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Basing on the iron production research at Khustyn Bulag, Mungunmorit soum, Tuv province, the authors of this paper introduce a comparative research on the iron smelting furnaces that have been found in Mongolia and Russia. Iron smelting furnaces that associated with the Xiongnu Empire were involved in the comparative analyses – the site of Baga Nariiny Am, Khar Khorum soum, Uvurkhangai province and the furnaces in the Minusinsk basin and Baikal Lake. As a result, the researchers determined that these sites have similar pit furnaces that would fall into three main types by design and chronology. Through this research the authors investigated iron production system of the Xiongnu in depth, revealing technological differences from the Han dynasty iron production.
2020 •
Metallurgy and the sophisticated metal production technologies among the nomadic pastoralists is a highly debated, and yet poorly understood topic among archaeologists. The main focus of this research is to find answers to questions on how metallurgy affected the formation of early statehood in the steppe by the nomadic people as well as how they created a production and a supply chain to sustain their needs. For that, 6 metallurgical sites, which were found in Mongolia, from the Xiongnu period have been thoroughly analyzed and have been compared with metal objects found within mortuary features. In addition, typological comparisons have been made with metal artifacts recovered from sites in Minusinsk, Tuva, and Baikal lake region
The article represents materials about iron producing in the Ol'khon region (Western coast of lake Baikal) in period from the end 1000 ВС to middle 1000 AC. At that time it was spreading elginsky mortuary ritual in Cis- Baikal which is characterized by burial of the dead no the right side with bended legs in knees and oriented to South- East. In III ВС -1 century AC there had been constructed big centres of iron producing in Western coast of Baikal. Near the pit with diameter 2,0 - 2,8 m in layer of thick loam few furnaces were dug connected with pit by dint of underground blast holes. At the begining of I thousand trenches had been used instead of pits. At the same time the furnace construction had not changed. Probably, in the middle I thousand equally with pit furnaces were used surface furnaces. The furnaces were smollier theirs underground blast holes turned out not to specially dug pits or trenches but to small hollows.
Смертин А.Р. ЖЕЛЕЗООБРАБАТЫВАЮЩЕЕ ПРОИЗВОДСТВО СРЕДНЕВЕКОВОГО АРХЕОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО КОМПЛЕКСА АНЮШКАР В ВЕРХНЕМ ПРИКАМЬЕ // Археология Евразийских степей - 2023. – № 1. – С. 127-141.
Смертин А.Р. ЖЕЛЕЗООБРАБАТЫВАЮЩЕЕ ПРОИЗВОДСТВО СРЕДНЕВЕКОВОГО АРХЕОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО КОМПЛЕКСА АНЮШКАР В ВЕРХНЕМ ПРИКАМЬЕ IRONWORKING PRODUCTION OF THE MEDIEVAL ARCHAEOLOGICAL COMPLEX ANYUSHKAR IN THE UPPER KAMA REGION2023 •
В статье вводятся в научный оборот результаты археометаллографического анализа железных предметов из городища и могильника Анюшкар (Кыласово) (X–XV вв.) Выявлено, что на поселении находились все объекты для обеспечения полного цикла железоделательного и железообрабатывающего производства: рудные выходы, плавильные и кузнечные горны. Описаны основные технологические схемы кузнечных изделий местного производства (трёхслойный пакет в восточноевропейском варианте) и импорта (трехслойный пакет в североевропейском варианте, косая наварка, вварка) и др. Впервые проанализирована серия кузнечных полуфабрикатов, благодаря чему удалось выявить стадиальность прикамской железообработки. В целом, прослеживается высокий уровень мастеров, которые владели выразительным набором кузнечных операций, имея, однако, некоторые пробелы в знании свойств металла. In the article, the results of the archaeometallographic analysis of iron objects from the settlement and the burial ground of Anyushkar (Kylasovo) (X–XV centuries) are introduced into scientifi c circulation. The settlement had all the objects of the full metallurgical and forging cycle: ore outlets, smelting and forging furnaces. The main technological schemes of local forging products (three-layer package in the Eastern European version) and imports (three-layer package in the Northern European version, oblique welding, welding), etc. are described. A series of forging fl an was analyzed for the fi rst time, thanks to which it was possible to identify the stadiality of the Kama iron processing. A series of forging fl an was analyzed for the fi rst time, thanks to which it was possible to identify the stadiality of the Kama iron processing. In general, there is a high level of craftsmen who owned an expressive set of forging operations, having, however, some gaps in the knowledge of the properties of metal.
