In this paper we investigate whether education-job mismatches and growing occupational diversity ... more In this paper we investigate whether education-job mismatches and growing occupational diversity are important explanatory factors of gender pay gaps among university graduates in Southern Europe (namely in Portugal, Spain, and Italy). In our analysis we use standard decomposition techniques and test the implications of controlling for selection bias. Our results indicate that overeducation and greater occupational segregation associated with the emergence of new graduate job profiles, are important determinants of earnings inequality. While our focus is on graduates’ early careers, demonstrating that occupational assignment and selection into employment shape gender pay gaps among the highly skilled provides a more pessimistic view on the ability of educational expansion or equal pay legislation to significantly reduce gender pay inequality. Southern European economies are also particularly interesting to look at since there may be a greater degree of mismatch between the pace of higher education expansion and the changes in the job structure, making women particularly vulnerable to overeducation.
The development of mass higher education and growing competition between higher education institu... more The development of mass higher education and growing competition between higher education institutions has given increasing visibility to the issue of diversification. This article analyses the issue of programme diversification, using a panel of 181 Portuguese higher education institutions over the period 1995 to 2007, by comparing the behaviour of public and private institutions. The results show that the legal status of institutions is the major determinant of programme diversification, as private institutions are far more specialized than their public counterparts. The study also evaluates the role of other institutional variables, such as the institution’s size, age, location, institutional mission and research intensity, to explain differences in the diversification behaviour of higher education institutions. The results provide important insights, as competition has been thought to improve the performance of higher education institutions.
This critical review focuses on the development of spatial competition models à la Hotelling in w... more This critical review focuses on the development of spatial competition models à la Hotelling in which the location choice of firms plays a major role. We start by quantifying the research in this field by using bibliometric tools. Thereafter, this study identifies the main research paths within spatial competition modelling. Specifically, the type of strategy (Bertrand vs. Cournot competition), the assumptions that are made in respect to the market (linear vs. circular), production costs, transportation costs, the number of firms and the type of information (complete vs. incomplete) and their effects on the location equilibria are also discussed.
Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, Dec 2013
Decades of expansion in European higher education have led to the need to cater to an increasingl... more Decades of expansion in European higher education have led to the need to cater to an increasingly diverse student population in a more economical and efficient way. The realities of mass higher education have resulted in major transformations, with visible changes in the modes and instruments of regulation and a greater emphasis on market forces and institutional competition. In this article we reflect about the relevance of those changes from a regional point of view, especially by looking at the public–private mix of higher education and the way those regulatory changes may have influenced patterns of spatial and programmatic diversification across a sample of European countries.
In recent years we have observed significant growth in the private sector in many higher educatio... more In recent years we have observed significant growth in the private sector in many higher education systems around the globe. This growth of private higher education is associated with high political expectations, notably concerning greater choice of programs and greater responsiveness of institutions to students' and labor markets' demands. Looking at the experience of several European and Latin American countries, this study analyzes the patterns of program diversification of public and private higher education and discusses the impact of the private sector for the diversification of higher education's supply. The results show a contrasting picture between political beliefs about privatization in higher education and its actual results, suggesting that private institutions tend to be far more specialized than their public counterparts.
The expansion of higher education systems has often been associated with the need for increasing ... more The expansion of higher education systems has often been associated with the need for increasing diversification, namely at the program level, based on the pressures to adapt more general programmes to a more diverse student population and multiple regional, social, and economic needs. This paper explores empirically the question of programme diversity by drawing on the Portuguese higher education’ experience, which presented massive expansion during the last decades and significant institutional competition in recent years. The study provides a longitudinal approach and analyzes in detail the evolution of diversification and specialization of the public and private sectors, as well as the university and polytechnic subsectors. The analysis aims at helping to illustrate the relevance of analysing diversity from an empirical point of view and its contribution to our understanding of the complex relationships between competition and diversity in contemporary higher education.
Este livro procura situar e problematizar as questões subjacentes à gestão e avaliação de desempe... more Este livro procura situar e problematizar as questões subjacentes à gestão e avaliação de desempenho das Instituições de Ensino Superior (IES) abordando, em particular, os requisitos específicos inerentes às que integram o subsistema do Ensino Superior Politécnico. Tendo por base o contributo de vários autores, nomeadamente através da análise das práticas existentes em termos de medição do desempenho em IES espanholas e das características ideais desejadas para os processos de avaliação, pelos responsáveis dos órgãos coordenadores dos Institutos Superior Politécnicos Portugueses, públicos e privados, este livro identifica as questões chave que se colocam sobre as causas, os fins e os meios da avaliação de desempenho organizacional. O livro apresenta uma proposta de modelo de avaliação de desempenho para as Instituições de Ensino Superior Politécnico (IESP), que organiza, em cinco dimensões, um conjunto de indicadores. O modelo deve ser assumido como uma ferramenta de apoio à gestão de desempenho que, num primeiro momento, ajuda a tipificar o perfil de ação predominante da IESP e, num segundo momento, a orientar o caminho estratégico a seguir. É um instrumento que ajuda à afirmação da identidade própria de cada IES politécnica e à diversidade de perfis de missão no sistema como um todo.
