s new study reveals that English royal devotion of the saint
began in earnest with Henry III in the years between 1233 and 1238.15 It is remarkable that the Scottish developments in the saint’s cult appear to exist almost entirely
independently of these English events, and that the foundation of Balmerino Abbey
signiicantly predates them. The hospital in Berwick and the abbey of Balmerino
are the only known medieval dedications to the saint in Scotland, and both are
directly attributable to Ermengarde’s devotion and patronage.16
The queen’s motives for her devotion to St Edward appear, however, to have gone
far beyond simply looking for a surrogate St Margaret. The Life of St Edward –
commissioned by Laurence, abbot of Westminster, for the saint’s translation in 1163
– was written by Aelred, abbot of Rievaulx, whose connections with the Scottish
royal house and affection for King David I and his son Earl Henry are well known.
David Carpenter has recently suggested that the Scottish royal court likely owned a
copy, allowing Ermengarde to access its redolent imagery.17 Aelred’s Vita Sancti
Edwardi Regis et Confessoris details the king’s deathbed prophesy, in which Edward
described a green tree that was cut from its trunk and set apart by three yokes, but
returns to its own trunk and roots and is able to lower and bear fruit again:
‘The root from which all this honour sprang was the royal seed that descended by a
direct line of succession from Alfred, irst of the English to be anointed and consecrated king by the pope, to Saint Edward’ ... ‘The tree returned to its root when the
glorious King Henry, to whom the whole honour of the kingdom had been passed,
married Matilda, a great-great niece of Edward, compelled by no necessity and urged
13
Aelred of Rievaulx, a onetime member of the Scottish royal household, wrote the Vita for St
Edward’s translation at Westminster on 13 October 1163. Aelred Squire, Aelred of Rievaulx: A Study
(London, 1969), p. 93-97. Thanks to Julie Kerr for fruitful discussions on this topic.
14
Calendar of Writs preserved at Yester House 1166-1503, ed. Charles C.H. Harvey and John
Macleod. Scottish Record Society. (Edinburgh 1930), no. 11; Edinburgh, National Archives of Scotland, Gifts and Deposits, 28/11.
15
Carpenter, ‘King Henry III’, p. 866. My thanks to Prof Carpenter for letting me see this paper
before publication.
16
James M. MacKinlay, Ancient Church Dedications in Scotland, ii (Edinburgh, 1914), p. 272-276;
Database of Dedications to Saints in Medieval Scotland, http://webdb.ucs.ed.ac.uk/saints/, accessed 15
January 2008. According to MacKinlay, there was also an altar at St John’s parish church at Perth
dedicated to ‘St Confessor’, but apparently the only evidence for this comes from the year 1510. MacKinlay, Church Dedications, ii, p. 276.
17
Carpenter, ‘King Henry III’, p. 867, n. 14.
QUEEN ERMENGARDE AND THE ABBEy OF ST EDWARD
5
by no hope of gain but by a natural attachment, joining the seed of Norman and
English kings and through the marriage act making one from the two’.18
With this prophesy, Aelred is continuing a theme irst set out in his Genealogy of
the Kings of the English, written in 1153 and 1154 for Henry II, which began with a
lamentation on the death of King David I of Scots. This emphasised David as a rôle
model for the young Henry (whom David had knighted), but also threw light on the
importance of Queen Margaret of Scotland and her daughter, Edith/ Matilda, who
married Henry I and thus set the blood of Alfred lowing again in the veins of an
English monarch, Henry Plantagenet.19 In this way, the imagery of the Life of St
Edward highlighted not only the descent of King Alexander II from the prestigious
line of Alfred, but also directed the reader’s mind to the theme of political unions
– whether they be Normandy and England in 1066, England itself in 1154, or Scotland and England in the 1221 marriage of Alexander and Joan. This marriage followed a period of profound tension between the two kingdoms. The timing of
Balmerino’s founding, moreover, suggests a wisely-chosen intercessor to help the
young English wife of the Scottish king to conceive an heir to the kingdom, an heir
who would simultaneously help guarantee not only the continuing success and lourishing of the Scottish kingdom and its kingship, but also the peaceful relationship
between Scotland and her powerful southern neighbour.
That monastic foundations could spring from political motivations was not a
novelty in central medieval Scotland. Ermengarde’s husband, William I of Scotland,
founded the richly-endowed abbey at Arbroath in 1178, dedicating it to St Thomas
the Martyr of Canterbury. Historians have rightly interpreted this act as a response
to William’s capture by the English at Alnwick in 1174 and the humiliation of his
subsequent imprisonment at Falaise and the harsh terms agreed there.20 Contemporary writers directly attributed the taking of King William to King Henry’s penance
for the murder of Archbishop Thomas. According to Jordan Fantosme, upon hearing
the news of William’s capture Henry exclaimed, ‘Thanks be to God, and to St
Thomas the Martyr, and to all the saints of God!’.21 Indeed, that Henry’s submission
and William’s capture were believed to have occurred on the same day is highly
indicative of the light of divine favour shining again on the English monarchy.22 This
18
Aelred of Rievaulx: The Historical Works, ed. Marsha Dutton, trans. Jane P. Freeland (Kalamazoo, Michigan 2005), p. 205-209, with quotation on p. 208. The Latin text printed in Patrologiae
Cursus Completus, series Latina, ed. Jacques-Paul Migne, 195 (Paris 1855), cols. 737-790, was taken
from an earlier edition, in Historiae Anglicanae Scriptores X, ed. Roger Twysden (London 1652), cols.
370-414.
19
Aelred of Rievaulx: The Historical Works, p. 72. The text printed in Patrologiae Latina 195, cols.
711-738, was reprinted from Historiae Anglicanae Scriptores X, cols. 347-370.
20
Archibald A.M. Duncan, The Kingship of the Scots, 842-1292: Succession and Independence
(Edinburgh 2002), p. 114; Keith Stringer, ‘Arbroath Abbey in context, 1178-1320’, in The Declaration
of Arbroath: History, Signiicance, Setting, ed. Geoffrey Barrow (Edinburgh 2003), p. 116-141, at p.
117 and 120.
21
Jordan Fantosme’s Chronicle, ed. Ronald C. Johnston (Oxford 1981), p. 149.
22
Roger of Howden’s continuation of Benedict of Peterborough’s chronicle fails to draw any connection between the capture of King William and Henry II’s public penance at Canterbury. (Gesta Henrici
6
MATTHEW H. HAMMOND
story, to which William must have been exposed during his time at Falaise, must
have encouraged the king of Scots to placate the saint who had negotiated his downfall. Once free, gaining Thomas’s favour must have seemed a top priority for setting
the ‘ship of state’ on an even keel again. The failure of the kingdom may have also
been attributed partially to Columba (or Colmcille), who was normally called upon
to guarantee success in battle. Columba’s relics were probably set into a shrine
associated with the saint known as the Breccbennach. In the light of the ability of
saints to protect the king and his realm, the granting of the Breccbennach to Arbroath
Abbey, and by extension to St Thomas, is a highly signiicant element of William’s
apparent belief in the need to placate the saint who had inexplicably permitted his
capture and humiliation.23 Arbroath Abbey was one of William’s most lasting achievements, and his decision to be buried there does not come as a surprise.
For whatever reason, Ermengarde seems to have wanted to distance herself from
this aspect of her husband’s legacy. Perhaps this can be attributed to the diminishing
relevance of St Thomas to Scotland’s political situation by the 1210s and 1220s, or
maybe it is based more on Ermengarde’s devotion to St Edward and her apparent
belief that he held the key to safeguarding Scotland’s position. On the other hand, it
is equally possible that Ermengarde simply did not want to be buried next to her
husband at Arbroath, preferring instead to step out of his shadow and arrange for a
legacy of her own. This she achieved to great effect with Balmerino Abbey. If Ermengarde’s devotion to St Edward was directed towards helping Queen Joan produce an
heir – and that much must remain a guess, however likely – there can be no doubt
that the long-term function of the new abbey would be to provide a suitably prestigious resting place for the queen mother.
Ermengarde was quite clearly in charge of the fairly well-documented process of
obtaining the lands for the new house. The choice of Balmerino, a ‘greenield’ site
with no known previous monastic or saintly associations, may have been dictated by
Secundi, p. 67). This is not the case in the chronicle more explicitly associated with Roger, in which a
lengthy account of Henry’s penance is followed immediately by the story of William’s capture. Chronica
Magistri Rogeri de Houedene, ed. William Stubbs, ii. Rolls Series, no. 51 (London 1869), p. 61-63.
According to Jordan Fantosme, ‘the king of England had landed while these events were in train [i.e.,
King William’s capture] and made his peace with St. Thomas that very morning when the king of Scots
was made prisoner and led away.’ (Jordan Fantosme’s Chronicle, p. 141).
