Harvey Neo

Abstract While enchantment has been used productively to think through the geographies of social encounter, extant research – drawing largely from cases in the West – has reinforced a celebratory notion of enchantment, characterized by egalitarianism and serendipity. In this paper we draw ethnographically on encounters between Malay and Chinese users of two street football courts in Singapore, a non-Western context where principles of public interaction converge with but also exceed those in the West. In so doing we aim to advance existing debates by conceptualizing enchantment as it is negotiated and constituted, rather than asking if observed occurrences live up to dominant interpretations. We find that enchantment can be experienced through the construction, perpetuation and negotiation of boundaries; it is also a product of enduring rhythms in space that are produced and developed via the interactions of its users over time. In specifying the different ways in which enchantment is created, negotiated and lived we contribute to signalling the validity of expansive notions of publicness i.e. the different ways in which encounter in public space can be made meaningful and fulfilling.

Vegetarianism is viewed by its advocates as ethical food consumption par excellence. Yet the steady, albeit modest, growth in vegetarians worldwide is paradoxically set against an increase in global meat consumption. This study draws on the literature of ethical consumption to illuminate the practical challenges in vegetarianism advocacy. Research on ethical food consumption focuses on three main lines of inquiry, namely how is ethical food defined; under what socio-spatial conditions do consumers choose to consume (or not consume) ethical food and what ends do consumers hope to achieve by consuming ethically. This article details the discursive framings of anti-meat advocacy and shows how such framings fall short of presenting vegetarianism as a form of ethical food consumption. The challenges in persuading consumers to stop meat consumption (as opposed to merely reducing consumption) are well known. In this paper, I highlight a less discussed challenge, relating to the lack of ‘real’ substitutes for meat, in anti-meat advocacy. Through a discussion of what I will call the problem of ‘meaningful substitution’, I address a comparatively under-explored question in ethical food consumption research: what is the relative (ethical) relationship between two products? Addressing this question sheds light on our very definition of ethical product and consumption, as well as the challenges of ethical consumption advocacy. Through a series of in-depth interviews with vegetarians (both advocates and non-advocates) in Taipei, Taiwan, I conclude that the various moral and nature-based framings of vegetarianism, as a form of ethical food consumption, are weakened by the lack of a meaningful substitute. More broadly, the study speaks to the practical politics and policies in the effective promotion of ethical consumption.

Corporate Environmental Governance and Financial Performance Relationship (S V Valentine & V Savage) Implementation of ISO 14001 Environmental Management System in Vietnam (D M Anh & G Ofori) Policies and Legal Frameworks of Protected Area Management in Nepal (B L Dutt et al.) Study of Parks and Nature Reserves Fiscal Management Models (C Ng & M L C Lee) Marine Invasive Dpecies and their Potential Impacts on Singapore Waters (M K Puthia et al.) Aquaculture Management in Thua Thien Hue Province, Vietnam: Environmental Considerations (T T M Hang & L M Chou) Cost Benefit Analysis of Mining in Protected Forest: A Case Study in Indonesia (S Irawan & Y-H Chang) A Green Energy Policy and New Electricity Market of Singapore (A H F Ong & Y-H Chang) Hazardous Waste Management for Ho Chih Minh City (D T Trang & Y P Ting) Management of Electronic Waste in Singapore (Y S Chan & Y P Ting) and other papers.

Drawing on the debate over dolphin captivity in Singapore, we examine the ways in which human–animal relationships are contested. Departing from most animal geography studies which often focused on the conflictual spatial transgressions of animals into human spaces, we use the idea of ‘captivity’ as a heuristic to posit that human–animal relationships are necessarily moral, spatially enmeshed in contestations over what is (un)natural and increasingly entwined in legal geographies. While such an argument mirrors other sites of animal captivity (for example, zoos), dolphin captivity sits in a more ambiguous legal terrain than most other captive animals in zoos. Moreover, the very ‘nature’ of dolphins makes debates over their ‘authenticity’ ever more complex. The moralities of cetaceans are simultaneously underpinned by questions of the spatial (‘captive sites’ and ‘open seas’), the socio-cultural (‘charismatic animals’) and the legal (‘regulatory frameworks governing their welfare and whether they are endangered or not’). Hitherto, cetaceans are less researched (compared to terrestrial creatures) in animal geographies with even fewer studies focusing on cetacean captivity. We call for an expanded notion of ‘captivity’ that is relative, relational and non-absolute and underpinned by the notions of ‘nature’. In so doing, we align ourselves more with the anti-captivity camp.

