Carlos Bianchi
Universidad de la República (Uruguay), Instituto de Economía, Faculty Member
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This paper contributes to the literature on innovation and development by analysing the absorptive and connectivity capacities of Latin American innovation systems between 1970 and 2017. Applying network analysis to a USPTO database... more
This paper contributes to the literature on innovation and development by analysing the absorptive and connectivity capacities of Latin American innovation systems between 1970 and 2017. Applying network analysis to a USPTO database containing Latin American inventors, we build and analyse collaboration networks in the process of invention and knowledge appropriation. The structural properties and the evolution of such networks allow us to measure critical attributes of the Latin American innovation systems. Specifically, the networks exhibit low absorptive capacity and high external openness, which are critical linkages with external nodes in the network growth process. We identify different trajectories of innovation systems within the region, analysing specific paths of capability (de)accumulation and network maturity against the backdrop of national development trajectories.
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Este trabajo se propone mostrar los resultados del Proyecto de Investigación “Competencias organizacionales para el sostenimiento de Programas de Calidad ante situaciones de incertidumbre” financiado por la Comisión Sectorial de... more
Este trabajo se propone mostrar los resultados del Proyecto de Investigación “Competencias organizacionales para el sostenimiento de Programas de Calidad ante situaciones de incertidumbre” financiado por la Comisión Sectorial de Investigación Científica de la Universidad. El Proyecto está centrado en el estudio de las competencias organizacionales necesarias para el sostenimiento de la calidad en diferentes empresas de la rama química y alimenticia de nuestro país. Este análisis supone dar cuenta no sólo de la capacitación formal o informal de los recursos humanos involucrados en los procesos, sino también de los conocimientos tácitos que se ponen en juego frente a desafíos o incertidumbres que se plantean en las rutinas cotidianas de trabajo. Supone también explorar las competencias movilizadas para el desarrollo de espacios de regulación autónoma que permitan la adopción de respuestas adecuadas ante contextos de incertidumbre, así como las capacidades de comunicación y traducción ...
En este artículo se sistematizan y analizan por primera vez los datos de patentes registradas en Uruguay en el período 1970-2018. Se describe el procesamiento de los registros originales y se lleva a cabo un estudio descriptivo de los... more
En este artículo se sistematizan y analizan por primera vez los datos de patentes registradas en Uruguay en el período 1970-2018. Se describe el procesamiento de los registros originales y se lleva a cabo un estudio descriptivo de los datos, donde se analiza la evolución temporal de las patentes, la distribución territorial, la especialización tecnológica, así como los principales actores participantes. Posteriormente, se estudia la relación entre los datos de patentes y el desarrollo territorial en Uruguay. Los resultados corroboran la prevalencia del patentamiento de actores no residentes, a la vez que muestran el importante rol que juegan los centros públicos de investigación dentro de los actores residentes. Asimismo, se observa una consistente correlación positiva entre el nivel de desarrollo regional y el registro de patentes.
This study analyses the effects of different integrative strategies related to supply chain (SC) actors (suppliers, customers and internal manufacturing) in the early stages of new product development (NPD) on NPD success. Relying on... more
This study analyses the effects of different integrative strategies related to supply chain (SC) actors (suppliers, customers and internal manufacturing) in the early stages of new product development (NPD) on NPD success. Relying on various theories and related empirical evidence, we state three hypotheses and empirically test them using multi-country and multi-industry data from 309 manufacturing plants. The results show that different strategies of involvement explain different NPD success. We observed that integrative practices involving three distant actors have a positive impact on all NPD success indicators. We also observed that NPD success related to specific purposes, for example, market or internal processes, can be obtained with simpler combinations of collaboration. This shows the significance of choosing a differentiated portfolio of SC partners based on cognitive distance to achieve success in different NPD performance measures. Our results confirm that the types of p...
