Research Interests:
Research Interests:
A geometrical/mechanical model of charmonium has been developed, based on the logarithmic confinement potential. The quark and antiquark pair orbit around the centre of mass, with their gluon and colour fields contained within a torus... more
A geometrical/mechanical model of charmonium has been developed, based on the logarithmic confinement potential. The quark and antiquark pair orbit around the centre of mass, with their gluon and colour fields contained within a torus structure of characteristic radius. This record was migrated from the OpenDepot repository service in June, 2017 before shutting down.
Gravitational collapse of diffuse material has been investigated using a new solution of Einstein's equations of general relativity. This replaces the theory of black-hole formation developed for the standard vacuum solution of... more
Gravitational collapse of diffuse material has been investigated using a new solution of Einstein's equations of general relativity. This replaces the theory of black-hole formation developed for the standard vacuum solution of Schwarzschild. The bodies which now form have reasonable physical properties, such as nuclear hard core density in collapsed stars, or 10<sup>4</sup>kg/l in galactic centres, and only 1kg/l in quasars. Accreting material converts to kinetic energy and radiation, so that a singularity cannot be produced. <b></b>
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Fermat's Last Theorem is proved using elementary arithmetic. Connection of this proof to Gӧdel's Incompleteness Theorem is mentioned.
Research Interests: Mathematics and Physics
Repulsive gravity at large distances has been included in the universal solution of Einstein's equations by introducing a cosmological constant, which excludes the dark energy interpretation. For an external-coordinate-observer... more
Repulsive gravity at large distances has been included in the universal solution of Einstein's equations by introducing a cosmological constant, which excludes the dark energy interpretation. For an external-coordinate-observer cosmological model, the big-bang singularity has been replaced by a granular primeval particle, and expansion is controlled by the velocity of light. Then problems inherent in the standard model do not arise, and no inflation phase is necessary. It is advantageous to truncate the graviton field at a maximum radius, which is related to proton dimensions through the ratio (e<sup>2</sup>/Gm<sup>2</sup>). This governs the onset of universal repulsion at around 7Gyr, in rough agreement with observations of Type Ia supernovae. <b></b>
Abstract: A quantisation-field model has been developed to explain the general dependence of angular momentum on mass squared of astronomical bodies. The gravito-cordic field is proposed as a real controlling force acting azimuthally, in... more
Abstract: A quantisation-field model has been developed to explain the general dependence of angular momentum on mass squared of astronomical bodies. The gravito-cordic field is proposed as a real controlling force acting azimuthally, in harmony with normal gravity acting radially, to encourage long-term stability of astronomical systems. The quantisation of the field involves a gravitational de Broglie wavelength and associated force, which organises material into stable orbits. Optimum coupling between the field and orbiting material occurs for a specific velocity and spatial dimensions, as derived by way of electromagnetic theory. For every system, the atomic fine structure constant (1/137) has appeared as the major factor. This record was migrated from the OpenDepot repository service in June, 2017 before shutting down.
A theory of electro-cordic guidewaves is developed to supplement the standard acausal statistical laws of quantum mechanics and account for the growth of accurate information from apparently random quantum events. Every effort is made to... more
A theory of electro-cordic guidewaves is developed to supplement the standard acausal statistical laws of quantum mechanics and account for the growth of accurate information from apparently random quantum events. Every effort is made to reveal the physical reality of the guidewaves which organise photons or electrons into predictable states. Einstein's equations of general relativity have also been applied to hydrogen to yield energy levels identical to those of Dirac's theory. A companion paper covers applications of electro-cordic guidewaves to interference, entanglement and superconductivity.
Research Interests:
Fermat's Last Theorem is proved using elementary arithmetic.
Research Interests:
A composite model of charmonium has been developed, based on the logarithmic confinement potential. The quark and antiquark pair orbit around the centre of mass, with their colour fields confined within a toroidal flux-tube of... more
A composite model of charmonium has been developed, based on the logarithmic confinement potential. The quark and antiquark pair orbit around the centre of mass, with their colour fields confined within a toroidal flux-tube of characteristic radius.
