Yuval Kalish
WHU-Otto Beisheim School of Management, Management, Faculty Member
- Tel Aviv University, Management, Faculty Memberadd
predispositions and network structure: The relationship between individual predispositions, structural holes and network closure.
Research Interests:
Objective: To provide evidence that venous congestion and drainage patterns are responsible for the manifestations of cavernous sinus area dural arteriovenous malformations (CSdAVMs). Design: Retrospective observational case series.... more
Objective: To provide evidence that venous congestion and drainage patterns are responsible for the manifestations of cavernous sinus area dural arteriovenous malformations (CSdAVMs). Design: Retrospective observational case series. Participants: Records of 85 patients with complete clinical and angiographic evaluations of CSdAVMs were evaluated for the clinical features of the disorder. A neuroradiologist analyzed patterns of venous drainage to and from the cavernous sinus without knowledge of the clinical features. Four venous drainage patterns (reversal of flow from the CSdAVMs into the anterior cavernous sinus, ophthalmic vein thrombosis, drainage into the inferior petrosal sinus or drainage into the superior petrosal sinus) were statistically tested for their predictive value of signs and symptoms using logistic regression. Main Outcome Measures: The power of prediction of orbital congestion, elevated IOP, extraocular muscle dysfunction, optic neuropathy, venous-stasis retinopa...
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Do women and men differ in their brokering behavior? Integrating the literatures on gender, self-construal, and social networks, we theorize that gender differences in relational interdependence produce different patterns of helpful... more
Do women and men differ in their brokering behavior? Integrating the literatures on gender, self-construal, and social networks, we theorize that gender differences in relational interdependence produce different patterns of helpful brokering among women versus men. Two experiments tested the hypothesis that tie strength moderates the effect of gender on two types of helpful brokering: helping others form new network ties (intermediary brokering) and helping others repair strained network ties (conciliatory brokering). In both experiments, the observed gender by tie strength interactions were driven by gender differences in network-broadening behavior (i.e., willingness to help weak ties) rather than network-deepening behavior (i.e., willingness to help strong ties). Experiment 2 provides evidence that differences in relational self-construal mediate the effect of gender on brokering behavior. We discuss the implications of these findings for gender inequality in organizations and i...
Research Interests:
Abstract We extend Implicit Leadership Theory, which addresses criteria that individuals use to identify leaders, by examining whether the predictors of leadership emergence change over time. Building on leader-distance research, we... more
Abstract We extend Implicit Leadership Theory, which addresses criteria that individuals use to identify leaders, by examining whether the predictors of leadership emergence change over time. Building on leader-distance research, we predict that time influences the traits on which individuals base their selection of others as leaders: Initially, before individuals have had many opportunities to interact, and distance between them is high, they select leaders according to easily-noticeable physical and psychological traits; however, with time, as distance decreases, they rely on more covert psychological traits. We carried out a three-day field study in an intensive workshop for individuals entering an executive-MBA program (n = 64). Data were gathered from participants at four points in time. We found that the criteria by which people nominate leaders change over time from easily-noticeable traits (facial attractiveness, gender, extraversion) to more covert personality traits (conscientiousness).
Research Interests:
Supplemental Material, sj-docx-1-spp-10.1177_19485506211024485 for Broadening Versus Deepening: Gender and Brokering in Social Networks by Nir Halevy and Yuval Kalish in Social Psychological and Personality Science
Valuable knowledge exchanged in networks is associated not only with benefits but also with tensions and costs. This paper offers a new structural approach to knowledge exchange relations within consortia through integrating Information... more
Valuable knowledge exchanged in networks is associated not only with benefits but also with tensions and costs. This paper offers a new structural approach to knowledge exchange relations within consortia through integrating Information Search Model (ISM, Borgatti & Cross, 2003) with social network theory. This integration explains explain how organizational actors mitigate the costs associated with knowledge exchange (KX) relationships by using network structure. We examine ISM at the dyadic level of explanation and add triads and other complex configurations of multiple types of KX relationships. Using a multi-study approach, we conduct one inductive study and two network studies—one cross-sectional and one longitudinal in university-industry science consortia. The analyses, based on Exponential Random Graph models and Stochastic Actor Based models, show that organizational actors optimize the benefits and reduce the costs of KX through utilizing KX relationships of various types and network structures.
