Antonella Vannini

Advanced waves are predicted by the negative solution of Klein-Gordon’s equation. This equation is compatible with the major mysteries of quantum mechanics, making them compatible with special relativity. However advanced waves move backwards in time and require a new definition of causality. In this short paper the duality wave/particle, quantization and nonlocality are described as manifestation of advance waves and of the dual solution of the Klein-Gordon equation. These anomalous properties of quantum mechanics could be considered as evidence which supports the existence of advanced waves.

When the dual solution of the energy/momentum/mass equation of Einstein’s special relativity is interpreted a cosmological representation of the universe governed by a diverging and a converging force and vibrating between peaks of expansion and concentration is obtained. During the diverging phase time flows forward, whereas during the converging phase time flows backward. In this representation causality and retrocausality constantly interact.

The energy/momentum/mass equation of Einstein's Special Relativity is a quadratic equation: E 2 = m 2 c 4 + p 2 c 2 Where E is energy, m is mass, p momentum and c the constant of the speed of light. Quadratic equations always have two solutions: one positive and one negative. The variable time is in the momentum (p) and consequently the positive solution describes energy which diverges from a cause, whereas the backward in time solution describes energy which diverges backward in time from a future cause and corresponds, for us moving forward in time, to energy which converges towards an attractor. The backward in time solution implies retrocausality and was therefore considered unacceptable. Einstein solved the problem assuming that the momentum (p) is always equal to zero, since the speed of physical bodies is extremely small when compared to the speed of light (c). In this way the equation simplifies into the famous E = mc 2 , which always has positive solution. However, in q...

The first law of thermodynamics, the law of conservation of energy, states that energy is a fixed quantity which cannot be created or destroyed, but only transformed. The new thermodynamics (Di Corpo and Vannini, 2012)states that energy can be transformed according to entropy (en=diverging, tropos=transformation) and to syntropy (syn=converging, tropos=transformation). When the transformation is governed by entropy energy diverges and it becomes unavailable, when the transformation is governed by syntropy energy concentrates and becomes available. An example of syntropy is provided by living systems which concentrate energy and make it available in the form of bio-masses, gas, coal, and petrol. The new thermodynamics shows that life increasesthe proportion of syntropy, whereas physical/mechanical systems increase the proportion of entropy and reduce the availability of energy. Since the total amount of energy remains unchanged, energy can be represented as the sum of energy in the s...

The relativistically invariant wave equation, which can be considered the fundamental equation of the universe, has two solutions: one which describes retarded waves, which diverge from causes placed in the past, and the other which describes advanced waves which diverge from causes placed in the future. Studying the mathematical properties of these two solutions, Luigi Fantappie discovered that the retarded waves are governed by the law of entropy, whereas the advanced waves are governed by a symmetrical law which Fantappie named syntropy. In the macrocosm the law of entropy prevails and time moves forwards, as a consequence of the fact that the universe is expanding. In the microcosm, the subatomic level, expansive and cohesive forces are balanced and time is unitary: past, present and future coexist. Luigi Fantappie showed that the properties of life coincide with the law of syntropy and arrived at the conclusion that life feeds on syntropy. However, as a consequence of the fact ...

Science (from Latin scientia, meaning knowledge) is a systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions. An explanation is a set of statements which clarify the relations among causes, context, and consequences of facts. Explanations may establish rules or laws which allow to formulate predictions. Consequently, relations (among causes, context and consequences) are at the basis of explanations and predictions and, when relations are studied in a replicable and objective way, it is possible to talk about science. 1. The dawn of science The first traces of science are found in Mesopotamia and date back to 3500 B.C., when records with extremely thorough numerical data were kept for analyses. The eldest account on scientific methodology dates back to 1600 B.C., when an Egyptian medical text, 3 a surgical treatise on trauma which describes 48 cases of injuries, fractures, wounds, dislocations and tumors, presented the followin...

