Chris Pak
Swansea University, Department of Media and Communication, Faculty Member
- English Literature, Science Fiction and Fantasy, Terraforming, Geoengineering, Marine Geoengineering, Ethics of Geoengineering, and 72 moreEnvironmental Philosophy, Ecocriticism, Critical Theory, Postcolonial Studies, Mikhail Mikhailovich Bakhtin, Bakhtin carnival and the grotesque body, Bakhtin, Bakhtin dialogism, Philosophy, Noir Fiction, Crime fiction, Contemporary Fiction, English, Cultural Studies, Philosophy Of Language, Science Fiction, Interdisciplinarity, Interdisciplinary Studies, Postnationalism, Samuel R Delany, Vandana Singh, History, Languages and Linguistics, Discourse Analysis, Gender and Sexuality, Literary Theory, Poetry, Corpus Linguistics, Modernist Literature (Literary Modernism), Science Fiction Megatext, Romanticism, British Literature, Metaphor, Nineteenth Century Studies, Film Adaptation, Literature And Science, Literature, Gender Studies, Media Studies, Cultural Theory, Film Studies, Popular Culture, American Literature, Humanities, Utopian Studies, Fantasy Literature, Science Fiction Film, Speculative Fiction, Ethics, Semiotics, Psychoanalysis, Sex and Gender, Violence, Critical Thinking, Public Space, Global cities, Materialism, Autonomy, Contemporary Poetry, Postmodernism, Contemporary Literature, Anthropology, Sociology, Geography, Social Movements, Political Sociology, Post-Colonialism, Social Sciences, Kim Stanley Robinson, Corpus Linguistics and Discourse Analysis, Corpus Stylistics, and Narratologyedit
- Editor-in-Chief of the Science Fiction Research Association's SFRA Review. Research Fellow on the Leverhulme funde... moreEditor-in-Chief of the Science Fiction Research Association's SFRA Review.
Research Fellow on the Leverhulme funded project 'People, Products, Pests and Pets: The Discursive Representation of Animals'. More information about this project can be found here: https://animaldiscourse.wordpress.com.
Member of the Science Fiction Research Association (SFRA), the Association for the Study of Literature and the Environment, UK and Ireland (ASLE-UKI) and the British Society for Literature and Science (BSLS).
I specialise in science fiction and am particularly drawn to ecocriticism, global politics and the relationship between the sciences, philosophy and the arts. I also maintain an interest in other contemporary literatures, including postmodernism, American literature, fantasy, horror and noir. My PhD thesis considers the eco-philosophical and eco-political engagement of science fictional narratives of global planetary adaptation, or terraforming. It considers the environmental philosophical notion of nature’s otherness and respect for the non-human, the cognitive and physical processes involved in landscaping, and the use of the pastoral, ecology and science in terraforming narratives.
I have been awarded the 2013 Mary Kay Bray Award from the Science Fiction Research Association and the 2011 Foundation Essay Prize for two of my articles.edit
This book explores the emergence and development of terraforming in science fiction from H.G. Wells’s The War of the Worlds (1898) to James Cameron’s blockbuster Avatar (2009). Terraforming is the process of making other worlds habitable... more
This book explores the emergence and development of terraforming in science fiction from H.G. Wells’s The War of the Worlds (1898) to James Cameron’s blockbuster Avatar (2009). Terraforming is the process of making other worlds habitable for human life. Its counterpart on Earth – geoengineering – has begun to receive serious consideration as a way to address the effects of climate change. This book asks how science fiction has imagined the ways we shape both our world and other planets and how stories of terraforming reflect on science, society and environmentalism. It traces the growth of the motif of terraforming in stories by such writers as H.G. Wells and Olaf Stapledon in the UK, American pulp science fiction by Ray Bradbury, Robert Heinlein and Arthur C. Clarke, the counter cultural novels of Frank Herbert, Ursula K. Le Guin and Ernest Callenbach, and Pamela Sargent’s Venus trilogy, Frederick Turner’s epic poem of terraforming, Genesis, and Kim Stanley Robinson’s acclaimed Mars trilogy. It explores terraforming as a nexus for environmental philosophy, the pastoral, ecology, the Gaia hypothesis, the politics of colonisation and habitation, tradition and memory. This book shows how contemporary environmental awareness and our understanding of climate change is influenced by science fiction, and how terraforming in particular has offered scientists, philosophers, and many other readers a motif to aid in thinking in complex ways about the human impact on planetary environments. Amidst contemporary anxieties about climate change, terraforming offers an important vantage from which to consider the ways humankind shapes and is shaped by their world.
