Antimicrobial resistance is a global emergency which needs one health approach to address. The pr... more Antimicrobial resistance is a global emergency which needs one health approach to address. The present study was conducted to detect the prevalence of beta‐lactamase and biofilm‐producing Klebsiella strains in rectal swabs (n = 624) collected from healthy dogs, cats, sheep and goats reared as companion or household animals in India. The dogs and cats were frequently exposed to third‐ or fourth‐generation cephalosporins for therapy. The sheep and goats were occasionally exposed to antibiotics and had environmental exposure. Phenotypical ESBL (n = 93) and ACBL (n = 88)‐producing Klebsiella were isolated significantly more (P < 0·05) from companion animals than household animals. Majority of the Klebsiella possessed blaCTX‐M‐15. The sequences blaCTX‐M‐15.2, blaCTX‐M‐197 and blaCTX‐M‐225 are reported first time from the companion animals. All ACBL‐producing isolates possessed blaAmpC. The present study detected 65·8% of Klebsiella strains as biofilm producers possessing the studied biofilm associated genes. The isolates showed phenotypical resistance against chloramphenicol, tetracycline, doxycycline, co‐trimoxazole, ampicillin, cefotaxime/clavulanic acid. The present study showed that companion and household animals (dogs, cats, sheep, goats) may act as a carrier of ESBL/biofilm‐producing, multi‐drug resistant, high‐risk clonal lineage of Klebsiella.
Malassezia pachydermatis, a non-obligatory lipophilic yeast has been standing in the focus of int... more Malassezia pachydermatis, a non-obligatory lipophilic yeast has been standing in the focus of interest because of its highly zoonotic nature. Systemic infections in immunocompromised patients, biofilm formation and causing relapses are common and recently they have been classified as an emergent pathogen. A total of 236 cerumen samples were collected from both the ear canal of 118 adult cats without otitis externa and subjected simultaneously to both conventional and molecular tests. Samples were inoculated on Sabouraud&#39;s Dextrose Agar with 1% sterile olive oil and incubated at 37°C for 2-4 weeks. Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction was performed after extracting the DNA directly from cerumen samples. The present study established nested PCR as a sensitive and rapid technique for detection of the M. pachydermatis. The study also revealed the risk of the companion animal owners because a moderately high percentage of healthy cats acted as a carrier of M. pachydermatis.
ObjectivesThe present study was conducted to detect the occurrence of β-lactamase and biofilm-pro... more ObjectivesThe present study was conducted to detect the occurrence of β-lactamase and biofilm-producing Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Klebsiella in broilers and native fowl reared in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India. The study also included molecular docking experiments to confirm the nature of the catalytic domains found in the β-lactamase variants obtained and to reveal the clonal relationship of the isolates with human clinical strains from the database.Materials and methodsA total of 199 cloacal swabs were collected from five poultry breeds/varieties (broiler, Vanraja, Desi, Nicobari, and layer) in three districts of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. E. coli, Salmonella enterica, and Klebsiella pneumoniae were isolated by standard techniques and confirmed by PCR. Phenotypical β-lactamase producers were identified by a double-disc test. The genes (blaCTX, blaSHV, blaTEM, and blaAmpC) were screened, and selected sequences of β-lactamase variants were submitted to DDBJ. Ho...
Candida albicans is an emerging multi-drug resistant fungal pathogen which causes urogenital infe... more Candida albicans is an emerging multi-drug resistant fungal pathogen which causes urogenital infections in animals and humans. There is very limited data about the antifungal resistance and virulence activity of hemolysin from companion animals. The aim of the present study was to investigate the in vitro antifungal susceptibility and hemolytic activity of C. albicans isolates from urine of dog and cat which shared a common household. Standard mycological technique was used for isolating and identifying the yeast. Sequencing with Internal transcribed spacer of ribosomal RNA revealed more than 99% similarity between the isolates. Antifungal resistance was seen for Fluconazole, Amphotericin-B and Itraconazole for both the isolates. Both the isolates showed high susceptibility to Micafungin, Voriconazole, Anidulafungin and Caspofungin and presented moderate hemolysin activity. The pathogen being zoonotic can cause a significant public health concern, thus care should be taken in avoidi...