23
Regesta Regum Scottorum, ii: The Acts of William I King of Scots 1165-1214, ed. Geoffrey W.S.
Barrow with the collaboration of William W. Scott (Edinburgh 1971), no. 499. The charter, which
was dated at Aberdeen on 28 June 1208×11, probably 1211, records a conirmation to the monks of
Arbroath of custody of the Breccbennach, and the grant of the land of Forglen, Banffshire, to the monks,
and the granting of it to God, St Columba and ‘le Bracbennach’. Two points should be taken from this
charter: the direct association of the reliquary (or other holy object) with St Columba, and, crucially,
that the Breccbennach itself had been given to Arbroath Abbey prior to this charter, which seems to
exist mainly to designate the land of Forglen for the upkeep of the object. Thus, the initial grant of the
Breccbennach appears to have taken place at some point between 1178 and 1211. The Breccbennach,
which means ‘the speckled, peaked one’, may or may not have been the reliquary known commonly as
the ‘Monymusk Reliquary’. See Stringer, ‘Arbroath Abbey’, p. 123; and David H. Caldwell, ‘The
Monymusk Reliquary: the Breccbennach of St Columba?’, Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries
of Scotland, 131 (2001), p. 267-282. On the interpretation of the above royal charter, as suggested by
Prof Duncan, see Ibid., p. 270.
QUEEN ERMENGARDE AND THE ABBEy OF ST EDWARD
7
circumstance rather than by choice. The lands of Balmerino in northeast Fife were
acquired for the new monastery in 1225. This estate, which included Coultra, had
been part of the large demesne of the abbey of Abernethy, but was transferred to
Henry Revel by marriage to Margaret, daughter of the hereditary lay-abbot, Orm,
in the 1170s.24 After Henry’s death, the estates passed to his nephew, Richard Revel;
Alexander II conirmed these lands, including Balmerino, between 1215 and 1225.25
When Richard died, the estates passed to his brother, Adam of Stawell in Somerset,
providing an opportunity for the king and his mother to acquire land in a central
location that was appropriate for a new abbey.
Adam of Stawell appeared in the king’s court at Forfar on Sunday, 12 October
1225, where he resigned the lands of Coultra and Balmerino in Fife, with the advowson of the church of Balmerino and the lands of Airdie, to Ermengarde, queen and
mother of the lord king Alexander.26 The fourteenth-century Balmerino cartulary
(National Library of Scotland, Advocates’ MS 34.5.3) preserves a quitclaim charter
of Adam and a chirograph agreement between Adam and the queen, both dated on
25 October 1225.27 The agreement states clearly that Queen Ermengarde owed Adam
a thousand marks for the quitclaim of Coultra and Balmerino, and that Adam would
get his money after handing over the charters of Kings William and Alexander to
the master of the Knights Templar in London. The agreement laid out that Adam
was to receive ive hundred marks on the following Christmas and a further ive
hundred marks on the Nativity of St John the Baptist (24 June) from the queen or
her messenger. The cartulary also preserves the receipt obtained from Adam by the
Knights Templar in London,28 recording that Adam received ive hundred marks
from the hand of Thomas, son of Ranulph, at the Temple in London on Tuesday, 30
December 1225, and the other ive hundred marks from the monks of Melrose on
24 June 1226. Thus, by the summer of 1226, Ermengarde owned the lands which
she intended to endow on her new monastery.
ii. the abbey of St edward
The rôle of St Edward in the life of the new abbey at Balmerino relected the
concerns – personal and political – of its founder and patron. The new community
arrived from Melrose in December 1229, but the intervening years involved a lurry
of activity and we are afforded glimpses of the foundation process by various documents.
24
Regesta Regum Scottorum, ii, nos. 114 (1166×71), 152 (1173×78), 147 (1173×78); Balm. Liber, no.
2.
25
Balm. Liber, no. 3 (1215×25); Handlist of the Acts of Alexander II 1214-1249, ed. James M. Scoular (Edinburgh 1959), no. 24.
26
Ermengarde’s prominent rôle in this event further highlights that she was the motivating force
behind the project.
27
Balm. Liber, nos. 4 and 5.
28
Ibid., no. 6.
8
MATTHEW H. HAMMOND
King Alexander must have approached the Cistercians about establishing a new
monastery in 1226, if not before. Item 39 for the year 1227 of the Statutes of the
General Chapter of the Cistercian order states:
Petitio regis Scotiae de aediicanda Ordinis nostri abbatia committitur de Rievalle
et de Cupro abbatibus, qui consideratis possessionibus et bonis quae dominus rex
illi promisit abbatiae, si viderint quod illam abbatiam velit suficienter dotare, concedatur eodem conventus de domo de Melros auctoritate Capituli generalis.29
The petition of the king of Scots concerning the building of an abbey of our order is
committed to the abbots of Rievaulx and Coupar, who, after examining the possessions and goods that the lord king promised to the abbey, if they have seen that he
wishes to endow that abbey suficiently, a convent of the house of Melrose may be
granted to the same by the authority of the General Chapter.
The General Chapter thus committed the abbots of Rievaulx and Coupar Angus
to decide whether the endowments promised by King Alexander were suficient to
support a new foundation from Melrose Abbey. A fragment of a charter dated ‘1227’
recorded in the Balmerino cartulary appears to have been granted by Bishop William
Malveisin of St Andrews. The grantor’s name and the granting clause are missing,
but the charter uses the plural of majesty and states that the donation is being made
by consent of King Alexander, the chapter of St Andrews and the archdeacon of St
Andrews.30 That point notwithstanding, the fragment of extant text does not mention
Balmerino Abbey by name. That the new house was given institutional approval in
1227 is supported by a later list of Cistercian monasteries, printed in the volume of
Records of the Abbey of Kinloss, which cites that year as the date of the foundation
of ‘domus Sancti Edwardi’.31
If approval for the new house was secured by 1227, there were other issues that
had to be dealt with before the new colony of monks could arrive. According to
Cistercian statutes, a new abbot and community were not to be sent to a new monastery until the oratory, refectory, dormitory, guest quarters and gatehouse had been
constructed.32 It is probably safe to assume that between 1227 and December 1229,
lay-brothers were sent ahead to prepare these buildings.33 An abbot had been chosen
for the new house by 20 September 1229. The seals of all the abbots of the daughterhouses of Melrose were attached to a chirograph agreement between the Cistercian
abbot and convent of Kinloss and the archdeacon and precentor of the diocese of
29
Statuta Capitulorum Generalium Ordinis Cisterciensis, Tomus II, ed. Joseph Marie Canivez
(Louvain 1934), p. 63; Cowan and Easson, Medieval Religious Houses, p. 73.
30 Balm. Liber, no. 11. The charter has been accepted as a legitimate act of Bishop William by Norman Shead, editor of the forthcoming Scottish Episcopal Acta.
31
Records of the Monastery of Kinloss, ed. James Stuart (Edinburgh 1872), p. 13.
32
Narrative and Legislative Texts from Early Cîteaux, ed. Chrysogonus Waddell. Cîteaux–Commentarii cistercienses, Studia et Documenta, vol. IX (Brecht 1999), p. 408.
33
As Stalley pointed out, ‘The delays in preparing a site may explain the inconsistencies recorded
in the foundation dates of some abbeys’. Roger Stalley, The Cistercian Monasteries of Ireland (London 1987), p. 39.
QUEEN ERMENGARDE AND THE ABBEy OF ST EDWARD
9
Moray, dated at Kinloss.34 It is surely signiicant that the abbots of Melrose, Newbattle, Coupar, St Serfs (Culross), Deer, and ‘St Edwards’ (as Balmerino is called)
were gathered together in one place at this time, although the full context escapes
us. The clear identiication of the new house with St Edward was thus emphasised
in the title of the abbot before the convent had fully settled in their new home.
The Melrose Chronicle identiies that abbot as ‘Dom Alan’ and his new house as
‘abbacia Sancti Eadwardi de Balmurinac’.35 It was somewhat unusual for Cistercian
abbeys to be associated so strongly with a saint other than the Blessed Virgin Mary,
but from the outset, charters relating to Balmerino emphasise the important rôle
played by St Edward. The earliest two (complete) contemporaneous charters dealing
with the new monastery survive as single sheets.36 Dating to ‘1230’ (i.e., probably
between 25 March 1230 and 24 March 1231), a chirograph recorded the resolution
of a dispute between Balmerino Abbey and Arbroath Abbey over the church of
‘Fethmuref’ or Barry, in the county of Angus.37 The agreement was made ‘in council at Dundee’ and was witnessed by the bishops of St Andrews, Glasgow, Aberdeen,
Brechin, Caithness and Dunblane, the abbots of Lindores and Culross, and the archdeacons of St Andrews and Dunkeld.38 Arbroath agreed to lease the church to Balmerino for forty marks annually. The association of the abbey with St Edward is very
clear in this document, which is all the more signiicant given that it relects a decision made at a large church council. The agreement was made between ‘the abbot
and convent of Arbroath’ on one side and ‘the abbot and convent of St Edward of
Balmerino’ on the other; ‘the abbot and convent of Arbroath’ are to lease the church
to ‘the abbot and convent of Balmerino of St Edward’ in perpetuity; ‘the abbot and
convent of St Edward of Balmerino’ are to owe forty marks to ‘the abbot and convent
of Arbroath’. No mention is made of Arbroath’s patron, St Thomas the Martyr.
