Alessandro Buono
After graduating with merit in history at the University of Milan in 2004, I had my PhD at the University of Florence (2005-2008) in Early Modern and Modern Age Historical Studies. My PhD dissertation was awarded best doctoral thesis in the humanities at Florence University in 2008 and was thus published in 2009 by Firenze University Press.
In addition to my previous studies in Humanities, in 2008 I added study experience in Political Science faculties to my interdisciplinary training with a Postgraduate International Master Degree in History and Comparative Studies of Political and Legal Institutions in Mediterranean Europe (University of Messina, University of Milan, University of Cordova). From 2008 to 2011 I took summer schools in Spain (Universidad de Córdoba, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid) and a two year specialisation fellowship abroad at Madrid’s Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia.
In 2012-13 I was awarded a year’s post-doctoral fellowship at University of Milan and in 2014 a year’s post-doctoral fellowship at University of Padua (March 2014-February 2015).
In 2015 I was awarded a three year’s post-doctoral fellowship at CIDEHUS-University of Évora (Portugal) and the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Fellowship at École des hautes études en sciences sociales (Paris, France).
I have been taking part in Italian research projects funded by MIUR-Ministero dell’Università e della Ricerca (PRIN, FIRB) since 2005 and am currently involved in the GDRI Progect (Groupement de recherche international, CNRS) “Appartenance locale et communauté politique : relations sociales, droits, revendications”. I take part in international research networks (Red Columnaria; ‘MaTriX. Laboratorio di Storia, Sociologia e Scienza delle Istituzioni’; CEPOC, for which I set up and act as webmaster for the <http://www.cepoc.it> portal) and I am a member of academic associations (SISEM, ASPHS).
I have taught at Ca’ Foscari University of Venice and at University of Milan and I am a member of the editorial committee for the peer-reviewed Società e Storia journal and the ‘MaTriX. Laboratorio di Storia, Sociologia e Scienza delle Istituzioni’ (QuiEdit, Verona) book series.
My initial research interests were the history of political and military institutions in the early modern period. My doctoral thesis enquired into the birth of the barracks in the early modern period and systems of military billeting relating military phenomena with fiscal and institutional ones with special attention to relationships between army, state and society in Spanish Lombardy (the results of this research were published in a 2009 monograph). I have also examined the early modern border history, seventeenth and eighteenth century aristocracies, professional confraternities in the Venetian Republic, prisoners of war and the history of battle (the subject on which I co-edited a book published in 2014).
Since the end of 2010 my main field of research has been the history of identification procedures, property and inheritance rights in Italy and in the Spanish Empire, a subject on which I have written a number of essays and Italian and international conference papers.
In addition to my previous studies in Humanities, in 2008 I added study experience in Political Science faculties to my interdisciplinary training with a Postgraduate International Master Degree in History and Comparative Studies of Political and Legal Institutions in Mediterranean Europe (University of Messina, University of Milan, University of Cordova). From 2008 to 2011 I took summer schools in Spain (Universidad de Córdoba, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid) and a two year specialisation fellowship abroad at Madrid’s Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia.
In 2012-13 I was awarded a year’s post-doctoral fellowship at University of Milan and in 2014 a year’s post-doctoral fellowship at University of Padua (March 2014-February 2015).
In 2015 I was awarded a three year’s post-doctoral fellowship at CIDEHUS-University of Évora (Portugal) and the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Fellowship at École des hautes études en sciences sociales (Paris, France).
I have been taking part in Italian research projects funded by MIUR-Ministero dell’Università e della Ricerca (PRIN, FIRB) since 2005 and am currently involved in the GDRI Progect (Groupement de recherche international, CNRS) “Appartenance locale et communauté politique : relations sociales, droits, revendications”. I take part in international research networks (Red Columnaria; ‘MaTriX. Laboratorio di Storia, Sociologia e Scienza delle Istituzioni’; CEPOC, for which I set up and act as webmaster for the <http://www.cepoc.it> portal) and I am a member of academic associations (SISEM, ASPHS).
I have taught at Ca’ Foscari University of Venice and at University of Milan and I am a member of the editorial committee for the peer-reviewed Società e Storia journal and the ‘MaTriX. Laboratorio di Storia, Sociologia e Scienza delle Istituzioni’ (QuiEdit, Verona) book series.
My initial research interests were the history of political and military institutions in the early modern period. My doctoral thesis enquired into the birth of the barracks in the early modern period and systems of military billeting relating military phenomena with fiscal and institutional ones with special attention to relationships between army, state and society in Spanish Lombardy (the results of this research were published in a 2009 monograph). I have also examined the early modern border history, seventeenth and eighteenth century aristocracies, professional confraternities in the Venetian Republic, prisoners of war and the history of battle (the subject on which I co-edited a book published in 2014).