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Despite the recent research efforts and methodological improvements, empirical evidence on the additionality effects of public innovation programs shows heterogeneous results by firm, sector, country and type of innovation. This paper... more
Despite the recent research efforts and methodological improvements, empirical evidence on the additionality effects of public innovation programs shows heterogeneous results by firm, sector, country and type of innovation. This paper assesses input additionality of public funding on private innovative investment of Uruguayan firms by applying a longitudinal analysis from 2001 to 2012. During this period, there was a dramatic increase of public innovation funds. However, the number of innovative firms remains stable and the amount of public funding for innovation at firm level is still very low. In this context, previous innovation experience appears as the most significant determinant of access to public innovation support. Moreover, we find evidence of a moderate substitution effect between public and private funds. We analyzed heterogeneous effects according to type of innovation, finding significant effects only for innovation based on acquisition of artifacts (embodied). We con...
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This paper presents a preliminary analysis of the determinants of firms' innovation in the Uruguayan manufacturing industry. It describes the Uruguayan innovation surveys, the national background and the recent use of innovation... more
This paper presents a preliminary analysis of the determinants of firms' innovation in the Uruguayan manufacturing industry. It describes the Uruguayan innovation surveys, the national background and the recent use of innovation indicators. It is an empirical work which presents results from the first panel data built on all the micro data of the Uruguayan innovation survey between 1998-2009. The results confirm that the innovative propensity in the Uruguayan industry is determined by the firm's export behaviour and by the linkages with the NIS, but, mainly by the size of the firm.
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Abstract Healthcare innovation comprises an interactive and uneven process where different agents follow diverse rationales. Recent literature has stressed the role of hospitals as complex organizations that link health necessities and... more
Abstract Healthcare innovation comprises an interactive and uneven process where different agents follow diverse rationales. Recent literature has stressed the role of hospitals as complex organizations that link health necessities and innovative solutions. Alternative innovation rationales to the mainstream innovation approach facilitate the creation of high quality solutions while promoting universal access to healthcare. Based on a case study in a public hospital located in a developing country, we show that frugal innovations, defined as a novel and satisfactory solution under resource scarcity conditions, are an adequate innovation approach for organizations operating under both severe resource restrictions and universal access to healthcare mandates. A frugal approach to innovation allows the hospital studied in this article to solve particular healthcare necessities in a specific domain. However, these processes of frugal innovation took place dissociated from the market and the public policy. Therefore, they remain circumscribed to the application context in which they emerged.
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La biotecnologia es una de las areas estrategicas en la politica industrial y de innovacion en Uruguay. Sin embargo, es muy escasa la informacion sobre este tipo de actividades en las empresas, un agente fundamental de cualquier sistema... more
La biotecnologia es una de las areas estrategicas en la politica industrial y de innovacion en Uruguay. Sin embargo, es muy escasa la informacion sobre este tipo de actividades en las empresas, un agente fundamental de cualquier sistema de innovacion. Este articulo presenta evidencia novedosa sobre actividades de biotecnologia en empresas de Uruguay entre 2010 y 2012 que permite analizar el crecimiento de las firmas de biotecnologia expresado en sus capacidades y base de conocimiento.
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Este trabajo discute cómo se valoran las actividades de CTI en el ámbito social, económico y político en Uruguay. A partir de diferentes fuentes de información se trazan los rasgos generales que surgen de los recientes cambios políticos,... more
Este trabajo discute cómo se valoran las actividades de CTI en el ámbito social, económico y político en Uruguay. A partir de diferentes fuentes de información se trazan los rasgos generales que surgen de los recientes cambios políticos, de la percepción pública sobre el valor de la CTI y de la valoración que hacen diferentes agentes económicos acerca de la inversión tecnológica. De esa manera se intenta poner en discusión el tema en el entendido que se trata de un aspecto relevante para la elaboración de políticas. El artículo destaca que en los últimos años Uruguay ha atravesado un proceso de revalorización política de las actividades de CTI que se expresa en cambios institucionales, aumento presupuestal y mayor presencia del tema en el discurso político. Se observa también que ese proceso de revalorización no tiene un correlato homogéneo en otros ámbitos, ya que diferentes agentes económicos y sociales tienen distintas percepciones y valoraciones de la ciencia, la tecnología y la...