During the nineteenth century, the study and description of heat lead to a new discipline: thermodynamics. This discipline, which can be traced back to the works of Boyle, Boltzmann, Clausius and Carnot, studies the behavior of energy, of which entropy is a law. Nevertheless, life seems to contradict the law of entropy: living systems evolve towards order, towards higher forms of organization, diversification and complexity, and can keep away from heat death. In 1905 the dual solution of the energy/momentum/mass equation of Einstein’s Special Relativity offered a solution to the paradox of life, but it requires the extension of thermodynamics to a new law.

SAT is a protocol that stems from the theory of syntropy and, more specifically, from the combination of the principle of complementarity and the theory of vital needs. This paper provides a first and partial description of the SAT protocol which is still undergoing tests and validation. At the individual level SAT can be described as therapeutic process, but it can be used also in groups, organizations and institutions.

The law of syntropy states that life is the manifestation of a general law of the universe and that this manifestation is possible only thanks to water molecules. According to this theory, life was not created, but emerges spontaneously wherever there is water. Wherever there is water there is life, and for this reason, water is an important clue to the possibility of life on other planets.

Heart rate and skin conductance responses have been found to be present before stimuli were applied. In this paper the results of four different experiments on heart rate prestimuli reactions are presented. Results show that even though subjects guess randomly, a strong pre-stimuli difference in the heart rate is observed during the presentation of the color stimuli, later selected and shown by the computer. All four experiments have confirmed pre-stimuli reaction of heart rate, and have shown new characteristics of the effect. The first experiment shows strong differences in HR measured in phase 1 for the blue and the green colors when selected by the computer in phase 3. The second experiment shows strong differences for all the colors and also when numbers are used. The third experiment shows the absence of the effect when the feedback, the selection operated by the computer, is not shown. The fourth experiment shows the retrocausal effect on all colors, the learning effect descr...

The law of syntropy stems from the equations that combine special relativity with quantum mechanics. These equations have a dual solution: one that describes positive energy that diverges from past to future, and one that describes negative energy that diverges backwards in time from the future to the past.

The negative solution had been rejected by physicists because it was considered impossible, but in 1941 the mathematician Luigi Fantappiè realized that while the positive solution is governed by the law of entropy (en=diverging, tropos=tendency), the negative solution is governed by a symmetrical law which Fantappiè named syntropy (syn=converging, tropos=tendency). For us, that we move forward in time, syntropy describes energy that concentrates and leads to increase differentiation, complexity, structures and order. Fantappiè noticed these properties in living systems and came to the conclusion that life is moved by final causes. The extension of science to syntropy is well described by Fantappiè in this letter to a friend:

"as a consequence of conversations with two colleagues, a physicist and a biologist, I was suddenly projected in a new panorama, which radically changed the vision of science and of the Universe which I had inherited from my teachers, and which I had always considered the strong and certain ground on which to base my scientific investigations. Suddenly I saw the possibility of interpreting a wide range of solutions (the anticipated potentials) of the wave equation which can be considered the fundamental law of the Universe. These solutions had been always rejected as “impossible”, but suddenly they appeared “possible”, and they explained a new category of phenomena which I later named “syntropic”, totally different from the entropic ones, of the mechanical, physical and chemical laws, which obey only the principle of classical causation and the law of entropy. Syntropic phenomena, which are instead represented by those strange solutions of the “anticipated potentials”, should obey two opposite principles of finality (moved by final causes placed in the future, and not by causes placed in the past) and differentiation, and should be non-causable in a laboratory."

Fantappiè showed that, from a mathematical point of view, all the laws of physics descend from these fundamental equations of the universe, but was unable to translate this theory into experiments that could prove the validity or not of this model. Now, due to random event generators, that allow the unpredictable manipulation of causes in the future, it is possible to study retrocausal effects, where the effects arise before causes. These experiments allow to test the theory of syntropy and, at the moment, this theory is the only one that explains these anticipatory effects.