'Pak’s magisterially complete history of the idea of terraforming marks an important milestone in science fiction studies. He rightly sees the terraforming concept as the ideal test-bed for an astonishingly wide range of crucial gedankenexperiments in many fields. His analysis of the social, political, philosophical, spiritual, and moral dilemmas that the terraforming genre offers—humanity’s place in nature only the most obvious--makes this a book of importance far beyond the science fiction community.' Frederick Turner
Terraforming: Ecopolitical Transformations and Environmentalism in Science Fiction is the first study to trace the historical development of environmental science fiction, and it convincingly frames this development within the genre’s representation of planetary adaptation...Pak’s is a very good book.
Professor Eric Otto, Florida Gulf Coast University
'Pak’s magisterially complete history of the idea of terraforming marks an important milestone in science fiction studies. He rightly sees the terraforming concept as the ideal test-bed for an astonishingly wide range of crucial gedankenexperiments in many fields. His analysis of the social, political, philosophical, spiritual, and moral dilemmas that the terraforming genre offers—humanity’s place in nature only the most obvious--makes this a book of importance far beyond the science fiction community.' Frederick Turner
Terraforming: Ecopolitical Transformations and Environmentalism in Science Fiction is the first study to trace the historical development of environmental science fiction, and it convincingly frames this development within the genre’s representation of planetary adaptation...Pak’s is a very good book.
Professor Eric Otto, Florida Gulf Coast University
Research Interests: Environmental Science, Science Fiction, Ecology, Environmental Sustainability, Science Fiction and Fantasy, and 10 moreEthics of Geoengineering, Science-Fiction, Utopia and Science Fiction, Science Fiction Studies, Geoengineering, Horror, Fantasy Literature, Children's Literature and Science Fiction, Terraformation, Geoenvironmental Engineering, Terraforming, and Landscaping
Ed. John Parham, Adeline Johns-Putra and Louise Squire (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2017)
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Research Interests: Global cities, Utopian Studies, Science Fiction, Utopian Literature, Science Fiction and Fantasy, and 17 moreUtopianism, Ethics of Geoengineering, Utopia, Cities, City and Regional Planning, Sustainable Cities, Science-Fiction, Utopia and Science Fiction, Science Fiction Studies, Utopian, Dystopian, and Post-Apocalyptic Fiction, Geoengineering, Utopia/dystopia, Kim Stanley Robinson, Terraforming, Frederick Turner, H.G. Wells, and Geoengineering/Climate Engineering
Research Interests: Climate Change, Science Fiction, Science Fiction and Fantasy, Ethics of Geoengineering, Science Fiction Studies, and 11 moreGeoengineering, Rewilding, Terraforming, Sustainability, geoengineering, climate justice, Applied ethics, climate ethics, geoengineering, Climate ethics, geoengineering, Applied ethics, climate and weather ethics, geoengineering, Public Understanding of Geoengineering, Geoengineering/Climate Engineering, Geoengineering and Weather Modification, and Venus terraforming
Research Interests: Science Fiction, Science Fiction and Fantasy, Public Private Partnerships, Public Private Partnership, Commercial Uses of Outer Space, and 10 moreUtopia and Science Fiction, Science Fiction Studies, Public-Private Partnerships, Terraforming, Private Space Flight, Commercial Spaceflight, Space Ethics, Commercial Space Flight, Ethics of Space Exploration, and Outer space ethics
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[http://www.tandfonline.com/eprint/CgG6fCIpCbAepcPprdSK/full] Science fiction (sf) has explored visions of sustainable and unsustainable practices in the light of the transformations to society that technology brings. Through its... more
[http://www.tandfonline.com/eprint/CgG6fCIpCbAepcPprdSK/full]
Science fiction (sf) has explored visions of sustainable and unsustainable practices in the light of the transformations to society that technology brings. Through its capacity to create potentially educative spaces for reflection on a variety of ecological and environmental issues, sf can help answer the call for sustainability and sustainability science to expand its boundaries to include, not just ecological, economic, scientific and technological knowledge, but wider socio-political practices, lifestyles and thought from a variety of disciplines. This paper reconnoitres the engagement by writers such as H.G. Wells and John Brunner with themes and issues now incorporated into the sustainability debate, and considers how Frederick Pohl and C.M. Kornbluth, Ernest Callenbach and Kim Stanley Robinson portray the relationship between economics, society and the environment.