Nas últimas décadas, em praticamente todo o mundo se geraram grandes expectativas em relação aos possíveis desenvolvimentos em biotecnologia. O Brasil não ficou por fora de esse processo e tem implementado sistematicamente políticas para... more
Nas últimas décadas, em praticamente todo o mundo se geraram grandes expectativas em relação aos possíveis desenvolvimentos em biotecnologia. O Brasil não ficou por fora de esse processo e tem implementado sistematicamente políticas para o desenvolvimento da biotecnologia. Entre os aspectos mais relevantes dessas políticas encontra-se a promoção de novas empresas e o crescimento do setor empresarial dedicado à biotecnologia.Este trabalho apresenta um esforço por “montar o quebra-cabeça” da indústria brasileira de biotecnologia. Para isso consideram-se estudos anteriores sobre as empresas dedicadas à biotecnologia, ao mesmo tempo em que se apresenta uma estimação própria, sobre o número de empresas dedicadas a biotecnologia e suas principais características. Os resultados mostram que houve um grande esforço de política que atingiu uma grande percentagem de das empresas atualmente existentes. Porém, o número de empresas não tem crescido significativamente.
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ABSTRACT The Brazilian biotechnology health innovation regime can be understood as a phenomenon that results from the co-evolution of scientific, economic, and political factors. In order to analyze this co-evolution process, this article... more
ABSTRACT The Brazilian biotechnology health innovation regime can be understood as a phenomenon that results from the co-evolution of scientific, economic, and political factors. In order to analyze this co-evolution process, this article presents empirical evidence regarding the relationship between the public policy rationale devoted to promoting innovation activities and the development of health biotechnology in Brazil. Focusing on the 2002–2010 period, this article analyzes the different roles played by public policy on the development of Brazilian health biotechnology. The article is based on the analysis of two main dimensions: the national research capabilities and the dedicated biotechnology firms in Brazil. In this regard, the main conclusion is that public policies had a significant impact on both dimensions. However, the impact has been erratic and reflects strategic public policy weaknesses.
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This chapter discusses how STI activities are valued in social, economic, and political contexts in Uruguay. After reviewing recent political changes in the STI sphere, different information sources are used to trace out preliminary... more
This chapter discusses how STI activities are valued in social, economic, and political contexts in Uruguay. After reviewing recent political changes in the STI sphere, different information sources are used to trace out preliminary features concerning the public’s perception of the value of STI, as well as the value attributed to technology and innovation in production sectors. In this way, we address the issue acknowledging that this is a relevant aspect of policy-making. This article highlights the fact that in recent years, Uruguay has undergone a process of political revaluation concerning STI activities, made evident in institutional changes, budget increases, and greater attention paid to the subject in political discourse. We argue that this revaluation process is not homogenous, as different economic and social sectors perceive and value science, technology, and innovation differently. The general conclusion appears to be that these variations in value attributed to STI are one of the most relevant factors for the design of efficient policy instruments. Some guidance is suggested for further research on the topic.
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The public-private collaboration (PPC) for productive development policies (PDPs) implemented in Uruguay in recent years have provided fertile ground for research. Many have achieved results that can be analyzed within the scope of their... more
The public-private collaboration (PPC) for productive development policies (PDPs) implemented in Uruguay in recent years have provided fertile ground for research. Many have achieved results that can be analyzed within the scope of their respective histories and institutional settings. The study inquires about what PPCs maximize the benefits of PDP results and minimizes rent-seeking behavior or the capture of government. In other words, it wants to disentangle how did the PPCs selected balanced these two apparently conflicting goals. The results show that some PPCs managed these matters better than others did. A history of private-public collaboration at the sectoral level was a key factor in understanding the different results. The imposition of foreign regulations to export-intensive sectors is another factor that reduces the imbalance. Additionally, the PPCs' degree of sophistication and the lower risk of one-sidedness depend on the capacities of public and private actors. Fi...