However, the theory of syntropy, now supported by experimental evidences, collides with a pseudo-science that is based on the “dogma” that causes always precede effects. The cause and effect dogma has led to the development of a mechanistic science of life which is governed by the law of entropy (dissipation of energy and resources) and is responsible of the crises which we are now witnessing in economics, society and at the individual level. According to the law of syntropy it is necessary to abandon the old paradigm of cause and effect and move to the new supercausal paradigm, which was anticipated by Fantappiè, in order to solve the crises that we are now facing.

The Western social and economic model is based on the vision of life formulated in 1798 by the English demographer Thomas Malthus (1766-1834). In his book An Essay on the Principle of Population, Malthus states that wars and epidemics act as "natural" brakes to the increase of the population which grows much more quickly than food resources. According to his thesis, the poor should not be protected, but they must be left in the worst possible conditions without mercy, thus preventing their reproduction and allowing the upper classes to prevail and win the struggle for survival. Pity, compassion or protection for the weakest were alien to Malthus’s social and economic model which received broad consensus among English aristocrats. To oppress and exploit the working class keeping it in a state of poverty and misery, without protection or rights is, in Malthus’s vision, a necessary and inevitable “natural” law. Malthus’s view had a profound impact on economics and also on biology, psychology, sociology and medicine, which are still based on the ideology of the survival of the fittest.

On the contrary, the law of syntropy suggests a social and economic view based on the converging evolution theory which has profound implications not only in biology, but especially in psychology, economics, sociology and medicine.

The law of syntropy stems from Albert Einstein’s energy/momentum/mass equation of special relativity. This equation has a positive solution, which describes energy and matter which move forward in time, and a negative solution which describes energy and matter which move backwards in time. This last solution contradicts the law of causality, according to which causes must always precede effects.

In 1942 the mathematician Luigi Fantappiè (1901-1955), while working on the mathematical properties of the energy/momentum/mass equation, found that the solution which moves forward in time describes energy that diverges from a past cause and matter which tends towards an homogeneous and random distribution, whereas the solution which moves backwards in time describes energy that converges towards a future cause and matter which tends towards forms of structure, organization and order. Fantappiè discovered that the solution that moves forward in time is governed by the law of entropy (from Greek en = divergent, tropos = trend), whereas the solution that moves backwards in time is governed by a symmetric law which Fantappiè named syntropy (from Greek syn = convergent, tropos = trend). Listing the mathematical properties of the law of syntropy, Fantappiè discovered that they coincide with those of living systems, thus reaching the suggestive hypothesis that life is caused by future causes and only marginally by past causes.

Fantappiè concluded that, in order to understand and explain the mysteries of life, it is necessary to accept a new type of causality, which mirrors the classical law of cause and effect.

The equations which combine quantum mechanics with special relativity always have two solutions, one positive that describes matter and energy which move forwards in time and one negative that describes matter and energy which move backwards in time.

In 1941 the mathematician Luigi Fantappiè, while working on the dual solution of these equations discovered that the positive solution which describes energy and waves which diverge from causes located in the past is governed by the law of entropy (en=apart, tropos=tendency), whereas the negative solution which describes energy and waves which diverge backwards in time, from causes located in the future, is governed by the complementary law of syntropy (syn=together, tropos=tendency). Analyzing the mathematical properties of syntropy Fantappiè noted that they coincided with the qualities of life: concentration of energy, differentiation, order and organization, thus reaching the suggestive hypothesis that life is caused by future causes and only marginally by past causes. However, Fantappiè did not manage to translate this hypothesis into experiments since the experimental method requires the manipulation of causes and this had limited science to the study of cause and effect relations, confining retrocausality and syntropy within philosophy. Thanks to the development of REG devices (Random Event Generators) it has become possible to design experiments in which causes are manipulated in the future, providing the possibility to extend science to the study of retrocausality and syntropy.

The law of syntropy leads to the formulation of hypotheses which can be verified using experiments. For example, a general hypothesis is that living systems need to acquire syntropy and, consequently, those structures that support life processes must show early reactions to future stimuli. In humans, life processes are supported by the autonomic nervous system, therefore it is assumed that the parameters of the autonomic nervous system, such as heart rate and skin conductance, should react in advance of future stimuli. Thanks to REG devices it is possible to manipulate future stimuli and observe the early reactions of the parameters of the autonomic nervous system. These experiments have shown strong pre-stimuli effects which have been replicated by several researchers and have been published in scientific journals.

