Institut für Osteuropäische Geschichte [Institut for East European History]

The article investigates the image of the Wallachian prince Michael the
Brave (1593–1600/1) in the mirror of Hungarian-language historiographical works
from the beginning of the 17 th century (Pethő’s chronicle, as well as the personal
records of Illésházy, Szepsi Lackó, Szamosközy, Gyulaffy, Borsos, Nagy Szabó and
Mikó). The representations of other historical personalities as well as ethnic and
social groups have also been taken into account. However, in most cases the image of
Michael does not depend on these representations. It is rather his attitude towards
the civil population that triggers the judgment of his person. The authors from
the Hungarian Kingdom highlight Michael’s role as a Christian participant of the
Long War more often, whereas their Transylvanian counterparts usually emphasize
his tyrannical behaviour. In this way, and through the frequent reference to his
co-actors, Michael is represented in a transregional context between the Ottoman
Empire and Christendom.

In diesem Beitrag soll die Frage beantwortet werden, inwiefern hydrographische Gegebenheiten (Flüsse, Bächer, Seen) die Wirtschaft in den Süd- und Ostkarpaten im Spätmittelalter und in der Frühen Neuzeit beeinflussten. Besonders werden dabei der Bergbau sowie die Fischerei berücksichtigt. Diese Wirtschaftszweige sind zwar in Hinblick auf die Fürstentümer Walachei, Moldau, sowie auf das Königreich Ungarn bzw. das Fürstentum Siebenbürgen bereits erforscht worden, doch in ihrer Grenzregion, in den Süd- und Ostkarpaten wurden sie noch nie zusammenhängend untersucht. Die hydrographischen Gegebenheiten dieser Berge bildeten auch selten Objekt historischer Forschungen. Ziel dieses Beitrags ist es, die Bedeutung des Wassers in den Süd- und Ostkarpaten sowie seine Wichtigkeit für das menschliche Handeln generell zu beleuchten.

Die mitteleuropäische Diplomatie und Politik wurde in der Zwischenkriegszeit und im Zweiten Weltkrieg stark von der sog. “Siebenbürgischen Frage” beeinflusst. Nicht selten engagierten die Regierungen Rumäniens und Ungarns ihre jeweiligen Gelehrten, in wissenschaftlichen Publikationen den Anspruch ihres Landes auf Siebenbürgen auch vor einem internationalen Publikum zu vertreten. Unmittelbar vor dem Zweiten Wiener Schiedsspruch 1940 wurde der Studienband Siebenbürgen von der Ungarischen Historischen Gesellschaft nicht nur auf Ungarisch, sondern auch auf Deutsch und Italienisch herausgegeben. Eine ausführliche Antwort von der rumänischen Seite folgte in den Jahren 1943-44 im zweibändigen Werk Siebenbürgen. Ein historischer Überblick, herausgegeben auf Rumänisch und Deutsch. Die ungarische Reaktion darauf erschien 1944 in der Zeitschrift Archivum Europae Centro-Orientalis in deutscher Sprache.
Außer der Art und Weise, wie die Wissenschaftler die Zugehörigkeit Siebenbürgens zu Rumänien bzw. Ungarn vor den Achsenmächten zu beweisen versuchten, wird in diesen Publikationen auch die Rolle der Karpaten in der Vorstellung der rumänischen und der ungarischen Gelehrten widergespiegelt. Sei es die Achse des rumänischen Lebensraumes oder die äußerste Grenze des “Bollwerks des Christentums” oder gar Europas, lässt sich stets viel über die Berge in diesen Stellen lesen. Fokussiert man auf den Bild der Karpaten in diesen Werken, lässt sich nicht nur ihr transnationaler Charakter zeigen, sondern auch die jeweilige Wahrnehmung ihrer Rolle in der europäischen Geschichte.

The environmental history of the pre-modern Eastern and Southern Carpathians is largely understudied, primarily due to the scarcity of sources. Also, since these mountains divided Moldavia and Wallachia from Transylvania, historians have regarded them as a political frontier. This article shows the possibilities of studying the Carpathians’ past environment while demonstrating short and long-term anthropogenic changes from the fourteenth to the seventeenth centuries. It also offers a detailed overview of the extant sources that complement and confirm the results from palaeobotanical and dendrochronological studies. The Ottoman fiscal and commercial pressure on Moldavia and Wallachia as
well as the emergence of Transylvania as an independent principality in the sixteenth century increased demand for grassland, fuelwood and timber, affecting the environment in the long run. The article shows that the Southern and Eastern Carpathians were well-integrated into the regional and superregional economy and the importance of their resources was not marginal.

