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This article layers material, physical, and textual landscapes of the Hittite Empire in a compact borderland region. We argue that a real strength of landscape archaeology is in understanding and articulating medium-scale landscapes... more
This article layers material, physical, and textual landscapes of the Hittite Empire in a compact borderland region. We argue that a real strength of landscape archaeology is in understanding and articulating medium-scale landscapes through archaeological survey methods and critical study of physical geography. Medium-scale landscapes are a milieu of daily human experience, movement, and visuality that spawn a densely textured countryside involving settlements, sacred places, quarries, roads, transhumance routes, and water infrastructures. Using the data and the experience from eight field seasons by the Yalburt Yaylası Archaeological Landscape Research Project team since 2010, we offer accounts of three specific landscapes: the Ilgın Plain, the Bulasan River valley near the Hittite fortress of Kale Tepesi, and the pastoral uplands of Yalburt Yaylası. For each, we demonstrate different sets of relationships and landscape dynamics during the Late Bronze Age, with specific emphasis on movement, settlement, taskscapes, land use, and human experience.
In this paper, I take identity as a characteristic of empire in its periphery, denoting the totality of: 1) the imperial strategies an empire pursues in different regions, 2) the index of empire in each region, and 3) local responses to... more
In this paper, I take identity as a characteristic of empire in its periphery, denoting the totality of: 1) the imperial strategies an empire pursues in different regions, 2) the index of empire in each region, and 3) local responses to imperialism. My case study is the Hittite Empire, which dominated parts of what is now modern Turkey and northern Syria between the seventeenth and twelfth centuries bce, and its borderlands. To investigate the identities of the Hittite imperial system, I explore the totality of the second millennium bce in two regions. First, I explore imperial dynamics and responses in the Ilgın Plain in inner southwestern Turkey through a study of the material collected by the Yalburt Yaylası Archaeological Landscape Research Project since 2010. Second, I explore the identity of the Hittite Empire in the city of Emar in northern Syria by a thorough study of the textual and archaeological material unearthed by the Emar Expedition. In both cases, I argue that the manifestations of the Hittite Empire were mainly conditioned by the pre-Hittite trajectories of these regions. The strategies that the administration chose to use in different borderlands sought to identify what was important locally, with the Hittite Empire integrating itself into networks that were already established as manifestations of power, instead of replacing them with new ones.
Reflectance Transformation Imaging (RTI) was used to record an inscription carved on the surfaces of 17 limestone blocks of the Yalburt Yaylası Sacred Pool Complex (Konya), which dates from the XIII th century B.C. After a brief... more
Reflectance Transformation Imaging (RTI) was used to record an inscription carved on the surfaces of 17 limestone blocks of the Yalburt Yaylası Sacred Pool Complex (Konya), which dates from the XIII th century B.C. After a brief introduction concerning the site and the RTI technique, and particularly its Highlight-RTI variant, this paper reports on the imaging strategy tailored to the conditions of this specific landscape monument, which contains blocks of various dimensions organized along three axes. While various applications of the RTI technique on open-air examples have been reported in the literature to date, our experience on the Yalburt Yaylası Sacred Pool Complex presents a large-scale application of Highlight-RTI on a complex monument. The paper concludes that RTI is an efficient tool for documenting landscape monuments when the needs of each site are carefully analyzed. In this large-scale capacity, RTI works best as a site-specific technique customized to the particularities of each locale.
In 2013, Brown University launched Archaeology’s Dirty Little Secrets, a Massive Open Online Course (MOOC) that, in its two iterations to date, has reached a global audience of some 30,000 people. We first discuss course design, content,... more
In 2013, Brown University launched Archaeology’s Dirty Little Secrets, a Massive Open Online Course (MOOC) that, in its two iterations to date, has reached a global audience of some 30,000 people. We first discuss course design, content, assessment practices, and metrics of success within the context provided by other digital archaeological endeavors, as well as reviewing the composition of the online audience. Drawing on this experience, in the second part of the article we explore various opportunities for public outreach and engagement made possible by this platform, not least the potential participatory role of a new online community in archaeological activity and advocacy.