R ecent Books on Ethics and Internati onal A f fa i rs In 2 0 01, the 1 1,0 0 0 c i ti zens of the arch ipel a go of Tuva lu—a small island state cons i s ting of nine islands in the Pac i f i c O ce a n — a n n o u n ced that they would begi n to em i gra te from their hom eland in 2 0 02. What was most notewort hy abo ut this a n n o u n cem ent was the claim that they would be doing so as “envi ron m en t a l ref u gee s .” Cl i m a te ch a n ge has made thei r island inhospitabl e : Mel ting gl ac i ers and the thermal ex p a n s i on of the ocean have ra i s ed sea levels causing lowland flood i n g, coastal ero s i on , and saltwater intru s i on on the islands; h i gh er su rf ace water tem peratu res have re su l ted in an increase in trop ical cycl ones du ring the last dec ade . So they wi ll leave . The case of Tuva lu is one of a small but growing nu m ber of re a l world scen a rios that ex pose several ethical qu e s ti ons rel evant to gl obal envi ron m ental govern a n ce . For ex a mp l e , can citi zens of an en ti re state be compen s a ted for the loss of t h eir terri tory, w ay of l i fe , and cultu re? Who should be re s pon s i bl e for com pen s a ting the citi zens of Tuva lu ? How do events in Tuva lu influ en ce our n o ti on of s overei gn ty and our ethical eva lua ti on of n a ti onal re s ponses to gl obal issu e s su ch as cl i m a te ch a n ge? Can ex i s ting gl ob a l i n s ti tuti ons deal with these types of qu e sti on s , or do we need new insti tuti ons or new s tru ctu res for intern a ti onal govern a n ce ? G l obal envi ron m ental govern a n ce is curren t ly a popular topic among envi ron m en t a l Governing for the Envi ro n m ent: Gl obal Probl em s ,Et h i cs and Dem o cra c y, Brendan Gleeson and Nicholas Low, eds. (Hampshire: Palgrave Publishers Ltd., 2001), 255 pp., $65 cloth. The boo k , h owever, does not explain how the Am erican mach i n ery for making mu l til a teral policy grew ru s ty and part ly abandon ed . One re a s on is the decline in influ en ce and re ach of the State Dep a rtm en t’s Bu re a u of In tern a ti onal Orga n i z a ti on Af f a i rs . An o t h er is that, in con trast to the diplom a tic servi ces of a ll other com p a ra ble nati on s , the U. S . Forei gn Servi ce has no formal spec i a l i z a ti on in intern a ti onal or ga n i z a ti on s and mu l ti l a teral diplom acy for its mem bers . An important part of Am erican ambiva l en ce tow a rd mu l ti l a teralism is the growing inabi li ty of the Un i ted States to make re a l i s ti c , cons i s ten t , and well con s i dered mu l ti l a tera l po l i c y. A good analysis of t h i s , and recomm en d a ti ons for its cure , would have made the book even more va lu a ble for practi ti oners and spec i a l i s t s . Even so, this book is indispen s a ble for a nyone seri o u s ly intere s ted in the dangerous and ti m ely com p l ex of probl ems and a t ti tu des it ad d re s s e s . Non Am eri c a n s s tru ggling to understand the od d i ties of U. S . mu l ti l a teral beh avi or wi ll find it espec i a lly usef u l . Those trying to find a way back to ra ti onal Am erican parti c i p a ti on in the i n tern a ti onal insti tuti ons and proce s s e s that world crises and dangers demand wi ll n eed mu ch more fact finding and analys i s of this kind and at the high standard this book has set . —John L. Washburn United Nations Association

Abstract: This paper details the construction of the pig and the pig industry in Malaysia. It argues that a pattern of ���animal-linked racialization��� continually polices the boundary between the dominant, elite Malay-Muslim hegemony and the comparatively less powerful Chinese pig farmers. Often subtle and implicit, such beastly racialization, drawing frequently from religious and nationalist tropes, renders visible the taboo subjects of race and racism in Malaysia. While a simplistic form of beastly racialization in relation to the pig industry is ...

The urban sustainability agenda is engaged at some levels with the two concepts of ecological modernisation and urban entrepreneurialism. While they share certain important commonalities (for example, the emphasis on what is normatively understood as ‘right’ policy-making), each has largely progressed on its own intellectual trajectory. It is suggested that the concepts of ecological modernisation and urban entrepreneurialism are crystallised and concretised in the idea(l) form of the ‘eco-city’ through the search for an ‘urban sustainability fix’ in urban China. Although the idea of constructing an ‘eco-city’ has been mooted since the 1980s, the concept remains somewhat elusive and controversial for a number of reasons. First, while its physical form and design appeal have often been promoted by urban planners, architects and government officials, the deeper normative tenets of building an eco-city are surprisingly ignored. Secondly, the lack of an ‘actually existing’ or successful...

