Anna Tarwacka
Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University in Warsaw, Law, Faculty Member
- Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University in Warsaw, Roman Law, Faculty Memberadd
- Roman law, ancient legal history, ancient history, documentary papyri, Latin legal documents, Roman Law, Roman Republic, Plautus, Classical philology, Cicero, and 15 moreRoman Comedy, Latin Epigraphy, ROMAN HISTORY, Roman Slavery, Aulus Gellius, Roman legal and administrative history, Greek humour, Philogelos, Ancient Jokes, Roman Censors, Republican Rome, Ancient Rome, Classics, Ancient Greek and Roman Theatre, and Roman Historyedit
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Research Interests: Roman Law and Philogelos
Research Interests: Roman Law and Philogelos
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The article concerns the informal method of slave manumission, which was the manumissio inter amicos. Plautus' comedies seem to be a poorly used source of knowledge about this institution. It follows from them that the owner of the slave... more
The article concerns the informal method of slave manumission, which was the manumissio inter amicos. Plautus' comedies seem to be a poorly used source of knowledge about this institution. It follows from them that the owner of the slave expressed in an imperative form the desire for manumission, while the amici, or witnesses, confirmed their presence and readiness to certify manumission, saying that they were happy about the freedom received by the slave.
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In his speech in defence of Marcus Caelius (56 BC) Cicero used the rhetoric figure od prosopopeia and introduced the censor of 312 BC Appius Claudius Caecus to reproach Clodia, a co-accuser in the trial. This fragment of the speech had a... more
In his speech in defence of Marcus Caelius (56 BC) Cicero used the rhetoric figure od prosopopeia and introduced the censor of 312 BC Appius Claudius Caecus to reproach Clodia, a co-accuser in the trial. This fragment of the speech had a double meaning: on the one hand, Cicero wanted Clodia to be disciplined by her relative; on the other hand, he chose the censor because of the special powers of this office related to the protection of morality. Clodia was accused of deviating from the customs of the forefathers, indecent behaviour, even adultery. In the case of a male, such allegations would result in a censorial nota. In the case of a woman, they should be controlled by the husband or relatives, which indirectly put the blame on the most bitter enemy of Cicero, Clodius as Clodia’s brother. The most famous achievements of Appius Claudius were masterfully juxtaposed with Clodia’s excesses: the speech against the conclusion of a peace treaty with king Pyrrhus and Clodia’s love “treaties”; the construction of the aqueduct and Clodia’s incestuous relationship with her brother; the paving of the Appian Way and Clodia’s strolls with lovers.
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Pliny’s letter 8,18 describes in detail the last will of Domitius Tullus and his complicated family situation. The article discusses problems concerning the adoption of the brothers Domitii, Tullus and Lucanus, and the nature of their... more
Pliny’s letter 8,18 describes in detail the last will of Domitius Tullus and his complicated family situation. The article discusses problems concerning the adoption of the brothers Domitii, Tullus and Lucanus, and the nature of their legal relationship. Various possibilities are analysed, the consortium ercto non cito included. The adoption of Lucanus’ daughter Domitia by Tullus is also described, as well as his marriage. The letter gives a priceless glimpse into real-life legal complexities.
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The lex Iulia on jurisdiction was a complex regulation concerning both civil and criminal proceedings. The archaic procedure per legis actiones was generally abolished and substituted with the formulary proceedings. The purpose of the law... more
The lex Iulia on jurisdiction was a complex regulation concerning both civil and criminal proceedings. The archaic procedure per legis actiones was generally abolished and substituted with the formulary proceedings. The purpose of the law was to simplify and shorten the trials.