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EnglishBased on the analysis of the CNPq Research Group Directory, this article analyzes the research capabilities in modern biotechnology in Brazil. This is a first step to build an accurate method to identify the research groups that... more
EnglishBased on the analysis of the CNPq Research Group Directory, this article analyzes the research capabilities in modern biotechnology in Brazil. This is a first step to build an accurate method to identify the research groups that develop activities in the frontier areas of biotechnology. This paper aims at offering accurate information about the research capabilities in this area, which can be used as a tool for critically reviewing the foundations of the current policies devoted to support biotechnological activities. This work was done through a key word searching methodology in the CNPq database and sustains the fact that the number of research groups in modern biotechnology is significantly smaller than the number identified in the official policy documents. However, it is not the purpose of this article to find mistakes in those documents, but to provide arguments about the relevance of building reliable indicators as the basis of policy formulation. Moreover, this articl...
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A comprehensive assessment of the effects of innovation policy in the innovation dynamics at firm level embraces several dimensions. One of them are the effects of public support on firms’ behaviour, which has been analysed from different... more
A comprehensive assessment of the effects of innovation policy in the innovation dynamics at firm level embraces several dimensions. One of them are the effects of public support on firms’ behaviour, which has been analysed from different policy rationales. However, despite the large theoretical and the methodological improvements, empirical evidence is not conclusive. Actually, the effects of public innovation programs show heterogeneous results by firm, sector, country and type of innovation. This paper assesses the effects of public policy in a Latin American country during a period of policy reform. It assesses the input and behavioural additionality of public funding on private innovative investment of Uruguayan firms by applying a longitudinal analysis from 2003 to 2012. During this period, there was a dramatic increase of public innovation funds. However, the number of innovative firms remained stable and the amount of public funding for innovation at firm level was still ver...
This paper analyses the relationship between workforce diversity in education and skills and the propensity to engage in technological innovation (TI) activities in in the Uruguayan manufacture industry. We have distinguished between... more
This paper analyses the relationship between workforce diversity in education and skills and the propensity to engage in technological innovation (TI) activities in in the Uruguayan manufacture industry. We have distinguished between embodied and disembodied TI. Results show a positive and significant relationship between both diversity in education and skills and disembodied TI activities. Moreover, the moderating role of flexible forms of work organization is positive and significant for diversity in education when firms engage in disembodied TI.
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El punto de partida del presente estudio es una caracterizacion y analisis de la demanda y oferta de conocimiento cientifico-tecnologico con el fin de elaborar una serie de recomendaciones de politicas para el area. Se trata de... more
El punto de partida del presente estudio es una caracterizacion y analisis de la demanda y oferta de conocimiento cientifico-tecnologico con el fin de elaborar una serie de recomendaciones de politicas para el area. Se trata de identificar las principales necesidades del sistema productivo nacional, a la vez que detectar las potencialidades de la oferta existente, tanto nacional como internacional, indagando sobre las posibles formas de promover su incremento y un encuentro fructifero con las demandas. Igualmente se presenta una proyeccion de las demandas y ofertas junto a un conjunto de recomendaciones de politica y construccion institucional, para diferentes escenarios de desarrollo. El documento abarca dos grandes partes, la primera dedicada al diagnostico, y la segunda a la prospectiva y recomendaciones. El estudio se basara en un marco teorico y conceptual que subordina el desempeno cientifico-tecnologico a un desarrollo socialmente integrador y equitativo y politicamente democ...
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According to two basic building blocks of neo-Schumpeterian economics, firms innovation process shows idiosyncratic features related to their specific characteristics of the firm and of the environment where it acts. Moreover, firms... more
According to two basic building blocks of neo-Schumpeterian economics, firms innovation process shows idiosyncratic features related to their specific characteristics of the firm and of the environment where it acts. Moreover, firms innovation is recognized as an interactive process. Hence, due to systemic functioning, it is expected that the effect of two simultaneous external linkages will be different from the sum of their isolated effects. However, the external search for knowledge and information sources (KISs) may present constraints related to the searching costs and the cognitive distance between the firm and the KISs. This paper aims to contribute empirical evidence to revisit these theoretical building blocks by analyzing the search strategies conducted by firms. We identify three types of external KISs and analyze the effects of eight search strategies (KIS combinations) on firms innovation behavior. In addition, we test the complementarity or substitution effects of the ...