Research Interests:
Abstract Safety climate is one of the most valid predictors of safety outcomes in organizations. Safety climate studies usually refer to formal organizational units (the team/department) as the main level of analysis for predicting... more
Abstract Safety climate is one of the most valid predictors of safety outcomes in organizations. Safety climate studies usually refer to formal organizational units (the team/department) as the main level of analysis for predicting climate emergence and safety outcomes. The current research extends the traditional perspective toward safety climate by proposing a complementary framework based on social network theory. Specifically, this research aims to understand how two common features of formal units, namely (1) the presence of informal subgroups of friends (i.e. cliques), and (2) the prevalence of negative relationships between team members, affect the team’s safety climate strength. We hypothesized that employees who are members of cliques would exhibit high internal agreement, at the clique level, regarding the team’s safety climate, and that both the number of cliques and the prevalence of negative relationships in a team would be negatively related to team safety-climate strength. We sampled 568 workers in 118 cliques within 46 formal teams in nine organizations. Findings showed the cliques to be a valid meso level of analysis for safety-climate research. The number of cliques in a team was negatively related to the team's safety-climate strength. In addition, we found an interaction effect between the number of cliques and the prevalence of negative relationships in the team, such that the negative association between the number of cliques and climate strength grew stronger as the prevalence of negative relationships increased.
Research Interests:
Time, as a constraining resource, is an important factor in organizational creativity processes. Yet we know little about its role in influencing the creative‐innovative process. This paper uses a case study to integrate three... more
Time, as a constraining resource, is an important factor in organizational creativity processes. Yet we know little about its role in influencing the creative‐innovative process. This paper uses a case study to integrate three process‐oriented theories concerning the importance of process mid‐points and breakthrough as time resources dissipate. The context we examine is the design process of an exhibition of industrial innovations at the Science Museum in Jerusalem. We argue that actors select a course of action at approximately the temporal mid‐point of a process and that this course of action is itself creative and leads to a breakthrough transformation. Two types of mid‐point creative breakthrough transformation are classified as recombining and pruning. We suggest a theoretical integration and further directions for research.
Research Interests:
Stochastic actor-oriented (SAO) models are a family of models for network dynamics that enable researchers to test multiple, often competing explanations for network change and estimate the extent and relative power of various influences... more
Stochastic actor-oriented (SAO) models are a family of models for network dynamics that enable researchers to test multiple, often competing explanations for network change and estimate the extent and relative power of various influences on network evolution. SAO models for the co-evolution of network ties and actor behavior, the most comprehensive category of SAO models, examine how networks and actor attributes—their behavior, performance, or attitudes—influence each other over time. While these models have been widely used in the social sciences, and particularly in educational settings, their use in organizational scholarship has been extremely limited. This paper provides a layperson introduction to SAO models for the co-evolution of networks and behavior and the types of research questions they can address. The models and their underpinnings are explained in nonmathematical terms, and theoretical explanations are supported by a concrete, detailed example that includes step-by-...
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Research into leadership emergence typically focuses on the attributes of the emergent leader. By considering also the attributes of perceivers and the passage of time, we develop a more complete theory of leadership emergence in... more
Research into leadership emergence typically focuses on the attributes of the emergent leader. By considering also the attributes of perceivers and the passage of time, we develop a more complete theory of leadership emergence in short-lived groups. Using expectation states theory as an overarching theoretical framework, and integrating it with the surface- and deep-level diversity literature and with theories of self-serving biases, we examine the predictors of leadership emergence in short timeframes. We conduct a field study in a military assessment boot camp (a pilot study, n = 60; and a main study, n = 89). We use cross-sectional and longitudinal exponential random graph models to analyze data on participants' abilities and on their perceptions of who, in their respective groups, were "leaders." We find that the criteria by which people perceive leadership in others change over time, from easily noticeable attributes to covert leadership-relevant attributes, and that people also rely on leadership-relevant attributes that they possess at high levels to inform their perceptions of leadership in others. The integration of expectation states theory, attribute salience over time and theories of self-serving bias is needed for a full understanding of leadership emergence in groups, because perceivers' own abilities are instrumental in shaping their perceptions of emergent leadership over time. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
This article provides an introductory summary to the formulation and application of exponential random graph models for social networks. The possible ties among nodes of a network are regarded as random variables, and assumptions about... more
This article provides an introductory summary to the formulation and application of exponential random graph models for social networks. The possible ties among nodes of a network are regarded as random variables, and assumptions about dependencies among these random tie ...
Research Interests:
ABSTRACT This study investigates learning disability (LD) as an individual-differences variable predicting leadership emergence, role occupancy, and effectiveness. We hypothesize that individuals with LD are less likely to occupy... more
ABSTRACT This study investigates learning disability (LD) as an individual-differences variable predicting leadership emergence, role occupancy, and effectiveness. We hypothesize that individuals with LD are less likely to occupy leadership roles, and that informal group processes (leadership emergence) will mediate the relationship between LD and leadership role occupancy. We also hypothesized that, among leaders promoted and selected for leadership training, there would be a negative relationship between LD and effective leadership. We first checked for LD in a sample of 1076 soldiers, measuring cognitive ability with a geometric-analogies test as a control. Some months later, during the soldiers' basic training, we measured leadership emergence. We then identified those who were selected for leadership training, recording, and measuring their effectiveness according to supervisory and peer evaluations. Leadership emergence was found to mediate the negative relationship between LD and leadership role occupancy. There were no significant differences among leaders (n = 308) with and without LD in regard to leadership effectiveness. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Abstract This article provides an introductory summary of the formulation and application of exponential random graph models for social networks. The possible ties among nodes of a network are regarded as random variables, and assumptions... more
Abstract This article provides an introductory summary of the formulation and application of exponential random graph models for social networks. The possible ties among nodes of a network are regarded as random variables, and assumptions about dependencies among ...