Since the end of 2010 my main field of research has been the history of identification procedures, property and inheritance rights in Italy and in the Spanish Empire, a subject on which I have written a number of essays and Italian and international conference papers.
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This article deals with the claims on “vacant successions” (bona vacantia) and on “property of none” (res nullius) in early modern Europe, with a focus on the case of the Spanish monarchy between the thirteenth and eighteenth centuries (both in the old and in the new world). After briefly reconstructing the legal debate on the matter, the essay tries to demonstrate how the control over successions was at the centre of competing and conflicting claims, among which that of the “king heir”. In the end, what the analysis of this problem shows is that the discontinuity created by the inability of human beings to manage family and community goods and resources was a constant threat to the corporate membership-based societies of those times. Therefore, a number of corporate bodies and institutions (such as the Spanish Juzgado de bienes de difuntos) were encouraged to mobilize in order to ensure that no patrimony were left without an owner, and that there was always someone responsible for responding to the obligations deriving from the ownership of goods.
Keywords : Vacant Successions, Property without Owner, Spanish Monarchy, Early Modern Europe, Juzgado de Bienes de Difuntos
Cet article porte sur les revendications relatives aux « successions vacantes » (bona vacantia) et aux « biens sans maître » (res nullius) dans l’Europe moderne, avec une attention particulière portée au cas de la monarchie espagnole entre les XIII e et XVIII e siècles (aussi bien dans l’Ancien que dans le Nouveau Monde). Après avoir brièvement reconstitué le débat juridique en la matière, cette contribution s’efforce de démontrer comment le contrôle des successions était au centre de prétentions multiples et conflictuelles, parmi lesquelles figurait celle du « roi héritier ». En dernière analyse, l’article témoigne de ce que la discontinuité créée par l’incapacité des êtres humains à gérer les biens et les ressources de la famille et de la communauté était une menace constante pour les sociétés corporatives de l’époque. Par conséquent, toute une série de corporations et d’institutions (comme le Juzgado de bienes de difuntos espagnol) furent poussées à se mobiliser pour éviter que les biens ne soient laissés sans propriétaires et qu’il y ait toujours un responsable pour s’acquitter des obligations découlant de la propriété sur les choses.
Mots-clés : succession vacante, biens sans maître, monarchie espagnole, Europe d’Ancien Régime, Juzgado de bienes de difuntos
Sous tutelle. Biens sans maître et successions vacantes dans une perspective comparative, XIIIe-XXe siècles
On Identity and Identification in Early Modern Societies
This article aims to clarify the logics that governed operations of identification and claims to personal identity under the early modern Spanish Monarchy by contextualizing them within ancien régime legal culture. It analyses the sources produced by the Juzgados de bienes de difuntos (Tribunals of property of deceased persons), responsible for adjudicating successions of uncertain attribution and verifying the identity and kinship of those involved in inheritance transmissions on a global scale. Rather than adopting an evolutionist interpretation of “proof of identity,” this paper seeks to understand its development, starting from the observation that before the late eighteenth century legal personality was conceived as a possession—that is, as a thing that was owned and actively claimed by its use, publicly exercised and acknowledged. It will be shown that identity was held, like any other right, through “acts of possession” and not simply through title deeds, which were instead seen as a way of transcribing acts of possession of status. The article therefore suggests that in the early modern era it was necessary to continually produce proof of one’s identity, not only because of inadequate bureaucratic procedures and data archiving practices, but above all due to a different relation to the “thing of identity,” or, in other words, a different way of “possessing personhood.”
***
Cet article vise à éclaircir les logiques qui présidaient aux opérations d’identification et de revendication de l’identité personnelle dans la Monarchie espagnole d’Ancien Régime, en les contextualisant au sein de la culture juridique de leur époque. J’analyserai les sources produites par les Juzgados de bienes de difuntos (« Tribunaux des biens des défunts »), chargés d’adjuger les héritages d’attribution incertaine, en vérifiant l’identité et la parenté des personnes impliquées dans des successions à échelle mondiale. Au lieu d’interpréter la « preuve d’identité » de manière évolutionniste, je chercherai à comprendre sa production en partant de la constatation que, durant l’Ancien Régime, la personnalité juridique se concevait comme une possession, revendiquée activement par son usage, publiquement exercé et reconnu. Il s’agira donc de montrer que l’identité était détenue, comme tout autre droit, à travers des « actes de possession », et non simplement grâce à des titres de propriété, considérés plutôt comme une façon de transcrire les actes de possession d’état. L’article avance donc que, dans les sociétés d’Ancien Régime, il fallait continuellement produire la preuve de sa propre identité, en raison non seulement de l’insuffisance des procédures bureaucratiques et des pratiques d’archivage des données, mais, surtout, d’une manière différente de posséder la « chose identité », c’est-à-dire d’une autre façon de « tenir personne ».
