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Ankardiansyah Pandu Pradana
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Root-Knot Nematode (RKN) Meloidogyne spp. is one of the important pests in pepper plants that can cause withered. The antagonistic effect of three endophytic bacteria Pseudomonas sp. strain A175 and F23, and Micrococcus sp. strain S54... more
Root-Knot Nematode (RKN) Meloidogyne spp. is one of the important pests in pepper plants that can cause withered. The antagonistic effect of three endophytic bacteria Pseudomonas sp. strain A175 and F23, and Micrococcus sp. strain S54 were tested against RKN under greenhouse condition. The efficacies of these endophytic bacteria were further confirmed by comparing their efficacy with synthetic nematicide. The results obtained showed that these three endophytic bacteria significantly reduce the gall formation and nematode population for >23% and >41%. These antagonistic efficacies are at par with chemical treatment with the efficacy percentage of 24% and 40.9% respectively for gall formation and nematode population reduction. This indicated that these bacterial isolates could reduce the ability of M. incognita to reproduce in soil. The greenhouse trial also revealed that the application of Pseudomonas sp. strain A175 and F23, and Micrococcus sp. strain S54 significantly increase pepper growth performance of pepper in term of plant height, number of branches number of leaves, number of segments, shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root fresh weight, and dry weight. On the basis of aforementioned results, it is suggested that Pseudomonas sp. strain A175 and F23, and Micrococcus sp. strain S54 can be an effective biological control agent against pepper root knot nematode. Keywords: culture filtrate, nematode suppression, pepper growth
Yield loss due to M. incognita infection in tomato plants cultivation can reach 60%. The problem is able to be solved through the application of endophytic bacteria. In this study, endophytic bacteria from root Cyperus rotundus were... more
Yield loss due to M. incognita infection in tomato plants cultivation can reach 60%. The problem is able to be solved through the application of endophytic bacteria. In this study, endophytic bacteria from root Cyperus rotundus were isolated using Tryptic Soy Agar media. The bacteria isolates were then tested their safety against plants and mammals. The phenotypic and physiological properties of selected isolates were characterized and tested to know their resistance to antibiotics, and their ability in suppressing the infection rate of M. incognita on tomato. Eighteen bacterial isolates were obtained and 8 of them are categorized as safe bacteria for plants and mammals, which could be used in further tests. A result of the physiological test showed that bacterial isolates were able to produce protease enzyme (87.5%), chitinase enzyme (62.5%), and HCN (37.5%), having urease activity (75%) and could dissolve phosphate (87.5%). Based on the test results, all endophytic bacteria effectively increased tomato growth and suppressed the severity of M. incognita infection with the most stable isolate as a biocontrol agent of M. incognita was CRS16.
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Mardhiana, Pradana AP, Adiwena M, Kartina, Santoso D, Wijaya R, Maliki A. 2017. Effects of pruning on growth and yield of cucumber (Cucumis sativus) Mercy variety in The acid soil of North Kalimantan, Indonesia. Cell Biol Dev 1: 13-17. In... more
Mardhiana, Pradana AP, Adiwena M, Kartina, Santoso D, Wijaya R, Maliki A. 2017. Effects of pruning on growth and yield of cucumber (Cucumis sativus) Mercy variety in The acid soil of North Kalimantan, Indonesia. Cell Biol Dev 1: 13-17. In recent years, cucumber production in Tarakan, North Kalimantan only reaches 20 tons ha-1. In fact, cucumber production potential could reach 49 tons ha-1. Several factors that limit the low productivity of cucumbers in Tarakan are acid soil and cultivation techniques which are still limited. This study aimed to determine the effect of pruning on the growth and yield of cucumbers in acid soil in Tarakan. The study was conducted using Randomized Complete Block Design with the treatment of without pruning (P0), shoot of prunings on the main stem (P1), pruning of whole lateral branches above the third section (P2), and pruning of 2 lateral branches that emerged first above the third section (P4). The results showed that plant height was 16.17% (P1) and 2.26% (P2) lower also 0.13% higher (P3) than the control (P0). The highest number of leaves was found in treatment P1 (16.19%) compared to P0. The best fruit diameter was also found in P1 treatment with 4.93% difference compared to P0. Furthermore, a highly significant and the best result on weight per fruit were also obtained by P1 treatment. The results showed that the fruit weight of P1 treatment (11.39%) was higher than P0. This study provided new information that the pruning treatment of shoots on the main stem of cucumber variety Mercy in acid soil could increase the diameter and weight of cucumber.