To the north of the Ilgın Plain and on the southern slopes of the Gavurdağ-Karadağ massif lies Yalburt, a summer pasture settlement (a yayla) belonging to the village of Şuhut/ Çobankaya. As the story is told by the residents of Yalburt,... more
To the north of the Ilgın Plain and on the southern slopes of the Gavurdağ-Karadağ massif lies Yalburt, a summer pasture settlement (a yayla) belonging to the village of Şuhut/ Çobankaya. As the story is told by the residents of Yalburt, immediately uphill from the yayla used to be a well known as Kocakuyu that had the sweetest and the coldest waters in the area. No matter how much you drew from it, its water was never lessened.
Mountains are often groundlessly thought of as romantic backwaters lacking in development and civility, and portrayed as unruly places to pass through by academics working under the influence of ideologies of the state. Binaries of the... more
Mountains are often groundlessly thought of as romantic backwaters lacking in development and civility, and portrayed as unruly places to pass through by academics working under the influence of ideologies of the state. Binaries of the urban and the rural, or the perception of civilized lowlands and crude shepherds and loggers, do not adequately account for the linear ecologies that intimately connect the plains to the mountains. In this chapter we advocate for the significance of these connecting ecologies that resist the colonial or statist marginalization of mountain peoples and places. These connecting linear ecologies are substantive landscapes of everyday movement, the flow of water, taskscapes, and interconnected land use, and are not limited to roads and routes.

Academic perspectives on ancient communities of the mountains tend to associate them with “landscapes of terror” (e.g., Matthews 2004). In these scenarios, marginalized mountain peoples are presented either as “tribal” threats to urbanized elites of the prosperous plains and lowland and river valleys, or impediments to regional circulation (Horden and Purcell 2000: 80). Such perspectives are produced under the influence of urban archives; they are typical of uncritical characterizations of mountains from an elitist bias and have to be taken with a grain of salt. Archaeological survey evidence, strengthened by ethnohistorical research, presents a far more even-handed perspective on life in the mountains. In this chapter we point to the intimately entangled nature of lowlands and mountains in the local context of west central Anatolia. This chapter is a modest attempt to bring back mountains as complex and connected landscapes of alterity and to invite mountains back to their place within settlement history.
2010 yılından beri aralıksız olarak Konya İli, Ilgın İlçesi sınırları içinde sürdürülen Yalburt Yaylası ve Çevresi Arkeolojik Yüzey Araştırma Projesi, diyakronik bir yerleşim peyzajı tarihi projesi olarak jeomorfolojik araştırmaları... more
2010 yılından beri aralıksız olarak Konya İli, Ilgın İlçesi sınırları içinde sürdürülen Yalburt Yaylası ve Çevresi Arkeolojik Yüzey Araştırma Projesi, diyakronik bir yerleşim peyzajı tarihi projesi olarak jeomorfolojik araştırmaları arkeolojik yüzey taramaları ile eş ağırlıkta sürdüregelmiştir. Proje, daha önceki yayınlardan da anlaşılacağı gibi Tunç Çağı’nın sonlarından Demir Çağı ve onu takip eden Akamenid-Helenistik dönemlerine geçiş üzerine odaklanırken, araş-tırmanın ana amaç ve objektiflerini Hitit İmparatorluğu döneminde Pedassa bölgesinin üstlendiği sınır bölgesi kimliğinin yerel malzeme kültürü ve yerleşim coğrafyasına izdüşümlerinin anlaşılması oluşturur. Hidrolojik olarak biribirlerine bağlı Ilgın Ovası, Atlantı Ovası ve Çavuşçu Gölü havzaları, ve bu coğ-rafyayı sınırlayan kuzeyde Gavur Dağı’nın erozyonla aşınmış ve karst jeolojisi ile mağaralar ve düdenlerle zengin yaylaları ve son olarak güneyde ormanlık, yeşil ve sulak Boz Dağı’nın teraslanmış etekleri ve Beyşehir’e inen dar vadileri, Yalburt Projesi’ne son derece karmaşık bir yerleşim ekolojisi sunar. M.