This article analyzes the conflicts that arose around the transmission of inheritance of «non-native people» that lived and died in the domains of the Spanish sovereign (a Frenchman in Milan and a Portuguese in Manila), who left pious places as their heirs and executors of their will. These conflicts-that involved the Royal Fisc, powerful charitable institutions situated outside the Spanish Monarchy, as well as creditors and kin in European, American and Asian courts-will be interpreted as struggles through which the various parties involved tried to constantly re-qualify people and things in order to legitimize their rights. These actors, especially by exploiting the role of «ritual heir» of the departed and by asserting the charitable destination of their bequests, actively used a broad spectrum of legal languages and resources, in an international sphere that is more properly interpretable as an arena of plural competing and intertwined jurisdictions.
***
Este artículo pretende analizar las formas mediante las cuales los actores podían reclamar los derechos asociados a la pertenencia a una familia y a un lugar en las causas de «herencias yacentes», gestionadas por un procedimiento administrativo- judicial de la Monarquía española del antiguo régimen, los llamados «expedientes de bienes de difuntos». A través del estudio de un caso particularmente rico, se intentará mostrar el peso de las distintas pruebas en la reclamación de los derechos sobre los bienes de los difuntos en Indias, con el objetivo de demostrar que tanto la identidad personal y los lazos de parentesco como la pertenencia a una comunidad, a pesar de ser producidas localmente, podían ser explotadas con éxito a un nivel supralocal, siempre que las personas, con palabras y gestos, hubieran demostrado que querían seguir siendo «miembros».
Books by Alessandro Buono
***
ABSTRACT: What was the impact of the armies of the King of Spain on a territory of its monarchy during the early modern era? How changed the balance of power between Madrid and Milan, between territorial corporate bodies and the city of Milan elites as a result of the severe weight represented by the fiscal and material burden of the war? These are the questions the book seeks to answer through the study of the phenomenon of military housing, in order to highlight the thin limit between two worlds, the "military" and "civilian", not yet separated by high walls and barbed wire of modern barracks.
***
SOMMARIO: Quale fu l'impatto degli eserciti del re di Spagna su un territorio della sua monarchia durante i secoli della prima età moderna? Come mutarono i rapporti di forza tra le istituzioni locali ed il centro madrileno, tra i corpi lombardi e la città di Milano, tra le rappresentanze dei corpi territoriali e le élites di potere in conseguenza del grave peso rappresentato dagli oneri militari necessari alla conduzione della guerra? Queste sono le domande a cui si cerca di dare risposta attraverso lo studio del fenomeno degli alloggiamenti militari, osservatorio privilegiato di quel labile confine esistente in antico regime tra due mondi, il "militare" e il "civile", non ancora separati dagli alti muri e dai fili spinati delle moderne caserme."
Edited Books by Alessandro Buono
L’evento bellico, in questo lavoro, è stato sottoposto a un’analisi che si articola a partire da tre differenti prospettive. In primo luogo, la battaglia appare come occasione per il manifestarsi di tendenze e congiunture che attraversano la storia e che spesso sorpassano l’esistenza degli uomini, come momento rivelatore di fratture e discontinuità. I saggi inseriti nella seconda parte del volume pongono al centro del loro interesse la condotta della guerra, nel tentativo di restituire il vissuto dei protagonisti dello scontro dal punto di vista materiale come da quello culturale e religioso. La terza sezione del volume, infine, è dedicata alla memoria e alla rappresentazione della battaglia. L’evento è dunque esaminato nella sua proiezione e ri-significazione nel tempo, attraverso il prisma del racconto che a questo attribuisce rilevanza e dona senso, divenendone condizione d’esistenza. In questa parte, dunque, si indaga su come l’avvenimento sia «creato» a partire dalla narrazione che di questo viene diffusa sin dall’immediatezza, e sulle modalità con cui esso è continuamente manipolato e trasfigurato al fine di costruire nuove identità particolari e collettive.