Milk is considered as complete food and an important part of human diet throughout the world incl... more Milk is considered as complete food and an important part of human diet throughout the world including India. Bacterial contamination of milk such as due to unhygienic condition and poor udder health can cause infections, especially in infants and elders or in immunocompromised persons. Possession of antimicrobial resistance genes by commensal bacteria present in milk makes the issue more serious. The study was aimed to isolate and characterize extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing from milk samples collected from different parts of West Bengal, India, to assess the potential risk associated with the food. Around 182 milk samples were collected from apparently healthy cows reared by organized dairy farms in West Bengal. was isolated from collected samples as per standard methods followed by serotyping. The detection of ESBL-producing was done both phenotypically and genotypically by detecting the presence of gene. Antibiogram of the ESBL-positive isolates was done using ...
COVID-19 is nowadays a highly infectious disease affecting human civilization throughout the Glob... more COVID-19 is nowadays a highly infectious disease affecting human civilization throughout the Globe including India. A novel Coronavirus (nCoV) which was first reported from Wuhan, People's Republic of China, has now emerged as a public health emergency of international concern. The pandemic is caused by the Novel virus of the Coronaviridae family known as SARS-CoV-2. The outbreak was first reported in December 2019, and at present has spread in almost all over the world with more than 23 million cases causing more than 8 lakh 9 thousand deaths up to August 2020. At present India is having more than 3 million confirmed cases (3rd highest in the infection list) of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), with 56000+ deaths, resulting in an overall case fatality rate of 2.04 percent. By August 2020, 215 countries around the world are under the threat of the pandemic with a death rate of 5% approx. Severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 is generally transmitted via close contact with...
Dermatophytoses is a very old and neglected ailment in man as well as animals. The development of... more Dermatophytoses is a very old and neglected ailment in man as well as animals. The development of antifungal resistance is another emerging issue. Among the different etiologies, Microsporum canis plays a crucial role. The present study was undertaken to investigate the epidemiology of, characterize, and explore the antifungal susceptibility profile of M. canis isolated from pet animals. A total of 97 (59.15%) (Dog-46, Cat-51) isolates were identified as M. canis by using PCR. The prevalence of M. canis was highest in puppies (19.1%) and kittens (25.78%) in relation to age. No sexual predisposition was found in this study. Seasonal distribution revealed the highest prevalence in summer and lowest in winter. Resistance against Fluconazole and Griseofulvin was observed in a few isolates. The results indicate the need to properly identify the pathogen, and to be cautious in selecting the drug for treatment in order to stop the further development of resistant dermatophytes.
Cryptococcus neoformans acts as a major etiology of human infections in immunocompromised, cancer... more Cryptococcus neoformans acts as a major etiology of human infections in immunocompromised, cancer and transplant patients. The present study was conducted to detect the occurrence and antifungal resistance of C. neoformans in domestic and feral pigeons in and around Kolkata, a metropolitan city in India with considerable size of pigeon population. Weathered droppings of domestic and feral pigeons (n=917) were collected from different pet bird shelters, different buildings and other places. Isolation and identification of C. neoformans was performed based on cultural, biochemical properties. Antifungal sensitivity of the confirmed isolates were performed according to standard CLSI protocols with seven antifungals and caspofungin. A total of 153(16.68%) samples were found positive for Cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans. All the isolates possessed CNLAC1 outer gene in PCR. Antifungal sensitivity revealed marked resistance to amphotericin-B (33.33%), fluconazole (20.91%), flucytosi...
International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 2020
Escherichia coli are important commensal with pathogenic potentiality in bovine neonates and may ... more Escherichia coli are important commensal with pathogenic potentiality in bovine neonates and may cause intestinal and extra-intestinal infections. Different enteric pathogens such as E. coli may remain associated with bovine diarrhoea which is a multifactorial menace. Possession of antimicrobial resistance genes by these commensal or pathogens associated with diarrhea makes the issue more serious. The study was aimed to detect the occurrence and characterize extended-spectrum (ESBL) and AmpC (ACBL) beta-lactamases producing pathogenic E. coli (STEC) in diarrhoeal faecal samples collected from bovines. All the E. coli strains (13/21, 61.9%) isolated from bovine diarrhoea cases (n=21) were found to be ESBL producers. In total, 11 (84.6%) isolates were positive in cefoxitin–cloxacillin double-disc synergy (CC-DDS) test for AmpC production and the isolates were also confirmed by PCR for blaAmpC. Any of the E. coli isolates were not carrying the class I integrons but 7 (53.8%) of those isolates were found to possess theSTEC gene, eaeA (responsible for causing diarrhoea) as revealed in PCR assays. All the ESBL producing E. coli isolates showed a high level of resistance to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, ampicillin/cloxacillin, cefotaxime, cefepime, cefoperazone (100%), cefoxitin (84.6%) and tetracycline (61.5%) whereas Ertapenem (92.3%), and enrofloxacin (84.6%) were intermediately sensitive against these pathogens. All the isolates were susceptible to amikacin, levofloxacin, gentamicin, ampicillin/sulbactam, and doxycycline.