Moreover, the reversal of the usual formula ‘de Sancto Edwardo de Balmurinach’
in the second instance could be read as the scribe falling into the form being used
for Arbroath (e.g., ‘abbati et conuentui de Balmurinach’) before remembering to
add St Edward’s name; the irst and third instances retain the usual formula. A
charter in the name of Ralph, abbot of Arbroath, making known the result of the
above agreement and probably dating from around the same time, refers to the ‘abbot
34
Moray Reg., no. 77. The text reads ‘appensa sunt sigilla Abbatum de Melros, de Neubotyl, de
Cuper, de Sancto Servano, de Deer, et de Sancto Edwardo’.
35
Chron. Melrose, DVD, Faustina B IX, fol. 41v. See also Chron. Bower, v, p. 142-143.
36
The ‘foundation charter’ was copied into Balmerino’s cartulary (Balm. Liber, no. 1) but the agreement with Arbroath Abbey was not. See Arb. Liber, no. 259.
37
Earl of Moray Charters, Darnaway Castle, Box 32, Div. V, Bundle I, no. 17; ‘Miscellaneous Monastic Charters’, ed. David E. Easson, Miscellany of the Scottish History Society, viii. Scottish History
Society, 3rd ser., no. 43. (Edinburgh 1951), ‘Charters of Balmerino Abbey’, no. 1. King William had
granted the church there to Arbroath, while King Alexander gave the lands to Balmerino. The Cistercian
monks of Balmerino claimed the right to hold the church as well. Ian B. Cowan, The Parishes of Medieval Scotland. Scottish Record Society, Old Ser., no. 93. (Edinburgh, 1967), p. 14-15.
38
The only other witnesses are two magistri: no laymen witness the document. The bishopric of
Dunkeld was vacant. See Fasti Ecclesiae Scoticanae Medii Aevi Ad Annum 1638, rev. ed., ed. Donald
E.R. Watt and Athol L. Murray. Scottish Record Society, New Ser., no. 25 (Edinburgh 2003), p.
124.
10
MATTHEW H. HAMMOND
figure 1. King alexander ii’s ‘foundation charter’ to balmerino abbey, 3 feb.
1231. London, British Library, Lord Frederick Campbell Charters, xxx, no. 6. (By
permission of the British Library)
QUEEN ERMENGARDE AND THE ABBEy OF ST EDWARD
11
and convent of the monastery of St Edward of Balmerino’. There was another agreement between the abbeys in the same year, for which the original has not survived.
The witness list of this was regrettably not copied into the cartulary, but a separate
agreement was made in 1230 at a ‘council of prudent men’ that refers only to the
‘abbey and convent of Balmerino’, with no mention of St Edward.39
King Alexander II’s ‘foundation charter’40 (Fig. 1), which also survives as a
contemporary single-sheet parchment, but which (unlike the chirograph) was entered
into the Balmerino cartulary (in the number one slot), also relects an assembly of
some sort, but it was clearly not made at the same event as that which was recorded
in the 1230 agreement.41 This charter was dated at Clackmannan on 3 February in
the seventeenth year of Alexander’s reign (1230 n.s., or 1230×31), but it is possible
that the event it recorded took place earlier, as such charters were often written up
weeks after the ceremonies suggested by their witness lists.42 It is thus uncertain
whether this charter came before or after the Dundee church council. In any event,
it was probably attended by the bishop of Moray, who was conspicuously absent in
the 1230 agreement, the earl of Menteith, the king’s steward and justiciar of Scotia,
the earl of Dunbar, and a few knights and clerks, including Thomas, son of Ranulph,
who was involved in the proceedings to acquire the lands. The king’s charter includes the following clause:
Sciant presentes et futuri nos ad honorem Dei et gloriose Virginis Marie et sanctissimi Regis Eduuardi et ad exaltacionem sancte religionis . pro salute nostra et
omnium antecessorum et successorum nostrorum . et pro animabus illustris Regis
Willemi patris nostri et Ermengardis Regine matris nostre et omnium antecessorum
et successorum nostrorum . quandam abbaciam Cisterciensis ordinis fundasse apud
Balmurynach in Fyff. 43
Balm. Liber, no. 72. (Appendix, no. III), Arb. Liber, no. 259.
This term is somewhat misleading, as they almost always were written up months, even years, after
a convent came to a new monastic house. Nevertheless, unlike other grants, they stand out for their use
of the verb fundatio and do seem to indicate the initial endowment of lands and privileges by the
founder.
41
British Library, Lord Frederick Campbell charters, XXX, 6; James Anderson, Selectus diplomatum & numismatum Scotiae thesaurus (Edinburgh 1739) [usually known as Diplomata Scotiae], plate
xxxiv (facsimile); Joseph Stevenson, Illustrations of Scottish History from the twelfth to the sixteenth
century, Maitland Club, no. 28, (Glasgow 1834), no. xiv; Handlist of the Acts of Alexander II, no. 145;
Balm. Liber, no. 1.
42
Geoffrey W.S. Barrow, ‘Witnesses and the Attestation of Formal Documents in Scotland, TwelfthThirteenth Centuries’, Legal History 16 (1995), 1-20; Matthew H. Hammond, ‘Assemblies and the
writing of administrative documents in the central medieval kingdom of the Scots’, in Medieval Legal
Process: Physical, Spoken and Written Performance in the Middle Ages, ed. Marco Mostert and Paul
S. Barnwell (Brepols, forthcoming).
43
Chartulary of the Abbey of Lindores 1195-1479, ed. John Dowden. Scottish History Society, First
Ser., no. 42 (Edinburgh 1903), no. 2; Charters, Bulls and other Documents relating to the Abbey of
Inchaffray, ed. William A. Lindsay, John Dowden and John Maitland Thomson. Scottish History
Society, First Ser., no. 56 (Edinburgh 1908), no. 9; William Douglas, ‘Culross Abbey and its charters,
with notes on a ifteenth-century transumpt’, Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 60
(1925-26), p. 67-94. Note that of these three, Culross stands out as the only Cistercian house (Lindores
is Tironensian and Inchaffray Augustinian) and that Lindores is unique in being the only monastery
without a dedication to the saint predating the establishment of a reformed monastery.
39
40
12
MATTHEW H. HAMMOND
Let it be known to those present and future that we, to the honour of God and the
glorious Virgin Mary and the most holy (or saintly) King Edward and to the exaltation
of the holy religion, for the health of us and of all our ancestors and successors, and
for the souls of the illustrious King William our father and Queen Ermengarde our
mother and of all our ancestors and successors, have founded a certain abbey of the
Cistercian order at Balmerino in Fife.
In this charter, God, Mary and the patron saint are grouped together in a way that
is typical and unremarkable for contemporary monasteries with dual dedications,
including Lindores (Mary and Andrew), Inchaffray (Mary and St John the Evangelist)
and Culross (Mary and St Serf). It is also interesting that Ermengarde only appears
in the pro anima clause of this opening phrase of the royal ‘foundation charter’,
although mention is made of the lands of Coultra, Balmerino, and their pertinents,
being quitclaimed by Adam of Stawell ‘ad opus domine Ermengardis Regine matris
nostra’, which hints at a greater rôle for the queen behind the scenes.
Surviving charter texts from the period between the abbey’s establishment and the
death of Queen Ermengarde on 11 February 1233 suggest that the abbey was identiied almost exclusively with St Edward during that time. Despite the mention of the
Virgin Mary in King Alexander’s foundation charter, a brieve (or writ) dated 10
February 1232 commanded his sheriffs to treat the causes of the ‘monks or brothers
of St Edward in Fife’ as if they were his own.44 A document recording the sale of land
in Perth by Laurence son of Guy and a conirmation of that sale by Bishop Gilbert of
Dunkeld dated 1231 both mention the ‘abbot and convent of St Edward of Balmerino’.45 The only anomalous charter dating to before Ermengarde’s death is that of
John of Scotland, earl of Huntingdon, who granted a toft in his burgh of Dundee to
‘God and the church of St Mary and St Edward of Balmerino’.46 That this charter is
witnessed by Dom John, abbot of Lindores, is telling. Lindores, which was founded
by Earl John’s father Earl David, is less than ten miles from Balmerino. The other
witnesses to the charter were members of Earl John’s household, suggesting that it
was more likely produced in a Lindores context than in a Balmerino one. Lindores
Abbey had a dual dedication to St Mary and St Andrew, and contemporaneous charters by Earl John to Lindores Abbey use the formula ‘to God and the church of St
Mary and St Andrew of Lindores’, which echoes the formula used in his charter to
Balmerino.47
44
Earl of Moray Charters, Darnaway Castle, Box 32, Div. IV, Bundle I, no. 6; ‘Misc. Monastic
Charters’, Miscellany of the Scottish History Society, viii, ‘Charters of Balmerino Abbey’, no. 2; Handlist of the Acts of Alexander II, no. 157.