Research Interests:
Relations between family type and psychological and parental distress and the moderating role of social support were studied for 90 Israeli lesbian mothers, single heterosexual mothers by choice and 2-parent heterosexual mothers who... more
Relations between family type and psychological and parental distress and the moderating role of social support were studied for 90 Israeli lesbian mothers, single heterosexual mothers by choice and 2-parent heterosexual mothers who completed measures of psychological distress, well-being, parental distress, and direct and indirect social support. Findings indicated differences on psychological and parental outcome between mothers from the two heterosexual groups. Social support was higher for lesbian than single heterosexual mothers and was correlated with psychological and parental indices. Unique because of the distinctive demographics of Israeli society (especially in relation to Western Europe and North America), this study highlights ways in which social and individual processes affect psychological outcomes among minority groups.
Research Interests: Psychology, Clinical Psychology, Mental Health, Heterosexuality, Parenting, and 15 moreSexuality, Gender and Sexuality, Gender, Public Health, Israel, Humans, Female, American, Mothers, Social Environment, Questionnaires, Analysis of Variance, Single Parent Families, Social Network, and single parent
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Research Interests: Sociology, Density, Logistic Regression, Simulation, Bayesian Inference, and 25 moreProbability Distribution & Applications, Clustering, Transitivity, Goodness of Fit, Equation, Phase transition, Negative, Centrality, Markov, Maximum Likelihood Estimation, Reciprocity, Positive, Contemporary Sociology, S, M, P, E, C, U, R, G, T, J, A, and Y
A Hebrew version of the 12-item Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale, Form C (SHSS:C) was administered to 169 subjects in Israel. The authors compared the results with those obtained for the English original administered in the USA and... more
A Hebrew version of the 12-item Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale, Form C (SHSS:C) was administered to 169 subjects in Israel. The authors compared the results with those obtained for the English original administered in the USA and with an additional group of 38 English-speaking subjects in Israel, as well as with versions translated into Spanish (2 versions, for Spain and for Mexico), Italian, German, and Dutch. Mean scores and pair-wise rank-order correlations between item pass rates were comparable across the different samples. Item reliability was somewhat lower in the Hebrew version; however, if testing was discontinued after failure to comply with 3 consecutive items, reliability was similar to that obtained for the other samples. We conclude that the Hebrew version of the SHSS:C can be used for the assessment of hypnotizability and recommend that the discontinuation criterion be applied.
Research Interests:
This study of perceived stress and communication networks fills two theoretical gaps in the literature: First, drawing predominantly on COR theory and faultline theory, we demonstrate the role of stress as an “engine of action” in network... more
This study of perceived stress and communication networks fills two theoretical gaps in the literature: First, drawing predominantly on COR theory and faultline theory, we demonstrate the role of stress as an “engine of action” in network evolution. Second, we extend the stress literature to the interpersonal domain by arguing that others’ levels of stress influence the individual’s communication network, and this, in turn, changes his stress level. At three time points, we evaluated the communication ties and perceived stress in a unique field setting comprising 115 male participants (in six groups) performing group-based tasks. We introduce stochastic actor-based models for the co-evolution of network ties and actor attributes, statistical models that enable causal inferences to be drawn regarding the interplay between dynamic networks and individual attributes. Using these models, we find that over time, individuals experiencing higher levels of perceived stress were less likely to create new communication ties and were more likely to maintain existing ties to others. Participants also tended to communicate with similarly stressed others. Such communication network dynamics further increased individuals' levels of perceived stress over time, leading to stress-related vicious cycles. We discuss organizational implications that relate to stress and network-related interventions.