Science fiction (sf) has explored visions of sustainable and unsustainable practices in the light of the transformations to society that technology brings. Through its capacity to create potentially educative spaces for reflection on a variety of ecological and environmental issues, sf can help answer the call for sustainability and sustainability science to expand its boundaries to include, not just ecological, economic, scientific and technological knowledge, but wider socio-political practices, lifestyles and thought from a variety of disciplines. This paper reconnoitres the engagement by writers such as H.G. Wells and John Brunner with themes and issues now incorporated into the sustainability debate, and considers how Frederick Pohl and C.M. Kornbluth, Ernest Callenbach and Kim Stanley Robinson portray the relationship between economics, society and the environment.
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[http://www.tandfonline.com/eprint/CgG6fCIpCbAepcPprdSK/full] This article examines the motif of composting in Kim Stanley Robinson’s landmark Mars trilogy, a narrative of the colonisation and terraforming of Mars. It brings to bear... more
[http://www.tandfonline.com/eprint/CgG6fCIpCbAepcPprdSK/full]
This article examines the motif of composting in Kim Stanley Robinson’s landmark Mars trilogy, a narrative of the colonisation and terraforming of Mars. It brings to bear Thierry Bardini’s notions of bootstrapping and ‘junk’ and Jed Rasula’s notions of ‘wreading’ and the compost library to analyse the significance of compost and soil in characterisations of terraforming. This article demonstrates the fruitful correspondences between these two theoretical approaches and underlies their close fit with Damien Broderick’s notion of the science fictional megatext. Thinking about literary texts and the terraforming narrative in terms of compost or junk, this article demonstrates how these themes are linked to the fundamental utopian drive that underlies the desire to terraform other planets and to remake social worlds.
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terraforming, compost, Robinson, Bardini, Rasula, intertextuality
This article examines the motif of composting in Kim Stanley Robinson’s landmark Mars trilogy, a narrative of the colonisation and terraforming of Mars. It brings to bear Thierry Bardini’s notions of bootstrapping and ‘junk’ and Jed Rasula’s notions of ‘wreading’ and the compost library to analyse the significance of compost and soil in characterisations of terraforming. This article demonstrates the fruitful correspondences between these two theoretical approaches and underlies their close fit with Damien Broderick’s notion of the science fictional megatext. Thinking about literary texts and the terraforming narrative in terms of compost or junk, this article demonstrates how these themes are linked to the fundamental utopian drive that underlies the desire to terraform other planets and to remake social worlds.