COVID-19 is nowadays a highly infectious disease affecting human civilization throughout the Glob... more COVID-19 is nowadays a highly infectious disease affecting human civilization throughout the Globe including India. A novel Coronavirus (nCoV) which was first reported from Wuhan, People's Republic of China, has now emerged as a public health emergency of international concern. The pandemic is caused by the Novel virus of the Coronaviridae family known as SARS-CoV-2. The outbreak was first reported in December 2019, and at present has spread in almost all over the world with more than 23 million cases causing more than 8 lakh 9 thousand deaths up to August 2020. At present India is having more than 3 million confirmed cases (3 rd highest in the infection list) of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), with 56000+ deaths, resulting in an overall case fatality rate of 2.04 percent. By August 2020, 215 countries around the world are under the threat of the pandemic with a death rate of 5% approx. Severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 is generally transmitted via close contact with active and non-symptomatic patients and also via air droplets or aerosol routes. The virus generally infects the respiratory system and later on goes on affecting all vital organs in humans. The development of acute respiratory tract infection with fever, cough, diarrhoea, dyspnoea, headache, and breathing trouble are a few typical signs of this infection. In this background, this review will focus on virology, the nature of the infection and epidemiology, pathogenicity, symptomology, diagnostic techniques, possible remedies, and scope to overcome this threat over the mankind with special reference to the Indian perspective. This review will also focus on the key ongoing efforts to prevent the COVID-19 outbreak and identifies the needs to be incorporated in health management systems, and community response mechanisms towards improving global as well as Indian health security.
Antimicrobial resistance is a global emergency which needs one health
approach to address. The pr... more Antimicrobial resistance is a global emergency which needs one health approach to address. The present study was conducted to detect the prevalence of beta-lactamase and biofilm-producing Klebsiella strains in rectal swabs (n = 624) collected from healthy dogs, cats, sheep and goats reared as companion or household animals in India. The dogs and cats were frequently exposed to third- or fourth-generation cephalosporins for therapy. The sheep and goats were occasionally exposed to antibiotics and had environmental exposure. Phenotypical ESBL (n = 93) and ACBL (n = 88)-producing Klebsiella were isolated significantly more (P < 0.05) from companion animals than household animals. Majority of the Klebsiella possessed blaCTX-M-15. The sequences blaCTX-M-15.2, blaCTX-M-197 and blaCTX-M-225 are reported first time from the companion animals. All ACBL-producing isolates possessed blaAmpC. The present study detected 65.8% of Klebsiella strains as biofilm producers possessing the studied biofilm associated genes. The isolates showed phenotypical resistance against chloramphenicol, tetracycline, doxycycline, cotrimoxazole, ampicillin, cefotaxime/clavulanic acid. The present study showed that companion and household animals (dogs, cats, sheep, goats) may act as a carrier of ESBL/biofilm-producing, multi-drug resistant, high-risk clonal lineage of Klebsiella.
International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 2020
Antimicrobial resistance can be seen in almost all pathogenic bacteria present in food like chick... more Antimicrobial resistance can be seen in almost all pathogenic bacteria present in food like chicken meat, leading to treatment failure in human patients and serious public health problems. The present study aimed to detect extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) and AmpC beta-lactamase (ACBL)-producing Escherichia coli from chicken meat, from different parts of West Bengal. A total of 113 raw chicken meat samples were collected during slaughter from different local markets followed by isolation and identification by standard conventional and molecular methods. About79% samples were positive for E. coli and among 89 isolates 17(19.1%) were positive to ESBL property and presence of the blaCTX-M gene, whereas 78 strains (87.6%) were found to possess blaAmpC gene. Antibiogram study of ESBL positive E. coli strains revealed resistance of these strains to ceftriaxone, ampicillin (both 100%), amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, ceftazidime, cefotaxime, tetracycline (all approx. 94%), azithromycin (70.6%) and norfloxacin (64.7%) in-vitro whereas imipenem (94%), amikacin (82%), gentamicin (58.8%) and ampicillin/sulbactam (71%) were quite effective against these MDR isolates. So, about 79% of chicken meat samples were found to be contaminated with E. coli, most of which were resistant to commonly used antibiotics which may lead to animal and human health hazards.
