ELISEO ZEBALLOS ZEBALLOS

Abstract The first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic was devastating in Peru, which suffered a high death rate and severe economic disruption. These results occurred despite ambitious response measures, revealing widespread institutional weaknesses across the country's levels of government. We analyze responses across the four levels of government, with emphasis on local governance in rural areas, to understand how institutions and contexts shape crisis management outcomes. We focus on the Arequipa region, drawing from 44 interviews with officials and community members. We found that the crisis provoked a reversion to the norm across multiple scales, though with significant differentiation. The national government fell back on a centralized, militarized approach that effectively reclaimed power but was ineffective in confronting the pandemic. Counter the overarching recentralization trend, in rural peripheries where state power was always partial, norms of informal local governance were reinforced and intensified. The de facto autonomy in rural areas elicited a mix of paralysis and improvisation, with outcomes that varied widely from place to place and over time. These bifurcated results in the face of crisis reveal important weaknesses in Peru's governance structures and institutions and show how pre-existing habits and norms were reproduced in the face of crisis, rather than reformed or transcended.

Abstract A global boom since the early 2000s has spurred major mining projects as well as major social conflicts, with South America standing as a central example on both fronts. Artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) has also boomed, but academic research on mine-community conflicts has seldom considered the ASM sector. This paper examines the dynamics of conflict and coexistence between mining and other rural livelihoods in a Peruvian ASM boomtown. We analyze ASM-livelihood dynamics through the lenses of water, land, economic tradeoffs, immigration, social and power dynamics, and history and previous conflict – all themes identified in the literature on conflicts around large-scale mining (LSM). In our study site, ASM activity did not physically displace communities or other livelihoods, as often occurs with large-scale mines. We found a baseline acceptance for ASM activity, based on perceptions of economic improvement and historic incorporation of informal mining within the local livelihood mix. However, this acceptance was fragile, threatened by the rapid pace of ASM growth, immigration and social change, and uncertainty about water contamination that could undermine other livelihoods. Weighing the contrasting realities and pressures in our study site, we conclude that ASM could coexist with other livelihoods, though it is far from certain whether this will play out in practice over the long run.

La Revista «Cuestiones de Sociología», no se solidariza necesariamente con el contenido de la producción científica que publica; los cuales son de entera responsabilidad de los autores. PUBLICACIÓN FINANCIADA POR: © Copyrigth 2016 UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DEL ALTIPLANO Escuela Profesional de Sociología, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad Nacional del Altiplano-Puno-Perú. Ciudad Universitaria-Edificio Nuevo E.P.S Telf. (51) 366136 anexo IP. 10901-(051) 951838949 Web Revista Portal UNA

Abstract Participatory water governance has become highly influential around the world as a means for managing water resources. Scholars and practitioners advocate for the inclusion of previously marginalized communities in water resources management through the devolution of power, responsibility, and participation. Where community institutions are weak or missing, experts recommend strengthening or re-building them to enable inclusive decision-making over water resources. Our study looks at devolution in a government-initiated Integrated Water Resources Management approach in the Caylloma Province, located in the department of Arequipa, Peru. We used process tracing to analyze 97 qualitative interview transcripts with crop farmers and pastoralists managing water for irrigation, interview transcripts with personnel in water management agencies, and field notes from participant observation in water-related meetings. We found that farmers had limited ability to participate in local institutions for water management due to market integration and labor migration, among other socioeconomic and political stressors. For this reason, transferring more water management responsibilities and decision-making power to community-level institutions without considering the factors that limit their sustainability over time is not necessarily feasible or even desirable by local communities. Instead, strengthening and streamlining intermediary and government institutions at regional scales may be more effective at addressing local needs in watershed management.

El mundo y sociedad Andina como un sistema consustancial a lo que fue y sigue siendo el Peru; ademas de ser una realidad es un escenario diverso, cambiante que se va redefiniendo de acuerdo a las epocas, en funcion de los cambios y sorpresas producto no solo del desarrollo economico, social, politicoy cultural, sino tambiendel desarrollo tecnologico y ambiental. Historicamente se suscribe la relevancia de la practica y predominancia de los principios de cooperacion, reciprocidad y complementariedad que permitian garantizar a su gente los medios necesarios para la satisfaccion de sus necesidades mas elementales, con carestias circunstanciales por la sorpresa de la naturaleza pero no envueltos ni comprometidos en la pobreza «estructural» que se manifiesta en estas nuevas epocas., donde el atraso, la precariedad y la indigencia siguen siendo objeto de preocupante para institucionespublicas, privadasyreligiosas, las que con visiones , proyectos y propuestas de distinta indole apuestan a...

El presente trabajo propone responder las siguientes interrogantes: ¿Qué tendencias, y cambios, expresan los movimientos y desplazamientos poblacionales de las zonas altoandina e internadinas de Arequipa y como han influido en la articulación y redefinición de las nuevas condiciones sociales entre las comunidades campesinas y localidades? El método de investigación es cuali y cuanti; no experimental, longitudinal, fue de gran utilidad los resultados de los censos de población y vivienda así como la aplicación de una encuesta a 110 dirigentes campesinos. La información cualitativa fue recogida con entrevistas abiertas y semiabiertas a dirigentes y líderes asistentes a eventos gremiales a nivel distrital, regional y nacional. Los resultados se expresan en un proceso migratorio y desplazamiento poblacional que en un primer momento será de asentamiento de los migrantes en los espacios urbano marginales de la ciudad de Arequipa; el segundo momento, tendrá carácter estacional en dirección...