INDICE DEL VOLUME
Introduzione
di Alessandro Buono e Gianclaudio Civale
Le siège de Malte (1565), coup d’arrêt de la conquête ottomane en Méditerranée occidentale
di Anne Brogini
Sources for a battle: Tornavento (22 June 1636)
di Gregory Hanlon
Demografia, sussistenza e governo dell’emergenza a Pavia durante
l’assedio del 1655
di Mario Rizzo
Ceresole (14 aprile 1544): una grande, inutile vittoria. Conitto
tra potenze e guerra di logoramento nella prima età moderna
di Michele Maria Rabà
«Non nobis Domine». Religione, disciplina e violenza nel corpo di
spedizione pontificio nella Francia della terza guerra di religione
di Gianclaudio Civale
Il racconto della battaglia. La guerra e le notizie a stampa nella Milano degli Austrias (secoli XVI-XVII)
di Alessandro Buono e Massimo Petta
La bataille de Saint-Cast (1758) après la bataille: l’événement au fltre des mémoires
di David Hopkin, Yann Lagadec e Stéphane Perréon
Abstracts
Indice dei nomi
Journal Articles and Book Chapters by Alessandro Buono
Alloggiamenti militari, early-modern period, Lombardia, Spagna imperiale, storia economico-istituzionale
The article seeks to reconstruct how billeting was organised and managed in Lombardy between the 15 th and the 17 th centuries, discussing its crucial implications in terms of strategy, fiscal policy, political institutions, and social and economic structures. Thanks to a wide-ranging approach, the paper analyses long-term developments, describing elements of both continuity and change, and locating local events and actors in the wider geopolitical context of the Spanish Empire, of which the State of Milan was a pivotal component.
Billeting, early-modern Lombardy, economic history, Imperial Spain, institutional history
***
A partire soprattutto dagli ultimi quindici anni, gli storici e i sociologi hanno interpretato la nascita delle procedure di identificazione principalmente come risultato della progressiva affermazione delle burocrazie statali e delle tecnologie e dei saperi volti a controllare le popolazioni. L’obiettivo di questo articolo è quello di spostare l’attenzione dalle procedure di polizia e dalla documentazione da questa prodotte alle fonti di natura giudiziaria, mostrando che i bisogni sociali di identificare ed essere identificati non emersero solamente dalle preoccupazioni statali per la sorveglianza. L’esame delle procedure giudiziarie per eredità giacenti attraverso le quali i legittimi eredi potevano provare la loro identità e i loro diritti di successione, nello Stato di Milano e nella Repubblica di Venezia della prima età moderna, evidenzierà l’uso sociale e giudiziario delle pratiche di registrazione dell’identità attraverso le quali gli individui potevano garantire la loro personalità legale e reclamare e difendere diritti fondamentali quali quelli di successione e di proprietà.
This article deals with the claims on “vacant successions” (bona vacantia) and on “property of none” (res nullius) in early modern Europe, with a focus on the case of the Spanish monarchy between the thirteenth and eighteenth centuries (both in the old and in the new world). After briefly reconstructing the legal debate on the matter, the essay tries to demonstrate how the control over successions was at the centre of competing and conflicting claims, among which that of the “king heir”. In the end, what the analysis of this problem shows is that the discontinuity created by the inability of human beings to manage family and community goods and resources was a constant threat to the corporate membership-based societies of those times. Therefore, a number of corporate bodies and institutions (such as the Spanish Juzgado de bienes de difuntos) were encouraged to mobilize in order to ensure that no patrimony were left without an owner, and that there was always someone responsible for responding to the obligations deriving from the ownership of goods.
Keywords : Vacant Successions, Property without Owner, Spanish Monarchy, Early Modern Europe, Juzgado de Bienes de Difuntos
Cet article porte sur les revendications relatives aux « successions vacantes » (bona vacantia) et aux « biens sans maître » (res nullius) dans l’Europe moderne, avec une attention particulière portée au cas de la monarchie espagnole entre les XIII e et XVIII e siècles (aussi bien dans l’Ancien que dans le Nouveau Monde). Après avoir brièvement reconstitué le débat juridique en la matière, cette contribution s’efforce de démontrer comment le contrôle des successions était au centre de prétentions multiples et conflictuelles, parmi lesquelles figurait celle du « roi héritier ». En dernière analyse, l’article témoigne de ce que la discontinuité créée par l’incapacité des êtres humains à gérer les biens et les ressources de la famille et de la communauté était une menace constante pour les sociétés corporatives de l’époque. Par conséquent, toute une série de corporations et d’institutions (comme le Juzgado de bienes de difuntos espagnol) furent poussées à se mobiliser pour éviter que les biens ne soient laissés sans propriétaires et qu’il y ait toujours un responsable pour s’acquitter des obligations découlant de la propriété sur les choses.