Research Interests:
The Sun’s motion around the Solar System barycentre produces a small quadrupole moment in the gravitational energy of Mercury. This moment has until now gone undiscovered, but it actually generates 7arcsec/cy precession of Mercury’s... more
The Sun’s motion around the Solar System barycentre produces a small quadrupole moment in the gravitational energy of Mercury. This moment has until now gone undiscovered, but it actually generates 7arcsec/cy precession of Mercury’s perihelion. Consequently, the residual 43arcsec/cy previously attributed to general relativity theory must account for this new component and only 36arcsec/cy for GR.
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Baryons are considered to be intricate particles having real geometrical structure, based on our previous proton design. Inherent baryon spin is proportional to mass and radius. The well-known octets and decuplets fit into groups where... more
Baryons are considered to be intricate particles having real geometrical structure, based on our previous proton design. Inherent baryon spin is proportional to mass and radius. The well-known octets and decuplets fit into groups where mass-squared and quantised-action are related. Magnetic moments are described in terms of a positive spin-loop and orbiting temporary electron(s). Lifetime of a baryon is governed by action of guidewave coherence around these structures. This record was migrated from the OpenDepot repository service in June, 2017 before shutting down.
Abstract: A process is described for producing regular nuclear fusion at room temperature by compressing a deuteride mixed with catalytic material. The reaction is explosive beyond any possible chemical reaction for these materials. An... more
Abstract: A process is described for producing regular nuclear fusion at room temperature by compressing a deuteride mixed with catalytic material. The reaction is explosive beyond any possible chemical reaction for these materials. An attempt at explaining the nuclear processes in terms of soft X-ray emission has been made by deriving models of a deuteron and -particle. Future development for commercial energy production is discussed.
The Sun’s orbital motion around the Solar System barycentre contributes a small quadratic component to the gravitational energy of Mercury. The effect of this component has previously gone unnoticed, but it generates a significant part of... more
The Sun’s orbital motion around the Solar System barycentre contributes a small quadratic component to the gravitational energy of Mercury. The effect of this component has previously gone unnoticed, but it generates a significant part of the observed precession of Mercury’s orbit. Consequently, the residual precession currently attributed to general relativity theory by default (43 arcsec/cy) is too large by 6.6 arcsec/cy. PACS Codes: 96.12.De, 96.30.Dz. 1.
Absolute radial positions of the main features in Saturn’s ring system have been calculated by adapting the quantum theory of atomic spectra. Fine rings superimposed upon broad rings are found to be covered by a harmonic series of the... more
Absolute radial positions of the main features in Saturn’s ring system have been calculated by adapting the quantum theory of atomic spectra. Fine rings superimposed upon broad rings are found to be covered by a harmonic series of the form N α A(r) 1/2, where N and A are integers. Fourier analysis of the ring system shows that the spectral amplitude fits a response profile which is characteristic of a resonant system. Rings of Jupiter, Uranus and Neptune also obey the same rules. Involvement of the atomic fine structure constant throughout implies the existence of a real quantisation force linking gravitation and atomic theories. PACS Codes: 96.12.Uv, 96.30.Mh, 96.30.Wr. 1.
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Detailed models of mesons have been derived in terms of structured particles which can replace the basic quark/anti-quark singularities of standard QCD theory. Pion design is related to the muonic mass, with a Yukawa-type potential for... more
Detailed models of mesons have been derived in terms of structured particles which can replace the basic quark/anti-quark singularities of standard QCD theory. Pion design is related to the muonic mass, with a Yukawa-type potential for the hadronic field. A charged pion is produced by adding a heavy-electron or positron in a tight orbit around the neutral core. Other mesons are found to be ordered assemblies of pion-size masses, travelling in bound epicyclical orbits, with real intrinsic spin and angular momentum. These orbit dimensions are related to the mean lifetimes of the mesons through action integrals. Decay products resemble components of their parent mesons as expected for a relaxation process with particle traceability.
