Zachary Kline

The Great Recession and accompanying financial crisis that occurred between 2007 and 2009 presented a host of emergency expenses to Americans with historically low traditional savings while at the same time limiting their access to credit. The resulting increase in poverty and decrease in real median family income raises the question: What if more Americans had access to liquid, emergency funds? The United States’ retirement system increasingly relies on choice-based public policy programs that allow individuals to access their retirement funds by “cashing out” during financial hardship. Proponents of choice programs may expect individuals who cash out of their retirement plan to be more resilient to downward economic mobility while critics are skeptical of benefits that do not account for potential fees and negative long-term effects. This paper uses data from the Panel Survey of Income Dynamics (PSID) collected between 2005 and 2015 to conduct a stratified propensity score analysi...

Social scientists of class and inequality have documented the rise of omnivorousness, informality, ordinariness, and emphasis on meritocracy. This apparent decline in class closure contrasts sharply with rising inequality and declining economic mobility. How are these competing developments reflected in everyday class distinction-making? In this article, we answer this question by applying Goffman’s work on the symbols of class status to the analysis of unique data. We use word embeddings to isolate and quantify the salience of six dimensions of class (affluence, cultivation, education, employment, morality, and status) to class distinction-making within a corpus of etiquette books published between 1922 and 2017. We find that education and employment are increasingly salient dimensions while status, affluence, cultivation, and morality decline as salient dimensions of class distinction-making. These results signal a decline of class operating as a status group through cultural clos...