Remi Cornwall

Observation of the distribution of the velocity of galactic rotation curves differed from their expected centripetal form and lead to the notion of Dark Matter or modifications to Newtonian and General Relativity, such as MOND, TeVeS and the like and even Quantised Inertia. We aim to show that General Relativity with Dark Energy/the Cosmological Constant is all that is needed, with the proviso that the Cosmological Constant can increase in the presence of a gravitational field and become gravitating to account for the hypothesis of Dark Matter Haloes.

Cold Fusion might, if claims are to be believed, be looking at the wrong nuclear phenomenon that isn’t fusion and sporadic claims of excess energy production might be due to a wholly different process, perhaps the Wigner Energy of the Lattice, unlinked to claims of fusion, thus confusing the issue and holding the field back. We also have reasonable question to the authors regarding their experiment.

This paper results from our investigation into novel means of electromagnetic propulsion. It requires the basis of our claims to be put on a sound theoretical footing regarding the purported momentum exchange with the electromagnetic field. One of these concerns is the huge discrepancy between the energy density of the Zeropoint and its purported manifestation as the Cosmological Constant. Here we state that it is manifestly wrong to introduce the zeropoint at zero order into the stress-energy tensor, because it is something which describes zero particle count. As a fluctuation, it belongs in a higher order Taylor expansion in frequency of the stress-energy tensor. Furthermore in the 3 rd order in the Einstein constant our procedure is some 9 orders of magnitude too small. We make up this difference by suggesting that vacuum energy is much higher still and that more degrees of freedom exist in physics beyond the Standard Model or that there is interaction energy between the modes.

The No-communication Theorem has been seen as the bar to communication by quantum state collapse. The essence of this theory is the procedure of taking the partial trace on an entangled, hence inseparable multi-particle system. This mathematical procedure applied unthinkingly, strikes out the off-diagonal elements from the ensemble density matrix and renders the reduced trace matrix representative of a mixed state. Decoherence theory is able to justify this mathematical procedure and we review it to show: the partial trace results for both unitary and non-unitary processes (hence measurement) on one, several or all particles of the ensemble; and that a unitary process keeps interference terms in the trace reduced matrix.

The objective of the research is to utilise the massive amount of low grade heat energy, for instance which exists in the worlds oceans, by a new type of magnetic cycle. Developed herein are methods based on 2nd order phase changes that make it possible to achieve high efficiency despite small temperature differences with the reservoir. Ferrofluids displaying temporary magnetic remanence are an almost perfect embodiment of the working substance for these cycles. Standard Kinetic Theory, Thermodynamic and Electrodynamic analysis validates the new cycle. Experiment, both physical and by numerical solution have laid the foundations for this work showing: that a property of the system is a strong function of temperature, that a temporary independent flux remains after magnetisation and that a cancellation scheme is required to achieve energy transduction in excess of the magnetisation energy input. This research shows that a new type of heat engine/refrigerator/heat pump is possible.

This short note seeks to draw together and clarify the author's early papers on the matter of a communication system. The enquiry occurred from the investigation of two interferometer based communication systems: one two photon entanglement, the other single photon path entanglement. The state vector treatment confirmed the communication protocol but the No-communication theorem (NCT), couched in the density matrix treatment forbade it. Since both state vector and density matrix formalisms contain the same treatment of quantum mechanics, the only conclusion is the NCT is being cited inappropriately. Here we clarify that error cogently and with brevity. The NCT only applies to non-factorisable systems and the communication system surprisingly entails Schmidt decomposition and hence factorisability, yet keeps entanglement information by the " which path information " of the interferometer.

This paper updates earlier thoughts by the author on a putative propulsion system. The concept was based around static electromagnetic momentum, as expounded in the "Feynman Disk" and experimentally verified by Graham and Lahoz. That said, naïve static electromagnetic momentum schemes to achieve linear translation are defeated by "hidden momentum" mechanisms, so too are simple arrangements just cycling the fields; we shall survey the flaws in their arguments. It may however be possible to achieve linear translation by means of arrangements of torques with a novel mechanism to break the symmetry of forces (or torques) on the second half of the cycle as the field is switched off. At the time of earlier presentation no mechanism could be found to explain the momentum balance for the process but it was believed that momentum was being given to the zero-point of the field. We show that it is possible to dump angular momentum and thence linear momentum to the ground state by standard quantum analysis of the EM field. None of this violates the conservation of momenergy.

