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Phokis is known today mainly for the oracular sanctuary of
Apollo at Delphi, to a lesser extent f... more Phokis is known today mainly for the oracular sanctuary of
Apollo at Delphi, to a lesser extent for another oracular shrine of Apollo, the one at Abai, which is most probably to be identified with the sanctuary of Kalapodi. The land of the Phokians delineated by these two oracular sanctuaries comprised multiple poleis whose names are attested in the literary and epigraphical record.
At the same time, there are many sites with extant archaeological remains, which had been partly always visible or which came to light mainly through the investigations of the Ephorates of Fthiotida, Phokis and Boiotia. In recent years, the historical as well as the archaeological research has contributed to a better understanding of the Phokians. The conference aims to bring together scholars working on thearchaeological material and on the historical record, with a focus on the historical period, thus stimulating a re-evaluation of topographical, archaeological and historical questions.
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Phokis is known today mainly for the oracular sanctuary of
Apollo at Delphi, to a lesser extent f... more Phokis is known today mainly for the oracular sanctuary of
Apollo at Delphi, to a lesser extent for another oracular shrine of Apollo, the one at Abai, which is most probably to be identified with the sanctuary of Kalapodi. The land of the Phokians delineated by these two oracular sanctuaries comprised multiple poleis whose names are attested in the literary and epigraphical record.
At the same time, there are many sites with extant archaeological remains, which had been partly always visible or which came to light mainly through the investigations of the Ephorates of Fthiotida, Phokis and Boiotia. In recent years, the historical as well as the archaeological research has contributed to a better
understanding of the Phokians. The conference
aims to bring together scholars working on thearchaeological material and on the historical record, with a focus on the historical period, thus stimulating a re-evaluation of topographical, archaeological and historical questions.
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Papers
submitted 2024
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K. Piesker – U. Wulf-Rheidt (Hrsg.), Umgebaut. Umbau-, Umnutzungs- und Umwertungsprozesse in der antiken Architektur, DiskAB 13, veranstaltet vom Architekturreferat des DAI Athen, Berlin 21.–24.02.2018 (Regensburg 2020) 283–298, 2020
Research on the reuse of building materials at later public buildings, which derive from dismantl... more Research on the reuse of building materials at later public buildings, which derive from dismantled fortifi¬cations, provides a more detailed understanding of: the decline of the former monument; the secondary building; the organisation of building processes in general. Ashlar blocks, on the one hand, will often be hard to identify with certainty if they lack any specific shape, material or surface treatment. Blocks of a more specific shape, on the other hand, offer a better chance for a convincing identification in spolia contexts.
In southern Asia Minor, two examples of such spolia processes can be proved on the basis of a type of wall-walk slabs, which are cantilevered diagonally at the rear. In Pisidian Pednelissos and in Lycian Oenoanda, slabs of this type are partly preserved in situ at the older fortifications, partly reused as first- floor corniche on the facade of 2nd century A.D. bath buildings. Since a regional tradition of using such profiled blocks is evident at many other fortifications in the region of Lycia-Pamphylia, research on oth¬er Roman buildings seems to be worthwhile. In Perge and Sillyon, at 2nd century A.D. bath buildings again, similar blocks might originate from the fortifications as well. Other cases like public buildings at Tlos, Cibyra, Olympos or Hierapolis are more hypothetical and need further detailed building research. The examples from Pednelissos and Oenoanda may well encourage further studies on the architectural design and building history of former fortifications in these cities – or in a few cases even indicate monu¬ments not yet known. The 2nd century A.D. public buildings discussed here with this type of cantilevered profile – whether spolia or not, case by case – represent a specific regional feature, which is undoubtedly influenced by the tradition of cantilevered slabs in the Lycia and Pamphylia regions’ military architecture. The idea of reusing wall-walk spolia for facade corniches of public buildings (the majority of which are thermae) may well have originated in one monument (in Perge?), and may have spread successively over the wider region. This latter development was probably intensified by a network of the building industry in the provinces’ cities (respectively, an exchange of architectural ideas), especially in the context of the building boom period immediately following the heavy earthquake of 141 A.D. in Lycia.