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Radopholus similis is a nematode that infects many plantation crops. Infected plant roots by nematodes will show necrosis symptoms, then rot due to infection of secondary pathogens. Control of R. similis that is effective, environmentally... more
Radopholus similis is a nematode that infects many plantation crops. Infected plant roots by nematodes will show necrosis symptoms, then rot due to infection of secondary pathogens. Control of R. similis that is effective, environmentally friendly, and easy to be performed by the farmers is the key to success in reducing losses by this nematode. Extract of physic nut has been recognized to be effective in controlling some important pests, but there is currently no reports of its effectiveness in controlling R. similis. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of leaves and fruit steeping of physic nut for in vitro control of R. similis. A total of 1:10 (w/v) leaves and fruit of physic nut were steepped, then filtered by a 500 mesh sieve. Steeping was then dripped into a suspension containing 40 R. similis. Twenty-four hours after treatment, the number of dead nematodes was observed. The leaves steeping of physic nut could kill up to 70% of R. similis. Mortality of R. similis treated with steeping of physic nut seeds reached 76.25%. Both steeping applications did not cause damage to the body of nematodes, thus it is presumably that the mortality was due to toxic compounds.

Keywords: active compounds, antimicrobial, nematicides, toxic, phenol
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Root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita is a soil-borne pathogen in plantation crops. Tea, coffee, pepper, tobacco, and patchouli plant have been reported as host of this nematode. Environmentally friendly, inexpensive, and effective... more
Root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita is a soil-borne pathogen in plantation crops. Tea, coffee, pepper, tobacco, and patchouli plant have been reported as host of this nematode. Environmentally friendly, inexpensive, and effective technique is required to control the population of M. incognita. Utilization of tithonia plant as botanical nematicide is an alternative solution needs to be applied. A total of 1:10 (w/v) of leaves, stems, and flowers of tithonia was boiled. Further, the decoction was used in the in vitro mortality test of J2 of M. incognita. The result showed that decoction of leaves, stems, and flowers of tithonia at various concentrations led to nematicidal effect against M. incognita. Best performance of nematicidal activity was found in the decoction of flowers at a concentration of 50%. This study provides new information concerning nematicidal effect of decoction of leaves, stems, and flowers of tithonia against M. incognita.

Keywords: active ingredients, botanical nematicide, decoction, extract, mortality
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Quinine plant (Cinchona ledgeriana) is widely used in the industrial and pharmaceutical world because these plants contain high alkaloid compounds. In 1950, Szkolnik reported some nematodes that infect this plant in India and Java.... more
Quinine plant (Cinchona ledgeriana) is widely used in the industrial and pharmaceutical world because these plants contain high alkaloid compounds. In 1950, Szkolnik reported some nematodes that infect this plant in India and Java. Furthermore, in 1977, Koch also reported the development of nematode genus which associated with this plant. Since 1977 up to now there has been no update information about nematodes in quinine plant, especially in Indonesia. This study aimed to obtain information about nematode genus contained in rhizosphere and roots of quinine plants at the Gambung quinine field area, West Java, Indonesia. A total of 10 samples of rhizosphere soil and roots of quinine plants extracted from a depth of 10 cm. Nematodes in soil samples were extracted using centrifugation- floatation methods, and nematodes in root samples were extracted using a mist chamber. The absolute population density and the frequency distribution were calculated from the successfully extracted nematodes. The results showed that plant parasitic nematodes in the rhizosphere of quinine plants are Helicotylenchus sp., Hoplolaimus sp., Meloidogyne sp., Pratylenchus sp., Radopholus sp., Tylenchus sp., and Xiphinema sp. In the quinine plant roots, there were 6 species of plant parasitic nematodes ie, Aphelenchoides sp., Helicotylenchus sp., Meloidogyne sp., Pratylenchus sp., Radopholus sp., and Tylenchus sp. Nematode of Xiphinema sp., Helicotylenchus sp., Meloidogyne sp., Pratylenchus sp., and Radopholus sp. has 100% distribution in quinine plant.