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In Republican Rome the family was more than just a socially important institution. It also had an economic and political significance 1. Its head was the pater familias, who was responsible for religious worship (sacra) in the family,... more
In Republican Rome the family was more than just a socially important institution. It also had an economic and political significance 1. Its head was the pater familias, who was responsible for religious worship (sacra) in the family, owned its property, and had unlimited power over the rest of the family, those of its members who were free: patria potestas over his descendants in the direct line, and manus over his wife. He also exercised unlimited power, dominica potestas, over his slaves and other persons with a similar status. What the pater familias did could have a serious effect on the operations of the state, such as having his sons in its political organisations and military, paying taxes, or even on its pax deorum-the maintenance of a balance between the human world and the world of the gods. Hence the family was not left completely beyond state control. The instrument for the state supervision of family affairs was the regimen morum, the care the censors exercised over morality.
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Headline: Traces the relationship between legal, economic and social change in the Roman world Blurb: Bringing together archaeologists, economic historians, and legal historians, this book provides new perspectives on long-distance trade... more
Headline: Traces the relationship between legal, economic and social change in the Roman world Blurb: Bringing together archaeologists, economic historians, and legal historians, this book provides new perspectives on long-distance trade in the Roman world. Recent archaeological work has shown that maritime trade across the Mediterranean intensified greatly at the same time as the Roman state was extending its power overseas. Although certain aspects of this development have been well-studied, its relationship with changes in the legal and institutional apparatus that supported (or, indeed, hindered) maritime commerce has not been satisfactorily integrated into the wider historical narrative. This book analyses the institutions that may have fostered overseas trade, and in doing so presents a better understanding of the role played by legal and social institutions in the economy of the Roman world. Chapters cover: Roman maritime trade, the historical development of Roman 'merchant law', the relationship between ports and shipping, the transport process, the conduct of Roman maritime trade from a socio-legal perspective, Roman attitudes to the threat of piracy and the exploitation of marine resources by private individuals and Roman private law. Key Features: • Brings together specialists in ancient history, economic history, archaeology and Roman law • Includes contributions from • Employs a robust and innovative methodology drawing on maritime archaeological remains and textual, epigraphic and papyrological sources • Represents an important intervention into debates about the relationship between institutional change and Roman economic development
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The regulations on participation in loss incurred by persons traveling by ship were very consistent. The settlement was possible only in the case of acting for the common interest. In the event of a jettison, it was to relieve the vessel... more
The regulations on participation in loss incurred by persons traveling by ship were very consistent. The settlement was possible only in the case of acting for the common interest. In the event of a jettison, it was to relieve the vessel and increase its handling and speed. The cause could be a sea storm and the risk of wrecking the ship, but also, it seems, a pirate chase. However, if the ransom was paid to the pirates, reimbursement was possible only if everyone benefited from it, and therefore when the entire ship was ransomed. What was not subject to the settlement was individual items ransomed separately as well as for what the sea robbers had seized.
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La tutela dei luoghi publici da parte dei censori consisteva nella possibilità di dare oppure togliere concessioni per il loro uso nonché di intervenire nei casi dell’esercizio illegale ed occupazione di questi luoghi. Le competenze dei... more
La tutela dei luoghi publici da parte dei censori consisteva nella possibilità di dare oppure togliere concessioni per il loro uso nonché di intervenire nei casi dell’esercizio illegale ed occupazione di questi luoghi. Le competenze dei censori contenevano il diritto di applicare una multa, di impadronire delle cose e di ordinare demolizione.
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None of the surviving Plautus’ plays refer expressly to the censors. Still the author appears to have made excellent use of the comic potential offered by the censors’ office without mentioning the magistracy directly. He set up some of... more
None of the surviving Plautus’ plays refer expressly to the censors. Still the author appears to have made excellent use of the comic potential offered by the censors’ office without mentioning the magistracy directly. He set up some of his characters as censors, but more often he referred to legal institutions associated with the censors’ powers. Plautus’ characters mention the census and citizens making their property declarations to the censors’ assistants; they also mention the review of the equestrian centuries. Another group of references concerns the censors’ administrative powers, the drawing up of contracts for the leasehold of public revenues and expenditure. Plautus mentions the sarta tecta, a contract for the repair and maintenance of a public building; as well as a range of taxes and duties leased out by the state to publicans. There are several mentions of portorium, customs duty; and also of pascua, the toll for grazing livestock on public land, and aratio, the rent for farming a plot of public land. Plautus was very adroit in applying such terms for comic purposes – to make fun of an over-inquisitive wife, a greedy procuress or prostitute. All of these applications endow his comedies with a characteristic Roman flavour.