In this paper we investigate whether education-job mismatches and growing occupational diversity ... more In this paper we investigate whether education-job mismatches and growing occupational diversity are important explanatory factors of gender pay gaps among university graduates in Southern Europe (namely in Portugal, Spain, and Italy). In our analysis we use standard decomposition techniques and test the implications of controlling for selection bias. Our results indicate that overeducation and greater occupational segregation associated with the emergence of new graduate job profiles, are important determinants of earnings inequality. While our focus is on graduates’ early careers, demonstrating that occupational assignment and selection into employment shape gender pay gaps among the highly skilled provides a more pessimistic view on the ability of educational expansion or equal pay legislation to significantly reduce gender pay inequality. Southern European economies are also particularly interesting to look at since there may be a greater degree of mismatch between the pace of higher education expansion and the changes in the job structure, making women particularly vulnerable to overeducation.
The development of mass higher education and growing competition between higher education institu... more The development of mass higher education and growing competition between higher education institutions has given increasing visibility to the issue of diversification. This article analyses the issue of programme diversification, using a panel of 181 Portuguese higher education institutions over the period 1995 to 2007, by comparing the behaviour of public and private institutions. The results show that the legal status of institutions is the major determinant of programme diversification, as private institutions are far more specialized than their public counterparts. The study also evaluates the role of other institutional variables, such as the institution’s size, age, location, institutional mission and research intensity, to explain differences in the diversification behaviour of higher education institutions. The results provide important insights, as competition has been thought to improve the performance of higher education institutions.
This critical review focuses on the development of spatial competition models à la Hotelling in w... more This critical review focuses on the development of spatial competition models à la Hotelling in which the location choice of firms plays a major role. We start by quantifying the research in this field by using bibliometric tools. Thereafter, this study identifies the main research paths within spatial competition modelling. Specifically, the type of strategy (Bertrand vs. Cournot competition), the assumptions that are made in respect to the market (linear vs. circular), production costs, transportation costs, the number of firms and the type of information (complete vs. incomplete) and their effects on the location equilibria are also discussed.
Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, Dec 2013
Decades of expansion in European higher education have led to the need to cater to an increasingl... more Decades of expansion in European higher education have led to the need to cater to an increasingly diverse student population in a more economical and efficient way. The realities of mass higher education have resulted in major transformations, with visible changes in the modes and instruments of regulation and a greater emphasis on market forces and institutional competition. In this article we reflect about the relevance of those changes from a regional point of view, especially by looking at the public–private mix of higher education and the way those regulatory changes may have influenced patterns of spatial and programmatic diversification across a sample of European countries.
In recent years we have observed significant growth in the private sector in many higher educatio... more In recent years we have observed significant growth in the private sector in many higher education systems around the globe. This growth of private higher education is associated with high political expectations, notably concerning greater choice of programs and greater responsiveness of institutions to students' and labor markets' demands. Looking at the experience of several European and Latin American countries, this study analyzes the patterns of program diversification of public and private higher education and discusses the impact of the private sector for the diversification of higher education's supply. The results show a contrasting picture between political beliefs about privatization in higher education and its actual results, suggesting that private institutions tend to be far more specialized than their public counterparts.
The expansion of higher education systems has often been associated with the need for increasing ... more The expansion of higher education systems has often been associated with the need for increasing diversification, namely at the program level, based on the pressures to adapt more general programmes to a more diverse student population and multiple regional, social, and economic needs. This paper explores empirically the question of programme diversity by drawing on the Portuguese higher education’ experience, which presented massive expansion during the last decades and significant institutional competition in recent years. The study provides a longitudinal approach and analyzes in detail the evolution of diversification and specialization of the public and private sectors, as well as the university and polytechnic subsectors. The analysis aims at helping to illustrate the relevance of analysing diversity from an empirical point of view and its contribution to our understanding of the complex relationships between competition and diversity in contemporary higher education.
Este livro procura situar e problematizar as questões subjacentes à gestão e avaliação de desempe... more Este livro procura situar e problematizar as questões subjacentes à gestão e avaliação de desempenho das Instituições de Ensino Superior (IES) abordando, em particular, os requisitos específicos inerentes às que integram o subsistema do Ensino Superior Politécnico. Tendo por base o contributo de vários autores, nomeadamente através da análise das práticas existentes em termos de medição do desempenho em IES espanholas e das características ideais desejadas para os processos de avaliação, pelos responsáveis dos órgãos coordenadores dos Institutos Superior Politécnicos Portugueses, públicos e privados, este livro identifica as questões chave que se colocam sobre as causas, os fins e os meios da avaliação de desempenho organizacional. O livro apresenta uma proposta de modelo de avaliação de desempenho para as Instituições de Ensino Superior Politécnico (IESP), que organiza, em cinco dimensões, um conjunto de indicadores. O modelo deve ser assumido como uma ferramenta de apoio à gestão de desempenho que, num primeiro momento, ajuda a tipificar o perfil de ação predominante da IESP e, num segundo momento, a orientar o caminho estratégico a seguir. É um instrumento que ajuda à afirmação da identidade própria de cada IES politécnica e à diversidade de perfis de missão no sistema como um todo.
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