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
This study investigates learning disability (LD) as an individual-differences variable predicting leadership emergence, role occupancy, and effectiveness.We hypothesize that individuals with LD are less likely to occupy leadership... more
This study investigates learning disability (LD) as an individual-differences variable predicting leadership emergence,
role occupancy, and effectiveness.We hypothesize that individuals with LD are less likely to occupy leadership
roles, and that informal group processes (leadership emergence) will mediate the relationship between LD
and leadership role occupancy. We also hypothesized that, among leaders promoted and selected for leadership
training, there would be a negative relationship between LD and effective leadership.We first checked for LD in a
sample of 1076 soldiers, measuring cognitive ability with a geometric-analogies test as a control. Some months
later, during the soldiers’ basic training, we measured leadership emergence. We then identified those who were
selected for leadership training, recording, and measuring their effectiveness according to supervisory and peer
evaluations. Leadership emergence was found to mediate the negative relationship between LD and leadership
role occupancy. There were no significant differences among leaders (n = 308) with and without LD in regard
to leadership effectiveness.
role occupancy, and effectiveness.We hypothesize that individuals with LD are less likely to occupy leadership
roles, and that informal group processes (leadership emergence) will mediate the relationship between LD
and leadership role occupancy. We also hypothesized that, among leaders promoted and selected for leadership
training, there would be a negative relationship between LD and effective leadership.We first checked for LD in a
sample of 1076 soldiers, measuring cognitive ability with a geometric-analogies test as a control. Some months
later, during the soldiers’ basic training, we measured leadership emergence. We then identified those who were
selected for leadership training, recording, and measuring their effectiveness according to supervisory and peer
evaluations. Leadership emergence was found to mediate the negative relationship between LD and leadership
role occupancy. There were no significant differences among leaders (n = 308) with and without LD in regard
to leadership effectiveness.
Research Interests:
We suggest that the simple measure used in peer assessment (i.e. the number of peer nominations) does not capture the complexity of social information processing and is therefore limited in its predictive validity. Based on indicators... more
We suggest that the simple measure used in peer assessment (i.e. the number of peer
nominations) does not capture the complexity of social information processing and is
therefore limited in its predictive validity. Based on indicators derived from social
network analysis and social information processing theories, we suggest new
measures (nominations by nominees and nominations not returned) that enhance the
predictive validity of peer assessment. We compare the validity of existing measures
of peer assessment with our more complex measures using a longitudinal sample of
249 soldiers, divided into 18 groups. More than six months later, the commanders of
the 132 soldiers that were selected for the unit under review provided evaluations of
their performance on three dimensions: performance under stress, engagement, and
leadership. We found that the new measures predicted performance above and beyond
the traditional measure. Theoretical and applied implications are discussed.
nominations) does not capture the complexity of social information processing and is
therefore limited in its predictive validity. Based on indicators derived from social
network analysis and social information processing theories, we suggest new
measures (nominations by nominees and nominations not returned) that enhance the
predictive validity of peer assessment. We compare the validity of existing measures
of peer assessment with our more complex measures using a longitudinal sample of
249 soldiers, divided into 18 groups. More than six months later, the commanders of
the 132 soldiers that were selected for the unit under review provided evaluations of
their performance on three dimensions: performance under stress, engagement, and
leadership. We found that the new measures predicted performance above and beyond
the traditional measure. Theoretical and applied implications are discussed.
Research Interests:
Relations between family type and psychological and parental distress and the moderating role of social support were studied for 90 Israeli lesbian mothers, single heterosexual mothers by choice and 2-parent heterosexual mothers who... more
Relations between family type and psychological and parental distress and the moderating role of social support were studied for 90 Israeli lesbian mothers, single heterosexual mothers by choice and 2-parent heterosexual mothers who completed measures of psychological distress, well-being, parental distress, and direct and indirect social support. Findings indicated differences on psychological and parental outcome between mothers from the two heterosexual groups. Social support was higher for lesbian than single heterosexual mothers and was correlated with psychological and parental indices. Unique because of the distinctive demographics of Israeli society (especially in relation to Western Europe and North America), this study highlights ways in which social and individual processes affect psychological outcomes among minority groups.
Research Interests: Psychology, Clinical Psychology, Social Psychology, Social Networks, Mental Health, and 18 moreHeterosexuality, Parenting, Sexuality, Gender and Sexuality, Gender, Stress, Social Support, Public Health, Israel, Humans, Female, American, Mothers, Social Environment, Questionnaires, Analysis of Variance, Single Parent Families, and Social Network
The current paper examines the psychological characteristics of people who link tightly connected cliques to each other with friendship ties. Based on the work of sociologist Georg Simmel, I argue that these people are characterized by... more
The current paper examines the psychological characteristics of people who link tightly connected cliques to each other with friendship ties. Based on the work of sociologist Georg Simmel, I argue that these people are characterized by two separate motivations, which I call entrepreneurial and relationship-building motivations. Using a complete network from a heterogeneous class of Jewish-, Arab-, and Druze-Israelis, I provide the first empirical evidence of their existence. Gould and Fernandez's brokerage roles were calculated for each participant, and triad proportions from each brokerage type were correlated with well-established psychological questionnaires. Results indicate the existence of two psychologically distinct network orientations, easily interpretable in terms of Simmel's analysis of processes in triads.