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SOMMARIO: 1. Introduzione.-2. Materiale epigrafico non giuridico.-3. Testi giuridici.-4. Conclusioni.-Abstract. 1.-Introduzione Tra i disagi che angustiavano gli abitanti delle città antiche assai fastidioso era quello dei rifiuti, spesso... more
SOMMARIO: 1. Introduzione.-2. Materiale epigrafico non giuridico.-3. Testi giuridici.-4. Conclusioni.-Abstract. 1.-Introduzione Tra i disagi che angustiavano gli abitanti delle città antiche assai fastidioso era quello dei rifiuti, spesso marcescenti, causa di insopportabili odori. Insopportabile anche il chiasso, specie di notte, allorché le città si aprivano al traffico dei carri. Fenomeni penosi anche per i Romani. Ne era ben noto il culto dell'igiene (dove c'erano Romani, c'erano le terme). Ma Roma puzzava. Per colpa delle fulloniche, che per sbiancare i tessuti usavano soluzioni a base di urina, raccolta in grandi tini in cui ogni passante era libero di sfogarsi; per colpa delle latrine, sentine di fetori nonostante l'acqua corrente; e per colpa dell'immondizia lasciata imputridire per strada. Si provava a provvedere con annunci privati e ufficiali, di cui si ha ampia testimonianza tanto epigrafica quanto indiretta. In questa sede se ne cercherà di appurare l'utilità giuridica, prendendo le mosse da una facezia del Philogelos[1], un almanacco databile al IV-V sec. d.C.[2], ma non parco di storielle dell'età repubblicana. Una barzelletta sa disvelare timori, debolezze, briciole del quotidiano: deformando, coglie la realtà. Qui interessa il giorno per giorno nell'antica Roma. In una storiella del Philogelos un geloso muore perché preferisce farsi scoppiare la vescica che sfogarsi in una fullonica[3], in un'altra un centurione vuol punire un cocchiere che, attraversando un mercato, ha violato il divieto di traffico diurno[4]. Un'altra ancora prende di petto il problema dell'immondizia lasciata marcire per strada. Philogelos 85: Scolastiko; " eij " oij kiv an kainh; n metoikisqei; " kai; ta; pro; tou' pulw' no" kaqhv ra" ej pev grayen: $O" a] n kov pria bav lh/ , aj pov llusin auj tav. Un dottorello traslocò, diede un colpo di ramazza al cortile davanti all'ingresso e vi annunciò per iscritto: "Chi in questo luogo lascerà l'immondizia, non l'avrà indietro". Protagonista di questa storiella[5] è uno dei personaggi principali del Philogelos: il dottorello-scolastikov ", ben istruito, ma spesso a corto di buon senso. Scholastikos le scuole le ha fatte, ma scarseggia di esperienza e saggezza al punto da sembrare strano. Uno qui non intellegit quod omnes intellegunt[6]: questo il giudizio che ne avrebbero dato i giuresperiti romani. D'altro canto, ha il pallino della ricerca, dunque uno scienziato con la testa tra le nuvole[7]. Giova notare che scolastikov " poteva significare anche giurista[8] in un'accezione piuttosto spregiativa. Il protagonista di questa facezia[9] aveva appena traslocato. Non è chiaro se fosse proprietario o affittuario della "nuova casa", sebbene proprio quest'ultima dizione indichi piuttosto la prima ipotesi. Sicuramente era sensibile al decoro della dimora: per prima cosa aveva fatto le pulizie davanti al suo ingresso. Con la scritta (in forma di targhetta: libellus fixus[10], o di un graffito murale) intendeva premunirsi dall'immondizia sotto casa. 2.-Materiale epigrafico non giuridico Graffiti di simile tenore furono ritrovati a Pompei ed Ercolano[11], in cui in vari luoghi campeggia la scritta: Cacator cave malum[12], un deterrente all'indirizzo dei passanti che per sfogarsi lordassero muri, altrui proprietà, templi[13]. Costoro potevano prendere di mira anche i sepolcri[14], come si evince da epigrafi: "Chiunque emetta qui le orine o le feci, scatenerà l'ira delle divinità del cielo e ctonie"[15]. Nel Satiricon di Petronio Trimalcione dichiara di aver provveduto a non subire offese da morto, investendo per testamento un
Research Interests: Roman Law and Philogelos
Research Interests: Roman Law and Philogelos
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The buyer's protection under the emptio venditio contract included primarily the seller's liability for defects in the goods, both legal and physical. In case of a sales contract of a slave the buyer was able to assess the commodity at... more