Historians and ethnographs have so far focused on short- and long-distance transhumance between Transylvania and Wallachia after the 18th century. However, charters, letters and tax registers enable the investigation of the topic for earlier times as well. The article shows the effects of political, economic and climatic factors on cross-border grazing in the 16th and 17th centuries, exploring the evolution of the grazing rights and fiscal obligations of Transylvanian sheep-owners in Wallachia. Due to the increasing significance of sheep commerce and wool industry from the 16th century, interest in Wallachian summer and winter pastures grew not only among Transylvanian Romanian villages but also among Saxon patricians and Hungarian nobles. Agreements on grazing rights and taxation depended on political and diplomatic relations and were considered  within the framework of “peace and good neighbourhood” and confoederatio between the  two countries. Furthermore, the article highlights the impact of Little Ice Age on long-distance transhumance.

For a Polish abstract, cf. the PDF, pp. 166-167.

This article discusses the possibilities which amateur participation offered to the young Shevchenko Scientific Society – limited to the description of the activities of this Society in the years 1892–1914. The Society intended to develop rapidly into an academy of sciences in the Ukrainian language, but lacked the necessary resources.
The existing network of Ukrainian associations in Eastern Galicia, which contributed to the development of scientific exchange, was helpful in achieving that status.
Before looking into the details of research agendas, the possibilities to use concepts of citizen science are measured for the context of the late 19th and the early 20th century.
The relation between ‘scientists’ and ‘amateurs’ is problematized on the basis of biographical examples of engaged scientists and activists, especially Volodymyr Hnatiuk from the Ethnographic Commission and Stanislav Dnistrians’kyĭ from the Statistical Commission. In order to understand the specific relations of Hnatiuk to his network of folklore collectors, their projects, aims and possibilities, Hnatiuk’s research is contrasted with the statistical surveys initiated by Dnistrians’kyĭ. Based on their archival documentation and published sources, these research projects are analyzed together with the different circumstances between the poles of “national science” and
“local knowledge”. The article suggests that Ukrainian amateur researchers contributed intensely to the nation- and region-building in the multinational Empire.

extended abstract on SHS blog: http://blog-studia-historiae-scientiarum.pau.krakow.pl/local-knowledge-and-amateur-participation-shevchenko-scientific-society-1892-1914/

In this paper on university conflicts I discuss how Galician Ukrainians perceived the German-Italian conflict at the university of Innsbruck during the early 20th century. I suggest the relevance of this knowledge for organizational as well as political strategies implemented in Lemberg/L'viv/Lwów.
Open access to the complete book: https://diglib.uibk.ac.at/urn:nbn:at:at-ubi:3-5384
The list of references was integrated in collective bibliography, pp. 215-236.

In this paper on university conflicts I discuss how Galician Ukrainians perceived the German-Italian conflict at the university of Innsbruck during the early 20th century. I suggest the relevance of this knowledge for organizational as well as political strategies implemented in Lemberg/L'viv/Lwów.
Ukrainian translation of the German paper "Innerimperiale Lernprozesse? Die Nationalitätenproblematik der Innsbrucker Universität im frühen 20. Jahrhundert aus galizisch-ukrainischer Perspektive"
Open access to the complete book: https://diglib.uibk.ac.at/ulbtirolfodok/content/pageview/3780858
The list of references was integrated in collective bibliography, pp. 217-238

Dieser Aufsatz widmet sich der Verortung der ruthenisch-ukrainischen Sprachgruppe in der späten Habsburgermonarchie, die über die Begriffe ‚ruthenisch‘ und ‚ukrainisch‘ im späten 19. und frühen 20. Jahrhundert verhandelt wurde. Dabei wird aufgezeigt, dass Selbstverortungen vielfältig und prozesshaft sind, also nicht mittels einer simplen Zäsur kollektiv angegeben werden können. Politische Ausrichtungen und Faktoren medialer wie politischer Kommunikation, Religionsbekenntnis, Geschlecht, Bildung und sozialer Stand gehören zu den Kategorien, die unterschiedliche Akteursgruppen mit jenen Selbstbezeichnungen in unterschiedlichen Situationen verbanden, wie dieser Aufsatz an  ausgewählten Beispielen argumentiert.

This paper historicizes the idea of "popular science" in the Ukrainian academic discourse in relation to contemporary approaches to "national science" (as "science proper") and places special emphasis on the introduction of regular scientific lectures to public audiences in early twentieth century Habsburg Galicia. The Shevchenko Scientific Society was the central Ukrainian association of scholars and scientists at the time. Male-dominated, and increasingly dedicated to "Ukrainoznavstvo" ("Ukrainian studies"), the Shevchenko Scientific Society paid little attention to the popularization of scientific research. The Petro Mohyla Society for Ukrainian Scientific Lectures emerged in reaction to the Shevchenko Society. Its goal was to expand public awareness of the scientific work, and its members proceeded to organize regular public lectures all over Galicia between 1909 and 1914. This paper analyzes such popularization of science, propagated by the Petro Mohyla Society, and examines the lecture audiences with regard to their location, gender, and respective interests.