Ö. 13. yüzyılda, 4. Tudhaliya döneminde Karadağ sırtlarına inşa edilmiş olan Yalburt Yaylası Hiyeroglifli Kutsal Havuz Anıtı ile Kadınhanı yakınındaki Köylütolu Yayla Toprak Barajı aslında, yüzey araştırma ve jeomorfolojik-çevresel araştırmaların gösterdiği gibi imparatorluğun son döneminde gözlenen, Boğazköy’deki iktidarın eliyle yürütülmüş bir tarımsal kalkınma ve yeni yerleşim programının parçası olmalıdır.  Ben Marsh öncülüğünde sürdürülen jeomorfolojik çalışmalar özellikle eskiçağ ile günümüz arasında temel kaynaklar, toprak kullanımı, ve su rejimleri bakımından ortaya çıkan benzerlik ve farklılaşmayı belgelemeyi amaçlamıştır. Havzalar, nehir vadileri, ovalar ve yaylalık yüksek alanlardaki jeomorfolojik değişimleri ayrıntılı olarak incelenirken, bu değişimlerin bugün karşılaştığımız iyi korunmuş ya da korunanmamış, tahrip edilmiş arkeolojik peyzajları nasıl etkilediği göz önüne alınır. Aşağıda da değinileceği gibi jeomorfolojik süreçler bazen siyasi iktidar eliyle yürütülen baraj yapımı, sulama projeleri gibi büyük çaplı müdahelelerle de şekillendirilmiştir. Bu süreçlere iki önemli örnek olarak, Hitit Kralı 4. Tudhaliya’nın Köylütolu Yayla mevkiinde inşa ettirdiği toprak dolgu baraj ve T.C. Devlet Su İşleri teşkilatının 1960’lardan 1990’lara kadar sürdürdüğü Ilgın ve Atlantı Ovalarını sulama pro-jeleri verilebilir. 

Bu makalede öncelikle 2015 sezonunda yapılan çalışmaları öncelikle kısaca özetlenecektir. Makalenin ikinci kısmında ise Müge Durusu-Tanrıöver’in Ocak 2016’da tamamladığı “Hitit İmparatorluğu’nu Sınırboylarında Deneyimlemek” başlıklı doktora tezinin Yalburt Projesi kapsamındaki sonuçlarına değinilecektir.
Türkiye arkeolojisi kuram ve pratiğinde ve arkeolojik bilgi üretiminde peyzaj kavramı, ülke genelinde sistematik olarak yürütülen yüzey araştırması projeleri sayesinde gün geçtikçe daha çok yerleşip önemli bir konuma gelmektedir.... more
Türkiye arkeolojisi kuram ve pratiğinde ve arkeolojik bilgi üretiminde peyzaj kavramı, ülke genelinde sistematik olarak yürütülen yüzey araştırması projeleri sayesinde gün geçtikçe daha çok yerleşip önemli bir konuma gelmektedir. Arkeolojik ve çevre verileri ışığında uzun soluklu bölgesel tarihyazımına imkan tanıyan yerleşim sistemleri ya da yerleşim ekolojisi çalışmaları, doğası gereği enterdispliner niteliktedir ve dolayısıyla en azından arkeoloji, jeomorfoloji, çevre bilimleri, sanat tarihi ve antropoloji alanlarını bir saha projesi kapsamında biraraya getirir. Sadece bir kazı öncesi yer seçme faaliyeti olarak değil, bölgesel yerleşim ve çevre tarihine derinlemesine ve eleştirel bakan, peyzaj, mahal, yerel bilgi, arazi kullanımı, sürdürülebilirlik, uzun vadeli yerel tarih gibi meseleleri kendine dert edinen bu projeler Anadolu yarımadası
tarihi coğrafyası için önemli anlatılar üretebilir, üretmektedir. Bu yönleriyle Türkiye’deki arkeolojik yüzey araştırmaları ve peyzaj tarihi projelerinin metodolojik temelleri, bir yandan Ön Asya (Mezopotamya) arkeolojisinden uzun süredir bilinen bölgesel saha araştırma geleneğine (Wilkinson 2000), öte yandan da Akdeniz dünyasında, özellikle İtalya ve Yunanistan’da yaygın
olan sistematik ve yoğun arazi taraması odaklı yüzey araştırmaları geleneğine dayanır (Given, Knapp, Noller, Sollars, ve Kassianidou; 2013). Bu tür projelerde peyzaj tarihine, hem günümüzün hem de eski çağların yerel siyasi dinamikleri çercevesinde ve büyük ölçekli kalkınma projeleri, devletlerin ve
dış sermayenin kırsal yaşama müdaheleleri ile yerel halkların bunlarla olan ilişkisi kapsamında bakılabilir, bakılmaktadır. Su, tarım toprağı, maden, orman, ve kültürel miras gibi yerel kaynaklar üzerine şekillenen bu siyasi ekolojilere
uzun soluklu ve tarihsel derinlikli bir bakış açısı en verimli olarak bir peyzaj arkeolojisi metodolojisi sayesinde mümkün olabilir.