Mots-clés : succession vacante, biens sans maître, monarchie espagnole, Europe d’Ancien Régime, Juzgado de bienes de difuntos
Sous tutelle. Biens sans maître et successions vacantes dans une perspective comparative, XIIIe-XXe siècles
On Identity and Identification in Early Modern Societies
This article aims to clarify the logics that governed operations of identification and claims to personal identity under the early modern Spanish Monarchy by contextualizing them within ancien régime legal culture. It analyses the sources produced by the Juzgados de bienes de difuntos (Tribunals of property of deceased persons), responsible for adjudicating successions of uncertain attribution and verifying the identity and kinship of those involved in inheritance transmissions on a global scale. Rather than adopting an evolutionist interpretation of “proof of identity,” this paper seeks to understand its development, starting from the observation that before the late eighteenth century legal personality was conceived as a possession—that is, as a thing that was owned and actively claimed by its use, publicly exercised and acknowledged. It will be shown that identity was held, like any other right, through “acts of possession” and not simply through title deeds, which were instead seen as a way of transcribing acts of possession of status. The article therefore suggests that in the early modern era it was necessary to continually produce proof of one’s identity, not only because of inadequate bureaucratic procedures and data archiving practices, but above all due to a different relation to the “thing of identity,” or, in other words, a different way of “possessing personhood.”
***
Cet article vise à éclaircir les logiques qui présidaient aux opérations d’identification et de revendication de l’identité personnelle dans la Monarchie espagnole d’Ancien Régime, en les contextualisant au sein de la culture juridique de leur époque. J’analyserai les sources produites par les Juzgados de bienes de difuntos (« Tribunaux des biens des défunts »), chargés d’adjuger les héritages d’attribution incertaine, en vérifiant l’identité et la parenté des personnes impliquées dans des successions à échelle mondiale. Au lieu d’interpréter la « preuve d’identité » de manière évolutionniste, je chercherai à comprendre sa production en partant de la constatation que, durant l’Ancien Régime, la personnalité juridique se concevait comme une possession, revendiquée activement par son usage, publiquement exercé et reconnu. Il s’agira donc de montrer que l’identité était détenue, comme tout autre droit, à travers des « actes de possession », et non simplement grâce à des titres de propriété, considérés plutôt comme une façon de transcrire les actes de possession d’état. L’article avance donc que, dans les sociétés d’Ancien Régime, il fallait continuellement produire la preuve de sa propre identité, en raison non seulement de l’insuffisance des procédures bureaucratiques et des pratiques d’archivage des données, mais, surtout, d’une manière différente de posséder la « chose identité », c’est-à-dire d’une autre façon de « tenir personne ».
This article analyzes the conflicts that arose around the transmission of inheritance of «non-native people» that lived and died in the domains of the Spanish sovereign (a Frenchman in Milan and a Portuguese in Manila), who left pious places as their heirs and executors of their will. These conflicts-that involved the Royal Fisc, powerful charitable institutions situated outside the Spanish Monarchy, as well as creditors and kin in European, American and Asian courts-will be interpreted as struggles through which the various parties involved tried to constantly re-qualify people and things in order to legitimize their rights. These actors, especially by exploiting the role of «ritual heir» of the departed and by asserting the charitable destination of their bequests, actively used a broad spectrum of legal languages and resources, in an international sphere that is more properly interpretable as an arena of plural competing and intertwined jurisdictions.
***
Este artículo pretende analizar las formas mediante las cuales los actores podían reclamar los derechos asociados a la pertenencia a una familia y a un lugar en las causas de «herencias yacentes», gestionadas por un procedimiento administrativo- judicial de la Monarquía española del antiguo régimen, los llamados «expedientes de bienes de difuntos». A través del estudio de un caso particularmente rico, se intentará mostrar el peso de las distintas pruebas en la reclamación de los derechos sobre los bienes de los difuntos en Indias, con el objetivo de demostrar que tanto la identidad personal y los lazos de parentesco como la pertenencia a una comunidad, a pesar de ser producidas localmente, podían ser explotadas con éxito a un nivel supralocal, siempre que las personas, con palabras y gestos, hubieran demostrado que querían seguir siendo «miembros».
***
ABSTRACT: What was the impact of the armies of the King of Spain on a territory of its monarchy during the early modern era? How changed the balance of power between Madrid and Milan, between territorial corporate bodies and the city of Milan elites as a result of the severe weight represented by the fiscal and material burden of the war? These are the questions the book seeks to answer through the study of the phenomenon of military housing, in order to highlight the thin limit between two worlds, the "military" and "civilian", not yet separated by high walls and barbed wire of modern barracks.
