mohammad salmasizadeh

Modern İran Tarihinde bu ülkede yaşayan azınlık durumundaki çeşitli unsurların ulus devlet inşası sürecindeki durumları yaygın bir tartışma ve araştırma konusu olagelmiştir. Başta Türkler ve Araplar olmak üzere Kürt, Beluç ve Lor gibi çeşitli toplulukların yaşadığı İran coğrafyasında 20. yüzyılın başlarına kadar ‘’Memaliki Mahruse’’ şeklinde ifade edilen ve bir tür eyalet sistemi biçimine sahip olan bir idare sistemi hakimdi. Bu sistem içerisinde her topluluk kendi kültürel varlığını korumakta ve idame ettirmekteydi. Rıza Şah dönemiyle birlikte fikri temeli özellikle meşrutiyet sonrası dönemle birlikte atılmaya başlamış olan ulus inşası, tasarım sürecinden uygulama sürecine konulmuştur. Fikri arka planı önceki dönemlerde atılmaya başlanmış olsa da keskin bir geçiş dönemi olarak nitelendirilebilecek bu dönemde tasarlanan örnek kimlik karşısında ‘’öteki’’nin tanımlanması birçok tartışma ve sorunu da beraberinde getirmiştir. Çevirisini yaptığımız bu makalede, söz konusu ulus inşa sürec...

The conflict between the Russian and Turkish in 1877-1878, though formed on the pretext of Russia's support for Christian nations under the rule of the Ottoman Empire, was actually part of the great scheme that European governments had begun to break up the Ottoman Empire and resolve the Eastern Question. The goals of these powers for world domination, that would sometimes results in wars among themselves, were mainly focused on expanding the territorial realm and winning economic gains. These goals were followed under the disguise of gaining freedom for Christians and securing independence for non-Turkish nations. The scientific and technological impairment of the Ottoman Empire compared to the European countries, accompanied by internal rivalries and frequent overthrow of the rulers, were some of the main weaknesses of the Ottoman state causing their demise. In the meantime, Russia was in pursue of its policy of territorial expansion and seeking access to warm waters. Russia&#...

پژوهش تاریخی بی دسترسی به منابع دست اول ، موثق و معتبر امکان پذیر نیست.یکی ازمنابع دست اول درهر دوره تاریخی «سفرنامه ها» است.در اثر حاضر کتاب شناسی توصیفی 238 سفرنامه مربوط به عصر قاجار ارایه شده است.همچنین فهرستی از 67 اثر نویافته ی دیگر در بخش ضمایم تقدیم پژوهشگران تاریخ شده است.

توسعه یک پدیده‌ی تاریخی است. رواج واژه‌ی توسعه به عنوان development پس از جنگ جهانی دوم بوده است. اما اگر توسعه را به معنای پیشرفت،ترقی و بهبود بگیریم، که البته این مفاهیم با هم متفاوت هستند، ریشه های آن تاریخِ قدیمی‌تر هم دارد. از منظر اقتصادی تغییرات بهبودآمیزی که همراه با ترقیات اقتصادی بزرگ بود از قرن های شانزدهم و هیفدهم در اروپای غربی آغاز شد.
می‌دانیم که در اثر تغییر نوع معیشت اقتصادی در کنار عوامل کلان دیگری مانند اصلاحات دینی، اکتشافات جغرافیائی و مهم‌تر از همه تغییر طرز فکر و نگرش انسان به جهان، تمدن جدید پایه‌گذاری شده است. بنده در کتابی که در این مورد نوشته‌ام «تاریخ به مثابه فرهنگ و توسعه» در سه فصل اول این مساله را دقیق‌تر مورد بررسی قرار داده‌ام که برای اختصار شما را به آنجا ارجاع می‌دهم. اما چیزی که در اینجا می‌توان گفت این است که تغییر فکر و نگرش انسان نسبت به خود، جامعه و هستیباعث ایجاد تمدن جدید شده است که یک بعد آن اقتصادی است.
این تغییر اندیشه در سه حوزه‌ی پیش‌گفته از دو منظر صورت گرفته است. هم از منظر بینش (اپیستیمولوژی) و هم از منظر روش (متدولوژی). خیلی خلاصه می‌توان گفت که در حوزه‌ی بینش، انسان عقلانی شد، و در حوزه‌ی روش، متدولوژی چهره‌ای تجربی به خود گرفت و این تغییرات کلان در نهایت به ایجاد تمدن جدید منتهی شد.

This study is about the role of the Shiite Mojtaheds to control Absolute Despotism of Qajar kings (Case Study of Fath Ali Shah Qajar 1797-1834) at the same time the Theory of Oriental despotism and the Asian mode of production as Marx and Engels has been reviewed and verified.
The main question of whether it is independent Shiite Mojtaheds could divorced Fath Ali Shah's tyranny inhibit the formation or not?
Thus, using descriptive - analytical study of primary sources for this period and was characterized that theories was not careful and scientific to explain historical events at that time and it is not applicable. Because the Shiite Mojtaheds were independent from government and they were able to suppress the tyranny of the Qajar kings.

With the victory of CONSTITUTIONALITY revolution and establishment of the first National Parliament, attempts to define and develop the "basic rights" of people were initiated. Drafting the constitution and its amendment, emphasis on the rule of the law based on separation of powers, transition from a totalitarian government founded on brute-force mentality towards a political system based on legislature and supported by the masses were the most important demands by the first national parliament.  Although it is uncertain as to the knowledge ability and skill of majority of the representatives towards attaining these objectives, however the results of the efforts by some of the elite members of the parliament shows their intentions that was reflected in the constitution and its amendment.

Explain the social history of Iran in the 18th century due to the lack of primary sources is difficult. The few official sources of Persian historiography only explain the political events and have no data about the cultural and economic issues of that time. Therefore, it is necessary to researchers of history for that time to try to find new resources, present and criticize it.