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U. Lohner-Urban – U. Quatember (Hrsg.), Zwischen Bruch und Kontinuität. Architektur in Kleinasien am Übergang vom Hellenismus zur römischen Kaiserzeit, Konferenz 26.–29.4.2017 Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Byzas 25 (Istanbul 2020) 231–249, 2020
Die Überlieferungsdichte antiker Stadtbilder im lykischen Raum läßt zumindest einige regionaltypi... more Die Überlieferungsdichte antiker Stadtbilder im lykischen Raum läßt zumindest einige regionaltypische Charakteristika des Epochenüberganges vom späten Hellenismus zur frühen Phase der Provinz Lycia (ab 43 n. Chr.) erkennen. Die hellenistische Zeit ist in den – häufig sehr kleinen – Städten vom sukzessiven Wachsen einer eher bescheidenen öffentlichen Ausstattung geprägt. Zu den unmittelbarsten, und in den Stadträumen markantesten, Neuerungen ab 43 n. Chr. zählen die Öffnung/Expansion der Städte sowie die Übernahme der römischen Bauideen ›Therme‹ und ›Aquaedukt‹; ferner die vielfache Verbindung zahlreicher Neubauprojekte mit Kaiser und Statthalter in den Inschriften. Andere Themen städtischen Bauens (auch Bautechniken) sind dagegen eher von längeren Kontinuitäten bzw. längerfristigen Veränderungen geprägt.
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Istanbuler Mitteilungen 67, 2017, 131-185, 2017
Based on the material from hellenistic Pergamum reviewed in this paper, we notice a number of ca.... more Based on the material from hellenistic Pergamum reviewed in this paper, we notice a number of ca. 60 capitals of a specific type which indicate ca. 30 different architectural series. The capitals’ appearances are quite close to the canonic doric capital, except of the echinus’ profile: a – strongly or slightly bulging – cyma recta. The beginning of the series is probably indicated by the extravagant temple of Zeus on the Pergamene Upper Agora of late 3rd century B.C.; during the 2nd century B.C. this type of capital became very common in the city’s architecure, in particular in the Gymnasium. Only a few comparable capitals are known from Asia minor beyond Pergamum. It is difficult to define one specific archetype of the Pergamene cyma recta capital. An Italic origin and a ›tuscan‹ connotation which has been argued by some scholars is doubtful in my opinion. More convincingly the capital should be interpreted as a doric-like new creation which was maybe inspired by an earlier tradition of the cyma recta in Greek architecture. According to the chronological evidence, this Pergamene tradition may well have influenced (rather than the other way round) the western (Italic) group of similar capitals attested from 1st century BC onwards, or the latter could have developed independently. This controversial topic is worth of detailed discussion since
the Italic tradition of this capital spread – as a subtype of the ›tuscan‹ capital – during the Roman imperial period especially in the western part of the Roman world.
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A. W. Busch – J. Griesbach – J. Lipps (Hrsg.), Urbanitas – urbane Qualitäten. Die antike Stadt als Selbstverwirklichung, Kolloquium 19.-21.12. 2012 München (Mainz 2017) 343-370, 2017
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R. Frederiksen – S. Müth – P. I. Schneider – M. Schnelle (Hrsg.), Focus on Fortifications. New Research on Fortifications in the Ancient Mediterranean and the Near East. Papers of the Conference at the Acropolis Museum in Athens, 6-9 December 2012 (Oxford 2016) 125-131, 2016
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A great number of votive altars indicates the popularity of the Ubian ‚matronae‘-goddesses in sou... more A great number of votive altars indicates the popularity of the Ubian ‚matronae‘-goddesses in southern Germania inferior during the middle Roman imperial period. In their characteristical iconographic scheme – a
trias – the outer figures bear a ‚matronal‘ balloon-like cap, while the middle one is characterized youthfully. A fragmentary huge relief found in Cologne (church of St. Gereon) differs in this significant feature: originally it showed three uniform goddesses with this cap. The relief is of exceptional size and quality; it can be attributed probably to a votive aedicula which was located in a sanctuary of the matronae in the north of Roman Cologne. Further well-decorated votive altars dedicated to the matronae underline the importance of this sanctuary and of the city as beeing one of the most prominent sites of matronae-cults in the province – where also the presence of wealthy dedicators resp. a ‚mobile‘ elite is attested. A person (or group) like the latters is the most plausible donor of the St. Gereon’s relief; apparently he intended to present an individual image of the goddesses’ nature. In this respect, the interpretation calls for a renewal of the discussion on the age and meaning of the juvenile
middle matrona.