Yalburt Yaylası Arkeolojik Yüzey Araştırma Projesi, 2010 yılından beri sürdürmekte olduğumuz, Konya ili Ilgın ilçesi sınırları içerisinde çok-dönemli/diyakronik bölgesel bir kırsal peyzaj ve yerleşim tarihi projesidir (Harmanşah ve Johnson 2012, 2013, 2014). Hatırlanacağı gibi proje araştırma sorunsalının merkezine Hitit İmparatorluk dönemine ait anıtsal hiyeroglif yazıtlı Yalburt Yaylası Kutsal Dağ Pınar Anıtı ile yine hiyeroglif yazıtlı Köylütolu Hitit Barajı yapısını alarak özellikle bu anıtların içine oturduğu bölgesel yerleşim peyzajı ve siyasi kapsamını uzun vadeli bir eskiçağ tarihi sürecine yayarak inceler. Projenin dördüncü sezonu saha çalışmaları, 9-22 Temmuz tarihleri arasında iki hafta zarfında kısa olarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Ayrıca 23 Temmuz-13 Ağustos tarihleri arasındaki üç haftalık sürede de Akşehir Müzesi’nde daha önceki sezonlarda ele geçen seramik ve diğer yüzey buluntuları incelenmesi ile yayına hazırlık çalışmalarının ilki gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu makalede arazi çalışmalarımızın her iki aşamasında elde edilen veriler ve ön sonuçlarının bir özeti sunulacaktır
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Landscape archaeologists are well equipped to investigate long-term structural changes in settlement landscapes, especially through their collaborations with geomorphologists and paleo-environmental scientists. In the last several... more
Landscape archaeologists are well equipped to investigate long-term structural changes in settlement landscapes, especially through their collaborations with geomorphologists and paleo-environmental scientists. In the last several decades, landscape projects around the world have gradually built an extensive record of human-environment relationships in the Holocene, which started 11,700 years ago with the beginnings of agriculture and settled life. In the age of the Anthropocene, the proposed new geological epoch to follow the Holocene, survey archaeologists increasingly find themselves working in ruined postindustrial landscapes, salvage operations that are dictated by development projects, sites of mining and incommensurable extraction, and the margins of military conflict. These are the landscapes of the Anthropocene, torn apart from the traditionally idealized and pristine landscapes of the Holocene.
Landscapes of the Anthropocene are the lithosphere’s asphalt and concrete layers, sites of mining, extreme extraction, industrial-scale intervention, and chemical contamination; and second, the atmosphere’s global warming gases made from what has been excavated from the earth (fossil fuels like coal). A thirty-three square km open pit lignite mine and power plant are planned for the cultivated fields and pastoral foothills of the Çavuşçu-Kurugöl lake basin that lies within the survey area of the Yalburt Yaylası Archaeological Landscape Research Project in the Ilgın district of Konya province. This proposed sacrificial landscape is a part of the Anthropocene’s lithosphere and atmosphere. In this article, we present a third affected sphere by undertaking a comparison of the hydrosphere of Holocene (Bronze Age) and Anthropocene (contemporary/postindustrial) landscapes, focusing particularly on the dramatic changes in the hydrosphere that have made the agricultural landscapes of Ilgın disposable, thus laying the groundwork for making the lignite mine an acceptable future for the region.
