Geography

Since the end of the nineteenth century, changes in the organization of the workplace have had a major impact on both the ethnic division of labor and on residential segregation in American cities. New labor-market structures and hiring practices established new occupational hierarchies, income strata, and social networks among workers in general and among members of different immigrant groups in particular. By focusing on Polish immigrant workers in the leather industry in Wilmington, Delaware, in the early-twentieth century, the author first establishes the ethnic division of labor and then proceeds to relate the workplace experience to the immigrant residential community experience. Once established, the Polish immigrant neighborhood became an important element in the leather industry's labor exchange relationship through union organizing and political activities."]

The industry has maintained a strong presence in the region for as long as manufacturing statistics have been kept. In 1860,-40% of medicines, extracts and drugs were manufactured in Philadelphia and New York (Department of Commerce, 1865). While Philadelphia and New York were major industrial centers in 1860, this geographic concentration is greater than the concentration for all manufacturing activity and is proportionately greater than that exhibited for other manufacturing industries.

This essay suggests a new analytical framework for the study of residential segregation in the early twentieth century. Labor segmentation under corporate capitalism forms the basis for understanding the division of labor in the workplace among southern and eastern European immigrants. ...

The declining role of the state in world economic affairs and the increasing reach of transnational corporations to various parts of the world pose a serious challenge to the effectiveness and success of international environmental treaties. With the further integration of the global economy and the rise of economic actors that operate and conduct their business without regard to national boundaries, cost-benefit analyses of economic development and environmental impact become problematic. For instance, are national states responsible for the pool of carbon emissions within their borders or do the foreign owners of carbon-emitting infrastructure and production or the consumers of goods manufactured by transnational corporations in Third World countries hold a share of the responsibility for the emissions created? These and other related issues, such as the promotion of equity and justice, are the main themes of this article.

Wilmington, Delaware, has undergone economic transformation in the past decade. Although the city has no formal growth policy, zoning inherently operates to promote or limit growth. This paper explores how community attitudes toward growth are reflected ...

Using Dutch emigrant records, agricultural records, industrial employment records, population registers, and tax records, a cohort of Dutch Catholic emigrants (1847-1871) from the province of Noord-Brabant in the Netherlands was analysed according to regional variation in the emigration movement and social and economic background of the emigrant group. The regional analysis illustrates that areas with commercial agriculture and factory production had low emigration rates while areas with small-scale subsistence agriculture and a declining rural textile industry (northeastern Noord-Brabant) contributed to a relatively significant movement. It was discovered, furthermore, that emigration from northeastern Noord-Brabant (the municipalities of Uden, Zeeland, and Boekel) took place among the lower classes of rural society, and that emigrating individuals or households were more geographically mobile than was thought to have been the case previously. The outcome of the study signifies that emigration from the southern province of Noord-Brabant was related to the decline in domestic industry, and that Dutch emigration in the mid-nineteenth century was more varied than had been suspected.

The declining role of the state in world economic affairs and the increasing reach of transnational corporations to various parts of the world pose a serious challenge to the effectiveness and success of international environmental treaties. With the further integration of the global economy and the rise of economic actors that operate and conduct their business without regard to national boundaries, cost-benefit analyses of economic development and environmental impact become problematic. For instance, are national states responsible for the pool of carbon emissions within their borders or do the foreign owners of carbon-emitting infrastructure and production or the consumers of goods manufactured by transnational corporations in Third World countries hold a share of the responsibility for the emissions created? These and other related issues, such as the promotion of equity and justice, are the main themes of this article.

The industry has maintained a strong presence in the region for as long as manufacturing statistics have been kept. In 1860,-40% of medicines, extracts and drugs were manufactured in Philadelphia and New York (Department of Commerce, 1865). While Philadelphia and New York were major industrial centers in 1860, this geographic concentration is greater than the concentration for all manufacturing activity and is proportionately greater than that exhibited for other manufacturing industries.

Wilmington, Delaware, has undergone economic transformation in the past decade. Although the city has no formal growth policy, zoning inherently operates to promote or limit growth. This paper explores how community attitudes toward growth are reflected in zoning decisions and seeks to determine whether neighborhood organizations are effective in influencing them. The disposition of zoning applications between 1962 and 1989 was analyzed to determine how progrowth and no-growth sentiments affected the zoning process, particularly when neighborhood organizations were involved. The findings suggest that opposition to upzoning may be effective in challenging growth. While growth demands, as measured by applications for upzoning, have dominated the zoning process, there is evidence that an antigrowth trend after 1975 may have mobilized the frequency of opposition to upzoning.

This essay suggests a new analytical framework for the study of residential segregation in the early twentieth century. Labor segmentation under corporate capitalism forms the basis for understanding the division of labor in the workplace among southern and eastern European immigrants. Social characteristics of the industrial workplace and the nature of European immigration are crucial factors in the formation of the immigrant working-class residential community.

