Tazama chanzo cha Lupus

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{{Infobox medical condition
| name            = Lupus
| synonym         = Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
| image           = Lupusfoto.jpg
| alt             =
| caption         = Young woman with the typical [[malar rash|butterfly rash]] found in lupus
| image_size      =
| image_thumbtime =
| pronounce       = {{IPAc-en|audio=Systemic lupus erythematosus pronunciation.ogg|s|ɪ|ˈ|s|t|ɛ|m|ɪ|k|_|ˈ|l|uː|p|ə|s|_|ˌ|ɛr|ɪ|θ|iː|m|ə|ˈ|t|oʊ|s|ə|s}} {{respell|sih|STEM|ik|_|LOOP|əs|_|ERR|i|thee|mə|TOH|səs}}
| specialty       = [[Rheumatolojia]]
| Dalili          = [[arthritis|viungo vinavyouma na vinavyovimba]], [[homa]], [[maumivu ya kifua]], [[kupoteza nywele]], [[vidonda vya mdomoni]], [[kuvimba kwa nodi za limfu]], [[fatigue (medical)|kuhisi uchovu]], [[upele]] mwekundu<ref name=NIH2015/>
| onset           = Umri wa miaka 15-45<ref name=NIH2015/><ref name=Dan2006/>
| duration        = Kwa muda mrefu<ref name=NIH2015/>
| causes          = Si wazi<ref name=NIH2015/>
| risks           =
| diagnosis       = Kulingana na dalili na vipimo vya damu<ref name=NIH2015/>
| differential    =
| prevention      =
| treatment       =
| medication      = [[Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug|NSAID (dawa zisizo za steroidi)]], [[corticosteroid]]s, [[immunosuppressive drug|immunosuppressants]], [[hydroxychloroquine]], [[methotrexate]]<ref name=NIH2015/>
| prognosis       = Uhai wa miaka 15 ~ 80%<ref name=Cle2012/>
| frequency       = 2–7 kwa kila 10,000<ref name=Dan2006/>
| deaths          =
}}

'''Lupus''', kitaalamu hujulikana kama '''systemic lupus erythematosus''' (kifupi: '''SLE'''), ni ugonjwa wa autoimmune, ambapo [[Mfumo wa kingamaradhi|mfumo wa kingamwili]] hushambulia kimakosa tishu zenye afya katika sehemu nyingi za mwili.<ref name="NIH2015">{{Cite web|title=Handout on Health: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus|url=http://www.niams.nih.gov/health_info/Lupus/default.asp|work=www.niams.nih.gov|accessdate=12 June 2016|date=February 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617162703/http://www.niams.nih.gov/Health_Info/Lupus/default.asp|archivedate=17 June 2016}}</ref> Dalili zake hutofautiana kati ya watu na zinaweza kuwa chini hadi kali sana.<ref name="NIH2015" /> Dalili zake za kawaida ni pamoja na maumivu na kuvimba kwa viungo, [[homa]], maumivu ya kifua, [[Hair loss|kupoteza nywele]], [[Mouth ulcer|vidonda vya mdomo]], [[Swollen lymph node|kuvimba kwa nodi za limfu]], [[Fatigue (medical)|kuhisi uchovu]] na [[Rash|upele]] mwekundu ambao mara nyingi hupatikana kwenye uso.<ref name="NIH2015" /> Mara nyingi kuna vipindi vya ugonjwa huu kuwa mkali ([[Flare-up|flares)]], na vipindi vya kupokuwepo dalili zake (remission) ambapo kuna dalili chache tu.<ref name="NIH2015" />

Sababu zake haziko wazi <ref name="NIH2015" /> na inafikiriwa kuhusiana na jeni pamoja na mambo ya kimazingira.<ref name="Lancet2014">{{Cite journal|last=Lisnevskaia|first=L|last2=Murphy|first2=G|last3=Isenberg|first3=D|date=22 November 2014|title=Systemic lupus erythematosus.|journal=Lancet|volume=384|issue=9957|pages=1878–88|citeseerx=10.1.1.1008.5428|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(14)60128-8|pmid=24881804}}</ref> Miongoni mwa watoto [[Twin study|mapacha wanaofanana]], ikiwa mmoja wao ameathiriwa, kuna uwezekano wa 24% kwaba huyo mwingine ataathiriwa pia.<ref name="NIH2015" /> Homoni za jinsia za kike, mwanga wa jua, uvutaji sigara, [[Vitamin D deficiency|upungufu wa vitamini D]] na maambukizo fulani pia yanaaminika kuongeza hatari zake.<ref name="Lancet2014" /> Mfumo huu unahusisha [[Autoantibody|mwitikio wa kinga]] ambapo kingamwili hushambulia tishu za mtu mwenyewe.<ref name="NIH2015" /> Hizi kwa mara nyingi ni [[Anti-nuclear antibody|kingamwili za kupambana na nyuklia]] na husababisha kuvimba.<ref name="NIH2015" /> Utambuzi wake unaweza kuwa mgumu na unategemea mchanganyiko wa dalili na vipimo vya maabara.<ref name="NIH2015" /> Kuna idadi ya aina nyingine za lupus erythematosus ikiwa ni pamoja na lupus erithematosus, [[Neonatal lupus|ugonjwa wa lupus ya ngozi ya mviringo (discoid lupus erythematosus)]], na [[Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus|ugonjwa wa lupus wa ngozi wa muda wa kati (subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus)]].<ref name="NIH2015" />