The pandemic of COVID-19 was caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ... more The pandemic of COVID-19 was caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) showed an exceptional challenge to the human population over the globe. The purpose of this review is mainly to review the organism, clinical characteristics, diagnosis, and treatment of COVID-19 and also to remark concisely on the epidemiology and pathology based on the present experience in the world as well as Indian perspective. We focused in this review on the origin, epidemiology, clinical symptoms and preventive measures of the disease. This review has compiled the updated information about COVID-19 with the hope that it will be helpful to the public health professionals in their knowledge.
Antimicrobial resistance is a global emergency which needs one health approach to address. The pr... more Antimicrobial resistance is a global emergency which needs one health approach to address. The present study was conducted to detect the prevalence of beta‐lactamase and biofilm‐producing Klebsiella strains in rectal swabs (n = 624) collected from healthy dogs, cats, sheep and goats reared as companion or household animals in India. The dogs and cats were frequently exposed to third‐ or fourth‐generation cephalosporins for therapy. The sheep and goats were occasionally exposed to antibiotics and had environmental exposure. Phenotypical ESBL (n = 93) and ACBL (n = 88)‐producing Klebsiella were isolated significantly more (P < 0·05) from companion animals than household animals. Majority of the Klebsiella possessed blaCTX‐M‐15. The sequences blaCTX‐M‐15.2, blaCTX‐M‐197 and blaCTX‐M‐225 are reported first time from the companion animals. All ACBL‐producing isolates possessed blaAmpC. The present study detected 65·8% of Klebsiella strains as biofilm producers possessing the studied biofilm associated genes. The isolates showed phenotypical resistance against chloramphenicol, tetracycline, doxycycline, co‐trimoxazole, ampicillin, cefotaxime/clavulanic acid. The present study showed that companion and household animals (dogs, cats, sheep, goats) may act as a carrier of ESBL/biofilm‐producing, multi‐drug resistant, high‐risk clonal lineage of Klebsiella.
Malassezia pachydermatis, a non-obligatory lipophilic yeast has been standing in the focus of int... more Malassezia pachydermatis, a non-obligatory lipophilic yeast has been standing in the focus of interest because of its highly zoonotic nature. Systemic infections in immunocompromised patients, biofilm formation and causing relapses are common and recently they have been classified as an emergent pathogen. A total of 236 cerumen samples were collected from both the ear canal of 118 adult cats without otitis externa and subjected simultaneously to both conventional and molecular tests. Samples were inoculated on Sabouraud&#39;s Dextrose Agar with 1% sterile olive oil and incubated at 37°C for 2-4 weeks. Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction was performed after extracting the DNA directly from cerumen samples. The present study established nested PCR as a sensitive and rapid technique for detection of the M. pachydermatis. The study also revealed the risk of the companion animal owners because a moderately high percentage of healthy cats acted as a carrier of M. pachydermatis.
ObjectivesThe present study was conducted to detect the occurrence of β-lactamase and biofilm-pro... more ObjectivesThe present study was conducted to detect the occurrence of β-lactamase and biofilm-producing Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Klebsiella in broilers and native fowl reared in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India. The study also included molecular docking experiments to confirm the nature of the catalytic domains found in the β-lactamase variants obtained and to reveal the clonal relationship of the isolates with human clinical strains from the database.Materials and methodsA total of 199 cloacal swabs were collected from five poultry breeds/varieties (broiler, Vanraja, Desi, Nicobari, and layer) in three districts of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. E. coli, Salmonella enterica, and Klebsiella pneumoniae were isolated by standard techniques and confirmed by PCR. Phenotypical β-lactamase producers were identified by a double-disc test. The genes (blaCTX, blaSHV, blaTEM, and blaAmpC) were screened, and selected sequences of β-lactamase variants were submitted to DDBJ. Ho...