Research Interests:
The Sun's motion around the solar system barycentre produces a small quadrupole moment in the gravitational energy of Mercury, which generates 7arcsec/cy precession of Mercury's perihelion.
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
A set of sapphire windows have been inserted in the cylinder liner of a Petter AVI diesel engine. This has enabled the temperatures of the piston ring and piston land surfaces to be measured at various points in the cycle of a firing... more
A set of sapphire windows have been inserted in the cylinder liner of a Petter AVI diesel engine. This has enabled the temperatures of the piston ring and piston land surfaces to be measured at various points in the cycle of a firing engine using an infrared emission microscope attached to a storage oscilloscope. In this paper the method is described and some results obtained at mid-stroke and top dead centre are presented. These are compared to previous measurements of the bulk temperature of piston rings taken by other workers.
Sapphire windows have been inserted in the liner of a single cylinder, 550 cm3 capacity, diesel engine to enable temperatures of piston lands and rings to be monitored during firing. The overall temperatures thus measured are comparable... more
Sapphire windows have been inserted in the liner of a single cylinder, 550 cm3 capacity, diesel engine to enable temperatures of piston lands and rings to be monitored during firing. The overall temperatures thus measured are comparable to those reported in the literature obtained using embedded thermocouples. However, the very fast response time and surface specificity of the infrared method have also enabled transient temperature changes which take place just after combustion to be observed. Presented as a Society of Tribologlsts and Lubrication Engineers paper at the STLE/ASME Trlbology Conference in St. Louis, Missouri, October 14–16, 1991
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Optical interferometry is now a widely used technique for measuring the separating film thickness in model rolling and sliding elastohydrodynamic contacts. There are two limitations of the method as conventionally employed: first, it... more
Optical interferometry is now a widely used technique for measuring the separating film thickness in model rolling and sliding elastohydrodynamic contacts. There are two limitations of the method as conventionally employed: first, it cannot easily be used to accurately measure films less than one quarter the wavelength of visible light, i.e. less than about 100 nm. Secondly, only certain, discrete
Research Interests:
The paper describes a specimen cooling stage for use in the scanning electron microscope based on the use of a miniature Joule-Thomson liquifier. Temperatures as low as 100°K can be reached in four minutes. The resolution is unimpaired... more
The paper describes a specimen cooling stage for use in the scanning electron microscope based on the use of a miniature Joule-Thomson liquifier. Temperatures as low as 100°K can be reached in four minutes. The resolution is unimpaired even when working the liquifier under the highest gas flow rates. The major degrees of specimen movement are retained and the cooling system is easily installed in or removed from the specimen chamber. Little auxiliary apparatus is required and the running costs are minimal.
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An investigation has been conducted into the controversial phenomenon of weight-reduction of spinning wheels. When subjected to forced precession and controlled lifting, a spinning wheel does indeed lose 8% of its weight, as measured by a... more
An investigation has been conducted into the controversial phenomenon of weight-reduction of spinning wheels. When subjected to forced precession and controlled lifting, a spinning wheel does indeed lose 8% of its weight, as measured by a load-cell. That is, some of the gravitational potential energy acquired during lifting is supplied by the horizontal input force causing the enhanced precession. Consequently, the averaged vertical lifting force is less than Mg. The explanation for this phenomenon follows directly from the requirement of energy conservation throughout the process.
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Lubrication of contacting and sliding surfaces in MEMS (microelectromechanical systems) is particularly challenging because of the predominance of surface forces at the microscale. The current paper explores the possibility of using... more
Lubrication of contacting and sliding surfaces in MEMS (microelectromechanical systems) is particularly challenging because of the predominance of surface forces at the microscale. The current paper explores the possibility of using liquid lubrication in this application. Measurements of friction and lubricant film thickness have been made for liquid lubricants of different viscosities, including low viscosity silicone oil, hexadecane, squalane, and water. Testing was carried out using a newly developed MEMS tribometer in which a rotating silicon disk is loaded against a stationary silicon disk. Two different test setups were used: one where both disks are flat, and the other where the stationary disk is structured as in a thrust pad bearing. In all tests the disks were fully submerged in the lubricant. With the flat-on-patterned disk combination, the variation of friction with rotation speed was found to follow classical Stribeck curves for all the lubricants tested. The friction a...