Keywords: distribution, dominance, free-living nematodes, identification, survey
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Indonesia is one of the largest pepper producing countries in the world. One of the pepper-producing provinces in Indonesia is the Bangka Belitung Islands (Babel). However, the infection of Radopholus similis and Meloidogyne spp. which... more
Indonesia is one of the largest pepper producing countries in the world. One of the pepper-producing provinces in Indonesia is the Bangka Belitung Islands (Babel). However, the infection of Radopholus similis and Meloidogyne spp. which causes yellow disease becomes one of obstacles in pepper cultivation in Babel. Thus, alternative solution to overcome this yellow disease is by reducing the amount of nematode inoculum of R. similis and Meloidogyne spp. in soil. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of the infusion of oyster mushrooms baglog waste enriched with molasses to control the population of R. similis and Meloidogyne spp. and to increase the population of rhizobacteria. Infusion of oyster mushrooms baglog waste was mixed with 1% of molasses and was poured into soil obtained from the pepper plant roots. The concentrations used were 10%, 20%, 30% and 50%. Population of phytonematode, rhizobacteria, proteolytic bacteria, and group of fluorescence bacteria were calculated before and 7 days after treatment. Results showed that the populations of R. similis and Meloidogyne spp. in the soil poured with the influsion of oyster mushroom baglog waste decreased by 29.11% (R. similis) and 24.61% (Meloidogyne spp.), compared to the before and control treatments. The suppression of nematode population was found to be the highest in the influsion treatment at concentration of 50%. Overall, treatment of all concentrations succeeded to increase the population of rhizobacteria, proteolytic bacteria, and group of fluorescence bacteria in soil. Moreover, the highest increase was found in soil treated with concentration of 50%. This study provided new information that the infusion application of oyster mushrooms baglog waste enriched with molasses had the potential to increase the population of rhizobacteria and suppress the amount of pathogens R. similis and Meloidogyne spp.
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ABSTRAK Infeksi nematoda puru akar (NPA) Meloidogyne incognita pada tomat dapat menyebabkan kehilangan hasil. Keefektifan kelompok bakteri endofit asal akar tanaman sebagai agens pengendali NPA sampai saat ini masih belum banyak... more
ABSTRAK Infeksi nematoda puru akar (NPA) Meloidogyne incognita pada tomat dapat menyebabkan kehilangan hasil. Keefektifan kelompok bakteri endofit asal akar tanaman sebagai agens pengendali NPA sampai saat ini masih belum banyak dilaporkan. Penelitian ini bertujuan mendapatkan kelompok bakteri endofit dari 16 jenis akar tanaman yang efektif sebagai agens pengendali NPA. Bakteri diisolasi menggunakan medium NA 20%, NA 50%, TSA 20%, TSA 50%, dan Kings'B. Bakteri yang menunjukkan hasil negatif pada uji hipersensitif dan aktivitas hemolisis diuji kemampuannya dalam menghasilkan enzim protease dan kitinase, dan sianida. Bakteri endofit yang sama juga diuji kemampuannya mengendalikan M. incognita juvenil 2 pada tomat dengan perlakuan perendaman benih dan penyiraman suspensi. Peubah agronomi dan patologi diukur 40 hari setelah infestasi nematoda. Sebanyak 80 kelompok bakteri endofit berhasil diisolasi, 17 di antaranya berpotensi sebagai kandidat agens pengendali NPA. Uji fisiologis menunjukkan 16 kelompok menghasilkan protease, 12 kelompok menghasilkan kitinase, dan 5 kelompok menghasilkan senyawa sianida. Kelompok bakteri TmtN5 asal tanaman tomat paling efektif dalam menekan kerusakan akar dan populasi NPA. Kelompok bakteri tersebut mampu menghasilkan enzim kitinase, protease, dan senyawa sianida. Penelitian ini memberikan informasi baru bahwa kelompok bakteri endofit asal berbagai macam akar tanaman memiliki potensi sebagai agens pengendali NPA.