Candida albicans is an emerging multi-drug resistant fungal pathogen which causes urogenital infe... more Candida albicans is an emerging multi-drug resistant fungal pathogen which causes urogenital infections in animals and humans. There is very limited data about the antifungal resistance and virulence activity of hemolysin from companion animals. The aim of the present study was to investigate the in vitro antifungal susceptibility and hemolytic activity of C. albicans isolates from urine of dog and cat which shared a common household. Standard mycological technique was used for isolating and identifying the yeast. Sequencing with Internal transcribed spacer of ribosomal RNA revealed more than 99% similarity between the isolates. Antifungal resistance was seen for Fluconazole, Amphotericin-B and Itraconazole for both the isolates. Both the isolates showed high susceptibility to Micafungin, Voriconazole, Anidulafungin and Caspofungin and presented moderate hemolysin activity. The pathogen being zoonotic can cause a significant public health concern, thus care should be taken in avoidi...
Milk is considered as complete food and an important part of human diet throughout the world incl... more Milk is considered as complete food and an important part of human diet throughout the world including India. Bacterial contamination of milk such as due to unhygienic condition and poor udder health can cause infections, especially in infants and elders or in immunocompromised persons. Possession of antimicrobial resistance genes by commensal bacteria present in milk makes the issue more serious. The study was aimed to isolate and characterize extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing from milk samples collected from different parts of West Bengal, India, to assess the potential risk associated with the food. Around 182 milk samples were collected from apparently healthy cows reared by organized dairy farms in West Bengal. was isolated from collected samples as per standard methods followed by serotyping. The detection of ESBL-producing was done both phenotypically and genotypically by detecting the presence of gene. Antibiogram of the ESBL-positive isolates was done using ...
COVID-19 is nowadays a highly infectious disease affecting human civilization throughout the Glob... more COVID-19 is nowadays a highly infectious disease affecting human civilization throughout the Globe including India. A novel Coronavirus (nCoV) which was first reported from Wuhan, People's Republic of China, has now emerged as a public health emergency of international concern. The pandemic is caused by the Novel virus of the Coronaviridae family known as SARS-CoV-2. The outbreak was first reported in December 2019, and at present has spread in almost all over the world with more than 23 million cases causing more than 8 lakh 9 thousand deaths up to August 2020. At present India is having more than 3 million confirmed cases (3rd highest in the infection list) of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), with 56000+ deaths, resulting in an overall case fatality rate of 2.04 percent. By August 2020, 215 countries around the world are under the threat of the pandemic with a death rate of 5% approx. Severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 is generally transmitted via close contact with...
Dermatophytoses is a very old and neglected ailment in man as well as animals. The development of... more Dermatophytoses is a very old and neglected ailment in man as well as animals. The development of antifungal resistance is another emerging issue. Among the different etiologies, Microsporum canis plays a crucial role. The present study was undertaken to investigate the epidemiology of, characterize, and explore the antifungal susceptibility profile of M. canis isolated from pet animals. A total of 97 (59.15%) (Dog-46, Cat-51) isolates were identified as M. canis by using PCR. The prevalence of M. canis was highest in puppies (19.1%) and kittens (25.78%) in relation to age. No sexual predisposition was found in this study. Seasonal distribution revealed the highest prevalence in summer and lowest in winter. Resistance against Fluconazole and Griseofulvin was observed in a few isolates. The results indicate the need to properly identify the pathogen, and to be cautious in selecting the drug for treatment in order to stop the further development of resistant dermatophytes.
Cryptococcus neoformans acts as a major etiology of human infections in immunocompromised, cancer... more Cryptococcus neoformans acts as a major etiology of human infections in immunocompromised, cancer and transplant patients. The present study was conducted to detect the occurrence and antifungal resistance of C. neoformans in domestic and feral pigeons in and around Kolkata, a metropolitan city in India with considerable size of pigeon population. Weathered droppings of domestic and feral pigeons (n=917) were collected from different pet bird shelters, different buildings and other places. Isolation and identification of C. neoformans was performed based on cultural, biochemical properties. Antifungal sensitivity of the confirmed isolates were performed according to standard CLSI protocols with seven antifungals and caspofungin. A total of 153(16.68%) samples were found positive for Cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans. All the isolates possessed CNLAC1 outer gene in PCR. Antifungal sensitivity revealed marked resistance to amphotericin-B (33.33%), fluconazole (20.91%), flucytosi...