A rapidly globalizing food system raises important questions of environmental sustainability, food security, public health, and nutrition. The local food movement has been arguing for localization and regionalization of the food system as an effective strategy to counteract the risks of a globalized food system and promote sustainability. However, confusion abounds about what constitutes a local food system, and to date little evidence exists regarding the capacity of local food systems to support major metropolitan areas in the global North. This paper quantifies the ability of the Philadelphia region to support the dietary requirements of that city's population. Food production data for three foodshed scenarios in the Philadelphia region is analyzed and compared to the dietary requirements of the population based on federal dietary guidelines and current consumption patterns in the metropolitan region.

As established in the Mission Statement, "The University of Oregon strives to enrich the public that sustains it through the acceptance of the challenge of an evolving social, political and technological environment by inviting and guiding change...." In keeping with this vision and to maintain the campus effectively while also working to preserve the rights of future generations, the University affirms its commitment to environmental excellence and actively promotes the public's right to a healthy, quality environment. The University of Oregon will work toward the goal of balancing fiscal and environmental responsibility in making decisions and in general University practices. The University acknowledges its role and responsibility to provide educational, social, and financial leadership to achieve the goals of the policy. Goals and Strategies: A. The University commits to assuring that the University community is aware of the Comprehensive Environmental Policy and understands its roles in its implementation. B. The University recognizes its academic role in fostering leadership by educating the university community about environmental responsibility and will continue to support environmental education in the curriculum. A. The University acknowledges that environmentally responsible purchasing choices will http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~uplan/sustainable.html (17 of 27)3/22/2005 1:10:52 AM upoprojects.html help create and sustain markets for environmentally responsible and recycled content products. B. The University commits to the goal of making environmentally and fiscally responsible purchasing choices that consider life cycle costs, long-term implications, and relative environmental harm of products. C. Purchasing policies will encourage obtaining products that minimize waste products, have high recycled content, use environmental production methods, demonstrate maximum durability or biodegradability, reparability, energy-efficiency, non-toxicity, and recyclability. III. Efficient Use and Conservation of Energy, Water, and Other Resources. The University recognizes the importance of conservation efforts and efficient use of resources as the primary method to be used to reduce resource consumption. A. The University commits to minimizing the consumption of energy, water, and other resources by eliminating wasteful practices and promoting efficient use. B. The University strives to maximize energy efficiency in existing buildings, renovations, and new construction. C. The University commits to exploring and implementing well-considered and feasible conservation measures in existing buildings, renovations, and new construction. D. The University will explore the application of developing technologies for energy systems and use of resources, as well as the potential for use of renewable energy resources. IV. Minimize Solid Waste Production. The University recognizes the importance of minimizing solid waste generation by the community. The University will establish policies and processes that will reduce solid waste generation; first through reduction, secondarily through reuse, and finally through recycling.

Communities throughout the United States are implementing strategies, formulated on principles of sustainable development, in order to improve quality of life. Many are evaluating how to respond to patterns of development and the associated burdens of traffic congestion, smog, loss of open space, degradation of natural habitats and water scarcity. The ecological imprint of community development is being assessed and policies devised to encourage metropolitan-scale and behavioral-scale changes to reduce the extent of impact. Sustainability has become a common commitment among these initiatives as communities learn from each other how to forge more livable and environmentally sensitive pathways for the future. Most North American communities were not planned with sustainability in mind. Instead, a conventional model of growth-based development was embraced. There is growing consensus that this pattern of development is the source of contemporary problems of sprawl, congestion, and continuing air and water quality difficulties. Because most community planning historically did not adequately include ecological and social impacts, the results have been disproportionately large ecological 'footprints' . Often, communities now require productive areas many times greater than their actual geographical boundaries. Even then, wastes generated exceed the carrying capacity of their eco-regions. Changes are required in population growth, rates of consumption and the resource intensities of key social and economic activities if we are to recover a basic level of community-environment balance. Concepts such as 'Smart Growth,' 'New Urbanism' and "Green Communities' are being applied to community development in an attempt to fully integrate the economic, environmental and social needs of urban society, seminal to achieving sustainability. Communities are measuring their sustainability efforts through the use of indicators that differ from traditional economic and social measures. Indicators of sustainability assess the linkages between the three sectors of a community -economic, social and environmental. Examples of indicators used as measures of progress include the level of employer payroll dedicated to continuing training and education, the percentage of wages earned within a community that is also spent within the community, the perceived level of discrimination or racism, the health status of different communities, measured air and water quality, the rate of materials recycling, the percentage of energy provided from renewable sources and the volunteer rate for environmental improvement activities. While communities are using different approaches to measure progress, these initiatives indicate that communities are in agreement about the need to identify new paradigms for the way in which they develop. ii Communities are beginning to conclude that there need to be limits to growth, that technological fixes and innovations alone cannot improve quality of life, and that collective action is required if a sustainable future is to be realized. Achieving such a future will depend upon identifying effective models for community-wide sustainable development. This report examines the efforts of 12 pioneer communities around the country in order to learn about the possibilities for, and the processes necessary to, build sustainable local futures (see Table . In addition to the experiences of these 12 communities, our researchers have drawn from previous studies conducted by the Center for Energy and Environmental Policy (CEEP) with the support of the Science, Engineering and Technology Services Program -a partnership initiative between the Delaware General Assembly and the University of Delaware. Of particular importance were our reports on: land use and transportation planning innovations to improve air quality (1994); the success of growth management strategies in improving community quality of life (1996); the adoption of environmental justice principles in the redevelopment of "brownfields" (1999) and the strategies for sustainable water resource management in the State (2001). The act of one generation passing to the next generation a healthy community and environment, which passes to the next generation the same condition, and so on. Focuses on the primacy and quality of relationships among the people sharing a particular place and between the people and their environment. A community can be a small rural community, a large metropolitan region or a nation. Collective actions to improve social and environmental quality. It is incompatible with unlimited growth. Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Cities and towns that prosper because people work together to produce a high quality of life that they want to sustain and that leads to healthy natural environments. Land use practices intended to create more resource efficient and livable communities, by employing more accessible land use patterns that reduce the amount of mobility required to reach goods and services. The pursuit of fairness that reflects a common respect for rights and a commitment to equal opportunities and access to all forms of community capital. Sprawl Low-density development that spreads from the edges of cities and towns. It is poorly planned and often evolves without regard to community or regional needs. iii Table ES-1. Comparison of Best Sustainability Practices Among Communities.