45
Balm. Liber, nos. 25, 26.
46
Ibid., no. 31.
47
Chartulary of the Abbey of Lindores 1195-1479, nos. 15, 17, 19; cf. no. 16, which mentions no saint,
and no. 18, which mentions only Mary.
QUEEN ERMENGARDE AND THE ABBEy OF ST EDWARD
Grantor
Description
13
Date
Reference
‘1230’ = 25
Mar. 1230 ×
24 Mar. 1231
Moray Chrs.,
Balmerino &
Agreement over Sancto Edwardo de
Box 32, Div. V, Arbroath Abbeys church of Barry Balmurinach
Bundle I, no. 17
Prob. at same Balm. Liber,
time as above; no. 9
ante 11 Feb.
1233
Ralph, abbot of
Arbroath
‘1230’ = 25
Mar. 1230 ×
24 Mar. 1231
Arb. Liber, no.
259
Balmerino &
Agreement
Arbroath Abbeys
3 Feb. 1231
British Library, King Alexander
Campbell
II
Chrs., xxx,
no. 6
Before
following
charter
Balm. Liber,
no. 25
Laurence son of
Guy
‘1231’ = 25
Mar. 1231 ×
24 Mar. 1232
Balm. Liber,
no. 26.
Bishop Gilbert of Conirms land
Dunkeld
in Perth
10 Feb. 1232
Moray Chrs.,
Box 32, Div.
IV, Bundle I,
no. 6.
King Alexander
II
ante 21 Nov.
1232
Balm. Liber,
no. 31
John of
Grants a toft in
Scotland, earl of Dundee
Huntingdon
Latin formula
Abbot notes the Abbas et Conventus
results of above Monasterii Sancti
agreement
Edwardi de
Balmurynach
Abbatem et
conuentum de
Balmurynath
Foundation
grant
ad honorem
Dei et gloriose
Virginis Marie et
sanctissimi Regis
Eduuardi
Sells land in
Perth
domino abbati
et conventui de
Sancto Edwardo
de Balmurynach
in Fyff
abbati et conventui
de Sancto Edwardo
de Balmurynach
Commands his monachi uel fratres
sheriffs to treat de sancto edwardo
B’s causes as if in if
their own
Deo et ecclesie
Sancte Marie et
Sancti Edwardi de
Balmurynach
table 1. Charters of balmerino abbey, 1230 – 1233
According to the Chronicle of Melrose, Queen Ermengarde died on the third of the
Ides of February (the 11th) 1233, in the 47th year of her marriage48 and was buried in the
abbey of St Edward of Balmerino which she herself had founded.49 David of Lindsey
made a donation to Balmerino ‘for the health of Sir Alexander, king of Scots, and for
the soul of lady Ermengarde, of good memory, Queen of Scotland’, of 20 solidi ‘as a
She was married in 1186.
Chron. Melrose, DVD, BL Faustina B.IX, fol. 42v. The full text reads: ‘Obiit bone memorie
Ermengardis regina Willelmi regis scocie mater Alexandri regis iii idus februarii anno desponsacionis
eius xlvii et sepulta est in abbatia sancti edwardi de balmorinac quam ipsa fundauerat.’ For translation,
see Anderson, Early Sources, ii, 488-9; see also Chron. Bower, v, 147.
48
49
14
MATTHEW H. HAMMOND
pittance on the anniversary of the late Ermengarde, of good memory, Queen of Scotland, my lady’.50 This donation was probably made at Ermengarde’s funeral at Balmerino; it was certainly made by the time of the king’s conirmation, dated 28 March
1233. Alexander’s conirmation, which was dated by regnal year, makes clear that the
year reckoning used the monks of Melrose was one starting on either Christmas or
January 1st, not the 25th of March, a customary Cistercian practice which the most recent
editor of the Melrose Chronicle conirms.51 Thus, the queen’s death took place in 1233,
by our (‘New Style’) reckoning, and not in 1234, as some modern works claim.52
Immediately after Ermengarde’s death, the terminology of the charters switches
to one that was much more typical of Cistercian houses with dual dedications.53 Even
David of Lindsey’s donation at (or soon after) her funeral, and King Alexander’s
conirmation of this gift, utilise the ‘St Mary and St Edward’ form that came to
dominate the abbey’s charter diplomatic practice of the next few years.54 Other royal
documents from the 1230s dealing with Balmerino Abbey omit the saints altogther;
a grant dated 9 April 1234 is to the ‘monks of Balmerino’.55 Another document dated
the following day granting Balmerino and Barry in free forest is to ‘the abbot and
convent of Balmerino’.56 On Christmas Day 1234, the king granted lands worth forty
marks (in Tarves, Aberdeenshire) to Arbroath Abbey in place of the annual rent paid
by Balmerino for the church of Barry. The king had apparently promised to rid the
Cistercians of this rent at the funeral of Queen Ermengarde at Balmerino.57 This
charter again only makes mention of the ‘abbot and convent of Balmerino’.
Charters by lay donors as well during this period of the 1230s after Ermengarde’s
death are characterised by the dual dedication to the Virgin Mary and St Edward.
Laurence of Abernethy – whose family had once held the lands of Balmerino – and
his distant cousin Mael Coluim (Malcolm II), earl of Fife, granted charters ‘to God
and St Mary and St Edward of Balmerino in Fife’.58 Other charters, like those of
Walter (son of Alan II, steward of Scotland) and Richard of Leicester (a burgess of
Perth) used the formula, ‘to God and the church of St Mary and St Edward of Balmerino (in Fife)’.59
Balm. Liber, no. 19.
My thanks to Dauvit Broun for clarifying this point.
52
Balm. Liber, no. 20. It is for this reason that Ermengarde’s death is properly given as 11 February
1233 (N.S.), not 1234, as will be found in Cowan and Easson, Medieval Religious Houses, p. 73, and
in Archibald Dunbar, Scottish Kings, (2nd ed. Edinburgh 1906), p. 90. This is because the Chronicle of
Melrose sometimes employed dates before 25 March for the beginning of the year. In 1171, for example,
Christmas was used as the beginning of the year. Chron. Melrose, p. 127.
53
If one accepts the argument that Earl John’s charter was drafted in a Lindores context; it is possible that this shift was made before Queen Ermengarde’s death.
54
David’s charter was witnessed by a royal chaplain and a royal clerk, suggesting royal inluence
over its drafting; the king’s conirmation, though written soon afterwards, was witnessed by others,
including the chancellor.
55
Balm. Liber, no. 35.
56
Ibid., no. 8.
57
Arb. Liber, no. 102; Balm. Liber, no. 71 [Appendix, no. II].
58
Balm. Liber, nos. 7, 37.
59
Ibid., nos. 22, 23.
50
51
QUEEN ERMENGARDE AND THE ABBEy OF ST EDWARD
15
Date
Reference
Grantor
Description
Latin formula
11 Feb. 1233
× 28 Mar.
1233
Balm. Liber,
no. 19
David of
Lindsey
20 solidi as a
pittance
Deo et Beate Marie
et Sancto Edwardo de
Balmurynach
28 Mar.1233
Balm. Liber,
no. 20
King
Alexander II
Conirmation of
20s.
Deo et Beate Marie
et Sancto Edwardo de
Balmurynach
9 Apr. 1234
Balm. Liber,
no. 35
King
Alexander II
Remission of rent monachis de
in Crail
Balmurynach
10 Apr. 1234
Balm. Liber,
no. 8
King
Alexander II
Balmerino and
Barry in free
forest
25 Dec. 1234
Arb. Liber,
no. 102
King
Alexander II
Land to Arbroath abbatem et conventum
in place of rent
de Balmurinach
ante 1241
Balm. Liber,
no. 23
Walter, son
of Alan, the
steward
Land in burgh of Deo et ecclesie
Perth
Beate Marie et
Sancti Edwardi de
Balmurynach in Fiff
11 Sept. 1233 Balm. Liber,
× 1241
no. 7
Laurence of
Abernethy
Quitclaims
Balmerino lands
Deo et Beate Marie
et Sancto Edwardo de
Balmurynach in Fif
9 July 1233 × Balmerino
Mael Coluim
18 July 1241 Liber, no. 37. (Malcolm) II,
earl of Fife
Grants mill
water-course
Deo et Beate Marie
et Sancto Edwardo de
Balmurynach in Fyff
Mid-13th
century
Land in burgh of Deo et ecclesie
Perth
Sancte Marie et
Sancti Edwardi de
Balmurynach
Balm. Liber,
no. 22.