Nematoda puru akar (NPA) Meloidogyne spp. merupakan salah satu patogen penting pada berbagai tanaman hortikultura dan beberapa tanaman pangan di Indonesia. Infeksi NPA mampu menurunkan kuantitas dan kualitas panen, bahkan menyebabkan... more
Nematoda puru akar (NPA) Meloidogyne spp. merupakan salah satu patogen penting pada berbagai tanaman hortikultura dan beberapa tanaman pangan di Indonesia. Infeksi NPA mampu menurunkan kuantitas dan kualitas panen, bahkan menyebabkan gagal panen apabila terjadi sinergisme dengan patogen lain. Penggunaan pestisida kimia sintetis untuk mengendalikan Meloidogyne spp. dan patogen lain di kalangan petani sering melebihi batas pemakaian normal. Selain menyebabkan kerusakan dan pencemaran lingkungan, penggunaan pestisida kimia sintetis dapat menyebabkan gangguan kesehatan pada petani, meninggalkan residu kimia yang berbahaya bagi konsumen, dan menurunkan jumlah mikroba dan mikro fauna yang berperan penting dalam pertanian berkelanjutan. Masalah tersebut dapat ditekan tingkat kejadiannya dengan mengurangi penggunaan pestisida kimia sintetis. Terdapat banyak pilihan cara untuk mengendalikan NPA tanpa menggunakan pestisida kimia sintetis, yaitu dengan pola tanam polikultur, memanfaatkan tanaman antagonis, teknik biofumigan, penggunaan ekstrak nabati (pestisida nabati), penggenangan sawah, aplikasi agens antagonis, dan aplikasi metabolit sekunder dari mikroba. Cara-cara tersebut diketahui efektif menekan populasi NPA pada berbagai skala percobaan, dan tidak menimbulkan masalah lingkungan. Beberapa teknik aplikasi seperti pola tanam polikultur, dan aplikasi agens antagonis diketahui tidak hanya menekan populasi NPA dan mengurangi kerusakan akibat infeksi NPA, namun juga mampu meningkatkan hasil panen. Teknik-teknik pengendalian patogen yang ramah lingkungan perlu dilakukan untuk mewujudkan swasembada pangan melalui pertanian berkelanjutan.

Kata kunci: Meloidogyne spp., nematoda puru akar, pengendalian
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Eksplorasi bakteri endofit sebagai agen biokontrol dan pemacu pertumbuhan tanaman tomat telah banyak dilakukan. Isolat tunggal bakteri endofit diketahui berpotensi sebagai agen biokontrol dan pemacu pertumbuhan tanaman, namun sampai saat... more
Eksplorasi bakteri endofit sebagai agen biokontrol dan pemacu pertumbuhan tanaman tomat telah banyak dilakukan. Isolat tunggal bakteri endofit diketahui berpotensi sebagai agen biokontrol dan pemacu pertumbuhan tanaman, namun sampai saat ini masih sangat sedikit informasi mengenai isolat konsorsium bakteri endofit terutama dari tanaman kehutanan. Tanaman kehutanan diduga memiliki keragaman mikroba endofit yang tinggi karena berada di ekosistem yang belum bayak mengalami modifikasi, oleh karena itu diperlukan isolasi dan uji potensi konsorsium bakteri endofit asal tanaman kehutanan. Isolasi dilakukan dari bagian akar tanaman pada medium tryptone soya agar (TSA) 20%. Isolat yang didapat diuji hipersensitif untuk mendapatkan bakteri non-patogen. Isolat yang lulus seleksi diuji kemampuannya untuk meningkatkan pertumbuhan bibit tomat dengan cara merendam benih tomat pada suspensi bakteri endofit yang telah dibiakkan dalam medium tryptone soya broth (TSB). Pengujian selanjutnya adalah mengukur kemampuan bakteri endofit dalam menekan pertumbuhan Fusarium oxysporum dan Sclerotium rolfsii secara in vitro. Berdasarkan uji yang dilakukan diperoleh 5 isolat konsorsium bakteri endofit mampu menekan pertumbuhan F. oysporum dan S. rolfsii secara in vitro, dan 1 isolat mampu memacu pertumbuhan tanaman tomat.