Foreword Alice J. Hovorka 1. Introduction Jody Emel and Harvey Neo Part 1: The 'Livestock Revolution': Geographies and Implications 2. Evolution of a Revolution: Meat Consumption and Livestock Production in the Developing World Ian MacLachlan 3. Cattle ranching development in the Brazilian Amazon: Looking at Long-term Trends to Explore the Transition towards Sustainable Beef Cattle Production Pablo Pacheco and Rene Poccard-Chapuis 4. The Political Ecology of Factory Farming in East Africa Elizabeth Waithanji 5. A Changing Environment for Livestock in South Africa Emma R.M. Archer van Garderen, Charles L. Davis and Mark A. Tadross Part 2: Environmental Justice and Meat Production/Consumption 6. Meat and Inequality: Environmental Health Consequences of Livestock Agribusiness Ryan Gunderson 7. Can't Go to the Fountain No More: Pigs, Nitrates and Spring Water Pollution in Catalonia David Sauri and Hug March 8. Environmental Injustice in the Spatial Distribution of Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations: A Case Study from Ohio, USA Julia Lenhardt and Yelena Ogneva-Himmelberger 9. Neoliberal Governance and Environmental Risk: 'Normal Accidents' in North Carolina's Hog Industry Elizabeth Stoddard Part 3: Biopolitics, Knowledge, and the Materialism of Meat 10. Breed Contra Beef: the Making of the Piedmontese Cattle Annalisa Colombino and Paolo Giaccaria 11. Biopower and an Ecology of Genes: Seeing Livestock as Meat via Genetics Lewis Holloway 12. Cows, Climate and the Media Keith Lee, Joshua P. Newell, Jennifer R. Wolch and Pascale Joassart Marcelli 13. The Political Science of Farm Animal Welfare in the US and EU Connie Johnston 14. Battling the Head and the Heart: Constructing Knowledgeable Narratives of Vegetarianism in Anti-meat Advocacy Harvey Neo Part 4: The Governance of Meat Production Systems 15. Producing Halal Meat: the Case of Halal Slaughter Practices in Wales, UK Mara Miele and Karolina Rucinska 16. Roundtabling and the Greening of the Global Beef Industry: Lessons from the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) Adrienne Johnson 17. Contesting Urban Agriculture: the Politics of Meat Production in the License-Buy-Back Scheme (2006-2007) in Hong Kong Kin Wing Chan 18. Complications and Implications of Mitigating Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Livestock Chris Rosin and Mark H. Cooper 19. Domestic Farmed Fish Production: An Overview of Governance and Oversight in the US Aquaculture Industry Paula Daniels and Colleen McKinney 20. Conclusion Jody Emel and Harvey Neo

Ongoing human���long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis) conflicts in Bukit Timah Nature Reserve, Singapore, have seen native macaques significantly affected, as residential development encroaches into animals' habitat, destroying important wildlife corridors. The search for a more humane treatment of these transgressive animals can be seen as an attempt to extend and include non-human animals within humanistic notions of ethics and care, in the process destabilizing the assumed divide between human/animal. Yet, a ...

In a report released in 2009, Greenpeace (2009) stated that the cattle sector in the Amazon is the single largest driver of global deforestation, responsible for 14 percent of world's annual deforestation and 80 percent of all deforestation in the Amazon. The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization's 2006 study, Livestock's Long Shadow, revealed that the livestock sector releases 18 percent of greenhouse gas emissions (measured in CO2 equivalent)���more than the transportation sector (FAO 2006). The pollution, animal cruelty, ...

Ongoing human���long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis) conflicts in Bukit Timah Nature Reserve, Singapore, have seen native macaques significantly affected, as residential development encroaches into animals' habitat, destroying important wildlife corridors. The search for a more humane treatment of these transgressive animals can be seen as an attempt to extend and include non-human animals within humanistic notions of ethics and care, in the process destabilizing the assumed divide between human/animal. Yet, a ...