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terraforming, compost, Robinson, Bardini, Rasula, intertextuality
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"Encyclopedia of Science Fiction Entries on: Mark Bould [http://www.sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/bould_mark] Robert Crossley [http://www.sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/crossley_robert] Michael Andre-Driussi... more
"Encyclopedia of Science Fiction Entries on:
Mark Bould [http://www.sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/bould_mark]
Robert Crossley [http://www.sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/crossley_robert]
Michael Andre-Driussi [http://www.sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/andre-driussi_michael]
Neil Easterbrook [http://www.sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/easterbrook_neil]
David Engebretson [http://www.sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/engebretson_david]
Richard D. Erlich [http://www.sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/erlich_richard_d]
Bud Foote [http://www.sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/foote_bud]
Carl Freedman [http://www.sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/freedman_carl]
Leslie A. Fiedler [http://www.sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/fiedler_leslie_a]
Danny Gresh [http://www.sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/gresh_danny]
S.T. Joshi [http://www.sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/joshi_s_t]
Sylvia Kelso [http://www.sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/kelso_sylvia]"
Mark Bould [http://www.sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/bould_mark]
Robert Crossley [http://www.sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/crossley_robert]
Michael Andre-Driussi [http://www.sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/andre-driussi_michael]
Neil Easterbrook [http://www.sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/easterbrook_neil]
David Engebretson [http://www.sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/engebretson_david]
Richard D. Erlich [http://www.sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/erlich_richard_d]
Bud Foote [http://www.sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/foote_bud]
Carl Freedman [http://www.sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/freedman_carl]
Leslie A. Fiedler [http://www.sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/fiedler_leslie_a]
Danny Gresh [http://www.sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/gresh_danny]
S.T. Joshi [http://www.sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/joshi_s_t]
Sylvia Kelso [http://www.sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/kelso_sylvia]"
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On authors Leigh Brackett, Fredric Brown, Howard Browne, Harlan Coben, Richard Condon, Norbert Davis, Roy Huggins, Frederick Nebel, William F. Nolan, Donald Westlake and Raoul Whitfield.
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This was the 2012 Foundation Essay Prize Winner.
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[http://www.forumjournal.org/article/view/644/929] Science fiction employs a distinctive language to engage speculatively yet critically with our contemporary world. Space, with its discrete planetary bodies and other cosmic objects,... more
[http://www.forumjournal.org/article/view/644/929]
Science fiction employs a distinctive language to engage speculatively yet critically with our contemporary world. Space, with its discrete planetary bodies and other cosmic objects, functions both as an emblem of science fiction and operates in a more general sense as a space in which to map social, ideological and ontological boundaries between cultures and between humanity and the universe. This is especially evident in narratives of terraforming. They engage with climate change and environmental philosophy and bring these discourses into contact with a postcolonial geopolitics that is reflected upon through the colonisation of other worlds. Science fiction makes use of plausible representations of science to build spaces on separate worlds where these issues can be confronted and alternative socio-political configurations entertained. This dynamic can be seen at the intersections between ecocritical and postcolonial theory in Kim Stanley Robinson's acclaimed Mars trilogy, comprising Red Mars, Green Mars and Blue Mars. In order to highlight the critical spaces put into play and the distinctive contribution science fiction makes to these issues, my point of entry will be the language of science fiction. I examine the megatextual trope of terraforming and the significance of Robinson's development of this motif before analysing specific chronotopes and the values connected to them. I then consider Edward Said's discussion of space and the Other to ask how Robinson's Mars trilogy operates as an exploration of dialogised spaces concerned with imagining socio-economic issues from ecocritical and postcolonial perspectives. First, however, I begin by considering M.M. Bakhtin's concepts of the chronotope and dialogism alongside Damien Broderick's notion of the science fiction megatext.