Ukrainian translation of "Ukrainian Popular Science in Habsburg Galicia, 1900-14" by Diana Pavlys'ko

Уцій  статті викладено  хронологічну  послідовність ключових моментів  розвитку  ідеї«популярної  науки»в  українському  академічному дискурсізгідно зіснуючимипідходамидо «національної науки» (як «власне науки»).Зокрема,  зроблено особливий  акцент  на  введенні  регулярних наукових  лекцій  для громадськості  Габсбурзької  Галичини  на  початку  ХХстоліття.  Наукове  товариствоімені  Шевченка(НТШ)було  на  той  час основноюасоціацією науковцівв Україні. НТШ, в якому працювало більшість чоловіків, і яке все більше займалось вивченням українознавства, приділяло мало уваги популяризації наукових досліджень.У відповідь на  створення НТШбуло сформовано також і Товариство українських наукових викладів ім.Петра  Могили(ТУНВ  ім.  П.Могили). Його  метою  було  поглибленняобізнаностігромадськості  про  наукову  роботу,  і  тому  його  члени  почали організовувати регулярні публічні лекції по всій Галичині між 1909 і 1914 роками. У цій статті проаналізовано популяризацію науки, що пропагувалася ТУНВ ім. П.Могили, і досліджено коло слухачівлекцій з урахуванням їхнього місцяпроживання, гендерної приналежності та відповідних інтересів.

Full book - open access. Which factors influenced the knowledge production of non-dominant groups in hierarchized contact zones? This question is discussed with the example of the Ukrainian Shevchenko Scientific Society in Habsburg Galicia during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. This young institution was the only centre of the Ukrainian scholarly community during this period, enabling investigation into nascent Ukrainian science through the history of this association. Although this book deals with a group of nationalizing scholars, the focus is not exclusively on conflicts, but rather on European entanglements as well as the possibilities, limits, and delineations of Ukrainian science in its pursuit of justifying the existence of Ukraine.

This paper deals with the Eastern Carpathians and the issues of discoursive belonging since the late Habsburg period. Based on the views of national geographer Stepan Rudnyc’kyj and his opponent, Polish national geographer Eugeniusz Romer, the function of the Carpathians in the geographic imaginations of the national territories are discussed. In a second step, the paper investigates imperial and national discourses on Lemkos, Boykos and Hutsuls in the Habsburg Empire and its successor states. Thereby, it is shown how the appropriation of landscapes was largely based on the appropriation of its inhabitants. The Ukrainian national movement is not only interested in the Hutsuls in terms of ethnography, but also highly values their artisanship, which is perceived and even exhibited as art. Lemkos and Boykos were less prominent, but nevertheless important as borderland Ruthenians/Ukrainians. When the Polish state emerges in 1919, it uses scholarly and cultural measures to make all groups of highlanders loyal citizens. Asking for the local reaction of these groups, the paper takes a closer look at the often neglected Boykos. It argues that a growing cultural self-organization during the interwar period is responsible for their increasing activities in the cultural and scholarly realm.

Based on the example of a Hutsul song, presented by a Ukrainian
scholar as representative for Ukrainian-Ruthenian culture
in Galicia, this paper investigates two trails: 1) How Ukrainians
were able to participate in imperial projects, despite their political
and cultural marginalization in Eastern Galicia; 2) How
Hutsuls were instrumentalized by scholars to represent the
Ukrainian language group. The paper analyzes the common interest
of Ukrainian scholars and Austrian institutions in Hutsul
ethnography. The author picks up on the hypothesis that images
of the Hutsul lands (Hutsul’shchyna), however different, facilitated
scholarly cooperation between Austrian and Ukrainian
individuals and institutions by shared ethnographic curiosity
and the compatibility of patriotic enterprises.
The paper draws primarily on the cooperation of the Ukrainian
Shevchenko Scientific Society and related scholars with
“Austrian” projects or associations, namely the Galician Land Exhibition
of 1894, the volume on Galicia from the “Kronprinzenwerk”
series 1898, Austrian Ethnographic Society’s cooperation
with Ivan Franko (1902–1906), and the musicological-ethnographic
project “Das Volkslied in Österreich”, 1904–1918. As
the author argues, for Ukrainian scholars, who had to work
with particularly limited funding and a comparatively small institutional
basis, these projects supported their research and
its reception, as well as pushed their scholarly biography. Furthermore,
the author introduces the consequences of idealizing
Hutsul art and folklore in Ukrainian scholarly discourse, as
it was closely linked to the comparative deprecation of the certainly
less popular “Ruthenian highlanders” Boiky and Lemky.