This paper discusses a means of making an extremely bright path entangled source. An initial laser source is preferred but any source of light: LED, sub-critical laser, coherent or thermal can be used. The light is dimmed by a beam expander until the relative number of |1> or |2> photons increases compared to higher photon states. The expanded beam is then passed through a 1:1 beamsplitter to generate path entanglement on the |1> and |2> photons. A further stage of "purification" can remove the non-entangled higher states by passing the output beams from the beamsplitter through one another, such that the correlated entangled photon electrical fields cancel in some region. In the said region, the uncorrelated non-entangled fields can be Faraday rotated and then absorbed by a polariser. The entangled photons pass through the region without rotation and attenuation. The output from the device then has copious quantities of 1 and 2 photon path entangled suitable for use in telecommunications engineering, secure transmission of data and quantum metrology. The wide beams can be beam-contracted to a thin bright beam and will keep the path entanglement of individual photons, as photons are bosons and so don't interact, furthermore, all operations are unitary and linear, as by Maxwell's equations.

Entanglement studies dwell on multi-particle systems by definition – one particle, via a global symmetry/conservation law is correlated to another. It has often been wondered via EPR/Bell/Aspect/Dopfer-Zeilinger/Zbinden whether: first, a communication scheme is possible by entangled quantum state collapse and secondly, whether such a scheme would work over spacelike separations. This study follows on from the author’s earlier scheme of sending classical data over a Bell Channel, to now, using an unentangled source. The rationale for this is that single particles are entangled with the vacuum state in path entanglement by the principle of conservation of probability: measurement of a photon in one path causes a collapse of the wavefunction in all the others. The new communication scheme represents an improvement over using expensive and complicated entangled sources of poor purity, for common-or garden coherent sources.

This paper follows on from the author’s previous thoughts on the subject of the “No-communication Theorem” and Ghirardi’s critique of a communication scheme by the author and then his response to this. It is an addendum to lay bare the inadequate use of the formalism by Ghirardi, Hall et-al. To make our argument convincing, we find it necessary to explicitly lay out the machinery of the density matrix formulated argument, so that it can be seen by the incredulous, the gaping hole in the Ghirardi-Hall belief. We shall see that phase information, crucial to the interferometer setup in previous papers, is lost when: the joint evolution of the system is not considered, superposition is not explicitly brought in as an operation itself and finally, when the act of taking the reduced trace is taken too early (the act of
exclusion of one system). This has lead to the limiting belief that components of entangled systems considered in isolation, are only ever in a mixed state. We shall see that when the reduced trace is taken at the right point in the analysis, phase information pertaining to the remote system is still present and
this concurs with the state vector approach used to analyse the same problem.

This paper seeks to investigate the questions of: How does the constancy of the speed of light come about? Why does time dilation and length contraction occur? Are they physical effects with a mechanism? Does mass have a role is in these effects? Is Relativity an emergent phenomenon? The enquiry is along a different tact than the standard Lorentzian invariance canon but in the realm of readily known experimental facts or analogies and theory in the domain of wave propagation and solid state physics. These analogies, to almost prosaic physics, have a small following and are called Ether Theories, which modern physics has implicitly reinstated by General Relativity and Quantum Field Theories. In the category of Ether Theories based on analogies to solid state physics, this presentation is unique in not being Lorentz invariant; it is based on earlier papers by the author enquiring into the speed of coincidence counting of the Bell Inequality and a communication protocol. It is believed that Lorentz invariance emerges from the Ether and all Relativistic Mechanics can be built from the bottom up. The conclusion is that space-time is not really curved but the effects are all ascribable to mass gain.

This paper updates earlier thoughts by the author on a putative electromagnetic propulsion system, to perform a more detailed energy balance. The previous paper demonstrated how momentum could be dumped to the ground state of the electromagnetic field but a claim was left somewhat hanging at the end of the previous paper, that the work done in changing the craft's velocity would effectively shift the centre of mass of the field-although that would be an infinitesimal shift in practice. The craft must always supply work to change velocity, such as by an accelerate/de-accelerate cycle and superficially this looks to violate the conservation of energy; we prove that this isn't so.