***
SOMMARIO: Quale fu l'impatto degli eserciti del re di Spagna su un territorio della sua monarchia durante i secoli della prima età moderna? Come mutarono i rapporti di forza tra le istituzioni locali ed il centro madrileno, tra i corpi lombardi e la città di Milano, tra le rappresentanze dei corpi territoriali e le élites di potere in conseguenza del grave peso rappresentato dagli oneri militari necessari alla conduzione della guerra? Queste sono le domande a cui si cerca di dare risposta attraverso lo studio del fenomeno degli alloggiamenti militari, osservatorio privilegiato di quel labile confine esistente in antico regime tra due mondi, il "militare" e il "civile", non ancora separati dagli alti muri e dai fili spinati delle moderne caserme."
L’evento bellico, in questo lavoro, è stato sottoposto a un’analisi che si articola a partire da tre differenti prospettive. In primo luogo, la battaglia appare come occasione per il manifestarsi di tendenze e congiunture che attraversano la storia e che spesso sorpassano l’esistenza degli uomini, come momento rivelatore di fratture e discontinuità. I saggi inseriti nella seconda parte del volume pongono al centro del loro interesse la condotta della guerra, nel tentativo di restituire il vissuto dei protagonisti dello scontro dal punto di vista materiale come da quello culturale e religioso. La terza sezione del volume, infine, è dedicata alla memoria e alla rappresentazione della battaglia. L’evento è dunque esaminato nella sua proiezione e ri-significazione nel tempo, attraverso il prisma del racconto che a questo attribuisce rilevanza e dona senso, divenendone condizione d’esistenza. In questa parte, dunque, si indaga su come l’avvenimento sia «creato» a partire dalla narrazione che di questo viene diffusa sin dall’immediatezza, e sulle modalità con cui esso è continuamente manipolato e trasfigurato al fine di costruire nuove identità particolari e collettive.
INDICE DEL VOLUME
Introduzione
di Alessandro Buono e Gianclaudio Civale
Le siège de Malte (1565), coup d’arrêt de la conquête ottomane en Méditerranée occidentale
di Anne Brogini
Sources for a battle: Tornavento (22 June 1636)
di Gregory Hanlon
Demografia, sussistenza e governo dell’emergenza a Pavia durante
l’assedio del 1655
di Mario Rizzo
Ceresole (14 aprile 1544): una grande, inutile vittoria. Conitto
tra potenze e guerra di logoramento nella prima età moderna
di Michele Maria Rabà
«Non nobis Domine». Religione, disciplina e violenza nel corpo di
spedizione pontificio nella Francia della terza guerra di religione
di Gianclaudio Civale
Il racconto della battaglia. La guerra e le notizie a stampa nella Milano degli Austrias (secoli XVI-XVII)
di Alessandro Buono e Massimo Petta
La bataille de Saint-Cast (1758) après la bataille: l’événement au fltre des mémoires
di David Hopkin, Yann Lagadec e Stéphane Perréon
Abstracts
Indice dei nomi
Alloggiamenti militari, early-modern period, Lombardia, Spagna imperiale, storia economico-istituzionale
The article seeks to reconstruct how billeting was organised and managed in Lombardy between the 15 th and the 17 th centuries, discussing its crucial implications in terms of strategy, fiscal policy, political institutions, and social and economic structures. Thanks to a wide-ranging approach, the paper analyses long-term developments, describing elements of both continuity and change, and locating local events and actors in the wider geopolitical context of the Spanish Empire, of which the State of Milan was a pivotal component.
Billeting, early-modern Lombardy, economic history, Imperial Spain, institutional history
***
A partire soprattutto dagli ultimi quindici anni, gli storici e i sociologi hanno interpretato la nascita delle procedure di identificazione principalmente come risultato della progressiva affermazione delle burocrazie statali e delle tecnologie e dei saperi volti a controllare le popolazioni. L’obiettivo di questo articolo è quello di spostare l’attenzione dalle procedure di polizia e dalla documentazione da questa prodotte alle fonti di natura giudiziaria, mostrando che i bisogni sociali di identificare ed essere identificati non emersero solamente dalle preoccupazioni statali per la sorveglianza. L’esame delle procedure giudiziarie per eredità giacenti attraverso le quali i legittimi eredi potevano provare la loro identità e i loro diritti di successione, nello Stato di Milano e nella Repubblica di Venezia della prima età moderna, evidenzierà l’uso sociale e giudiziario delle pratiche di registrazione dell’identità attraverso le quali gli individui potevano garantire la loro personalità legale e reclamare e difendere diritti fondamentali quali quelli di successione e di proprietà.