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This research aims to analyze the collaboration networks associated with the processes of invention and patenting in Latin American countries between 1970 and 2017. To do so, we apply social network analysis techniques to a rich database... more
This research aims to analyze the collaboration networks associated with the processes of invention and patenting in Latin American countries between 1970 and 2017. To do so, we apply social network analysis techniques to a rich database containing information from patents developed by Latin American inventors and registered in the USPTO during such period. We build and analyze three types of collaboration networks: networks of inventors, networks of innovators (i.e. patent owners) and networks of countries in the region. The study of the structural properties and the evolution of such networks allow us to present unprecedented empirical evidence on the forms of interaction and collaboration to invent in Latin America. This evidence shows that collaboration networks in Latin America are highly fragmented and disconnected. Moreover, networks are notoriously foreign-oriented, i.e. the linkages with external nodes are critical compared to the low presence of local connections. Major di...
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Public procurement is one of the tools most commonly used in order to promote the development of productive activities. Several countries applied this mechanism to promote local industries and innovation process. Nevertheless and despite... more
Public procurement is one of the tools most commonly used in order to promote the development of productive activities. Several countries applied this mechanism to promote local industries and innovation process. Nevertheless and despite being discussed in length in Uruguay, public procurement has been rarely implemented in our country for that purpose. Recently, the government has been carrying out some institutional changes that foster a rationalization of the public spending in certain areas. Also, the necessity of an active role of public procurement in the promotion of national enterprises, particularly on technology-based companies, has been stated from different areas of the political spectrum. One of the main issues regarding the implementation of this type of policies is the availability of information about public procurement. What is being bought, how much is the state paying and who are the sellers arise as key questions. In this work we systematize the available informa...
A general reform of the STI policy has been executed in Uruguay since 2005. Arguably it is the first explicit national STI policy in the history of the country. It is embedded in a broad developmental vision, which conceives the STI... more
A general reform of the STI policy has been executed in Uruguay since 2005. Arguably it is the first explicit national STI policy in the history of the country. It is embedded in a broad developmental vision, which conceives the STI activities as a strategic tool for economic development, and also as a new way to deal with the social inclusion problems deeply rooted in the Uruguayan society. To address these wide objectives it was necessary an organizational and institutional po li cy desi gn, whi ch al l o ws: i) to suppo r t S&T acti vi ti es i n r esear ch i nsti tutio ns; ii) to promote innovation activities in public and private firms of several economic sectors; iii) to develop different actions and incentives oriented to inclusive innovation. The political and institutional option chosen in Uruguay was called " transversality ". This choice is based on the assumption that the STI objectives should be the responsibility of several public offices and they are not vert...
Biotechnology has been identified as one of the strategic areas in the current innovation and productive policies of Uruguay. In line with what happens worldwide, policy documents highlight the growing importance of these technologies and... more
Biotechnology has been identified as one of the strategic areas in the current innovation and productive policies of Uruguay. In line with what happens worldwide, policy documents highlight the growing importance of these technologies and their potential transversal impact in several productive areas. There are indicators and systematic data sources about research skills in biotech - research groups, number of researchers, institutions and infrastructure - accumulated in several research institutes and universities. However there is scarce information about biotechnology in firms, which are a key agent of any innovation system. This paper presents evidence about biotechnology activities in Uruguayan firm between 2010 and 2012, surveyed through methodologies that allow international comparison. Based on the results of this survey this paper discusses the growth path of biotech firms in Uruguay. The conclusions show that the gathered evidence, offers good indications about an ongoing ...
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La investigación universitaria se caracteriza por su orientación universal que abarca todas las áreas del conocimiento. El objetivo de este artículo es analizar cómo la diversidad en la investigación puede operar como una fortaleza para... more
La investigación universitaria se caracteriza por su orientación universal que abarca todas las áreas del conocimiento. El objetivo de este artículo es analizar cómo la diversidad en la investigación puede operar como una fortaleza para la vinculación con actores productivos. El análisis se realiza mediante el estudio documental de los proyectos aprobados por el Programa de Vinculación con el Sector Productivo, de la Universidad de la República de Uruguay, para el período 1999-2010. Los resultados muestran que ese programa resultó una herramienta adecuada y original para la vinculación universidad-sector productivo, mediante actividades de investigación que implican la creación y la aplicación de conocimiento.