Richard of
Leicester,
burgess
Abbati et Conventui de
Balmurynach
table 2. Charters of balmerino abbey, 1233 – ca. 1241
iii. Cistercian abbeys and dual dedications
The formulaic language used after Ermengarde’s death was much more typical of
monasteries with dual dedications than the earliest charters, which mentioned St
Edward almost to the exclusion of the Virgin Mary. Indeed, a survey of the granting
clauses of twelfth- and thirteenth-century monasteries in the kingdom of Scotland
reveals that there were two basic ‘rules’ when it came to saints and charter diplomatic: a) Mary always came irst in dual dedications, never second, and b) dedications
to the second saint were sometimes omitted, but omissions of Mary were almost
unheard of. Thus, the early charters of Balmerino, those written before Queen
Ermengarde’s death, ‘break the rules’ of dual dedication monasteries, and the charters written after them follow those conventions. This suggests that Ermengarde
16
MATTHEW H. HAMMOND
herself was responsible for this anomaly, an assessment which its well with her
known devotion to St Edward.
Dual dedications were rare among Cistercian houses, but Balmerino was not unique within Scotland in this regard. The Melrose chroniclers relate that the abbey of
Culross was founded in 1217 by Earl Mael Coluim I (Malcolm) of Fife, and that Dom
Hugh, a former prior of Kinloss in Moray, led a community from that house on 23
February 1217 to its new home at Culross (now in Fife, then an exclave of Perthshire),
where they arrived on 18 March 1217.60 Culross was the only other Scottish Cistercian house to be dedicated to a saint in addition to the Virgin Mary, at least as far
as the evidence goes (we know very little about the monasteries in Galloway). According to his Vita, St Serf, or Servanus, was buried at Culross, and the place had
probably been associated with the saint for centuries.61 The locations of other Cistercian houses, however, had also been associated with local saints – Melrose with
St Cuthbert, for example, and Deer with St Drostan – but the charters of these
monasteries and the titles of their abbots make no mention of these saints.62
The foundation of Culross, where Cistercian monks devoted themselves to an Insular saint as well as to Mary, may have opened the door for the dual dedication – this
time to a non-Scottish saint – at Balmerino.63 These dedications were expressed
similarly in the charters of the two houses. The earl’s foundation grant, preserved in
an inspection by King Robert I dated 5 December 1318, uses a formula not unlike the
one found the Balmerino charters after Ermengarde’s death: Deo et beate Marie et
beato Seruano de Culenros et monachis Cisterciensis ordinis.64 A similar formula
– deo et beate Marie et Sancto Servano de Culenros – was used in a thirteenth-cen-
60
Given that the Melrose chroniclers used the Christmas or January 1 New year in 1233 (for Ermengarde’s death), we should perhaps lean towards an interpretation of these dates as being in 1217 ‘New
Style’ rather than 1217×18.The founding of Culross was recorded in Stratum 10 by scribe 16. See Chron.
Melrose, p. 135-136, esp. section on dating, and see DVD, BL Faustina B.IX, fol. 35r, lines 20 to 24.
The text reads: Fundata est abbathia de Kilinros a domino Malcolmo comite de Fif, ad quam abbathiam
missus est conventus vii kalendas Marcii de Kinlos cum dompno Hugone primo abbate de Kilinros,
quondam priore de Kinlos; venit ergo idem conventus apud Kilinros xv. Kalendas Aprilis. ‘The abbey
of Culross was founded by sir Malcolm, the earl of Fife. And the convent was sent to this abbey from
Kinloss, on the seventh day before the kalends of March; along with Dom Hugh, formerly the prior of
Kinloss, as the irst abbot of Culross. The same convent reached Culross on the ifteenth day before the
Kalends of April.’ Translation taken from Early Sources of Scottish History 500 to 1286, ed. Alan O.
Anderson (Edinburgh 1922), ii, p. 416; cf. Chron. Bower, v, p. 93.
61
Alan Macquarrie, ‘Vita Sancti Servani: The Life of St Serf’, The Innes Review 44 (1993), p. 143
(Latin text) and 152 (translation).
62
Liber Sancte Marie de Melros, infra; Illustrations of the Topography and Antiquities of the Shires
of Aberdeen and Banff, ii, ed. Joseph Robertson, Spalding Club, no. 17 (Aberdeen 1847), p. 426-428;
Ibid., iv, ed. Joseph Robertson, Spalding Club, no. 32 (Aberdeen 1862), p. 3; Edinburgh, National
Library of Scotland, Acc. 7079/1. Moray Reg., no. 28. It may be signiicant that the Cistercian houses
in both of these places were built on new sites some distance from the earlier churches. Compare the
titles of the abbots of the Melrose iliation in Moray Reg., no. 77.
63
It is perhaps signiicant that the Culross foundation came from Kinloss, where many of the monks
were likely to be Scots, whereas the Balmerino foundation came from Melrose, where the monks were
perhaps more likely to identify with an English saint like Edward.
64
Regesta Regum Scottorum v: The Acts of Robert I King of Scots 1306-1329, ed. Archibald A.M.
Duncan (Edinburgh 1988), no. 141.
QUEEN ERMENGARDE AND THE ABBEy OF ST EDWARD
17
tury grant by Reginald of Carriden.65 This formula echoed that of other dual dedications in Scotland, such as Lindores Abbey (Tironensian) and Inchaffray Abbey
(Augustinian), but Culross and Balmerino were apparently the only Cistercian houses
in Scotland to follow this practice. There were, however, two key differences between
Culross and Balmerino. First, the dedication of Culross to St Serf rested on centuries
of tradition linking that place and its church to a local saint. The continuing devotion
to the St Serf there by Cistercian monks must surely have relected to some extent the
beliefs and needs of the local community. St Edward’s association with the place
called Balmerino was new in 1227; moreover, it was an association imposed on the
place by its patron and founder, Ermengarde. Second, whereas the founders of both
monasteries were buried there – Ermengarde at Balmerino, Mael Coluim at Culross
– the nature of their identities may also have been crucial for the continued success
of the houses. The earls of Fife represented an unbroken line of powerful local igures who would have carefully guarded their monastic house, which probably continued to act as a burial place for their family line. Presumably the monks at Culross
carried on an existing rôle as interlocutors between St Serf and the local community.
Balmerino’s patron and protector, however, was a queen. As history showed, a continuous line of queens in Scotland could not be taken for granted. In the twelfth century,
Scotland had gone without a queen for ifty-ive years, from 1131 to 1186. The devotional priorities of various queens were bound to differ. In a certain sense, King
Alexander II was also acting as the protector of the abbey, but his burial at Melrose
and his shift in attention in the 1230s to the new mendicant orders suggested that his
true attachments lay elsewhere. Looking back, King William had lavished his affections on Arbroath. Looking forward, the canonisation of St Margaret and her translation in 1250 meant that Dunfermline was once again the royal mausoleum and
foremost in royal attention.66 With a queen as a founder, Balmerino and its rôle in the
broader community, both political and religious, were much more tenuous.
This difference became clear as a divergence occurred in the titles of the abbots
of the two houses over the course of the thirteenth century. Much more than the
charter diplomatic, the titles of the abbots of Culross make clear the extent to which
the place was associated with St Serf.67 A marginal rubric in the Chronicle of Melrose next to the account of the foundation of Culross in 1217 reads: ‘primus abbas
de sancto seruano de kilinros’.68 As we have seen, the agreement dated at Kinloss
on 20 September 1229 refers to the seal of the ‘abbot of St Serf’, the same document
Analecta Scotica, ii, ed. James Maidment, (Edinburgh 1837), p. 14, no. VI.
Peter A. yeoman, ‘Saint Margaret’s Shrine at Dunfermline Abbey’, in Royal Dunfermline, ed.
Richard Fawcett (Edinburgh 2005), p. 79-88, esp. p. 83; Steve Boardman, ‘Dunfermline as a Royal
Mausoleum’ in Ibid., p. 139-153, esp. p. 143-144 and 150.
67
Few other monasteries used this method of identifying the ofice of abbot with the abbey’s saint.
In one exception, the abbot of Arbroath was called in at least one instance, ‘the abbot of St Thomas’;
however, this was rare. (Chartulary of the Abbey of Lindores, no. 13).
68
Chron. Melrose, DVD, BL Faustina B.IX, fol. 35r. This is Scribe 28, who was active adding rubrics
in 1242×3 and January 1264. See Chron. Melrose, p. 110-11 and p. 172.
