Jauhar

Jauhar, Jowhar veya Juhar,^[1]^[2] Hint alt kıtasında; bir savaş sırasında kesin bir yenilgiyle karşı karşıya kalındığında^[3]^[4]^[5] kadınlar tarafından yakalanmaktan, köleleştirilmekten^[6] ve tecavüzden kaçınmak^[7] için gerçekleştirilen kitlesel olarak kendini ateş verme uygulamasıdır.^[8] Jauhar hakkındaki bazı raporlarda, çocuklarıyla birlikte kendini kurban eden kadınlardan bahsedilir.^[9]^[10] Bu uygulama tarihsel olarak Hindistan'ın kuzeybatı bölgelerinde gözlemlendi ve kayıtlı tarihteki en ünlü jauhar uygulaması Racastan'daki Hindu Rajput krallıkları ile düşman Müslüman orduları arasındaki savaşlar sırasında meydana geldi.^[11]^[12]^[13]^[4] Jauhar, savaş sırasında, genellikle zafer şansının olmadığı durumlarda yapılır.

Hindu krallıklarında gerçekleştirilen Jauhar, Delhi Sultanlığı ve Babür İmparatorluğu'nun Müslüman tarihçileri tarafından belgelenmiştir.^[14] ^[15]^[16] En bilinen jauhar örneklerinden birisi, MS 1303'te Rajasthan'daki Chittor kalesinin kadınları tarafından Delhi Sultanlığı'nın Halaci hanedanının işgalci ordusuyla karşı karşıya kalındığında gerçekleştirilmiştir.^[17]^[18] Jauhar fenomeni, Karnataka'daki Kampili krallığı gibi Hindistan'ın diğer bölgelerinde de gözlendi (1327'de Delhi Sultanlığı ordularına yenik düştüğünde).^[16]

Kaynakça

^ Margaret Pabst Battin (2015). The Ethics of Suicide: Historical Sources. Oxford University Press. s. 285. ISBN 978-0-19-513599-2.
^ Richard Maxwell Eaton (1996). The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204-1760. University of California Press. s. 166. ISBN 978-0-520-20507-9.
^ John Stratton Hawley (1994). Sati, the Blessing and the Curse: The Burning of Wives in India. Oxford University Press. s. 189. ISBN 978-0-19-536022-6.
^ ^a ^b Lindsey Harlan (1992). Religion and Rajput Women: The Ethic of Protection in Contemporary Narratives. University of California Press. ss. 160 footnote 8. ISBN 978-0-520-07339-5. , Quote: "In this she resembles the sati who dies in jauhar. The jauhar sati dies before and while her husband fights what appears to be an unwinnable battle. By dying, she frees him from worry about her welfare and saves herself from the possible shame of rape by triumphant enemy forces."
^ Arvind Sharma (1988), Sati: Historical and Phenomenological Essays, Motilal Banarsidass Publ, 9788120804647, page xi, 86
^ "Hindus Beyond the Hindu Kush: Indians in the Central Asian Slave Trade". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 12 (3): 277-288. November 2002. doi:10.1017/S1356186302000329. 27 Eylül 2020 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 21 Eylül 2022. Birden fazla yazar-name-list parameters kullanıldı (yardım); Yazar |ad1= eksik |soyadı1= (yardım)
^ Eaton, R.M., (2019), India in the Persiante Age 1000-1765, p219. Great Britain: Allen Lane
^ Embodied Violence: Communalising Female Sexuality in South Asia. ACLS Humanities E-Book. Bloomsbury Academic. 1996. s. 120. ISBN 978-1-85649-448-9. 21 Eylül 2022 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 21 Eylül 2022. Yazar |ad1= eksik |soyadı1= (yardım)
^ Margaret Pabst Battin (2015). The Ethics of Suicide: Historical Sources. Oxford University Press. s. 285. Jauhar specifically refers to the self-immolation of the women and children in anticipation of capture and abuse.
^ Mary Storm. Head and Heart: Valour and Self-Sacrifice in the Art of India. Routledge. The women would build a great bonfire, and in their wedding finery, with their children and with all their valuables, they would immolate themselves en masse.
^ Pratibha Jain, Saṅgītā Śarmā, Honour, status & polity
^ Mandakranta Bose (2014), Faces of the Feminine in Ancient, Medieval, and Modern India, Oxford University Press, 978-0195352771, page 26
^ Malise Ruthven (2007), Fundamentalism: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford University Press, 978-0199212705, page 63;