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PurposeDiversity of people, knowledge and resources has been identified as a determinant of firms' growth. This paper focusses on innovation propensity as a critical dimension of firm's growth path, aiming to analyse the effects... more
PurposeDiversity of people, knowledge and resources has been identified as a determinant of firms' growth. This paper focusses on innovation propensity as a critical dimension of firm's growth path, aiming to analyse the effects of the firm's horizontal educational diversity (HED) on the propensity to conduct different technological innovation activities (TIAs). In addition, considering the evidence showing that these effects are neither direct nor linear, the authors analyse the moderating role of the firm's organizational practices oriented to knowledge sharing (KS) on the association between HED and the adoption of TIAs.Design/methodology/approachFollowing the theoretical arguments of the resource-based view (RBV), the evolutionary economics and the dynamic capabilities approach and related empirical evidences, the authors proposed four hypotheses regarding the effect of HED on TIAs and the moderating role of work organization practices oriented to promote KS. Emp...
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Purpose This paper aims to focus on the human side of inbound open innovation by analyzing the effects that the adoption of different knowledge search strategies for innovation has on new recruitment needs. Design/methodology/approach... more
Purpose This paper aims to focus on the human side of inbound open innovation by analyzing the effects that the adoption of different knowledge search strategies for innovation has on new recruitment needs. Design/methodology/approach Building on several theoretical perspectives, the study proposes three hypotheses regarding the relationship between openness and the need to recruit people with high technical and social skills. Using a pooled panel data from the Uruguayan Innovation Survey between 2004 and 2012, the authors identify open strategies followed by the firm. Findings The estimation results using pooled panel data confirm that the adoption of inbound open search strategies for innovation demands the recruitment of new employees with higher technical and social skills. Technical skills are more likely to be demanded than social skills. The effects observed are moderated by the intensity in the use of knowledge and information sources (KISs). Originality/value This paper rev...
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Sustaining and improving public health conditions require endogenous knowledge production capacities, a result of a dynamic interaction between researchers, public health officers and policy makers. In particular, in the context of... more
Sustaining and improving public health conditions require endogenous knowledge production capacities, a result of a dynamic interaction between researchers, public health officers and policy makers. In particular, in the context of high-socioeconomic inequality and diverse epidemiological profiles, the interaction between actors of the innovation system throughout the territory is necessary to identify and meet health demands. This paper presents an original contribution by addressing the changing composition and trends of regional health research networks in Brazil over time. Using Network Analysis techniques, we analysed data of over 100,000 research projects carried out in Brazil during the period of 2000–2015. We also studied the regional distribution of health research priority agendas as defined by the Ministry of Health. Our results show that despite the centralization of research capacity in the richest regions of the country, the interaction between leading research groups, both nationally and within the most disadvantaged regions, have been strengthened during the period of analysis. On the basis of this empirical evidence, the main contribution of the paper is to highlight the role of Health Policy and Science Technology and Innovation (STI) Policy, to inform knowledge production that meets public health needs. KEYWORDS: Health knowledge production, networks analysis, research priorities, regional inequalities, Brazil
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Healthcare innovation comprises an interactive and uneven process where different agents follow diverse rationales. Recent literature has stressed the role of hospitals as complex organizations that link health necessities and innovative... more
Healthcare innovation comprises an interactive and uneven process where different agents follow diverse rationales. Recent literature has stressed the role of hospitals as complex organizations that link health necessities and innovative solutions. Alternative innovation rationales to the mainstream innovation approach facilitate the creation of high quality solutions while promoting universal access to healthcare. Based on a case study in a public hospital located in a developing country, we show that frugal innovations, defined as a novel and satisfactory solution under resource scarcity conditions, are an adequate innovation approach for organizations operating under both severe resource restrictions and universal access to healthcare mandates. A frugal approach to innovation allows the hospital studied in this article to solve particular healthcare necessities in a specific domain. However, these processes of frugal innovation took place dissociated from the market and the public policy. Therefore, they remain circumscribed to the application context in which they emerged.