The buyer's protection under the emptio venditio contract included primarily the seller's liability for defects in the goods, both legal and physical. In case of a sales contract of a slave the buyer was able to assess the commodity at first glance due to some generally applied markings. The slaves had tablets hanging on their necks containing information about their origin and time spent in slavery as well as the scope of the warranty given by the seller. In addition, some commonly known markings were adopted: a wreath meant a prisoner of war, a conical hat - a slave for whom the seller did not give a guarantee. The scope of responsibility was initially regulated by ius civile, then also by the curule aediles’ edict. Practice documents show that the seller’s warranty was granted in the form of stipulation throughout the Empire.
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The Usage of the Roman Criminal Laws against PiratesSummaryThe last two centuries of the Roman Republic were a period of the most intensive piratical activity in the Mediterranean Sea. The Romans recognized this peril too late to be able... more
The Usage of the Roman Criminal Laws against PiratesSummaryThe last two centuries of the Roman Republic were a period of the most intensive piratical activity in the Mediterranean Sea. The Romans recognized this peril too late to be able to deal with it easily. Piracy of this period may be considered a crime on an international scale.There were no separate legal acts penalizing piracy, the maritime bandits were subject to the leges penalizing single crimes. Among these the most important were the leges de vi concerning using of force in public and private life; lex Cornelia de sicariis et veneficis penalizing murder and carrying of weapons. These regulations were further extended to punish theft from shipwrecks and violence against sailors. Selling free citizens and and taking them hostage was subject to the lex Fabia de plagio.
The censor’s office was of crucial importance to the polity during the Republic, being an indispensable element of maintaining the balance. Censors were elected by the centuriate assemblies, which also voted a lex centuriata for them. As... more
The censor’s office was of crucial importance to the polity during the Republic, being an indispensable element of maintaining the balance. Censors were elected by the centuriate assemblies, which also voted a lex centuriata for them. As there is no doubt concerning the censorial ius contionandi, it seems that the censors never convened the comitia. It does not mean that they lacked competence: it was customary that they convoked the people only for the purpose of the lustratio ceremony ending the census. The censors’ influence on the comitia resulted from their power to decide on a citizen’s membership in a certain property class, centuria and tribus. Censorial notes enabled them to interfere with the citizen’s social status.
Imperator contra praedones Some Remarks on the Illegality of the lex GabiniaSummaryIn 67 BC Aulus Gabinius, a tribunus plebis, proposed a law appointing an imperator to deal with the pirates of the Mediterranean area. The law was passed... more
Imperator contra praedones Some Remarks on the Illegality of the lex GabiniaSummaryIn 67 BC Aulus Gabinius, a tribunus plebis, proposed a law appointing an imperator to deal with the pirates of the Mediterranean area. The law was passed as lex Gabinia de uno imperatore contra praedones constituendo and the senate was asked to choose the right candidate. The only possible choice was Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus, the most talented and famous general of the time. The senators opposed so violently that Gabinius was almost killed. Thus, another assembly was called which appointed Pompey to the task. His campaign against the pirates was amazingly fast and successful.There are several reasons for treating this case as a deviation from the republican constitution. Firstly, the imperium was given for a period of three years which was unusually long time for an extraordinary command. Secondly, the general was given power on the whole Mediterranean area, equal to this of the provincial governors. Th...