The intention of this paper is to elucidate new types of heat engines with extraordinary efficiency, more specifically to eventually focus on the author's research into a temporary magnetic remanence device. First we extend the definition of heat engines through a diagrammatic classification scheme and note a paradoxical non-coincidence between the Carnot, Kelvin-Planck and other forms of the 2 nd Law, between sectors of the diagram. It is then seen, between the diagram sectors, how super-efficient heat engines are able to reduce the degrees of freedom resulting from change in chemical potential, over mere generation of heat; until in the right sector of the diagram, the conventional wisdom for the need of two reservoirs is refuted. A brief survey of the Maxwell Demon problem finds no problem with information theoretic constructs. Our ongoing experimental enquiry into a temporary magnetic remanence cycle using standard kinetic theory, thermodynamics and electrodynamics is presented – yet a contradiction results with the 2nd law placing it in the right sector of the classification diagram.

The author had previously set out devices to communicate over space-like intervals, with a full proof for the 2 photon device and only a partial proof for the 1-photon device. The 2-photon device exploits entangled pairs; the 1-photon device utilises path-entanglement. The 1-photon device is fully analysed, then similarities (and differences) are drawn to the 2-photon device to show the holes in the No-communications Theorem: the creation operators representing the sum of paths through the device can be mapped outside the device and quantum state reduction/measurement is a space-like operation. A common misconception on faux rank-3 systems made from rank-2 components is elucidated, avoiding the criticism and null result obtained by naively taking the partial trace.

Keywords: EPR, Bell’s Theorem, Aspect-Zbinden Experiments, No-communications theorem

This paper presents a summary of research to utilise the massive amount of low grade heat energy, for instance which exists in the worlds oceans, by a new type of magnetic cycle. Developed herein are methods based on 2nd order phase changes that make it possible to achieve high efficiency despite small temperature differences with the reservoir. Ferrofluids displaying temporary magnetic remanence are an almost perfect embodiment of the working substance for these cycles. Standard Kinetic Theory, Thermodynamic and Electrodynamic analysis and experiment validates the new cycle.

The objective of the research is to utilise the massive amount of low grade heat energy, for instance which exists in the worlds oceans, by a new type of magnetic cycle. Developed herein are methods based on 2nd order phase changes that make it possible to achieve high efficiency despite small temperature differences with the reservoir. Ferrofluids displaying temporary magnetic remanence are an almost perfect embodiment of the working substance for these cycles. Standard Kinetic Theory, Thermodynamic and Electrodynamic analysis validates the new cycle. Experiment, both physical and by numerical solution have laid the foundations for this work showing: that a property of the system is a strong function of temperature, that a temporary independent flux remains after magnetisation and that a cancellation scheme is required to achieve energy transduction in excess of the magnetisation energy input. This research shows that a new type of heat engine/refrigerator/heat pump is possible.

This paper presents a summary of research to utilise the massive amount of low grade heat energy, for instance which exists in the worlds oceans, by a new type of magnetic cycle. Developed herein are methods based on 2nd order phase changes that make it possible to irrefutably build a Maxwell Demon. Ferrofluids displaying temporary magnetic remanence are an almost perfect embodiment of the working substance for these cycles. Standard Kinetic Theory, Thermodynamic, Electrodynamic analysis and experiment validates the new cycle.

Theoretical analysis into the energetics of a novel putative electromagnetic field propulsion device by the author, found that it was able to impart momenergy to the ground state of the electromagnetic field; some rest-energy of the craft was converted to kinetic energy of the craft. Electrical analysis showed that the propulsor was always a net electrical load-if the device accelerated from one frame, then deaccelerated to the original frame, both processes would consume electrical work. The aim of this paper is to look further into this sinking of high-grade electrical energy into the field ground state and to show that an even more pernicious form of 2nd Law of Thermodynamics exists.

A technique is presented for improving the ratio of entangled photons to un-entangled photons for any means of generation. The approach takes advantage of the entangled nature of the photons of interest and their concomitant temporal coherence length, to separate that component by a combination of beam convergence, destructive interference, Faraday-Rotators, polarising filters and then beam divergence. The method applies to energy-time entangled photons and matter waves too.

Following an earlier paper, an argument is presented that sets up a causality paradox with signals that claim to be retrocausal. This is not to be dismissive of claims of retrocausality over small scales by the mechanism of advanced and retarded waves, just that it is not possible over timescales greater than the energy-time uncertainty relationship.

There is an interpretation of Quantum Mechanics gaining ground that had its roots in Feynman-Wheeler absorber theory, which has lead to the Watanabe Two-state vector /Cramer Transactional-Interpretation/ /Sutherland viewpoint of Retrocausality. It seems that fantastical notions of superluminal effects are to be abhorred for equally fantastical notions of retrocausality. Noting that physics is the science of natural philosophy, we add to the argument with an outline of an experiment to settle the matter, by a blocking protocol where future actions would be limited by actions in the past (and hence the future) or not at all if the hypothesis is false.