Kata Kunci: agen antagonis, Fusarium oxysporum, plant growth promotor, Sclerotium rolfsii
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Kabupaten Cianjur merupakan salah satu sentra produksi tomat di Jawa Barat. Pada tahun 2011-2012 luas lahan tomat di Jawa Barat meningkat 6,31%, namun produksi menurun 17,14%. Survei ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui keragaman dan kelimpahan... more
Kabupaten Cianjur merupakan salah satu sentra produksi tomat di Jawa Barat. Pada tahun 2011-2012 luas lahan tomat di Jawa Barat meningkat 6,31%, namun produksi menurun 17,14%. Survei ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui keragaman dan kelimpahan nematoda pada tanaman tomat serta pengaruhnya terhadap pertumbuhan tanaman tomat. Contoh tanah diambil dari dua petak lahan yang diperlakukan dengan sistem tanam monokultur dan polikultur. Survei dilaksanakan di Desa Pasir Kampung Kabupaten Cianjur - Jawa Barat, dan analisis di Laboratorium Nematologi Departemen Proteksi Tanaman IPB. Setiap petak tanah diambil 10 contoh tanah. Variabel yang diamati pada survei adalah: genus nematoda, kerapatan dan penyebaran nematoda, frekuensi penyebaran nematoda, nilai dominansi nematoda serta pengaruh kerapatan nematoda parasit tanaman terhadap pertumbuhan akar dan tinggi tanaman tomat. Hasil survei menunjukkan bahwa pada setiap contoh tanah mengandung nematoda parasit. Terdapat tujuh genus nematoda parasit pada kedua lahan, yaitu Meloidogyne spp., Pratylenchus sp., Rotylenchus sp., Ditylenchus sp., Helicotylenchus sp., Hoplolaimus sp., dan Xiphinema sp. Nematoda dari genus Meloidogyne spp. memiliki kerapatan tertinggi dibandingkan dengan nematoda lain. Pada lahan monokultur penyebaran Meloidogyne spp., Pratylenchus sp., Rotylenchus sp., Ditylenchus sp. mencapai 100%, sedangkan pada lahan polikultur nematoda yang memiliki penyebaran hingga 100% adalah Meloidogyne spp., Pratylenchus sp., Rotylenchus sp. Kerapatan tujuh nematoda tersebut memiliki pengaruh terhadap tingkat kerusakan akar dan tinggi tanaman tomat. Semakin melimpah jumlah nematoda parasit tanaman, tingkat kerusakan akar semakin tinggi. Semakin rendah jumlah nematoda parasit tanaman, tanaman tomat berkembang lebih tinggi.

Kata kunci: monokultur, nematoda parasit tanaman, polikultur, tomat
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Rhoeo discolor has been known to have a good adaptation to various environmental conditions. This character might be due to mutualistic association with endophytic bacteria. The objective of this study was to isolate endophytic bacteria... more
Rhoeo discolor has been known to have a good adaptation to various environmental conditions. This character might be due to mutualistic association with endophytic bacteria. The objective of this study was to isolate endophytic bacteria from roots of R. discolor and to evaluate their potency as biocontrol agents and plant growth promoters. The methods to isolate endophytic bacteria involved the following methods, sterilization of root surface, grinding of root tissues, dilution, and plating in the medium tryptone soya agar (TSA). A total of 21 isolates of endophytic bacteria were isolated from the roots of R. discolor. Based on hypersensitivity test on tobacco leaves, 19 isolates showed negative reaction (no necrosis symptom) and only 2 isolates showed positive reaction (necrosis was developed). The results on biocontrol and growth promoters assay showed that 7 isolates were able to inhibit the growth of Fusarium oxysporum under in vitro test and 12 isolates were able to increase the growth of rice seedlings.


Keywords : biocontrol activity, Fusarium oxysporum, hypersensitivity test
Root-knot nematode (RKN, Meloidogyne spp.) is one of the serious problems for tomato farming. Yield losses caused by RKN infection may lead to yield loss up to 60% on tomato. The abundance of RKN in soil and roots of plants is affected by... more
Root-knot nematode (RKN, Meloidogyne spp.) is one of the serious problems for tomato farming. Yield losses caused by RKN infection may lead to yield loss up to 60% on tomato. The abundance of RKN in soil and roots of plants is affected by some factors i.e. biotic factors and abiotic factors. Earlier research also reported that the abundance of RKN may be affected by different cultivation systems. This study aims to observe the abundance of Meloidogyne spp. in Pasir Sarongge between two different cultivation systems (with crop rotation and without crop rotation). The result of this research showed that the RKN abundance was greater in non-crop rotated system field than in crop rotated system field.

Keywords: crop rotation, monoculture, polyculture, roots
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