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Este trabajo discute cómo se valoran las actividades de ciencia tecnología e Innovación en el ámbito social, económico y político en Uruguay. A partir de diferentes fuentes de información se trazan los rasgos generales que surgen de los... more
Este trabajo discute cómo se valoran las actividades de ciencia tecnología e Innovación en el ámbito social, económico y político en Uruguay. A partir de diferentes fuentes de información se trazan los rasgos generales que surgen de los recientes cambios políticos, de la percepción pública sobre el valor de la CTI y de la valoración que hacen diferentes agentes económicos acerca de la inversión tecnológica. De esa manera se intenta poner en discusión el tema en el entendido que se trata de un aspecto relevante para la elaboración de políticas. El artículo destaca que en los últimos años Uruguay ha atravesado un proceso de revalorización política de las actividades de CTI que se expresa en cambios institucionales, aumento presupuestal y mayor presencia del tema en el discurso político. Se observa también que ese proceso de revalorización no tiene un correlato homogéneo en otros ámbitos, ya que diferentes agentes económicos y sociales tienen distintas percepciones y valoraciones de la CTI. Se concluye, entre otros, que estas variaciones en la valoración de la CTI son factores de la mayor relevancia para el diseño de instrumentos de política eficaces y se esboza una guía tentativa para orientar la necesaria investigación al respecto
O artigo apresenta as principais características do desenvolvimento da biotecnologia nos países da União Européia, com foco no papel do regime de propriedade intelectual nessa área tecnológica. Visa discutir, no marco do livro, os... more
O artigo apresenta as principais características do desenvolvimento da biotecnologia nos países da União Européia, com foco no papel do regime de propriedade intelectual nessa área tecnológica. Visa discutir, no marco do livro, os diferentes impactos do regime de propriedade intelectual no desenvolvimento da biotecnologia em comparação com outros países e regiões
The Public-Private Collaboration (PPC) for Productive Development Policies (PDPs) implemented in Uruguay in recent years have provided fertile ground for research. Many have achieved results that can be analyzed within the scope of their... more
The Public-Private Collaboration (PPC) for Productive Development Policies (PDPs) implemented in Uruguay in recent years have provided fertile ground for research. Many have achieved results that can be analyzed within the scope of their respective histories and institutional settings. The study inquires about what PPCs maximize the benefits of PDP results and minimizes rent-seeking behavior or the capture of government. In other words, it wants to disentangle how did the PPCs selected balanced these two apparently conflicting goals. The results show that some PPCs managed these matters better than others did. A history of private-public collaboration at the sectoral level was a key factor in understanding the different results. The imposition of foreign regulations to export-intensive sectors is another factor that reduces the imbalance. Additionally, the PPCs’ degree of sophistication and the lower risk of one-sidedness depend on the capacities of public and private actors. Finally, the study found that the PPC design that most likely has better results has to be consistent with the kind of good, that is, the public, club, or private good, the PDP is providing
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Este trabajo propone aprovechar un ámbito de discusión académico y empresarial para poner en un ejercicio de reflexión sobre la importancia de determinados mecanismos de reducción de costos y de riesgos para la construcción de ambientes... more
Este trabajo propone aprovechar un ámbito de discusión académico y empresarial para poner en un ejercicio de reflexión sobre la importancia de determinados mecanismos de reducción de costos y de riesgos para la construcción de ambientes competitivos. Con ese ámbito, se retoman diferentes argumentos de trabajos anteriores, con articular énfasis en la necesidad de dar atención a la formación de competencias en las empresas nacionales, en el marco de un sistema de promoción de la competitividad con fuerte participación del Estado. Para ello se discuten ciertos instrumentos clásicos de política de innovación y promoción. No se trata de estrategias novedosas a la luz de las experiencias internacionales, sino simplemente de reflexionar sobre las posibilidades y desafíos de fortalecer mecanismos de complementación entre diferentes agentes económicos con miras a ganar capacidad competitiva basada en innovación.