Science fiction employs a distinctive language to engage speculatively yet critically with our contemporary world. Space, with its discrete planetary bodies and other cosmic objects, functions both as an emblem of science fiction and operates in a more general sense as a space in which to map social, ideological and ontological boundaries between cultures and between humanity and the universe. This is especially evident in narratives of terraforming. They engage with climate change and environmental philosophy and bring these discourses into contact with a postcolonial geopolitics that is reflected upon through the colonisation of other worlds. Science fiction makes use of plausible representations of science to build spaces on separate worlds where these issues can be confronted and alternative socio-political configurations entertained. This dynamic can be seen at the intersections between ecocritical and postcolonial theory in Kim Stanley Robinson's acclaimed Mars trilogy, comprising Red Mars, Green Mars and Blue Mars. In order to highlight the critical spaces put into play and the distinctive contribution science fiction makes to these issues, my point of entry will be the language of science fiction. I examine the megatextual trope of terraforming and the significance of Robinson's development of this motif before analysing specific chronotopes and the values connected to them. I then consider Edward Said's discussion of space and the Other to ask how Robinson's Mars trilogy operates as an exploration of dialogised spaces concerned with imagining socio-economic issues from ecocritical and postcolonial perspectives. First, however, I begin by considering M.M. Bakhtin's concepts of the chronotope and dialogism alongside Damien Broderick's notion of the science fiction megatext.
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Research Interests: Gothic Literature, Gothic Studies, Science Fiction, Gothic Fiction and the horror film, Science Fiction and Fantasy, and 7 moreGothic Fiction, Contemporary Gothic Fiction, Speculative Fiction, Science-Fiction, Utopia and Science Fiction, Science Fiction Studies, and Science Fiction/Speculative Fiction
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Review of Andrew Milner's Locating Science Fiction
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Research Interests: New Media, Digital Media, Comics Studies, Comics, Science Fiction, and 13 moreComics/Sequential Art, Facebook, Online Journalism, Science Fiction and Fantasy, Comics and Graphic Novels, Google, Youtube, Online Media, Digital Marketing, Digital Story Telling, Iphones, Paywalls, and Virtual Revolution
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Keynote talk at the inaugural London Science Fiction Research Community conference.
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Research Interests: Human-Animal Relations, Posthumanism, Science Fiction, Science Fiction and Fantasy, Human-Animal Relationships, and 11 moreHuman-Animal Studies, Transhumanism/Posthumanism, Animals and non-humans, Posthumanist Ontology, Science-Fiction, Science Fiction Studies, Terraforming, Posthumanities, Pantropy, Posthumans, and Posthumanism and Transhumanism
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Research Interests: Digital Humanities, Digital Media, Corpus Linguistics, Critical Discourse Analysis, Twitter, and 7 moreAnimals and Animality, Corpus Linguistics and Discourse Analysis, Animals in Culture, Human-Animal Studies, Animals, New Media, Social Network Analysis, e-research, Link analysis, Social Network Sites, Twitter, Facebook, Political Communication, and Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA)
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As a fundamental source of energy for life, sunlight is central to the imagination of terraforming and biospheres in science fiction (sf). Suns signify the shared origin of life and matter and are often represented as objects of worship.... more
As a fundamental source of energy for life, sunlight is central to the imagination of terraforming and biospheres in science fiction (sf). Suns signify the shared origin of life and matter and are often represented as objects of worship. Its radiation makes it an ambivalent motif, being both a danger and a cause of mutations that prompt evolutionary adaptations. The growth of plant life, the greenhouse effect and climate change are all driven by the Sun. This fact is central to terraforming stories, which speculate on the possibilities of adapting worlds for habitation by Earthbound life, and for contemporary ideas about geoengineering as a form of climate change mitigation. Sf explores technologically based alternatives to societal infrastructures and imagines the social arrangements these alternatives are coupled with.
In this talk I examine how terraforming narratives have imagined the Sun's centrality as a source of energy for new life in works such as Frederick Turner’s Genesis and Kim Stanley Robinson’s 2312, among others. I aim to show how biospheres feature in these narratives and how they provide a model for the adaptation of planetary environments. I also consider how sf has melded scientific and metaphoric language to promulgate new myths based in science that attempt to locate humankind within a broad, evolutionary perspective to provide a narrative of our place in the universe.