International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 2020
Escherichia coli are important commensal with pathogenic potentiality in bovine neonates and may ... more Escherichia coli are important commensal with pathogenic potentiality in bovine neonates and may cause intestinal and extra-intestinal infections. Different enteric pathogens such as E. coli may remain associated with bovine diarrhoea which is a multifactorial menace. Possession of antimicrobial resistance genes by these commensal or pathogens associated with diarrhea makes the issue more serious. The study was aimed to detect the occurrence and characterize extended-spectrum (ESBL) and AmpC (ACBL) beta-lactamases producing pathogenic E. coli (STEC) in diarrhoeal faecal samples collected from bovines. All the E. coli strains (13/21, 61.9%) isolated from bovine diarrhoea cases (n=21) were found to be ESBL producers. In total, 11 (84.6%) isolates were positive in cefoxitin–cloxacillin double-disc synergy (CC-DDS) test for AmpC production and the isolates were also confirmed by PCR for blaAmpC. Any of the E. coli isolates were not carrying the class I integrons but 7 (53.8%) of those isolates were found to possess theSTEC gene, eaeA (responsible for causing diarrhoea) as revealed in PCR assays. All the ESBL producing E. coli isolates showed a high level of resistance to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, ampicillin/cloxacillin, cefotaxime, cefepime, cefoperazone (100%), cefoxitin (84.6%) and tetracycline (61.5%) whereas Ertapenem (92.3%), and enrofloxacin (84.6%) were intermediately sensitive against these pathogens. All the isolates were susceptible to amikacin, levofloxacin, gentamicin, ampicillin/sulbactam, and doxycycline.
COVID-19 is nowadays a highly infectious disease affecting human civilization throughout the Glob... more COVID-19 is nowadays a highly infectious disease affecting human civilization throughout the Globe including India. A novel Coronavirus (nCoV) which was first reported from Wuhan, People's Republic of China, has now emerged as a public health emergency of international concern. The pandemic is caused by the Novel virus of the Coronaviridae family known as SARS-CoV-2. The outbreak was first reported in December 2019, and at present has spread in almost all over the world with more than 23 million cases causing more than 8 lakh 9 thousand deaths up to August 2020. At present India is having more than 3 million confirmed cases (3 rd highest in the infection list) of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), with 56000+ deaths, resulting in an overall case fatality rate of 2.04 percent. By August 2020, 215 countries around the world are under the threat of the pandemic with a death rate of 5% approx. Severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 is generally transmitted via close contact with active and non-symptomatic patients and also via air droplets or aerosol routes. The virus generally infects the respiratory system and later on goes on affecting all vital organs in humans. The development of acute respiratory tract infection with fever, cough, diarrhoea, dyspnoea, headache, and breathing trouble are a few typical signs of this infection. In this background, this review will focus on virology, the nature of the infection and epidemiology, pathogenicity, symptomology, diagnostic techniques, possible remedies, and scope to overcome this threat over the mankind with special reference to the Indian perspective. This review will also focus on the key ongoing efforts to prevent the COVID-19 outbreak and identifies the needs to be incorporated in health management systems, and community response mechanisms towards improving global as well as Indian health security.
Antimicrobial resistance is a global emergency which needs one health
approach to address. The pr... more Antimicrobial resistance is a global emergency which needs one health approach to address. The present study was conducted to detect the prevalence of beta-lactamase and biofilm-producing Klebsiella strains in rectal swabs (n = 624) collected from healthy dogs, cats, sheep and goats reared as companion or household animals in India. The dogs and cats were frequently exposed to third- or fourth-generation cephalosporins for therapy. The sheep and goats were occasionally exposed to antibiotics and had environmental exposure. Phenotypical ESBL (n = 93) and ACBL (n = 88)-producing Klebsiella were isolated significantly more (P < 0.05) from companion animals than household animals. Majority of the Klebsiella possessed blaCTX-M-15. The sequences blaCTX-M-15.2, blaCTX-M-197 and blaCTX-M-225 are reported first time from the companion animals. All ACBL-producing isolates possessed blaAmpC. The present study detected 65.8% of Klebsiella strains as biofilm producers possessing the studied biofilm associated genes. The isolates showed phenotypical resistance against chloramphenicol, tetracycline, doxycycline, cotrimoxazole, ampicillin, cefotaxime/clavulanic acid. The present study showed that companion and household animals (dogs, cats, sheep, goats) may act as a carrier of ESBL/biofilm-producing, multi-drug resistant, high-risk clonal lineage of Klebsiella.