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Abstract: Detailed models of mesons have been derived in terms of real structured particles, in order to replace the formless quark/anti-quark singularities of standard QCD theory. Pion design is related to the muonic mass, and a Yukawa... more
Abstract: Detailed models of mesons have been derived in terms of real structured particles, in order to replace the formless quark/anti-quark singularities of standard QCD theory. Pion design is related to the muonic mass, and a Yukawa potential is calculated for the hadronic field. A charged pion is produced by adding a heavy-electron or positron in a tight orbit around the neutral core. Other mesons are found to be ordered assemblies of pionic-size masses, travelling in bound epicyclical orbits, with real intrinsic spin and angular momentum. These orbit dimensions are related to the mean lifetimes of the mesons through action integrals. Decay products resemble parts of their parent mesons, as expected for a relaxation process with traceability of particles. Key words: meson composite models
This paper comprises extracts from previous articles showing how Einstein’s general relativity equations can describe different forces by substituting the associated constants. The articles depended upon a new solution of Einstein’s... more
This paper comprises extracts from previous articles showing how Einstein’s general relativity equations can describe different forces by substituting the associated constants. The articles depended upon a new solution of Einstein’s equations which is compatible with electromagnetic theory.
Research Interests:
Repulsive gravity at large distances has been included in the universal solution of Einstein's equations by introducing a cosmological constant, which excludes the dark energy interpretation. For an external-coordinate-observer... more
Repulsive gravity at large distances has been included in the universal solution of Einstein's equations by introducing a cosmological constant, which excludes the dark energy interpretation. For an external-coordinate-observer cosmological model, the big-bang singularity has been replaced by a granular primeval particle, and expansion is controlled by the velocity of light. Then problems inherent in the standard model do not arise, and no inflation phase is necessary. It is advantageous to truncate the graviton field at a maximum radius, which is related to proton dimensions through the ratio (e2/Gm2). This governs the onset of universal repulsion at around 7Gyr, in rough agreement with observations of Type Ia supernovae.
Research Interests:
The observed variation of the electromagnetic coupling constant α, seen in high energy e + e - ��e + e - collisions, has been explained in terms of work done compressing the energetic electron. A simple monotonic law has been found, which... more
The observed variation of the electromagnetic coupling constant α, seen in high energy e + e - ��e + e - collisions, has been explained in terms of work done compressing the energetic electron. A simple monotonic law has been found, which describes how the electron tries to resist compression, without transmutation. Variation of the strong coupling constant α s has also been analysed in terms of effective work done compressing the gluon field within a proton’s component parts.
Research Interests:
A geometrical/mechanical model of the muon has been developed based on a previous detailed model of the electron and the fine structure constant. The anomalous magnetic moment and lifetime have been calculated in terms of muon component... more
A geometrical/mechanical model of the muon has been developed based on a previous detailed model of the electron and the fine structure constant. The anomalous magnetic moment and lifetime have been calculated in terms of muon component parts. Known features of the tauon have also been related to the muon.
Research Interests:
The Sun’s orbital motion around the Solar System barycentre contributes a small quadrupole moment to the gravitational energy of Mercury. The effect of this moment has until now gone unnoticed, but it actually generates some precession of... more
The Sun’s orbital motion around the Solar System barycentre contributes a small quadrupole moment to the gravitational energy of Mercury. The effect of this moment has until now gone unnoticed, but it actually generates some precession of Mercury’s orbit. Therefore the residual 43arcsec/cy, currently allocated to general relativity, has to account for this new component as well as a reduced relativity component.
