Arquitetura

The corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) is involved in behavioral and physiological responses to emotional stress through its action in several limbic structures, including the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST). Nevertheless, the role of CRF1 and CRF2 receptors in the BNST in cardiovascular adjustments during aversive threat is unknown. Therefore, in the present study we investigated the involvement of CRF receptors within the BNST in cardiovascular responses evoked by acute restraint stress in rats. For this, we evaluated the effects of bilateral treatment of the BNST with selective agonists and antagonists of either CRF1 or CRF2 receptors in the arterial pressure and heart rate increase and the decrease in tail skin temperature induced by restraint stress. Microinjection of the selective CRF1 receptor antagonist CP376395 into the BNST reduced the pressor and tachycardiac responses caused by restraint. Conversely, BNST treatment with the selective CRF1 receptor agonist CR...

Comorbidity between mood disorders and cardiovascular disease has been described extensively. However, available antidepressants can have cardiovascular side effects. Treatment with selective inhibitors of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) induces antidepressant effects, but whether the antidepressant-like effects of these drugs are followed by cardiovascular changes has not been previously investigated. Here, we tested in male rats exposed to chronic variable stress (CVS) the hypothesis that nNOS blockers are advantageous compared with conventional antidepressants in terms of cardiovascular side effects. We compared the effects of chronic treatment with the preferential nNOS inhibitor 7-nitroindazole (7-NI) with those evoked by the conventional antidepressant fluoxetine on alterations that are considered as markers of depression (immobility in the forced swimming test, FST, decreased body weight gain and increased plasma corticosterone concentration) and cardiovascular changes ...

The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) is a forebrain structure that has been implicated on cardiovascular responses evoked by emotional stress. However, the local neurochemical mechanisms mediating the BNST control of stress responses are not fully described. In our study we investigated the involvement of glutamatergic neurotransmission within the BNST in cardiovascular changes evoked by acute restraint stress in rats. For this study, we investigated the effects of bilateral microinjections of selective antagonists of either N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) or non-NMDA glutamate receptors into the BNST on the arterial pressure and heart rate increase and the decrease in tail skin temperature induced by acute restraint stress. Microinjection of the selective NMDA glutamate receptor antagonist LY235959 (1 nmol/100 nL) into the BNST decreased the tachycardiac response to restraint stress, without affecting the arterial pressure increase and the drop in skin temperature. Bilateral ...

The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) constitutes an important component of neural substrates of physiological and behavioral responses to aversive stimuli, and it has been implicated on cardiovascular responses evoked by stress. Nevertheless, the local neurochemical mechanisms involved in BNST control of cardiovascular responses during aversive threats are still poorly understood. Thus, the aim of the present study was to assess the involvement of activation in the BNST of the neuronal isoform of the enzyme nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), as well as of signaling mechanisms related to nitric oxide effects such as soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) and protein kinase G (PKG) on cardiovascular responses induced by an acute session of restraint stress in male rats. We observed that bilateral microinjection of either the nonselective NOS inhibitor Nω-Nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), the selective nNOS inhibitor Nω-Propyl-L-arginine (NPLA) or the sGC inhibitor 1H-[1,2,4]Oxadia...

Increased nitric oxide (NO) levels have been identified in the hippocampus of animals subjected to social isolation. However, a role of this change in behavioral and physiological changes evoked by isolation has never been evaluated. Thus, this study investigated the involvement of nitrergic neurotransmission acting via the neuronal isoform of nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) within the dorsal hippocampus in behavioral and cardiovascular changes in isolated reared rats. For this, male rats were isolated from weaning at 21 days postnatal for 40 days. We identified that social isolation increased hippocampal NO formation and nNOS expression. Besides, anxiogenic- and depressive-like effect identified in isolated animals were not affected by intra-hippocampal microinjection of either the NO scavenger carboxy-PTIO or the selective nNOS inhibitor Nω-Propyl-l-arginine (NPLA). Isolation also increased basal arterial pressure, impaired the baroreflex function and decreased the tachycardia to restraint stress. The effects in restraint-evoked tachycardia were inhibited by hippocampal treatment with either carboxy-PTIO or NPLA. Intra-hippocampal administration of either carboxy-PTIO or NPLA also enhanced the pressor response to restraint in isolated, but not in control animals. Taken together, these findings indicate that increased NO release within the dorsal hippocampus is involved in impairment of cardiovascular responses to a novel stressor, but not in behavioral effects and baroreflex changes, evoked by social isolation. Furthermore, exposure to this stressor evokes the emergence of an inhibitory role of hippocampal nNOS activation in cardiovascular changes to a novel stressor, which might constitute a prominent adaptive response.