En tal sentido, se propone una revisión de algunos aspectos críticos para el desempeño de las PYMES en Uruguay, con el objetivo de discutir las posibilidades que ofrecen ciertos mecanismos, en particular formas de asociatividad, como herramientas para la reducción de riesgos y costos de la competitividad basada en la innovación.
En tal sentido, se propone una revisión de algunos aspectos críticos para el desempeño de las PYMES en Uruguay, con el objetivo de discutir las posibilidades que ofrecen ciertos mecanismos, en particular formas de asociatividad, como herramientas para la reducción de riesgos y costos de la competitividad basada en la innovación.
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Uruguayan government is undertaking a political STI reform, which conceives the STI activities as a strategic tool for economic and social development. It is based on a transversal institutional design, which should promote the... more
Uruguayan government is undertaking a political STI reform, which conceives the STI
activities as a strategic tool for economic and social development. It is based on a transversal
institutional design, which should promote the pervasiveness of STI through the productive
and social agenda.
It is largely recognized that transversality may be one of the pillars of STI policies, but it is
also well known that it is usually blocked by several coordination problems. We consider cocoordination
problems, but in this paper we focus on the analysis of the legitimacy challenges
that the STI policy faces.
The new STI institutional design implemented in Uruguay could be suitable for
developmental targets. Nevertheless, it failed to modify the supply-side rationale of the main
policy tools. Indeed, current STI policy tools are mainly devoted to promote scientific
research activities rather than innovation ones.
We conclude that the supply-side bias could generate future political restrictions. It means
that the current high legitimacy of the STI policies could be undermined if these policies were
perceived as a matter of a specific community and not as an effective tool to pursue national
goals.
activities as a strategic tool for economic and social development. It is based on a transversal
institutional design, which should promote the pervasiveness of STI through the productive
and social agenda.
It is largely recognized that transversality may be one of the pillars of STI policies, but it is
also well known that it is usually blocked by several coordination problems. We consider cocoordination
problems, but in this paper we focus on the analysis of the legitimacy challenges
that the STI policy faces.
The new STI institutional design implemented in Uruguay could be suitable for
developmental targets. Nevertheless, it failed to modify the supply-side rationale of the main
policy tools. Indeed, current STI policy tools are mainly devoted to promote scientific
research activities rather than innovation ones.
We conclude that the supply-side bias could generate future political restrictions. It means
that the current high legitimacy of the STI policies could be undermined if these policies were
perceived as a matter of a specific community and not as an effective tool to pursue national
goals.
Research Interests:
This research aims to analyze the collaboration networks associated with the processes of invention and patenting in Latin American countries between 1970 and 2017. To do so, we apply social network analysis techniques to a rich database... more
This research aims to analyze the collaboration networks associated with the processes of invention and patenting in Latin American countries between 1970 and 2017. To do so, we apply social network analysis techniques to a rich database containing information from patents developed by Latin American inventors and registered in the USPTO during such period. We build and analyze three types of collaboration networks: networks of inventors, networks of innovators (i.e. patent owners) and networks of countries in the region. The study of the structural properties and the evolution of such networks allow us to present unprecedented empirical evidence on the forms of interaction and collaboration to invent in Latin America. This evidence shows that collaboration networks in Latin America are highly fragmented and disconnected. Moreover, networks are notoriously foreign-oriented, i.e. the linkages with external nodes are critical compared to the low presence of local connections. Major differences among the countries of the region can be observed, which allow us to identify different behaviors according to how much they use the patent system and the relative development of the national networks. In a region which has been historically characterized by high heterogeneity, this research allows recognizing specific patterns of innovation at the national level. In sum, the contributions of the paper are three fold. First, it presents novel empirical findings with unique information on interaction patterns at the Latin American level. Second, it allows analyzing the whole region and the main trends in the light of the large research background on invention and development from this region. Finally, it discusses some stylized facts in national cases, with the aim of encouraging new research questions for further research agenda.