Research Interests:
Detailed models of mesons have been derived in terms of real structured particles, in order to replace the formless quark/anti-quark singularities of standard QCD theory. Pion design is related to the muonic mass, and a Yukawa potential... more
Detailed models of mesons have been derived in terms of real structured particles, in order to replace the formless quark/anti-quark singularities of standard QCD theory. Pion design is related to the muonic mass, and a Yukawa potential is calculated for the hadronic field. A charged pion is produced by adding a heavy-electron or positron in a tight orbit around the neutral core. Other mesons are found to be ordered assemblies of pionic-size masses, travelling in bound epicyclical orbits, with real intrinsic spin and angular momentum. These orbit dimensions are related to the mean lifetimes of the mesons through action integrals. Decay products resemble parts of their parent mesons, as expected for a relaxation process with traceability of particles.
Research Interests:
A solution of Fermat’s Last Theorem is given, using elementary function arithmetic and inference from worked examples.
Research Interests:
A theory has been developed of an auxiliary gravitational field which operates in conjunction with relativistic gravity and accounts for the empirical success of Milgrom’s modified Newtonian dynamics theory. Remarkable links between this... more
A theory has been developed of an auxiliary gravitational field which operates in conjunction with relativistic gravity and accounts for the empirical success of Milgrom’s modified Newtonian dynamics theory. Remarkable links between this astronomical theory and atomic physics have been discovered. Resonant, standing-wave properties of the field encourage the formation of flat rotation curves, bar or spiral structures and quantised galactic rings. Gravitational lensing due to this field is also significant. The angular momentum proportional to mass-squared relationship observed in galaxies is attributed to this field selecting a preferred galactic rotation velocity.
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A solution of Fermat’s Last Theorem is given, using elementary function arithmetic and inference from worked examples.
Research Interests:
The observed periodicity of intrinsic-redshift in galaxies and associated QSOs has been explained by using the previous theory of a gravito-cordic field for galaxies. The quantisation period is a function of the atomic fine structure... more
The observed periodicity of intrinsic-redshift in galaxies and associated QSOs has been explained by using the previous theory of a gravito-cordic field for galaxies. The quantisation period is a function of the atomic fine structure constant and it depends upon an action principle operating around galactic orbits and QSOs, or between field galaxies. The calculated separations of many QSO-galaxy pairs have been found to fit a diffusion law distribution, which suggests that associated QSOs were ejected from parent galaxies.
Research Interests:
Abstract. The numerical value of G has been derived in terms of electron sub-structure and the Coulombic field, by using action principles. Theoretical values are within experimental error: G = 6.6737846x10^-11 m^3kg^-1s^-2, and (e/m)^2/G... more
Abstract. The numerical value of G has been derived in terms of electron sub-structure and the Coulombic field, by using action principles. Theoretical values are within experimental error: G = 6.6737846x10^-11 m^3kg^-1s^-2, and (e/m)^2/G = 4.1659308x10^42 .
Research Interests:
Absolute radial positions of the main features in Saturn's ring system have been calculated by adapting the quantum theory of atomic spectra. Fine rings superimposed upon broad rings are found to be covered by a harmonic series of the... more
Absolute radial positions of the main features in Saturn's ring system have been calculated by adapting the quantum theory of atomic spectra. Fine rings superimposed upon broad rings are found to be covered by a harmonic series of the form N α A(r)1/2, where N and A are integers. Fourier analysis of the ring system shows that the spectral amplitude fits a response profile which is characteristic of a resonant system. Rings of Jupiter, Uranus and Neptune also obey the same rules. Involvement of the atomic fine structure constant throughout implies the existence of a real quantisation force linking gravitation and atomic theories.
Research Interests:
The received Theorem is transformed into a new symmetrical expression, for it to be compared with a parallel all-integer expression. Differences in the configurations of the expressions prove that components of the Theorem cannot all be... more
The received Theorem is transformed into a new symmetrical expression, for it to be compared with a parallel all-integer expression. Differences in the configurations of the expressions prove that components of the Theorem cannot all be integers.