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The Status of the Pirates in the Light of the Roman Public Law and ius gentiumSummaryThe Roman law of war was extremely strict and formal. To declare a war (bellum iustum) it was necessary to perform a certain ceremony traditionally... more
The Status of the Pirates in the Light of the Roman Public Law and ius gentiumSummaryThe Roman law of war was extremely strict and formal. To declare a war (bellum iustum) it was necessary to perform a certain ceremony traditionally conducted by the fetiales.According to Cicero, a campaign against the pirates was not considered bellum iustum due to the fact that they could not be called hostes legitimi. The reason for such opinion was that their community could not be defined as a state. Cicero claims that the pirates were enemies of all mankind (communis hostis omnium). The jurists of the classical period (Pomponius, Ulpianus) shared this view calling those, who did not fulfill the conditions of gaining the status of hostes legitimi, simply bandits - latrunculi. Accordingly, a general who won a campaign against the pirates could not celebrate a triumph, which was a ceremony reserved for more splendid victories.Roman classical law considered people captured by the pirates free. They...
El FORAS MULIER, VIZ. DIVORCE IN PLAUTUS’ COMEDIESSummary The Romans treated law as a very important element of everyday life. That is why their literature is so full of allusions to law.Plautus wrote his comedies for nearly 30 years,... more
El FORAS MULIER, VIZ. DIVORCE IN PLAUTUS’ COMEDIESSummary The Romans treated law as a very important element of everyday life. That is why their literature is so full of allusions to law.Plautus wrote his comedies for nearly 30 years, between 210 and 184B.C. His plays were based on the Greek Middle and New Comedy. It isnot always easy to distinguish the parts where he refers to Roman law fromthose where he simply translates the original text without making anychanges.In many of Plautus’ plays we can find information about divorce, though divorce was never shown on the stage for obvious moral reasons.In Menaechmi the husband threatens his wife with repudium because hefeels a slave in his own house - an ideal wife should - under no circumstances - spy on her husband or even ask him about his affairs. The position of a men in this relationship is rather weak - his wife brought a largedowry and he is simply afraid of what he could lose by ending his marriage. In Mercator Syra, a slave-w...
A LEARNED FOOL SELLS A SLAVE. DEFECTIVE SALES GOODS IN AN ANCIENT JOKESummary The aim of the article is to analyse and explain the joke in Philogelos 18 by bringing out its legal connotations. The joke is about a learned fool being... more
A LEARNED FOOL SELLS A SLAVE. DEFECTIVE SALES GOODS IN AN ANCIENT JOKESummary The aim of the article is to analyse and explain the joke in Philogelos 18 by bringing out its legal connotations. The joke is about a learned fool being informed by the buyer that the slave he has sold him has died. The fool replies that the slave had never done such a thing before. The legal background is the seller’s liability for physical defects in the sales goods, which was regulated by the Aedilician edict De mancipiis emundis vendundis as regards slaves. While the buyer seems to be referring to an illness as the presumable cause of the slave’s death, the seller’s answer would only make sense if it applied to another “defect” – the slave running away. Both situations were usually covered in the seller’s guarantee for the quality of the product. If the slave had escaped, the assertion that he had never done that before would have been perfectly logical, because – if proven – it would have exonerated ...
The article concerns a legal problem described in Decl. min. 341, when a thing transported by a thief through a customs point and undeclared was confiscated by the publicans. The conflict of interest is obvious: property rights clash with... more
The article concerns a legal problem described in Decl. min. 341, when a thing transported by a thief through a customs point and undeclared was confiscated by the publicans. The conflict of interest is obvious: property rights clash with public law. The argumentation in defense of the publicans seems to be very consistent. The statement that the provisions on commissum refer to things and not to persons is to be recognized as especially convincing. In the light of the principle that the confiscated item became a part of res vectigalis, it seems likely that the loss of property may also have occurred in the case of stolen goods. The injured party could, however, use actio furti and buy the item back from the publicans.