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research on ancient Phokis and Boiotia
AtheNea, 2021
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e-Forschungsberichte des DAI, 2022
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Apollo at Delphi, to a lesser extent for another oracular shrine of Apollo, the one at Abai, which is most probably to be identified with the sanctuary of Kalapodi. The land of the Phokians delineated by these two oracular sanctuaries comprised multiple poleis whose names are attested in the literary and epigraphical record.
At the same time, there are many sites with extant archaeological remains, which had been partly always visible or which came to light mainly through the investigations of the Ephorates of Fthiotida, Phokis and Boiotia. In recent years, the historical as well as the archaeological research has contributed to a better understanding of the Phokians. The conference aims to bring together scholars working on thearchaeological material and on the historical record, with a focus on the historical period, thus stimulating a re-evaluation of topographical, archaeological and historical questions.
Apollo at Delphi, to a lesser extent for another oracular shrine of Apollo, the one at Abai, which is most probably to be identified with the sanctuary of Kalapodi. The land of the Phokians delineated by these two oracular sanctuaries comprised multiple poleis whose names are attested in the literary and epigraphical record.
At the same time, there are many sites with extant archaeological remains, which had been partly always visible or which came to light mainly through the investigations of the Ephorates of Fthiotida, Phokis and Boiotia. In recent years, the historical as well as the archaeological research has contributed to a better
understanding of the Phokians. The conference
aims to bring together scholars working on thearchaeological material and on the historical record, with a focus on the historical period, thus stimulating a re-evaluation of topographical, archaeological and historical questions.
Papers
In southern Asia Minor, two examples of such spolia processes can be proved on the basis of a type of wall-walk slabs, which are cantilevered diagonally at the rear. In Pisidian Pednelissos and in Lycian Oenoanda, slabs of this type are partly preserved in situ at the older fortifications, partly reused as first- floor corniche on the facade of 2nd century A.D. bath buildings. Since a regional tradition of using such profiled blocks is evident at many other fortifications in the region of Lycia-Pamphylia, research on oth¬er Roman buildings seems to be worthwhile. In Perge and Sillyon, at 2nd century A.D. bath buildings again, similar blocks might originate from the fortifications as well. Other cases like public buildings at Tlos, Cibyra, Olympos or Hierapolis are more hypothetical and need further detailed building research. The examples from Pednelissos and Oenoanda may well encourage further studies on the architectural design and building history of former fortifications in these cities – or in a few cases even indicate monu¬ments not yet known. The 2nd century A.D. public buildings discussed here with this type of cantilevered profile – whether spolia or not, case by case – represent a specific regional feature, which is undoubtedly influenced by the tradition of cantilevered slabs in the Lycia and Pamphylia regions’ military architecture. The idea of reusing wall-walk spolia for facade corniches of public buildings (the majority of which are thermae) may well have originated in one monument (in Perge?), and may have spread successively over the wider region. This latter development was probably intensified by a network of the building industry in the provinces’ cities (respectively, an exchange of architectural ideas), especially in the context of the building boom period immediately following the heavy earthquake of 141 A.D. in Lycia.
the Italic tradition of this capital spread – as a subtype of the ›tuscan‹ capital – during the Roman imperial period especially in the western part of the Roman world.
trias – the outer figures bear a ‚matronal‘ balloon-like cap, while the middle one is characterized youthfully. A fragmentary huge relief found in Cologne (church of St. Gereon) differs in this significant feature: originally it showed three uniform goddesses with this cap. The relief is of exceptional size and quality; it can be attributed probably to a votive aedicula which was located in a sanctuary of the matronae in the north of Roman Cologne. Further well-decorated votive altars dedicated to the matronae underline the importance of this sanctuary and of the city as beeing one of the most prominent sites of matronae-cults in the province – where also the presence of wealthy dedicators resp. a ‚mobile‘ elite is attested. A person (or group) like the latters is the most plausible donor of the St. Gereon’s relief; apparently he intended to present an individual image of the goddesses’ nature. In this respect, the interpretation calls for a renewal of the discussion on the age and meaning of the juvenile
middle matrona.
research on ancient Phokis and Boiotia
Apollo at Delphi, to a lesser extent for another oracular shrine of Apollo, the one at Abai, which is most probably to be identified with the sanctuary of Kalapodi. The land of the Phokians delineated by these two oracular sanctuaries comprised multiple poleis whose names are attested in the literary and epigraphical record.