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ABSTRACT: The aim of this essay is to offer a brief overview on the subject and propose some new rese- arch paths, starting from a critical discussion of two recent books devoted to the identification and registration practices in transnational and global perspective. Through the conceptual distinction bet- ween identification and registration procedures, the objective of this study is to highlight that an exclu- sive focus on the coercive aspects of these processes might obscure that recording the identity is also a mean to assign membership and, therefore, to endow rights to exploit the resources, both material and immaterial, managed by human groups.
KEYWORDS: identification, registration and identity recognition, membership and legal empowerment, surveillance and coercion.
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SOMMARIO: A partire dalla discussione critica di due recenti lavori dedicati alla tematica dell’identifica- zione e registrazione dell’identità personale in prospettiva transnazionale e globale si è cercato di offrire sia una breve rassegna storiografica sul tema, sia fare il punto della situazione e proporre alcuni nuovi percorsi di ricerca. In particolare, attraverso la distinzione concettuale tra procedure di identificazione e procedure di registrazione, si intende mettere in evidenza come un’ottica esclusivamente focalizzata sugli aspetti coercitivi di tali processi rischi di oscurare l’altro lato della medaglia, ovvero quello della registra- zione dell’identità come mezzo per l’attribuzione di appartenenza e, di conseguenza, di diritti al godi- mento delle risorse, materiali e immateriali, gestite dai gruppi umani.
PAROLE CHIAVE: identificazione, registrazione e riconoscimento dell’identità, appartenenza e diritti, sor- veglianza e coercizione."
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ABSTRACT: Through the analysis of a particular documentation, the printed avvisi, the authors investigate the evolution of war news in the «early-modern information system» in Milan under the Spanish rule (late 15th century – 17th century), and the growing cultural consumption of war. Given the coexistence of different strategies of propaganda, imposed «from above» or resulting from self-promotion strategies «from below», the urgency to spread news about war to an increasing public fostered a progressive separation between fact and fiction, with the introduction in the text of validation marks to ensure the reader the reliability of the news.
Keywords: printed news, war news, early modern information society
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SOMMARIO: Attraverso l’analisi di una particolare fonte, l’avviso a stampa, gli autori cercano di indagare l’evoluzione delle notizie di guerra nel sistema dell’informazione milanese tra la fine del secolo XV e la fine del secolo XVII e il precisarsi di un mercato di consumo culturale della guerra. Tenendo sempre in conto la coesistenza di diverse strategie di propaganda, sia provenienti dall’alto sia risultato di strategie di legittimazione di carriere e miti personali dal basso, l’esigenza sempre più pressante di trasmettere e diffondere le notizie relative agli eventi bellici verso un pubblico sempre più vasto, fu foriera di quella che potrebbe essere definita una progressiva separazione tra fact e fiction, mediante l’uso nei testi di tecniche di convalida volte a garantire al lettore la veridicità delle notizie.
Parole chiave: avvisi a stampa, notizie di guerra, società dell’informazione moderna""""
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Through the case study of Spanish Lombardy during the Thirty years’ war, the Author tries to link the latest results of military history with the politico-institutional framework, with a view to overcome the narrowness of an exclusive military approach. By focussing on the agenda of a commission for the control of the army composed of civil and military authorities from 1638 to 1679 and on the careers of some financiers and military entrepreneurs, the Author suggests the need to abandon the pattern of the militarization of society in order to describe the processes affecting the Milanesado.
The military tool appears to be purposefully used to strengthen political and social ties between centre and periphery and also to integrate emerging social, economic and political groups into the Lombard power elite. The interpretation underlying the essay is therefore based on the idea of a «compromise of interests» between centre and periphery of the Spanish imperial system as a way to stabilize the situation of Lombardy.