65
66
18
MATTHEW H. HAMMOND
that mentioned the ‘abbot of St Edward’.69 The obituary entries in the Melrose chronicle for abbots of Culross employ without fail the title ‘abbot of St Serfs’: in 1232
when Abbot William of Ramsey died;70 in 1245 when Abbot Hugh [II] died;71 in
1246 when Abbot Matthew was deprived;72 in 1252 when Abbot Geoffrey died;73
and in 1260 when Abbot Michael resigned.74 References to the abbots of Balmerino
follow the same pattern, as we have seen in the 1229 document from Kinloss as well
as in various entries in the Melrose chronicle. The irst abbot, Alan, was called
‘primus abbas de sancti eduuardi de Balmurinach’ in his obituary notice under the
year 1236.75 Similarly, under the annal for 1251, Radulf is called ‘abbas de sancto
edwardo’ in his obituary.76 In 1252, John, ‘abbas de sancto edwardo’ resigned his
ofice.77 The inal Melrose entry for a Balmerino abbot is that under 1260 for the
resignation of Abbot Adam, who is described as ‘abbas A. de Balmurinach’.78 This
change from ‘abbot of St Edwards’ to ‘abbot of Balmerino’ is relected in entries
from Walter Bower’s Scotichronicon, which found its present form in the 1440s, but
which relied upon thirteenth-century sources, including the Melrose chronicle,
another chronicle known as ‘Gesta Annalia I’, and other identiied contemporary
sources.79 Adam’s successor, also named Adam, is termed ‘Adam abbas de Balmurynach’, a form that was also used when referring to an unnamed ‘abbot of Balmerino’ who was sent on a diplomatic mission to Norway in 1281.80 This change in the
abbot’s title is also relected in the charter record: abbot Thomas was called ‘Domino
Thoma, abbate de Balmurynach’ in a charter dating to between 1281 and 1296.81
69
Moray Reg., no. 77. Perhaps it should be St Serfs and St Edwards, as the form is no different from
that of ‘prior of St Andrews’. The only difference is that in the case of St Andrews the name of the saint
eclipsed the earlier name of the place, Cennrigmonaid or Kilrimont. It is possible that Culross and
Balmerino were on a similar path towards being known as ‘St Serfs’ and ‘St Edwards’.
70
Chron. Melrose, DVD, BL Faustina B.IX, fol. 42r.
71
Ibid., fol. 49v.
72
Ibid., fol. 55r.
73
Ibid., fol. 56v. This year’s entry illustrates well the difference in the titles of the abbots of ‘St
Edward’, ‘St Serf’ and ‘Deer’ and ‘Kinloss’. This difference is also relected in the marginalia.
74
Ibid., fol. 60r.
75
Ibid., fol. 44r.
76
Ibid., fol. 56r.
77
Ibid., fol. 56v.
78
Ibid., fol. 60r.
79
Dauvit Broun, ‘A New Look at Gesta Annalia attributed to John of Fordun’, in Church, Chronicle
and Learning in Medieval and Early Renaissance Scotland, ed. Barbara E. Crawford (Edinburgh
1999), p. 9-30; Idem., Scottish Independence and the Idea of Britain from the Picts to Alexander III
(Edinburgh 2007), especially ‘Part IV: National History’.
80
Chron. Bower, v, p. 380-381; p. 410-411.
81
Rental Book of the Cistercian Abbey of Cupar Angus, ii, ed. Charles Rogers, Grampian Club, no.
17 (London 1880) p. 288, no. 6.
QUEEN ERMENGARDE AND THE ABBEy OF ST EDWARD
Name
Date
Dom Alan 28 June
1236
Source
Event
Title
Chron. Melrose death
Dompnus Alanus primus abbas
sancti eduuardi de Balmurinach
Ralph82
1251
Chron. Melrose death
Radulfus abbas de sancto
edwardo
John83
1252
Chron. Melrose resignation
Johannes abbas de sancto
edwardo
Adam84
1260
Chron. Melrose resignation
abbas A. de Balmurinach
Adam
1270
Chron. Bower
death
Adam abbas de Balmurynach
William?
1281
Chron. Bower
mission to
Norway
abbate de Balmurynach
Thomas
1281 ×
1296
C.A. Rental, ii,
p. 288, no. 6
charter
Domino Thoma, abbate de
Balmurynach
William
1296
CDS, ii, p. 19686 fealty
85
19
Willelmus de Sancto Edwardo de
Balmurinauche; William abbe de
Seint Edward de Balmorinaghe
table 3. titles of the abbots of balmerino87
The experience of both Balmerino and Culross as Cistercian houses with dual
dedications was rare in thirteenth-century Britain. According to the Statutes of the
Cistercian General Chapter, the order’s new abbeys were expected to follow the
tradition of Molesme (whence Cîteaux was founded) in the dedication to the Blessed
Virgin Mary. This was laid out in a statute titled Quod omnia monasteria in honorem
beatae Mariae dedicentur, number XVIII in the Instituta of the Cistercian order.88
Alison Binn’s list of the Dedications of Monastic Houses in England and Wales to
1216 contains only four examples of Cistercian houses with dual dedications and three
of these were of the order of Savigny, which joined with the Cistercians in 1147.89
Neath in Glamorganshire was dedicated to the Holy Trinity and Mary, but as Savigny
itself was dedicated to the Holy Trinity, this can be discounted. Combermere in
formerly cellarer of Balmerino.
formerly prior of May, a Benedictine house.
84
formerly porter of Melrose.
85
formerly a monk of Balmerino.
86
See also Documents illustrative of the history of Scotland 1286-1306, ii, ed. Joseph Stevenson
(Edinburgh 1870), p. 68.
87
See also The heads of religious houses in Scotland from twelfth to sixteenth centuries, ed. Donald
E.R. Watt and Norman F. Shead, Scottish Record Society, New Ser., no. 24 (Edinburgh 2001), p. 12.
88
Waddell, Narrative and Legislative Texts (see above n. 32), p. 463; Statutes from Twelfth-Century
Cistercian General Chapters, ed. Chrysogonus Waddell. Cîteaux–Commentarii cistercienses, Studia
et Documenta, vol. XII (Brecht 2002), p. 541.
89
Alison Binns, Dedications of Monastic Houses in England and Wales (Woodbridge 1989),
p. 159-160; Janet Burton, Monastic and Religious Orders in Britain, 1000-1300 (Cambridge 1994),
p. 64.
82
83
20
MATTHEW H. HAMMOND
Cheshire was dedicated to Mary and St Michael at its foundation in 1133. Buildwas
in Shropshire presumably retained an earlier association with St Chad of Mercia after
the Savigniac foundation of 1135. The only house identiied by Binns that was originally a Cistercian foundation was established in 1143, several years after the General
Chapter’s statute. Revesby Abbey, a daughter of Rievaulx, comes the closest to the
experience of our two Scottish dual dedications. However, Revesby is more of a precedent for Culross than for Balmerino, because of a pre-existing church dedicated to
St Laurence.90 Binns notes the use of the form ‘Deo et sancte Marie et monachis de
sancto Laurentio’. The term ‘the monks of St Laurence’, one might argue, is slightly
less irm than citing the saint directly, but at least one of the abbey’s seals echoes
clearly the Balmerino use: ‘SIGILLUM . ABBATIS . D’ . SC’O LAURENTIO’,
although other seals not invoking the saint have also been recorded.91
Of the eleven Cistercian houses founded in England and Wales after 1216, two had
dual dedications: Vale Royal in Chester, to the Virgin and St Nicholas (which was
not made until the 1260s), and Netley Abbey in Hampshire, dedicated to Mary and
St Edward the Confessor. As David Carpenter points out in his recent article on
Henry III’s devotion to St Edward, the abbey of Netley was founded by Peter des
Roches, bishop of Winchester, who ‘dominated king and government’ in 1233,
around which time he began acquiring lands for a new monastery.92 The abbey was
ultimately established by the executors of his will in 1239, but the king took a proprietorial attitude towards the new house from the outset.93 In a charter dated 7
March 1251 at Westminster, Henry III made a grant to ‘God and the church of St
Mary de loco sancti Edwardi, which we founded in Southamptonshire’.94 The seals
used by the abbey employ the same method of associating St Edward with the place
rather than the church.95 Netley was not the only Cistercian house to employ such
naming strategies: in Ireland, Graiguenamanagh or Duiske Abbey in County Kilkenny was also known as Vallis Sancti Salvatoris and Midleton in County Cork as
Chorus Sancti Benedicti, although there were several Irish houses with dedications
The Cistercians in Yorkshire, http://cistercians.shef.ac.uk/, accessed 10 Mar. 2008.
Binns, Dedications, p. 159; Sir William Dugdale, Monasticon Anglicanum : a history of the
abbies and other monasteries, hospitals, frieries, and cathedral and collegiate churches, with their
dependencies in England and Wales : also of all such Scotch, Irish and French monasteries as were in
any manner connected with religious houses in England, new ed., v, ed. John Caley, Henry Ellis and
Bulkeley Bandinel, (London 1825), p. 454; The Victoria history of the county of Lincoln, ii, ed. William Page (London 1906), p. 141-143. See also Facsimiles of early charters from Northamptonshire
collections, ed. Frank M. Stenton, Northamptonshire Record Society, no. 4, (London 1930), no. 1.