This short letter is a response to an analysis by Ghirardi of a supposed flaw in a communication scheme involving entangled state collapse. We find his analysis entirely correct but missing the point, which is subtle, the no-communication theorem merely expresses the truth of the locality of quantum state information on measurement but surprisingly says nothing about the particle being present or not by dint of the communication scheme itself. Ghirardi’s analysis using the density matrix approach does not deal correctly with the analysis of superposition in the interferometer and as such, doesn’t even correctly replicate the case for non-entanglement, as did the state vector method used by Cornwall.

A means and protocol is presented to send information on the Bell Channel to achieve the effect of superluminal signalling. The method is to use detection of a photon entangled state as one binary digit and either of the collapsed states as the complement digit – this is the protocol. The means to affect this detection is by use of an interferometer set-up able to resolve two interfering pathways corresponding to the two polarization states of the photon. To achieve interference of the horizontal and vertical components Faraday rotators are used to bring both components into diagonal polarization, this operation is unitary. Modulation is caused by the remote signaller collapsing one aspect of the photon wavefunction; a physically secure channel sending information superluminally results. A preliminary discussion into the clash and the hopeful resolution with Relativity theory is presented – it is noteworthy that at the instant of transmission between the two stations that there is no transfer of mass-energy to instigate communication but the transmission of a quantum state - pure information only.

In an earlier paper the author expounded an interferometer scheme to communicate classical data over an entangled quantum channel. We return to this concept to show that the laws of Quantum Mechanics are not violated and that the device is able to affect the statistical blend of the quantum states (and that this can be detected) but not the statistics – i.e. the physics of observables. The ideas of superluminal information transfer, discussed in the previous paper, are taken forward to develop a notion of absolute space, time and motion with relativistic effects ascribed to motion through an absolute reference frame – as the logical consequences dictate, permeated with a material causing the ‘relativistic’ effects. The reciprocal nature of the Lorentz Transform is shown to fail under superluminal signalling – one frame will be absolutely time dilated and length contacted; thus a full ‘Ether Transformation’ (though this cannot be a group) and a velocity addition law are derived, the Twin’s Paradox is reconsidered. It would seem, in Special Relativity at least, that the phenomenological effects of motion are placed in an absolute, logical, materialistic setting, rather than a confusing relative one that, perhaps, allows no further inspection of just ‘what it is’ causing the effects. The author then discusses whether this programme can be carried forward into General Relativity with the space-time distortions ascribable to changes in the properties of the ether but on the whole describable in 3-space.

A technique is presented for improving the ratio of entangled photons to un-entangled photons for any means of generation. The approach takes advantage of the entangled nature of the photons of interest and their concomitant temporal coherence length, to separate that component by a combination of beam convergence, destructive interference, Faraday-Rotators, polarising filters and then beam divergence. The method applies to energy-time entangled photons and matter waves too.

This paper follows on from the exposition of the new temporary magnetic remanence cycles and looks at the similarities and subtle differences in the electrostatic analogue. Only the electromagnetics is analysed as the kinetic theory and thermodynamic analysis is almost exactly the same as the magnetic case.

This little study talks about good science methodology, rationality, plausibility and Okham's Razor. Something more than a conjecture or even an hypothesis is developed to offer an explanation to the phenomenon of lightning strike synchronisation. An experiment is suggested to go a long way to proving the hypothesis, to the point of offering no other reasonable explanation.

The search for new power sources has increasingly challenged the second law of thermodynamics; one such cycle is presented herein with both experimental and rigorous theoretical underpinnings. These analyses, both kinetic and thermodynamic inevitably lead to the Maxwell Demon problem. It is clear that, against the Szilard-Brillouin-Landauer argument, that phase transition processes in conjunction with the cycle and apparatus requires no molecular information to be kept, negating the argument and need that the demon's entropy change by 1/2kTln 2 per molecule processed. The Demon was thought to bring Information into the fold of Physics. We ask the question, if all computing can be made reversible by heat recovery and furthermore, if the speed of information appears not to be limited by Relativity, due to the author's protocol to send classical data over an entangled Bell Channel, if the Landauer maxim, " Information is Physical " , is entirely true?

This slide/show animation (also available as video: http://webspace.qmul.ac.uk/rocornwall/QSE_video.htm) is meant to explain some of the concepts people find confusing about the entangled communications device and various interpretations of quantum mechanics. We find the wavefunction and its collapse to be very real phenomenon.