At the same time, there are many sites with extant archaeological remains, which had been partly always visible or which came to light mainly through the investigations of the Ephorates of Fthiotida, Phokis and Boiotia. In recent years, the historical as well as the archaeological research has contributed to a better understanding of the Phokians. The conference aims to bring together scholars working on thearchaeological material and on the historical record, with a focus on the historical period, thus stimulating a re-evaluation of topographical, archaeological and historical questions.
Apollo at Delphi, to a lesser extent for another oracular shrine of Apollo, the one at Abai, which is most probably to be identified with the sanctuary of Kalapodi. The land of the Phokians delineated by these two oracular sanctuaries comprised multiple poleis whose names are attested in the literary and epigraphical record.
At the same time, there are many sites with extant archaeological remains, which had been partly always visible or which came to light mainly through the investigations of the Ephorates of Fthiotida, Phokis and Boiotia. In recent years, the historical as well as the archaeological research has contributed to a better
understanding of the Phokians. The conference
aims to bring together scholars working on thearchaeological material and on the historical record, with a focus on the historical period, thus stimulating a re-evaluation of topographical, archaeological and historical questions.
In southern Asia Minor, two examples of such spolia processes can be proved on the basis of a type of wall-walk slabs, which are cantilevered diagonally at the rear. In Pisidian Pednelissos and in Lycian Oenoanda, slabs of this type are partly preserved in situ at the older fortifications, partly reused as first- floor corniche on the facade of 2nd century A.D. bath buildings. Since a regional tradition of using such profiled blocks is evident at many other fortifications in the region of Lycia-Pamphylia, research on oth¬er Roman buildings seems to be worthwhile. In Perge and Sillyon, at 2nd century A.D. bath buildings again, similar blocks might originate from the fortifications as well. Other cases like public buildings at Tlos, Cibyra, Olympos or Hierapolis are more hypothetical and need further detailed building research. The examples from Pednelissos and Oenoanda may well encourage further studies on the architectural design and building history of former fortifications in these cities – or in a few cases even indicate monu¬ments not yet known. The 2nd century A.D. public buildings discussed here with this type of cantilevered profile – whether spolia or not, case by case – represent a specific regional feature, which is undoubtedly influenced by the tradition of cantilevered slabs in the Lycia and Pamphylia regions’ military architecture. The idea of reusing wall-walk spolia for facade corniches of public buildings (the majority of which are thermae) may well have originated in one monument (in Perge?), and may have spread successively over the wider region. This latter development was probably intensified by a network of the building industry in the provinces’ cities (respectively, an exchange of architectural ideas), especially in the context of the building boom period immediately following the heavy earthquake of 141 A.D. in Lycia.
the Italic tradition of this capital spread – as a subtype of the ›tuscan‹ capital – during the Roman imperial period especially in the western part of the Roman world.
trias – the outer figures bear a ‚matronal‘ balloon-like cap, while the middle one is characterized youthfully. A fragmentary huge relief found in Cologne (church of St. Gereon) differs in this significant feature: originally it showed three uniform goddesses with this cap. The relief is of exceptional size and quality; it can be attributed probably to a votive aedicula which was located in a sanctuary of the matronae in the north of Roman Cologne. Further well-decorated votive altars dedicated to the matronae underline the importance of this sanctuary and of the city as beeing one of the most prominent sites of matronae-cults in the province – where also the presence of wealthy dedicators resp. a ‚mobile‘ elite is attested. A person (or group) like the latters is the most plausible donor of the St. Gereon’s relief; apparently he intended to present an individual image of the goddesses’ nature. In this respect, the interpretation calls for a renewal of the discussion on the age and meaning of the juvenile
middle matrona.
mound Yýðma Tepe. To test hypotheses on the development of the settlement history of the city hill of Pergamon, Bau X on the western slope was examined.
The survey of the Kane-peninsula was finished; it provided unexpected insights into the importance of the site for traffic and trade in the microregion. The extensive monument preservation measures at Pergamon concentrated on the Gymnasion and the Red Hall. A detailed preliminary report, which contains
also information about other fields of activity such as the study of elite burial practises, will be published in “Archäologischer Anzeiger” 2018/2.