Research Interests:
The Sun is travelling around the Solar System barycentre so that on average, orbiting Mercury is attracted to a position between the Sun's centre and the barycentre. This toroidal-Sun-effect generates a small quadrupole moment in the... more
The Sun is travelling around the Solar System barycentre so that on average, orbiting Mercury is attracted to a position between the Sun's centre and the barycentre. This toroidal-Sun-effect generates a small quadrupole moment in the gravitational energy of Mercury, which cannot be reduced to zero by using heliocentric coordinates.
Research Interests:
Weak interactions are described in terms of repelling contact between resilient particle bodies or quanta. Then classical conservation laws can be upheld throughout a collision or decay by creating mediator transition-particles of muonic... more
Weak interactions are described in terms of repelling contact between resilient particle bodies or quanta. Then classical conservation laws can be upheld throughout a collision or decay by creating mediator transition-particles of muonic or pionic mass to transfer energy, momentum and charge. Mediator vector bosons W±, Z0, created by manoeuvring known conservation laws, can be superseded.
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Fermat’s Last Theorem is proved using elementary arithmetic.
Connection of this proof to Gӧdel’s Incompleteness Theorem is mentioned.
Connection of this proof to Gӧdel’s Incompleteness Theorem is mentioned.
Research Interests:
Fermat’s Last Theorem is proved using elementary arithmetic.
Connection of this proof to Gӧdel’s Incompleteness Theorem is mentioned.
Connection of this proof to Gӧdel’s Incompleteness Theorem is mentioned.
Research Interests:
Fermat’s Last Theorem is proved using elementary arithmetic.
Research Interests:
A theory of electro-cordic guidewaves is developed to supplement the standard acausal statistical laws of quantum mechanics and account for the growth of accurate information from apparently random quantum events. Every effort is made to... more
A theory of electro-cordic guidewaves is developed to supplement the standard acausal statistical laws of quantum mechanics and account for the growth of accurate information from apparently random quantum events. Every effort is made to reveal the physical reality of the guidewaves which organise photons or electrons into predictable states. Einstein's equations of general relativity have also been applied to hydrogen to yield energy levels identical to those of Dirac's theory. A companion paper covers applications of electro-cordic guidewaves to interference, entanglement and superconductivity.
A composite model of the proton is developed which satisfies general empirical features. A Yukawa-type potential is incorporated into Einstein's equations of general relativity to predict a hadronic force constant 76.6 times stronger than... more
A composite model of the proton is developed which satisfies general empirical features. A Yukawa-type potential is incorporated into Einstein's equations of general relativity to predict a hadronic force constant 76.6 times stronger than the fine structure constant. Proton mass is expressed in terms of muonic mass building-blocks. Analysis of the magnetic moment allows substructure modelling wherein creation of component parts is described in terms of action-integrals. The gluon colour field is related to hadronic force and proton energy. Uniqueness of electromagnetic charge is attributed to a governing action principle. A neutron model has been proposed comprising a proton orbited by a heavy-electron. Compatibility with the quarks of the Standard Model has been established regarding interactions between particles.
Repulsive gravity at large distances has been included in the universal solution of Einstein's equations by introducing a cosmological constant, excluding the dark energy interpretation. For a new cosmological model, the big-bang... more
Repulsive gravity at large distances has been included in the universal solution of Einstein's equations by introducing a cosmological constant, excluding the dark energy interpretation. For a new cosmological model, the big-bang singularity has been replaced by a granular primeval particle and expansion is controlled by the velocity of light. Subsequently, well known problems inherent in the standard model of cosmology do not arise.
Baryons are considered to be intricate particles having real geometrical structure based on our earlier proton design. Inherent baryon spin is proportional to mass and radius. The well-known octets and decuplets fit into groups wherein... more
Baryons are considered to be intricate particles having real geometrical structure based on our earlier proton design. Inherent baryon spin is proportional to mass and radius. The well-known octets and decuplets fit into groups wherein mass-squared is associated with quantised-action. Magnetic moments are described in terms of a spin-loop and coupled electron(s). Lifetime of a baryon is governed by action of guidewave coherence around these structures.