In the early 1st Millennium B.C., Caucasian blacksmiths familiarized the local craftsmen with the techniques of obtaining ferrous metal and the basic methods of its processing. However, high technologies (carbonisation and soft quenching) widely used by Caucassian craftsmen remained unknown to Ananyino blacksmiths. A unique technical and technological stereotype was established in the territory of Ananyino cultural and historical region in the 7th-6th centuries B.C. The characteristic feature of this stereotype is the use of the direct product of metallurgical production (iron and raw steel) as raw material, and the primary technique improving the performance characteristics of the articles was properties of products, was sharp quenching.
Mongolian Journal of Anthropology, Archaeology and Ethnology, Vol. 11, № 1 (584): 41-53 (2022)
A PATHOLOGICAL LESION ON THE HUMAN SKELETAL REMAIN FROM XIONGNU PERIOD2022 •
The epidemiology of cancer in ancient populations is one of the interesting, but less known topics in bioarchaeology of Mongolia. The present work focused on the identification of a possible cancer case in the ancient Mongolian population. The specimen reported in this paper was found from the Tamir Ulaan Khoshuu, one of the biggest Xiongnu (3rd BC-2nd AD) cemetery site, in Arkhangai province, central Mongolia. The individual is a male aged 29-34 years, 159.88 cm tall. The macroscopic observation of the skeletal remains revealed serious pathological changes on the scapula, vertebras, ribs, sacrum, and coxae. Comparative studies of different bone-altering cases and chronic diseases suggest that the pathological changes observed in this individual is likely secondary bone cancer. This is the first report of the archaeological case in Mongolia identified with possible malignant neoplasm. This case evidences the presence of metastatic carcinoma in the territory of present-day Mongolia almost two millennia ago. This research could be an important indicator to extend our understanding of the health and environmental conditions of Mongolia's ancient populations. We propose further in-depth study to define the primary site of the tumor in the body of this individuum by identifying tumor biomarkers in the next stage of the study.
Degtyareva A.D., Ryndina N.V. Models of non-ferrous metal production in the western and eastern areas of the Yamnaya culture. Kratkie Soobshcheniya Instituta Arkheologii, 256
Degtyareva A.D., Ryndina N.V. Models of non-ferrous metal production in the western and eastern areas of the Yamnaya culture2019 •
the paper summarizes data from the analytical studies of non-ferrous metal in two areas of the Yamnaya (Pit-grave) culture, i. e. the western area (the North Pontic region) and the eastern area (the Southern Urals and the Middle tobol basin). Methods of spectral, atomic emission, electron microprobe and metallographic analyses were employed. the materials described demonstrate existence of two different metal production models used by the Yamnaya population. the difference in the models is stipulated by different directions of historical and metallurgical contacts, availability of accessible ore deposits, maintenance of traditional technologies or development of innovation methods of arsenical bronze production. certain technological similarities between the Urals and the North Pontic metalworking were identifiedonly for the early development stage of the North Pontic center of metal production. In the subsequent period metal production of the Yamnaya population groups which lived in the North Pontic region demonstrates other technological traditions of producing tools and jewelry from low-alloyed arsenical bronze that came from western raw material sources. the Urals craftsmen employed techniques of casting heavy tools from local Kargaly oxidized copper in open and composite closed moulds with high-temperature modes of heat treatment.
VISNYK TARAS SHEVCHENKO NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF KYIV (Geology)
LEGAL ASPECTS OF IRON ORE PROCESSING IN THE KRYVYI RIH IRON ORE BASIN2022 •
The current version of the Tax Code allows for misinterpretation of the interpretation of the term "primary processing of mineral resources". In particular, the tax authorities believe that the primary processing of mineral raw materials includes magnetite concentrate, which in this case is subject to taxation. That is, a number of mining and processing enterprises have faced the problem of double taxation, which threatens significant financial losses. Accordingly, this led to the choice of topic for writing this article, the purpose of which is to conduct research on changes in mineral forms of minerals (iron ore), their aggregate-phase state, crystal chemical structure during production processes at mining, crushing and concentrating production of Kryvyi Rih mining and processing enterprises, and establishing at what stage of production the primary processing of minerals for the purposes of rent taxation is completed and whether the position of enterprises on limiting primary processing by the stage of fragmentation meets the requirements of the Tax Code of Ukraine.
Barun-Hulk 3 - Metallurgical center located on the western shore of Lake Baikal, in the valley of the river Kuchulga. Metallurgical Center found as a result of geophysical studies and dates back 2-10 centuries.
2024 •
Estudios Mindonienses
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European Journal of Engineering Research and Science
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New England Journal of Medicine
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