International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 2020
Antimicrobial resistance can be seen in almost all pathogenic bacteria present in food like chick... more Antimicrobial resistance can be seen in almost all pathogenic bacteria present in food like chicken meat, leading to treatment failure in human patients and serious public health problems. The present study aimed to detect extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) and AmpC beta-lactamase (ACBL)-producing Escherichia coli from chicken meat, from different parts of West Bengal. A total of 113 raw chicken meat samples were collected during slaughter from different local markets followed by isolation and identification by standard conventional and molecular methods. About79% samples were positive for E. coli and among 89 isolates 17(19.1%) were positive to ESBL property and presence of the blaCTX-M gene, whereas 78 strains (87.6%) were found to possess blaAmpC gene. Antibiogram study of ESBL positive E. coli strains revealed resistance of these strains to ceftriaxone, ampicillin (both 100%), amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, ceftazidime, cefotaxime, tetracycline (all approx. 94%), azithromycin (70.6%) and norfloxacin (64.7%) in-vitro whereas imipenem (94%), amikacin (82%), gentamicin (58.8%) and ampicillin/sulbactam (71%) were quite effective against these MDR isolates. So, about 79% of chicken meat samples were found to be contaminated with E. coli, most of which were resistant to commonly used antibiotics which may lead to animal and human health hazards.
The pandemic of COVID-19 was caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ... more The pandemic of COVID-19 was caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) showed an exceptional challenge to the human population over the globe. The purpose of this review is mainly to review the organism, clinical characteristics, diagnosis, and treatment of COVID-19 and also to remark concisely on the epidemiology and pathology based on the present experience in the world as well as Indian perspective. We focused in this review on the origin, epidemiology, clinical symptoms and preventive measures of the disease. This review has compiled the updated information about COVID-19 with the hope that it will be helpful to the public health professionals in their knowledge.
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approach to address. The present study was conducted to detect the prevalence of beta-lactamase and biofilm-producing Klebsiella strains in rectal swabs (n = 624) collected from healthy dogs, cats, sheep and goats reared as companion or household animals in India. The dogs and cats were frequently exposed to third- or fourth-generation cephalosporins for therapy. The sheep and goats were occasionally exposed to antibiotics and had environmental exposure. Phenotypical ESBL (n = 93) and ACBL (n = 88)-producing Klebsiella were isolated significantly more (P < 0.05) from companion animals than household animals. Majority of the Klebsiella possessed blaCTX-M-15. The sequences blaCTX-M-15.2, blaCTX-M-197 and blaCTX-M-225 are reported first time from the companion animals. All ACBL-producing isolates possessed blaAmpC. The present study detected 65.8% of Klebsiella strains as biofilm producers possessing the studied biofilm associated genes. The isolates showed phenotypical resistance against chloramphenicol, tetracycline, doxycycline, cotrimoxazole, ampicillin, cefotaxime/clavulanic acid. The present study showed that companion and household animals (dogs, cats, sheep, goats) may act as a carrier of ESBL/biofilm-producing, multi-drug resistant, high-risk clonal lineage of Klebsiella.
approach to address. The present study was conducted to detect the prevalence of beta-lactamase and biofilm-producing Klebsiella strains in rectal swabs (n = 624) collected from healthy dogs, cats, sheep and goats reared as companion or household animals in India. The dogs and cats were frequently exposed to third- or fourth-generation cephalosporins for therapy. The sheep and goats were occasionally exposed to antibiotics and had environmental exposure. Phenotypical ESBL (n = 93) and ACBL (n = 88)-producing Klebsiella were isolated significantly more (P < 0.05) from companion animals than household animals. Majority of the Klebsiella possessed blaCTX-M-15. The sequences blaCTX-M-15.2, blaCTX-M-197 and blaCTX-M-225 are reported first time from the companion animals. All ACBL-producing isolates possessed blaAmpC. The present study detected 65.8% of Klebsiella strains as biofilm producers possessing the studied biofilm associated genes. The isolates showed phenotypical resistance against chloramphenicol, tetracycline, doxycycline, cotrimoxazole, ampicillin, cefotaxime/clavulanic acid. The present study showed that companion and household animals (dogs, cats, sheep, goats) may act as a carrier of ESBL/biofilm-producing, multi-drug resistant, high-risk clonal lineage of Klebsiella.