In this talk I examine how terraforming narratives have imagined the Sun's centrality as a source of energy for new life in works such as Frederick Turner’s Genesis and Kim Stanley Robinson’s 2312, among others. I aim to show how biospheres feature in these narratives and how they provide a model for the adaptation of planetary environments. I also consider how sf has melded scientific and metaphoric language to promulgate new myths based in science that attempt to locate humankind within a broad, evolutionary perspective to provide a narrative of our place in the universe.
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Alternative histories create a ludic space where a game of allusion, extrapolation and speculation is played. They make salient aspects of society, culture and history that might otherwise have remained unremarked, hidden or difficult to... more
Alternative histories create a ludic space where a game of allusion, extrapolation and speculation is played. They make salient aspects of society, culture and history that might otherwise have remained unremarked, hidden or difficult to disentangle from “real-world” historical narratives. The jonbar point is a speculative leap that opens up an imaginative space where an estranged history that speaks back to issues of our contemporary world and our perspective on history can be traced. The influence of a “real-world” history remains a shadow throughout the alternative history, both because the reader can compare and contrast fictional, historical and experienced worlds, and because the narrative is paradoxically shaped against that history.
In Kim Stanley Robinson’s (2002) The Years of Rice and Salt, scenes set in the Bardo, an intermediate state between death and rebirth in Tibetan Buddhism, introduces a frame for reflecting on the game of history played out it the text. The figure of Monkey from Journey to the West emblematises the play of the alternative history. In this paper I examine the ways in which the alternate history is used to present history and the development of societies in the context of an absent Europe. I consider the use of textual strategies such as the narrative cohesion generated through the reincarnation of focal characters and explore several scenes to consider what they say about history and culture. Ultimately, I aim to explore how The Years of Rice and Salt portrays the actors who make up the story of history, how this history is itself characterised and what repercussions these explorations have for reading the stories that make up contemporary “real-world” history.
In Kim Stanley Robinson’s (2002) The Years of Rice and Salt, scenes set in the Bardo, an intermediate state between death and rebirth in Tibetan Buddhism, introduces a frame for reflecting on the game of history played out it the text. The figure of Monkey from Journey to the West emblematises the play of the alternative history. In this paper I examine the ways in which the alternate history is used to present history and the development of societies in the context of an absent Europe. I consider the use of textual strategies such as the narrative cohesion generated through the reincarnation of focal characters and explore several scenes to consider what they say about history and culture. Ultimately, I aim to explore how The Years of Rice and Salt portrays the actors who make up the story of history, how this history is itself characterised and what repercussions these explorations have for reading the stories that make up contemporary “real-world” history.
Research Interests: Utopian Studies, Science Fiction, Utopian Literature, Science Fiction and Fantasy, Utopianism, and 8 moreAlternate History, Alternate history (Literature), Utopia, Utopia and Science Fiction, Utopian, Dystopian, and Post-Apocalyptic Fiction, Utopia/dystopia, Kim Stanley Robinson, and Utopia/Distopia
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Composting Culture: Literature, Nature, Popular Culture, Science
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University of Hertfordshire, 2014.
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Research Interests: Religion, Speculative Literature, Popular Culture, Spirituality, Audience and Reception Studies, and 16 moreGender, Fan Studies, Science Fiction, Fantasy Literature, Science Fiction Film, Fan Cultures, Fandom, Cult television, Science Fiction and Fantasy, Speculative Fiction, Body Modification, Fanfiction, Fan Communities, Fan Charity, Horror, and Adaptation and Appropriation Theory
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Co-founder, treasurer and one of the principle organisers of CRSF, now a consultant for the conference. Aside from the organisation of the event, I chaired panels and presented papers. Visit the link above to read more about this... more
Co-founder, treasurer and one of the principle organisers of CRSF, now a consultant for the conference. Aside from the organisation of the event, I chaired panels and presented papers. Visit the link above to read more about this successful conference and ongoing plans for CRSF.