In 1925 the physicists Oskar Klein and Walter Gordon formulated an equation which unites quantum mechanics and special relativity. Studying the properties of the dual solution of this equation, the mathematician Luigi Fantappiè found that the positive solution is governed by the law of entropy (from Greek en=diverge, tropos=tendency), whereas the negative solution is governed by a symmetrical law, which he named syntropy (syn=converge, tropos=tendency). Fantappiè realized that the properties of the law of syntropy (concentration of energy, differentiation, order and organization), describe the fundamental qualities of living systems. This intuition guided him towards the development of a simple, but heterodox, model of life. The law of syntropy shows that each living being has its mission, its finalities, which, in the general economy of the universe, are important, great and beautiful. The purpose of this work is to describe the qualities and implications, in the field of physics, psychology and life sciences, of the two principles of entropy and syntropy.

While working on the mathematical properties of the positive and negative solution of the fundamental equations of the universe, Luigi Fantappiè discovered that the positive solution (energy that diverges from a cause located in the past) is governed by the law of entropy (from Greek en=diverging, tropos=tendency), whereas the negative solution (energy that diverges backwards in time from a cause located in the future) is governed by a law symmetrical to entropy which Fantappiè named syntropy (from Greek syn=converging, tropos=tendency). Since we move forward in time, syntropy coincides with energy which converges, concentrates and leads to complexity, differentiation and structures. By listing the mathematical properties of the law of syntropy, Fantappiè noted that they are identical with the properties of living systems and came to the conclusion that the negative solution is a reality since it can be observed in living systems. Life, unlike inorganic systems, would therefore be caused by the future and not by the past.

Anxiety and depression are increasingly part of the daily life of millions of people around the world. To these painful and sometimes unbearable experiences it is difficult to give an effective therapeutic response and, despite the psychopharmacological and psychotherapy treatments, they are frequently becoming chronic and always more common. Psychiatry and psychology do not have theoretical models, capable of explaining these experiences of suffering, and do not provide effective therapeutic treatments.

In this work anxiety and depression are described and explained in the light of the Theory of Vital Needs. This theory stems from the contraposition between entropy (from Greek en = divergent and tropos = trend) and syntropy (from Greek syn = convergent, tropos = trend). The law of syntropy was discovered in 1942 by the mathematician Luigi Fantappiè while studying the energy/momentum/mass equation of Einstein's Special Relativity.

The energy/momentum/mass equation is a second order equation and always has two solutions, one positive and one negative. Einstein suggested to eliminate the negative solution on the grounds that the differences in momentum are always extremely small compared to the speed of light obtaining the famous E = mc2, which always has a positive solution. However, this simplification is not possible in quantum mechanics.

Considering the fact that the properties of the negative solution (concentration of energy, differentiation, complexity, structures and order) coincide with the mysterious and fundamental qualities of living systems, Fantappiè came to the conclusion that life is caused by the future and not by the past. This statement, seemingly absurd as it questions the dogma of causality, according to which causes must always precede the effects, allows to understand depression and anxiety and to identify possible remedies. In practice, the theory of vital needs says that living systems are constantly solicited by entropic forces (from the past), that tend to destroy life, and syntropic forces (from the future) that tend to create life. Survival depends on our ability to reduce entropy and increase syntropy. For example, material needs for food, water, shelter, clothing and sanitation, reduce entropy and are therefore vital. Whereas immaterial needs of meaning and love increase syntropy and are therefore vital. Hunger signals that we must eat, thirst tells us that we must drink, and chill that we need a shelter; similarly depression tells that we need to provide a meaning to our existence and anxiety that we need cohesion and love. It is very simple, depression and anxiety are stimuli that signal the dissatisfaction of the vital needs of meaning and love. But, while material needs are tangible and therefore easy to identify, the needs for meaning and love are intangible and therefore difficult to identify and respond to.