John Stratton Hawley (1994), Sati, the Blessing and the Curse, Oxford University Press, 978-0195077742, page 165-166
^ Claude Markovits (2004). A History of Modern India, 1480-1950. Anthem Press. ss. 57-58. ISBN 978-1-84331-152-2.
^ Dirk H. A. Kolff 2002.
^ ^a ^b Mary Storm (2015). Head and Heart: Valour and Self-Sacrifice in the Art of India. Taylor & Francis. s. 311. ISBN 978-1-317-32556-7.
^ Clifton D. Bryant; Dennis L. Peck (2009). Encyclopedia of Death and the Human Experience. SAGE Publications. s. 696. ISBN 978-1-4522-6616-9. Yazar eksik |soyadı1= (yardım)
^ Gavin Thomas (2010). Rajasthan. Penguin. ss. 341-343. ISBN 978-1-4053-8688-3.

[battin285-1] Margaret Pabst Battin (2015). The Ethics of Suicide: Historical Sources. Oxford University Press. s. 285. ISBN 978-0-19-513599-2.

[2] Richard Maxwell Eaton (1996). The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204-1760. University of California Press. s. 166. ISBN 978-0-520-20507-9.

[3] John Stratton Hawley (1994). Sati, the Blessing and the Curse: The Burning of Wives in India. Oxford University Press. s. 189. ISBN 978-0-19-536022-6.

[harlan160-4] Lindsey Harlan (1992). Religion and Rajput Women: The Ethic of Protection in Contemporary Narratives. University of California Press. ss. 160 footnote 8. ISBN 978-0-520-07339-5. , Quote: "In this she resembles the sati who dies in jauhar. The jauhar sati dies before and while her husband fights what appears to be an unwinnable battle. By dying, she frees him from worry about her welfare and saves herself from the possible shame of rape by triumphant enemy forces."

[5] Arvind Sharma (1988), Sati: Historical and Phenomenological Essays, Motilal Banarsidass Publ, 9788120804647, page xi, 86

[6] "Hindus Beyond the Hindu Kush: Indians in the Central Asian Slave Trade". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 12 (3): 277-288. November 2002. doi:10.1017/S1356186302000329. 27 Eylül 2020 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 21 Eylül 2022. Birden fazla yazar-name-list parameters kullanıldı (yardım); Yazar |ad1= eksik |soyadı1= (yardım)

[7] Eaton, R.M., (2019), India in the Persiante Age 1000-1765, p219. Great Britain: Allen Lane

[8] Embodied Violence: Communalising Female Sexuality in South Asia. ACLS Humanities E-Book. Bloomsbury Academic. 1996. s. 120. ISBN 978-1-85649-448-9. 21 Eylül 2022 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 21 Eylül 2022. Yazar |ad1= eksik |soyadı1= (yardım)

[9] Margaret Pabst Battin (2015). The Ethics of Suicide: Historical Sources. Oxford University Press. s. 285. Jauhar specifically refers to the self-immolation of the women and children in anticipation of capture and abuse.

[10] Mary Storm. Head and Heart: Valour and Self-Sacrifice in the Art of India. Routledge. The women would build a great bonfire, and in their wedding finery, with their children and with all their valuables, they would immolate themselves en masse.

[11] Pratibha Jain, Saṅgītā Śarmā, Honour, status & polity

[12] Mandakranta Bose (2014), Faces of the Feminine in Ancient, Medieval, and Modern India, Oxford University Press, 978-0195352771, page 26

[maliseruthven-13] Malise Ruthven (2007), Fundamentalism: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford University Press, 978-0199212705, page 63;

John Stratton Hawley (1994), Sati, the Blessing and the Curse, Oxford University Press, 978-0195077742, page 165-166

[claude58-14] Claude Markovits (2004). A History of Modern India, 1480-1950. Anthem Press. ss. 57-58. ISBN 978-1-84331-152-2.

[FOOTNOTEDirk_H._A._Kolff2002-15] Dirk H. A. Kolff 2002.

[Storm2015p311-16] Mary Storm (2015). Head and Heart: Valour and Self-Sacrifice in the Art of India. Taylor & Francis. s. 311. ISBN 978-1-317-32556-7.

[17] Clifton D. Bryant; Dennis L. Peck (2009). Encyclopedia of Death and the Human Experience. SAGE Publications. s. 696. ISBN 978-1-4522-6616-9. Yazar eksik |soyadı1= (yardım)

[18] Gavin Thomas (2010). Rajasthan. Penguin. ss. 341-343. ISBN 978-1-4053-8688-3.

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