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The aim of the article is to analyse the passages in Aulus Gellius’ Noctes Atticae on the office of censor. This magistracy seems to have interested Gellius for various reasons: linguistic matters concerning the meaning of archaic words,... more
The aim of the article is to analyse the passages in Aulus Gellius’ Noctes Atticae on the office of censor. This magistracy seems to have interested Gellius for various reasons: linguistic matters concerning the meaning of archaic words, but also things inspired by the books Gellius had read and where he found some amusing anecdotes which he decided to record. He treated the censors’ office as one of the Roman magistracies, and described the censors’ power to conduct auspices, issue edicts, deliver speeches, control morals, conduct the census, make the list of senators and equites, and mete out punishment with the issue of the censorial note. However, he never mentioned the censors’ administrative powers such as the conclusion of public contracts and the supervision of public places. The Attic Nights are not arranged in a systematic order, but they are a priceless source of information on legal institutions such as the office of censor; Gellius has saved for us some direct quotations from otherwise lost works by Roman orators and jurists.
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Censors were major magistrates usually elected every five years for eighteen months. Their elections were held by one of the consuls at the comitia centuriata during which both censors had to get chosen. It was obligatory to postpone the... more
Censors were major magistrates usually elected every five years for eighteen months. Their elections were held by one of the consuls at the comitia centuriata during which both censors had to get chosen. It was obligatory to postpone the assembly in case only one candidate achieved the majority of votes. After the election had been completed, another comitia centuriata were held in order to vote a lex centuriata confirming it. Only then the censors enetred in office. If during the term of office one of the censors died, the other one was obliged to resign. The office was reserved for patricians until 351 B.C. whereas since 339 B.C. according to the lex Publilia Philonis both censors could be plebeians. The rule considering iteratio impossible in case of censorship was confirmed in a law voted around 265 B.C. The first task awiating newly elected censors was to contract for the food of the sacred geese and renovation of Juppiter statue.
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Octavian completed the census and lustrum three times. His policy was to restore the mores maiorum. When promulgating his lex Iulia de maritandis ordinibus he read censor Metellus’ speech in the senate and published it as an edict.... more
Octavian completed the census and lustrum three times. His policy was to restore the mores maiorum. When promulgating his lex Iulia de maritandis ordinibus he read censor Metellus’ speech in the senate and published it as an edict. Augustus himself did not mention censoria potestas. From the sources it may be deduced that he and Agrippa got it only during the first census in 29 BC. Later the princeps performed censorial duties vested with an imperium. He wanted to abide the republican principles as much as possible and that is why avoided assuming too many magistracies and usually appointed a colleague. That notwithstanding, Augustus was considered censor by his contemporaries.
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Being a remarkably acute politician, Cicero was aware of the fact that in order to discredit his opponents he had to appeal to his audience’s deepest fears. That is why he called his enemies pirates – the Romans were affraid of maritime... more
Being a remarkably acute politician, Cicero was aware of the fact that in order to discredit his opponents he had to appeal to his audience’s deepest fears. That is why he called his enemies pirates – the Romans were affraid of maritime bandits who constituted a significant threat at the Mediterranean. In his early speeches, such as Pro Roscio, Cicero used the term ‘pirate’ as an invective. In the Verrine orations piracy was one of the basic topics: Verres himself was called pirate but he was also accused of tollerating piracy and taking bribes from pirate leaders. Cicero’s most bitter enemy Clodius was called pirate in order to show that his tribunate was illegal. It was the first time when piracy was used not only as an invective but as a part of legal reasoning. It was based on Cicero’s theory that pirates were common enemies of all mankind fully expressed in the treaty De officiis. Campaingning for the last time in his life against Antonius Cicero called him an archpirate thus giving Octavian a possibility to impunely break all the agreements with him, because only oaths given to war enemies were binding whereas those given to pirates were not sanctioned by the law of war.