It would be foolish to solve the need for water suppressing the painful stimulus of thirst. The need for water would continue to grow until it would become unbearable and would cause real physical damages or death. The same is true for depression and anxiety. However, instead of listening to depression and anxiety, in order to respond to our needs for meaning and love, most people try to suppress these unbearable feelings of pain creating the grounds for the development of serious pathologies and organic damages.

The law of syntropy is basically simple and opens incredible possibilities not only for the treatment of depression and anxiety, but mostly because it explains life in a non mechanical way, as a system which tends to objectives, guided by a flow of energy which moves backwards in time.

In 1941 the mathematician Luigi Fantappiè discovered that the negative solution of the fundamental equations of the universe which unite quantum mechanics and special relativity and which physicists had rejected as impossible, describes a world made of matter and energy which move backwards in time. By listing the mathematical properties of this solution Fantappiè was faced with the mysterious properties of life and came to the conclusion that life is caused by attractors which retroact from the future.

The theory of vital needs starts from the assumption that life originates at the quantum level of matter, but when it grows into the macroscopic level it conflicts with the law of entropy that leads to the destruction of any form of organization. Living systems would be in a constant state of struggle with the law of entropy and, in order to survive, several conditions must be met, for example material conditions such as drinking, food, shelter, and intangible conditions such as the need for meaning and the need for cohesion and love. These conditions are vital, since when they are not met the living system dies.

When a vital need is met only partially an alarm bell is triggered. For example, when the need for water is unsatisfied thirst is felt and when the need for food is unfulfilled hunger is felt. The same applies for intangible needs, for example, depression is the alarm bell which has the function to inform that the vital need for meaning is not met and anguish and anxiety are the alarm bells which tell that the vital need for cohesion and love is unsatisfied.

The theory of vital needs, describes and explain material needs (food, water, housing and hygiene) and postulates the existence of immaterial needs such as the need for meaning and the need for love, which would be as vital and important as material needs. In addition, it postulates the existence of attractors which guide life and individuals to evolve towards goals. When our life is not oriented towards the attractor depression, anxiety and anguish arise and, at the broader level of society, economic and social crises take place.

The theory of vital needs identifies a series of principles which help in the development of effective and efficient policies which can increase welfare and at the same time reduce costs and debts.

The negative solution of the energy/momentum/mass equation of Einstein's special relativity, introduces the possibility of retrocausality and supercausality in physics. Although this equation was simplified in the famous E = mc2, which always has positive solutions and limits physics to causal explanations, in quantum mechanics it is necessary to use the extended equation which implies the existence of retrocausality and supercausality.

In 1941 the mathematician Luigi Fantappiè, studying the solutions of the equations that combine quantum mechanics and special relativity, discovered that the positive solution is governed by classical causality and by the law of entropy (en = diverge, tropos = tendency), whereas the negative solution is governed by retrocausality and a law symmetrical to entropy, which Fantappiè named syntropy (syn = converge, tropos = tendency). For us, moving forward in time, syntropy coincides with energy and matter which concentrate, differentiate and evolve towards complexity and structures. Fantappiè noted these properties in living systems and came to the conclusion that life is governed by supercausality (Fantappiè, 1942).

Fantappiè concluded that, in order to understand and explain the mysteries of life, it is necessary to accept a new type of causality, which mirrors the classical law of cause and effect. His proposal, however, was brought to an end by the fact that he failed to devise an experiment which would verify this hypothesis. The experimental method requires the manipulation of causes and this implies (or at least implied) that it is possible to study only cause-effect systems, in which causes always precede effects. This requirement of the experimental method has limited science to the entropic solutions preventing in this way the study of the mysterious qualities of life that do not obey the cause and effect logic.

Fortunately in 1843 the economist and philosopher John Stuart Mill formulated the method of concomitant variations which allows to produce scientific knowledge and does not require the manipulation of causes before effects This method can study together quantitative and qualitative information, objective and subjective, and manages the complexity of natural phenomena.