Ugonjwa huu hauna tiba, na matibabu yake yanaweza kujumuisha dawa zisizo za steroidi (NSAIDs), kortikosteroidi (corticosteroids), [[Immunosuppressive drug|dawa za kuzuia mfumo wa kinga (immunosuppressants)]], hidroksiklorokwini (hydroxychloroquine) na methotrexate.<ref name="NIH2015" /> Ingawa kortikosteroidi (corticosteroids) hufanya kazi vizuri kwa haraka, matumizi yake ya muda mrefu husababisha madhara.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Davis|first=Laurie S.|last2=Reimold|first2=Andreas M.|date=April 2017|title=Research and therapeutics—traditional and emerging therapies in systemic lupus erythematosus|journal=Rheumatology|volume=56|issue=suppl_1|pages=i100–i113|doi=10.1093/rheumatology/kew417|pmc=5850311|pmid=28375452}}</ref> Dawa mbadala haijaonyeshwa kuathiri ugonjwa huu.<ref name="NIH2015" /> Umri wa kuishi ni mdogo kati ya watu wenye SLE.<ref name="Murphy2013">{{Cite journal|last=Murphy|first=G|last2=Isenberg|first2=D|date=December 2013|title=Effect of gender on clinical presentation in systemic lupus erythematosus.|journal=Rheumatology (Oxford, England)|volume=52|issue=12|pages=2108–15|doi=10.1093/rheumatology/ket160|pmid=23641038|doi-access=free}}</ref> SLE huongeza kwa kiasi kikubwa hatari ya [[Ugonjwa wa moyo|ugonjwa wa moyo na mishipa]], na hii ikiwa sababu ya kawaida ya kifo.<ref name="Lancet2014" /> Kwa matibabu ya kisasa, karibu 80% ya walioathiriwa wanaishi zaidi ya miaka 15.<ref name="Cle2012">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4LeX_5Vwy-4C&pg=PA969|title=The Cleveland Clinic Intensive Review of Internal Medicine|date=2012|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|isbn=9781451153309|edition=5|page=969|access-date=13 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200107200243/https://books.google.com/books?id=4LeX_5Vwy-4C&pg=PA969|archive-date=7 January 2020}}</ref> Wanawake walio na lupus wana mimba ambazo ni hatari zaidi lakini nyingi zake hufanikiwa.<ref name="NIH2015" />

Kiwango cha SLE hutofautiana kati ya nchi kutoka 20 hadi 70 kwa kila 100,000.<ref name="Dan2006" /> Wanawake wa umri wa kuzaa huathirika mara tisa mara nyingi zaidi kuliko wanaume.<ref name="Lancet2014" /> Ingawa kwa kawaida huanza kati ya umri wa miaka 15 na 45, aina mbalimbali za umri zinaweza kuathirika.<ref name="NIH2015" /><ref name="Dan2006">{{Cite journal|last=Danchenko|first=N.|last2=Satia|first2=J.A.|last3=Anthony|first3=M.S.|date=2006|title=Epidemiology of systemic lupus erythematosus: a comparison of worldwide disease burden|journal=Lupus|volume=15|issue=5|pages=308–318|doi=10.1191/0961203306lu2305xx|pmid=16761508}}</ref> Wale wenye asili [[Demographics of Africa|ya Kiafrika]], [[Visiwa vya Karibi|Karibea]], na Wachina wako katika hatari zaidi kuliko watu weupe.<ref name="Lancet2014" /><ref name="Dan2006" /> Viwango vya magonjwa katika nchi zinazoendelea havijulikani wazi.<ref name="Tif2013">{{Cite journal|last=Tiffin|first=N|last2=Adeyemo|first2=A|last3=Okpechi|first3=I|date=7 January 2013|title=A diverse array of genetic factors contribute to the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus.|journal=Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases|volume=8|pages=2|doi=10.1186/1750-1172-8-2|pmc=3551738|pmid=23289717}}</ref> Lupus ni neno la Kilatini linalomaanisha "mbwa mwitu": ugonjwa huu ulipewa jina hili katika karne ya 13, kwani upele huu ulifikiriwa kwamba una mwonekano kama ule wa kuumwa na mbwa mwitu.<ref name="Chab2013">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OUAD3KKPRwIC&pg=PA610|title=The Language of Medicine|last=Chabner|first=Davi-Ellen|date=2013|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-1455728466|page=610|access-date=2020-08-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200107200158/https://books.google.com/books?id=OUAD3KKPRwIC&pg=PA610|archive-date=2020-01-07}}</ref>

== Marejeo ==
<references />
[[Jamii:magonjwa]]

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