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O URZĘDZIE KWESTORA 13 TYTUŁ 1 KSIĘGI DIGESTÓW. TEKST − TŁUMACZENIE − KOMENTARZ
O URZĘDZIE KONSULA 10 TYTUŁ 1 KSIĘGI DIGESTÓW TEKST − TŁUMACZENIE − KOMENTARZ
O SENATORACH 9 TYTUŁ 1 KSIĘGI DIGESTÓW TEKST − TŁUMACZENIE − KOMENTARZ
O URZĘDZIE PRETORÓW 14 TYTUŁ 1 KSIĘGI DIGESTÓW TEKST − TŁUMACZENIE − KOMENTARZ
Rozmowa prawnika Sextusa Caeciliusa i filozofa Favorinusa o Ustawie XII Tablic
O PRZYSPOSOBIENIACH I EMANCYPACJACH ORAZ O INNYCH SPOSOBACH USTANIA WŁADZY OJCOWSKIEJ 7 TYTUŁ 1 KSIĘGI DIGESTÓW TEKST − TŁUMACZENIE − KOMENTARZ
O POCZĄTKACH PRAWA I WSZYSTKICH URZĘDÓW ORAZ O NASTĘPSTWIE PRAWNIKÓW. 2 TYTUŁ 1 KSIĘGI DIGESTÓW. TEKST - TłUMACZENIE - KOMENTARZ
O USTAWACH, UCHWAŁACH SENATU I ZAKORZENIONYM ZWYCZAJU 3 TYTUŁ 1 KSIĘGI DIGESTÓW. TEKST - TŁUMACZENIE - KOMENTARZ
O KONSTYTUCJACH CESARSKICH - 4 tytuł 1 księgi Digestów. Tekst - tłumaczenie - komentarz
O POZYCJI PRAWNEJ LUDZI. 5 TYTUŁ 1 KSIĘGI DIGESTÓW. TEKST – TŁUMACZENIE – KOMENTARZ
O PODZIALE RZECZY I ICH PRZYMIOTACH. 8 TYTUŁ 1 KSIĘGI DIGESTÓW. TEKST − TŁUMACZENIE − KOMENTARZ
O TYM, JAK SUROWO WEDŁUG OBYCZAJÓW PRZODKÓW KARANO ZŁODZIEI; A TAKŻE, CO NAPISAŁ MUCIUS SCAEVOLA O TYM, CO ZOSTAŁO ODDANE NA PRZECHOWANIE LUB W UŻYCZENIE, AULUS GELLIUS, NOCE ATTYCKIE 6,15TEKST – TŁUMACZENIE – KOMENTARZ
KIM SĄ ‘PEDARI SENATORES’ I DLACZEGO SIĘ ICH TAK NAZYWA; A TAKŻE CO OZNACZAJĄ SŁOWA Z PRZECHODNIEGO EDYKTU KONSULÓW: ‘SENATOROWIE I CI, KTÓRYM WOLNO WYRAŻAĆ ZDANIE’ AULUS GELLIUS, NOCE ATTYCKIE 3,18 TEKST - TŁUMACZENIE - KOMENTARZ
O tym, że w księgach Warrona o sprawach ludzkich jestnapisane, że edylowie i kwestorzy ludu rzymskiego mogą byćprzez osobę prywatną wzywani przed pretora Aulus Gellius,Noce Attyckie 13,13 Tekst - tłumaczenie - komentarz
O PRZESTRZEGANEJ I STRZEŻONEJ WŚRÓD RZYMIAN ŚWIĘTOŚCI PRZYSIĘGI; ORAZ O DZIESIĘCIU JEŃCACH, KTÓRYCH HANNIBAL WYSŁAŁ DO RZYMU PO OTRZYMANIU OD NICH PRZYRZECZENIA. AULUS GELLIUS, NOCE ATTYCKIE 6,18 TEKST - TŁUMACZENIE - KOMENTARZ