Since classical causality is governed by the law of entropy, which leads to the increase of disorder and to the dissipation of resources, it is suggested that economical, financial, environmental and social crises which we are now witnessing are a consequence of the cause and effect logic which has dominated science and policy making in the last few centuries. If this hypothesis is true, in order to overcome crises it is necessary to change the way how we study causality shifting from the cause and effect dogma of the present paradigm to the supercausal logic of the new paradigm which is envisioned in this book.

This change in paradigm has important implications in all life sciences. For example, it leads to redefine social, economic, social, organizational and productive systems and leads to a profound reformulation of medicine, psychiatry and psychology.

This essay describes the essential elements of a new monetary system which could be based on the law of syntropy. The transition from the current monetary system which is highly entropic, to the new monetary system based on bio-electronic money and the laws of syntropy implies many important social changes.

The old paradigm which sees life as a mechanism has been dominant since the industrial age and has been at the basis of the policies and strategies which have been formulated since then. We are now witnessing the failure of this paradigm which is causing growing costs and instability at the local and global level. Crises now span from the individual level to the social and financial level and are growing in intensity and severity. The reason can be easily traced back to the old paradigm which has become dysfunctional and which needs to be changed. The new paradigm is now ready and can easily guide individuals and institutions out from this period of “evil”.

The fundamental equations that combine quantum mechanics with special relativity have a forward in time solution and a backward in time solution. The backward in time solution was rejected in the 1920s since it implies retrocausality which contradicts the assumption that causes always precede effects. However, in 1941 Luigi Fantappiè noted that the mathematical properties of the negative solution coincide with the properties of living systems and arrived to the formulation of his “Unitary Theory of the Physical and Biological World” according to which the physical world is governed by the positive (forward in time) solution, whereas the biological world is governed by the negative (backward in time) solution.

Starting from this assumption Antonella conducted several experiments aimed to test the hypothesis that “if life is governed by retrocausality the parameters of the systems which sustain vital functions should react in advance to stimuli”. Experiments show that heart rate and skin conductance react in advance to stimuli. The effect is strong from a quantitative and statistical point of view and controls show that this effect cannot be explained in a forward in time way.

From a mathematical point of view the forward in time solution is governed by the law of entropy (the tendency towards disorder, energy dissipation and death), whereas the backward in time solution is governed by a symmetrical law which Fantappiè named syntropy (from Greek syn=converging, tropos=tendency). In our expanding universe entropy prevails and time moves forward, whereas at the quantum level syntropy is available and time is unitary (past, present and future coexist). Starting from this assumption Ulisse developed the Vital Needs Theory according to which life originates at the quantum level, but when it grows into the macroscopic level it conflicts with the law of entropy that destroys any form of organization. Living systems would therefore be in a constant state of struggle with the law of entropy and, in order to survive, several conditions must be met such as material needs for food, water and energy, and immaterial needs for cohesion (love) and meaning. When these needs are not met “alarm bells” are triggered, such as hunger and thirst for material needs and anxiety/angst and depression for immaterial needs. Several social studies have been conducted and results show that depression and anxiety are “alarm bells” which warn that the vital needs for love and meaning are not satisfied.

The Theorem of Love describes how love solves the counterposition between entropy and syntropy, providing a meaning to life. Fantappiè had already noticed the key role played by love: “Today we see printed in the great book of nature - that Galileo said, is written in mathematical characters - the same law of love that is found in the sacred texts of major religions. (…) The law of life is not the law of hate, the law of force, or the law of mechanical causes; this is the law of non-life, the law of death, the law of entropy. The law which dominates life is the law of cooperation towards goals which are always higher, and this is true also for the lowest forms of life. In humans this law takes the form of love, since for humans living means loving, and it is important to note that these scientific results can have great consequences at all levels, particularly on the social level, which is now so confused. (...) The law of life is therefore the law of love and differentiation. It does not move towards leveling and conforming, but towards higher forms of differentiation. Each living being, whether modest or famous, has its mission, its finalities, which, in the general economy of the universe, are important, great and beautiful.”