Supercausality and complexity. Changing the rules in the study of causality.

The negative solution of the energy/momentum/mass equation of Einstein's special relativity, introduces the possibility of retrocausality and supercausality in physics. Although this equation was simplified in the famous E = mc2, which always has positive solutions and limits physics to causal explanations, in quantum mechanics it is necessary to use the extended equation which implies the existence of retrocausality and supercausality. In 1941 the mathematician Luigi Fantappiè, studying the solutions of the equations that combine quantum mechanics and special relativity, discovered that the positive solution is governed by classical causality and by the law of entropy (en = diverge, tropos = tendency), whereas the negative solution is governed by retrocausality and a law symmetrical to entropy, which Fantappiè named syntropy (syn = converge, tropos = tendency). For us, moving forward in time, syntropy coincides with energy and matter which concentrate, differentiate and evolve towards complexity and structures. Fantappiè noted these properties in living systems and came to the conclusion that life is governed by supercausality (Fantappiè, 1942). Fantappiè concluded that, in order to understand and explain the mysteries of life, it is necessary to accept a new type of causality, which mirrors the classical law of cause and effect. His proposal, however, was brought to an end by the fact that he failed to devise an experiment which would verify this hypothesis. The experimental method requires the manipulation of causes and this implies (or at least implied) that it is possible to study only cause-effect systems, in which causes always precede effects. This requirement of the experimental method has limited science to the entropic solutions preventing in this way the study of the mysterious qualities of life that do not obey the cause and effect logic. Fortunately in 1843 the economist and philosopher John Stuart Mill formulated the method of concomitant variations which allows to produce scientific knowledge and does not require the manipulation of causes before effects This method can study together quantitative and qualitative information, objective and subjective, and manages the complexity of natural phenomena. Since classical causality is governed by the law of entropy, which leads to the increase of disorder and to the dissipation of resources, it is suggested that economical, financial, environmental and social crises which we are now witnessing are a consequence of the cause and effect logic which has dominated science and policy making in the last few centuries. If this hypothesis is true, in order to overcome crises it is necessary to change the way how we study causality shifting from the cause and effect dogma of the present paradigm to the supercausal logic of the new paradigm which is envisioned in this book. This change in paradigm has important implications in all life sciences. For example, it leads to redefine social, economic, social, organizational and productive systems and leads to a profound reformulation of medicine, psychiatry and psychology.