Keywords: Milan, Spanish Monarchy, XVIIth century, power élites, military history, institutional history, Thirty Years’ War"
• Alessandro Buono "Modelli e tecniche amministrative nella gestione del mantenimento degli eserciti di antico regime"
• Valentina Favarò "La difesa della Monarchia asburgica come fenomeno sistemico"
• Manuel Lomas "Defensa de la Monarquía y comunicación entre las provincias: las galeras al servicio del rey"
• Gianclaudio Civale "Disciplina dei soldati e catechesi negli eserciti delle guerre di religione"
Following a previous seminar “When the Household Fails” (20th January 2017), this workshop one proposes to analyse, in a comparative Euro-Asiatic perspective, these safeguard mechanism and the institutions set up to deal with the issue of the failure of domestic institutions, focusing attention on the intergenerational transmission of assets, rights and obligations. In particular the proposed focus of attention is the management of so-called inheritance in abeyance (what European civil law calls hereditas iances, literally ‘lying inheritance’, i.e. estates which remain temporarily without an owner in expectation that the legitimate heir claimed his rights) and vacant successions (what European civil law calls bona vacantia, ‘stray goods’, estates with no owner as a result of the extinction of the inheritance succession). The fundamental hypothesis to be debated is that various societies in different time frames and geographical areas have had to face up to what was a shared problem: ensuring that no patrimony should remain without an owner for the purposes of guaranteeing the performance of reciprocal obligations and safeguarding social and economic relations.
Biens sans maîtres. Hérédité jacente et succession vacante à l’époque moderne dans une perspective comparative (Chine, Corée, Japon, Europe)
L’étude des stratégies utilisées par les institutions familiales pour assurer la continuité et la pérennité du nom de la maison, de son patrimoine, de la mémoire des défunts, etc. est un des topos de l’histoire sociale comme de l’anthropologie. Mais que se passe-t-il lorsque la maison se trouve privée, temporairement ou de façon permanente, de « représentant / administrateur » (soit parce que temporairement absent, incapable ou frauduleusement défaillant soit parce qu’inexistant) à qui revient la charge des obligations économiques, sociales, religieuses, etc., qui relèvent des membres du corps et de l’institution domestique dans son ensemble ? Dans une société à maisons l’intérêt de la perpétuation des corporations familiales dépasse ces mêmes institutions. Ces corps revêtent en réalité un rôle fondamental dans l’ordre constitutionnel et sociopolitique de la Res publica, et sont l’unité de base de la production et reproduction sociale et économique.
À la suite de la journée d’études “Quand la Famille Faillit” (20 janvier 2017) cette seconde journée d’étude se propose se propose d’analyser, dans une perspective comparative Euro-Asiatique, les dispositifs de tutelle et les institutions préposées à affronter le problème de la faillite de l’institution domestique, en focalisant l’attention sur le moment de la transmission intergénérationnelle des biens, droits et obligations. Elle se propose en particulier de concentrer l’attention sur la gestion de ce que l’on appelle les héritages jacents (les patrimoines qui restent temporairement sans propriétaire en attendant que l’héritier légitime en revendique la possession) et les héritages ou biens vacants (les patrimoines restés sans propriétaire par l’extinction des lignées de succession). L’hypothèse de base qui est soumise à discussion est que différentes sociétés, dans le temps et l’espace, ont dû affronter un même problème : garantir qu’aucun patrimoine ne reste sans propriétaire afin d’assurer l’accomplissement des obligations réciproques et de protéger les relations sociales et économiques.
La citoyenneté, telle qu’elle est analysée ici, est un processus par lequel des droits d’accès à des ressources localisées sont produits. Ce processus procède d’un travail de tissage de relations sociales, de construction de liens de confiance ; d’inventions ou d’utilisations d’instruments (qu’ils soient institutionnels, économiques, symboliques…) de contrôle de l’incertitude et de production de continuité. Ce sont donc des actions dont ce projet découvre le pouvoir instituant : des actions répétées dans le temps, rendues publiques, reconnues comme légitimes : habiter avec continuité ; prendre part aux rituels ; payer /contribuer ; échanger sur le marché ; transmettre son propre patrimoine et hériter à son tour ; vivre ”en citoyen” d’un lieu.
Placer les actions au cœur de la formation des droits de citoyenneté, y explorer les droits des choses dans leur capacité à définir les droits des personnes, sont autant de perspectives qui viennent enrichir non pas seulement notre connaissance des sociétés anciennes, mais encore plus largement notre compréhension des formes contemporaines du politique. À ce premier atout, s’en ajoute un second qui défie toute conception culturaliste. Les approches de la citoyenneté privilégiées donnent la possibilité de mettre en regard une multiplicité de situations aux coordonnées historiques et culturelles diverses et ainsi de renouveler les termes de la comparaison. Ce projet en effet dessine une nouvelle carte de la citoyenneté au nord et au sud de la Méditerranée, où proximités et différences tiennent moins à des singularités politiques ou culturelles jugées irréductibles, qu’aux configurations multiples dessinées par les droits d’accès aux ressources par la médiation des choses ; ou, pour mieux dire, où les formations politiques sont lues moins comme les produits d’attitudes culturelles irréductibles, que comme l’expression - plus ou moins cohérente - de ces configurations sociales.