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Partly owing to its culture-historical roots where archaeologists such as Gordon Childe looked for laws of culture change in bounded, homogeneous and static groups; archaeology has been mostly absent in debates about borders. Borders,... more
Partly owing to its culture-historical roots where archaeologists such as Gordon Childe looked for laws of culture change in bounded, homogeneous and static groups; archaeology has been mostly absent in debates about borders. Borders, which are broadly described as markers of separation and demarcation, delineating where one political, social, administrative or cultural entity ends and another begins, are easily conceptualized as single lines. In reality, however, borders are frequently crossed and overcome by the movement of people, ideas and material culture. This constant dynamism across borders undermines their existence as one single line, turning them into expanding and shrinking networks of interaction. Movement turns borders into borderlands.
With borderlands, we mean spaces created through movements of people and material culture at the expense of clear lines imposed by administrative policies. Regarding the current situation at the US-Mexico border, “the lifeblood of two worlds [are] merging to form a third country – a border culture” (Anzaldua 1987, 3). Inspired by the complex and entangled nature of life around the US-Mexico border, we seek to explore and integrate borderlands into the broader archaeological dialogues regarding intercultural mobility, imperial peripheries and colonial encounters.
The goal of this session is to provide archaeological case studies from ancient and/or modern borderlands, where the movement of people, ideas, and things creates networks that transgress physical, social and cultural lines. How can one explore this movement across and through the border? How does the development of a “third country” impact the areas on either side of this contested space? How does mobility across borders alter material culture? How does the movement of material culture alter the border and create multiple different social, economic and cultural borders? We particularly encourage inter-disciplinary case studies that themselves step across artificial scholarly boundaries.
Contexts reports on the annual activities - research, education, exhibits, and collaborations - of Brown University's Haffenreffer Museum of Anthropology. Now in its 40th year, Contexts' 2015 reports on archaeological research around the... more
Contexts reports on the annual activities - research, education, exhibits, and collaborations - of Brown University's Haffenreffer Museum of Anthropology. Now in its 40th year, Contexts' 2015 reports on archaeological research around the world, innovative uses and expansions of the HMA's collections, new collaborations with the RISD Museum and across the world, and outreach to diverse publics, including public schools and our university community.
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Contexts is the Annual Report of the Haffenreffer Museum of Anthropology, edited by Kevin P. Smith
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"Houses of the ancient Near East were fragile architectural entities in conception, susceptible to attacks with their cracks and openings, through which demons could enter to threaten the dwellers. We can learn about such domestic... more
"Houses of the ancient Near East were fragile architectural entities in conception,  susceptible to attacks with their cracks and openings, through which demons could enter to threaten the dwellers. We can learn about such domestic anxieties through the incantations against the demon Lamaštu, produced in the 2nd and the 1st millennia BCE.

Incantations of the Bronze and Iron Ages depict Lamaštu as a demon specifically dangerous during labor, for both the mother and the baby. During the performance of events that target to exorcise Lamaštu from the patient, the whole household would be imbued with new soundscapes and smellscapes that have not been part of the house before, and would no longer be once the ritual was over. These short-lived transformations to the domestic space, however, would be preserved in the memory of its inhabiters."
Many studies of Hittite history start with the Early Bronze Age in Anatolia as the time period when Indo-European presence starts in Anatolia. The scene then changes to the Middle Bronze Age as a prelude to what comes immediately after,... more
Many studies of Hittite history start with the Early Bronze Age in Anatolia as the time period when Indo-European presence starts in Anatolia. The scene then changes to the Middle Bronze Age as a prelude to what comes immediately after, while Hittites do not appear on the stage as a defined entity until the Late Bronze Age. This curious practice of always talking about the totality of the Bronze Age, but actually not making use of it as something other than a mere background for the teleological and inevitable rise of “Anatolia’s First Empire” actually hints at one of the ways to problematize studies of Hittite archaeology. This paper argues that the geographically united and temporally seperated model (i.e. “The Assyrian Colony Period of MBA” or “Hittite culture of the LBA”) fails to do justice to the continuity of the archaeological record and material practices in Anatolia during the Bronze Age.

By using textual and archaeological material regarding Anatolia and North Syria, this paper argues that the temporal and spatial boundaries of the Hittite culture can be put to test. It aims to do this through a discussion of the interactions of the Hittite administration in Central Anatolia with different regions and how its strategies were altered to fit regional histories and networks. The paper concludes that this is a revealing exercise for painting a more nuanced panorama of the Hittite Kingdom rather than a short-lived and landlocked empire of high plains.