By 1650, Brazil was the largest producer of sugar in the Atlantic and Caribbean region and an offspring of the plantation-slave system of sugar production introduced by the Portuguese on Madeira and Sao Tome. The Brazilian sugar production system developed swiftly during the early seventeenth century when Amsterdam became the main center of sugar refining and distribution for the European market. From 1630 to 1654, Northeast Brazil came under Dutch colonial rule during which the Sephardic merchant community gained a most prominent position in the sugar trade establishing a foothold in the Caribbean region when sugar production expanded to include French and English colonies. Dutch rule ended in 1654, at which time Sephardic merchants migrated to nearby emerging Caribbean sugar colonies or returned to Amsterdam.

In this chapter, the author presents evidence from freight records researched at the City Archives of Amsterdam which illustrate that after trade and navigation restrictions were imposed, Dutch and Sephardic merchant trade diverged. Whereas Dutch merchants from Amsterdam held business interest in Barbados in the mid-seventeenth century through the supply trade, it was Amsterdam’s Sephardic merchants who engaged primarily in the sugar trade. As the navigation acts required all trade to be conducted by English merchants and be directed to the English market, Sephardic merchants requested and were granted “denizenship.” Meanwhile, Amsterdam remained the primary sugar refining center for the European market and Sephardic merchants played a significant role in sustaining the Amsterdam sugar market through most of the seventeenth century.

This report examines the efforts of 12 pioneer communities around the country in order to learn about the possibilities for, and the processes necessary to, build sustainable local futures (see Table ES-1.). In addition to the experiences of these 12 communities, our researchers have drawn from previous studies conducted by the Center for Energy and Environmental Policy (CEEP) with the support of the Science, Engineering and Technology Services Program-a partnership initiative between the Delaware General Assembly and the University of Delaware. Of particular importance were our reports on: land use and transportation planning innovations to improve air quality (1994); the success of growth management strategies in improving community quality of life (1996); the adoption of environmental justice principles in the redevelopment of "brownfields" (1999) and the strategies for sustainable water resource management in the State (2001). Definition of Terms Sustainable The act of one generation passing to the next generation a healthy community and environment, which passes to the next generation the same condition, and so on. Community Focuses on the primacy and quality of relationships among the people sharing a particular place and between the people and their environment. A community can be a small rural community, a large metropolitan region or a nation. Development Collective actions to improve social and environmental quality. It is incompatible with unlimited growth. Sustainable Development Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Sustainable Communities Cities and towns that prosper because people work together to produce a high quality of life that they want to sustain and that leads to healthy natural environments. Smart Growth Land use practices intended to create more resource efficient and livable communities, by employing more accessible land use patterns that reduce the amount of mobility required to reach goods and services. Equity The pursuit of fairness that reflects a common respect for rights and a commitment to equal opportunities and access to all forms of community capital. Sprawl Low-density development that spreads from the edges of cities and towns. It is poorly planned and often evolves without regard to community or regional needs. iii Table ES-1. Comparison of Best Sustainability Practices Among Communities.