92
Carpenter, ‘King Henry III’, p. 876-877.
93
Cowan and Easson, Medieval Religious Houses, p. 122; A history of the county of Hampshire,
vol. 2, ed. H. Arthur Doubleday and William Page (London 1903), p. 146-149.
94
Dugdale, Monasticon Anglicanum, new edn., v, p. 695-697, no. 1. Similarly, Roger de Clere made
a grant to ‘abbati et conventui loci sancti Edwardi’. Ibid., no. 2. Carpenter calls this ‘a form of dedication to the saint’. (Carpenter, ‘King Henry III’, p. 877).
95
Forms noted in Monasticon Anglicanum’s new edition include ‘S’ BEATE MARIE DE STOWE
SCI EDWARDI’ and ‘S’ ABB’IS LOCI SCI EDWARDI’. Dugdale, Monasticon Anglicanum, new ed.,
v, p. 696.
90
91
QUEEN ERMENGARDE AND THE ABBEy OF ST EDWARD
21
to St Benedict, a igure above all associated with monasticism, not politics.96 Parallels for a royal saint like Edward are hard to ind.
Thus we can see two types of Cistercian houses with dual dedications: those which
retained a pre-existing association with a saint, such as Revesby and Culross, and
those which had a new saintly association, but carefully linked that saint’s name to
the place rather than to the monastery itself, such as Netley. Balmerino Abbey, at
least for the irst decade of its existence, was unique among Cistercian abbeys in
Britain in that the dedication to St Edward was new and no attempt was made to
keep Edward at arm’s length. While there was almost certainly a kind of ambivalence
within the Cistercian order about dual dedications, especially new ones, we should
perhaps not make too much of it. The monks of Melrose Abbey (and presumably the
General Chapter) would seem to have been amenable to the new dispensation as long
as King Alexander and Queen Ermengarde insisted, and the ability of the Melrose
chroniclers to continue referring to the ‘abbot of St Edwards’ up until the 1250s or
later suggests that the ambivalence was not too dificult for them to handle. It is much
easier to see the shift from the almost sole emphasis on Edward in Balmerino’s
charters prior to 1233 to the more balanced dual dedication period of 1233 to ca.
1238 as being a natural drift back into a more familiar Cistercian modus operandi,
than to suggest that the subsequent omission of St Edward from the abbey’s charters
was the result of some deliberate monastic policy. The Cistercians preferred that
their abbeys keep other saints – if they were necessary – in second place after Mary,
but they did not require that they be banished.
iii. the disappearance of St edward
The dropping of St Edward in the title of the abbots of Balmerino was mirrored
in the language employed by that house in its charters, with a major shift happening
between 1238 and 1241. This suggests a tripartite scheme for the treatment of saintly
dedications in the charter diplomatic of Balmerino Abbey. The irst – from its inception to the death of Queen Ermengarde (1227-1233) – suggests a pre-eminent rôle
for St Edward. The second period – from 1233 to between 1238 and 1241 – is suggestive of an equilibrium between Mary and Edward which echoes usage in other
monasteries with dual dedications. The third group – charters dating from around
1238×1241 until the mid-fourteenth century, when the abbey’s cartulary was composed (most documents date to before 1289) – is striking for the total disappearance
of St Edward: in the title of the abbey, the abbot, the monks, and any other context.
Of the twenty-three extant charter texts that deinitely or probably date to the period
between 1238 and 128997, none make any mention of St Edward. Instead, the Virgin
Mary is emphasised as the relevant patron igure, with formulas such as ‘the house
Stalley, Cistercian Monasteries of Ireland, p. 239.
This trend continued into the 14th century, with references to ‘the monastery of St Mary of Balmerino’ (Balm. Liber, no. 45), ‘Blessed Mary of Balmerino’ (Ibid., no. 52), or simply ‘the abbot and convent
of Balmerino’ (Ibid., nos. 49, 51, 54).
96
97
22
MATTHEW H. HAMMOND
of St Mary of Balmerino’ and ‘the monastery of the Blessed Mary’ being used.98
The grantors of these charters range from the king and the pope to Scottish magnates, such as the steward and the constable, down to local landholders and burgesses.
Many of these charters were probably produced by the monks of Balmerino, particularly those of local landholders like the Kinnear family.99 The change in usage,
however, was also relected in those documents produced outside of Fife, such as
those written up in the capella regis (wherein Scottish royal charters were produced)
and the papal chancery.
Date
Reference
Grantor
Description
Latin formula
9 July1238 ×
31 Aug. 1244
Balm. Liber,
no. 39
Simon of
Kinnear
Grants land in
Kedlock, Fife
Deo et Beate Marie
et monachis de
Balmurynach in Fyf
1241 × 1268,
prob. ante
1255.
Balm. Liber,
no. 24
Alexander
the steward
Conirms father’s Deo et ecclesie Sancte
grant
Marie de Balmurynach
in Fyff
March, 1241 × Balm. Liber,
1249.
no. 10
King
Grant of lands
Alexander II in Strathmiglo
parish, Fife
31 Aug. 1244, Balm. Liber,
at Balmerino no. 40
King
Conirms land in Deo et Beate Marie
Alexander II Kedlock
et monachis de
Balmurynach in Fyf
1240 × 1250
Balm. Liber,
no. 46
Hugh of
Nydie
Grants Nydie
quarry
domui Sancte Marie de
Balmurynach
28 June 1243
× 7 Dec.1254
Balm. Liber,
no. 58
Pope
Innocent IV
General
conirmation
monasterium sancte
Dei genetricis et
Virginis Marie de
Balmurynach
30 Mar. 1246
Balm. Liber,
no. 61
Pope
Innocent IV
Bull of protection abbati et conventui
Monasterii de
Balmurynach
Mid-13th
century
Balm. Liber,
no. 30
Perth grieves Quitclaim by
burgesses
abbati et monachis de
Balmurynach
Mid-13th
century
Balm. Liber,
no. 36
Harvey of
Forfar
Sells land in
Forfar
abbati et conventui de
Balmurynach
post 1240?
Balm. Liber,
no. 47
Richard of
Nydie
Conirms Nydie
quarry
domui Sancte Marie de
Balmurynach
post 1240?
Balm. Liber,
no. 48
William of
Bruckley
Right of way to
quarry
domui Sancte Marie de
Balmurynach
98
99
Balm. Liber, nos. 10, 18, 46, 47, 48, 50.
Ibid., nos. 12, 13, 14, 17.
domui Sancte Marie de
Balmurynach in Fyf
QUEEN ERMENGARDE AND THE ABBEy OF ST EDWARD
Date
23
Reference
Grantor
Description
Latin formula
Balm. Liber,
no. 50
Richard of
Nydie
Land in Nydie
Deo et Monasterio
Beate Marie de
Balmurynach
26 Dec. 1255 Balm. Liber,
× 25 Apr. 1264 no. 38
Roger de
Quincy, e.
Winchester
Grants part of
peat moss
Deo et ecclesie Beate
Marie de Balmurynach
By 21 Sept.
1260
Simon of
Kinnear
Grants land in
Kinnear
Deo et Beate Marie
et monachis de
Balmurynach in Fif
Mid-late 13
century
th
Balm. Liber,
nos. 12, 13, 14
21 Sept. 1260 Balm. Liber,
no. 15
King
Conirms land in Deo et Beate Marie
Alexander III Kinnear
et monachis de
Balmurynach in Fyf
21 Aug. 1268
Henry of
Hastings
Balm. Liber,
no. 32
Conirms Dundee abbati et conventui de
land
Balmurynach
31 Aug. 1268, Balm. Liber,
at Balmerino no. 56
King
Grant or
Alexander III conirmation of
lands
Deo et beate Marie
et monachis de
Balmorinach in Fyffe
17 June 1285
Balm. Liber,
no. 53
King
Brieve of
Alexander III protection
viros religiosos
abbatem et conventum
de Balmurynach
ante 5 July
1286
Balm. Liber,
no. 18
Hugh of
Kilmany
Grants land in
Wester Kinnear
Deo et monasterio
Sancte Marie de
Balmurynach
5 July 1286
Balm. Liber,
no. 17
John of
Kinnear
Conirms land in Deo et Beate Marie
Wester Kinnear et monachis de
Balmurynach in Fyff
29 Oct. 1289
Balm. Liber,
no. 27
John of
Moray
Quitclaims Perth abbati et conventui de
land
Balmurynach
table 4. Charters of balmerino abbey, 1238 – 1289
This does not appear to be a mere shift in the preferences of local clerks and
scribes, but rather a deliberate policy. A couple of examples illustrate this point
strikingly. King Alexander’s grant of lands in Strathmiglo parish between 1241 and
1249 echoes some of the language of his initial endowment to the abbey, but now it
is merely ‘to the honour of God and the glorious Virgin Mary’, while the ‘most holy
Saint Edward’ has been removed.100 Similarly, Alexander the steward’s post-1241
conirmation of his father’s grant, which had been made to ‘God and the church of
Blessed Mary and St Edward of Balmerino in Fife’, was now conirmed to ‘God and
100
Ibid., no. 10; cf. no. 1. My thanks to Andrew MacEwen for his comments on the dating of this
charter.
