issa Korbag

The reverse water gas shift reaction over the prepared tungsten carbide alloy (WC/AC) from date palm fronds catalyst was studied by CO2 hydrogenation, temperature-programmed reduction of the WC/AC catalyst. In comparison to the reaction of CO2 alone, hydrogen can significantly promote the CO formation in the RWGS reaction. The formate derived from association of H2 and CO2 is proposed to be the key intermediate for CO production. Formate dissociation mechanism is the major reaction route for CO production. The reverse water gas shift (RWGS) reaction over WC/AC with potassium (K) promoter was studied by means of CO2 hydrogenation at temperature programmed. The main role of Potassium oxide (K2O) was to provide catalytic activity for decomposition of formats, besides acting as a promoter for CO2 adsorption. Hydrogen was dissociatively adsorbed on WC/AC and could spill over to K2O to associate with CO2. This resulted in the formation of formate species for the production of CO.

Cervical cancer (CC) has imposed a massive global burden. As yet, the first study on the causes and risk factors associated with the CC disease that conducted in Libya aimed at investigating the major cause's CC such as Human papillomavirus (HPV), oral contraceptive, sexually transmitted infections, bisphenol A and nutritional factors might also play a role is the major type, accounting for approximately 16.7% of cases in Libya. The results show the highest incidence of cervical cancer between the ages of ≥95 at 50%, followed by the ages between 55-65 years at 23%, while the lowest rate among women between the ages of 35-45 is 16% and 15- 25 by 11%, respectively. The increase in the infection rate is attributed to several factors as HPV and others.

The production of biogas via anaerobic digestion (AD) provides significant benefits over other techniques of bioenergy production. Biogas consists of several undesired components, such as H2S, CO2, nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen, and water vapor, which contribute to lower the calorific value when compared with natural gas. The pollutants founded in low concentration effects the biogas commercial application in large scale, and therefore it must be taken out before usage. Various cleaning and upgrading techniques to improve the quality of raw biogas are discussed and categorized into physiochemical and biological technologies. Advanced techniques, such as hydrate separation, cryogenic separation, biological methods, membrane enrichment, in-situ upgrading, multistage and high-pressurized anaerobic digestion, represent the modern developments in biogas upgrading techniques. Biogas is a renewable green source of energy, and presently, it is utilized in a lot of developing countries as an al...

Abstract: Tungsten carbide (WC) is an important catalyst that has various catalytic applications. In this study, microwave assisted technique an environmentally friendly method was used to produce WC from waste biomass of date palm fronds. Potassium hydroxide (KOH) was chosen in the treatment of activated carbon formed from the date palm fronds because of its proven effects on microwave induced technique. The date palm frond activated carbon was characterized by TGA and surface area. In this study, the KOH-treated activated carbon was then reacted with tungsten hexacarbonyl precursor in a microwave at 360-630 W specially modified. The product alloy obtained was then characterized using XRD. The result shows the presence of WC which was enhanced by the microwave with increase in KOH concentration. This study further confirm that microwave induce technique can prepare WC for other applications

The intermolecular interactions of lignin with a hydrophilic polymer, poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA), were studied using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and FT-IR spectroscopy of PVA/lignin blend fibres prepared by casting method. The structure of polyvinyl alcohol/lignin blended film has also been studied. The FT-IR technique indicates the formation of strong intermolecular hydrogen bonds between the hydroxyl groups of PVA and lignin. 1H and 13C NMR spectra of the blend show extra peaks which confirm the formation of strong intermolecular hydrogen bonds between the hydroxyl groups of PVA and lignin. The results show that there is some specific intermolecular interaction between PVA and lignin.

The mechanical and biodegradation properties of polyvinyl alcohol/lignin blended films have been studied. The biodegradable composite films were developed by mechanical mixing followed by film casting method using poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA), with lignin in different compositions. The progress of biodegradation was evidenced by means of the soil burial test. There was also an evaluation of the weight loss of the samples at the end of the biodegradation process. Blending the PVA with lignin improves tensile strength and the modulus of elasticity and causes a slight decrease in the elongation at break. The best tensile mechanical properties of a PVA/lignin blend were at ratio 2:30 where the tensile strength was 38 MPa, elastic modulus 83.22 MPa and elongation at break 213.9%. Blends of various PVA/lignin ratios have shown transparency, flexibility and good mechanical properties. Film composites also showed good biodegradability. The addition of lignin to the PVA matrix increases the degradation rate of the blends. The weight loss is affected by the composition of the blend, and by the nature of the microorganisms in the soil. PVA/lignin film may be potentially suitable as eco-friendly packaging materials.