24
MATTHEW H. HAMMOND
the church of St Mary of Balmerino
in Fife’.101 Even in a conirmation,
where obsolete usages are most frequently to be found, we see instead
the deliberate omission of St
Edward from the charter diplomatic. How can this sudden exclusion
of St Edward’s name in the Balmerino charters be explained?
One possibility rests on the person of the king of England. When
Ermengarde began her devotion to
St Edward, he had of course already
been canonised and was the centre
of a cult at Westminster Abbey, but
he was not yet of any especial
importance to King Henry III.102
By the late 1230s, however, this
situation had changed dramatically.
In the 1220s, support for St Edward
could legitimately be seen as highlifigure 2. the seal of balmerino abbey, as
ghting the roots of the Scottish
used by abbot william in 1296. the legend
royalty – and Scottish queenship in
reads Sig’ abbiS SCi edwardi in SCoparticular – in the House of WesCia.
sex. By 1240, Henry III’s conspiKew, The National Archives, SC 13/E 44. (By
permission of The National Archives)
cuous devotion to the saint risked
overshadowing this subtle meaning
and might have drawn a less welcome comparison to the current king of England.
King Alexander II and his advisers may therefore have wished to downplay – even
eliminate – the association with St Edward. On the other hand, it is also possible
that King Henry III himself wished to dissociate Balmerino from ‘his saint’, particularly after the foundation of Netley Abbey and the king’s subsequent casting of
himself as the patron of that other Cistercian house associated with, if not exactly
dedicated to, Edward the Confessor. After all, part of the symbolic message of St.
Edward’s story was that he conveyed the right to be king upon William the Conqueror, not a message that Henry III, descendant of both these eleventh-century kings,
would want in the hands of the king of Scots. Nevertheless, even if Henry III really
cared, that is still no guarantee that Alexander II would have pressed Balmerino to
drop the saint, even after the death of Queen Joan.
101
102
Ibid., no. 24.
Carpenter, ‘King Henry III’, p. 868- 873.
QUEEN ERMENGARDE AND THE ABBEy OF ST EDWARD
25
Perhaps it is more likely that a change in the political landscape after the deaths
of Ermengarde (1233) and Joan (1238) simply made dropping Edward the easiest
thing to do. If Ermengarde had indeed enlisted her favourite saint to help Queen
Joan conceive an heir, then there was no getting around the fact that he had failed.
Furthermore, it was not long after Joan’s death on 4 March 1238 that negotiations to
ind a new queen began.103 Indeed, little more than a year had passed before Alexander married Marie, daughter of Enguerrand of Coucy in Picardy, at Roxburgh on 15
May 1239.104 With a Frenchwoman as queen, the bilateral symbolism of King Edward
and an English princess evaporated. Any surviving political signiicance for St
Edward would have disappeared with the birth in 1241 of Alexander, an heir to the
throne. These events were echoed in a potential turn towards the possibility of
alliance with the king of France by 1244.105
The canonisation of Margaret herself, and the re-emergence of Dunfermline
Abbey as a royal mausoleum and now fully-ledged cult site, would have done away
with any surrogate functions that Edward may have fulilled. But St Edward may
have still been of some use to Balmerino, at least after Henry III’s son and the saint’s
namesake, Edward I, had conquered the kingdom in 1296. Fealty was sworn to the
king on 28 August 1296 at Berwick, and ‘Willelmus de Sancto Edwardo de Balmurinauche’ was present. Records in French from the same day refer to ‘Willam abbe de
Seint Edward de Balmorinaghe e le covent de mesme le leu’.106 A seal dating from
the same year contained the legend: ‘SIG’ ABBIS SCI EDWARDI IN SCOCIA’
(Fig. 2).107 It is perhaps not too fanciful to suggest that the abbot might have sought
to re-emphasise the abbey’s links to St Edward in an attempt to curry favour with
Edward I. With Robert I irmly in power in 1317, however, Abbot Alan was back to
being just ‘the abbot of Balmerino’. A quite unparalleled little Scottish abbey’s
strange journey with an English royal saint had come to an end.
School of History, Classics and Archaeology
University of Edinburgh
Edinburgh EH8 9LN
Scotland
Matthew H. Hammond
103
Henry III may have offered a sister of the English queen, Eleanor, in the summer after Joan’s
death. Nelson, ‘Queens and Queenship’, p. 184-185.
104
Duncan, Kingship of the Scots, p. 123.
105
Ibid., p. 121.
106
CDS, ii, p. 196; Documents illustrative of the history of Scotland, p. 68. The abbot of Culross, on
the other hand, is not associated with St Serf in this document.
107
Kew, Surrey, The National Archives, SC 13/E 44. CDS, ii, App. III, no. 116, p. 542.
26
MATTHEW H. HAMMOND
La reine Ermengarde et l’abbaye Saint-Edouard de Balmerino
À la in des années 1220, Ermengarde, reine des Écossais, et son ils, le roi Alexandre II, fondèrent une maison-ille de l’abbaye de Melrose à Balmerino dans le Fife.
La nouvelle abbaye était dédiée à Édouard le Confesseur, un saint roi anglais, probablement sur l’ordre d’Ermengarde. Les chartes de l’abbaye montrent une baisse
croissante de l’importance de saint Édouard après la mort de la reine en 1233, où il
passe à la deuxième place après la Vierge Marie et en disparaît complètement dans
les années 1240. De la même façon, les références aux titres abbatiaux au-delà du
XIIIe siècle montrent une rupture de la relation avec saint Édouard. Cet article tente
de situer le cas de Balmerino dans le contexte des autres abbayes cisterciennes à
double patronage. Les raisons politiques sous-jacentes sont également examinées,
notamment à la lumière du mariage d’Alexandre avec la sœur d’Henri III, Jeanne,
et son remariage avec Marie de Coucy après la mort de Jeanne en 1238.
Queen Ermengarde and the Abbey of St Edward, Balmerino
In the late 1220s, Ermengarde, queen of Scots, and her son, King Alexander II,
established a daughter-house of Melrose Abbey at Balmerino in Fife. The new abbey
was dedicated to Edward the Confessor, an English royal saint, presumably at the
behest of Ermengarde. The abbey’s charters indicate decreasing levels of importance
for St Edward, who–following the queen’s death in 1233–was relegated to second
place after the Virgin Mary, and who disappeared altogether from their charters by
the 1240s. Similarly, references to the titles of abbots over the course of the 13th
century indicate a disassociation with St Edward. This paper seeks to place the
experience of Balmerino within the context of other Cistercian houses with dual
dedications. The political motives behind these actions are also explored, particularly
in the light of Alexander’s marriage to Henry III’s sister, Joan, and his subsequent
remarriage to Marie de Coucy after Joan’s death in 1238.
Königin Ermengarde und das Kloster von St. Edward von Balmerino
In den späten 1220er Jahren etablierten Ermengarde, Königin der Schotten, und ihr
Sohn, König Alexander II., ein Tochterhaus des Klosters Melrose in Balmerino in
Fife. Das neue Kloster wurde wahrscheinlich auf Geheiß von Ermengarde dem
englischen Königsheiligen Edward dem Bekenner geweiht. Die Urkunden des Klosters zeigen an, dass abnehmende Bedeutungsstufen für den heiligen Edward zu
konstatieren sind, denn nach dem Tode der Königin im Jahr 1233 wurde er nach der
Jungfrau Maria auf den zweiten Platz verbannt und verschwand in den 1240er Jahren
komplett aus den Urkunden. Vergleichbar zeigen Belege der Titel der Äbte im Laufe
des 13. Jahrhunderts eine Abkehr vom heiligen Edward an. In vorliegenden Artikel
QUEEN ERMENGARDE AND THE ABBEy OF ST EDWARD
27
wird versucht, das Experiment Balmerinos, zwei Widmungen durchzusetzen, im
Kontext der Praktiken anderer zisterziensischer Häuser verorten. Die dahinter
liegenden politischen Motive werden ebenfalls erforscht und dies besonders im Licht
der Hochzeit von Alexander mit Joan, der Schwester von Heinrich III., und der
später, nach ihrem Tode im Jahr 1238 folgenden Wiederverheiratung mit Marie de
Courcy.