Vegetarianism is viewed by its advocates as ethical food consumption par excellence. Yet the steady, albeit modest, growth in vegetarians worldwide is paradoxically set against an increase in global meat consumption. This study draws on the literature of ethical consumption to illuminate the practical challenges in vegetarianism advocacy. Research on ethical food consumption focuses on three main lines of inquiry, namely how is ethical food defined; under what socio-spatial conditions do consumers choose to consume (or not consume) ethical food and what ends do consumers hope to achieve by consuming ethically. This article details the discursive framings of anti-meat advocacy and shows how such framings fall short of presenting vegetarianism as a form of ethical food consumption. The challenges in persuading consumers to stop meat consumption (as opposed to merely reducing consumption) are well known. In this paper, I highlight a less discussed challenge, relating to the lack of ‘real’ substitutes for meat, in anti-meat advocacy. Through a discussion of what I will call the problem of ‘meaningful substitution’, I address a comparatively under-explored question in ethical food consumption research: what is the relative (ethical) relationship between two products? Addressing this question sheds light on our very definition of ethical product and consumption, as well as the challenges of ethical consumption advocacy. Through a series of in-depth interviews with vegetarians (both advocates and non-advocates) in Taipei, Taiwan, I conclude that the various moral and nature-based framings of vegetarianism, as a form of ethical food consumption, are weakened by the lack of a meaningful substitute. More broadly, the study speaks to the practical politics and policies in the effective promotion of ethical consumption.

Drawing on the debate over dolphin captivity in Singapore, we examine the ways in which human–animal relationships are contested. Departing from most animal geography studies which often focused on the conflictual spatial transgressions of animals into human spaces, we use the idea of ‘captivity’ as a heuristic to posit that human–animal relationships are necessarily moral, spatially enmeshed in contestations over what is (un)natural and increasingly entwined in legal geographies. While such an argument mirrors other sites of animal captivity (for example, zoos), dolphin captivity sits in a more ambiguous legal terrain than most other captive animals in zoos. Moreover, the very ‘nature’ of dolphins makes debates over their ‘authenticity’ ever more complex. The moralities of cetaceans are simultaneously underpinned by questions of the spatial (‘captive sites’ and ‘open seas’), the socio-cultural (‘charismatic animals’) and the legal (‘regulatory frameworks governing their welfare and whether they are endangered or not’). Hitherto, cetaceans are less researched (compared to terrestrial creatures) in animal geographies with even fewer studies focusing on cetacean captivity. We call for an expanded notion of ‘captivity’ that is relative, relational and non-absolute and underpinned by the notions of ‘nature’. In so doing, we align ourselves more with the anti-captivity camp.

The urban sustainability agenda is engaged at some levels with the two concepts of ecological modernisation and urban entrepreneurialism. While they share certain important commonalities (for example, the emphasis on what is normatively understood as ‘right’ policy-making), each has largely progressed on its own intellectual trajectory. It is suggested that the concepts of ecological modernisation and urban entrepreneurialism are crystallised and concretised in the idea(l) form of the ‘eco-city’ through the search for an ‘urban sustainability fix’ in urban China. Although the idea of constructing an ‘eco-city’ has been mooted since the 1980s, the concept remains somewhat elusive and controversial for a number of reasons. First, while its physical form and design appeal have often been promoted by urban planners, architects and government officials, the deeper normative tenets of building an eco-city are surprisingly ignored. Secondly, the lack of an ‘actually existing’ or successfully implemented eco-city project suggests the considerable amount of resistance and difficulties (in terms of planning, politics, economic costs, etc.) that the concept encounters in practice. To that end, the paper examines various green urban initiatives in reform China before focusing on the example of Shanghai’s Dongtan eco-city project (an entrepreneurial urban prestige-project jointly developed by the British and Chinese governments) to examine the challenges and contradictions of an urban sustainability fix in the guise of eco-city building in China.

This paper examines how the modelling of green urbanism is spatially manifested in flagship eco-city projects such as the Sino-Singapore Tianjin eco-city (SSTE) project. As part of a multi-scalar process that taps into a host of mobile policy networks and ‘quick fix’ urban policy solutions that circulate around the world, such eco-flagship prestige projects serve as powerful sites for the convergence of the boundaries between the social and technical and are highly symbolic places charged with the formidable task of constructing purportedly new forms of ecological urban imagineering and socio-ecological lifeworlds. But to the extent that these eco-flagship projects are often underwritten by state-business growth coalition and driven by (green) entrepreneurial objectives, these urban ecological spaces are also necessarily implicated in broader normative debates and the challenge of constructing sustainable and socially just urban futures. As David Harvey has pointed out, insofar as all environmental-ecological arguments are arguments about society and, therefore, complex refractions of all sorts of struggles being waged on other realms, eco-cities in China both reflect and embody the multiple contradictory tensions inherent in contemporary Chinese society.

Fish protein is projected to make up increasing proportions of our protein intake in the years to come with increasing supply coming from aquaculture. Despite its fast increasing economic importance, there is a relative paucity of research on aquaculture from the standpoint of economic geography. This paper contributes to this literature by first reviewing the socio-economics of certification of fish and the role of aquaculture in economic development – two of the more pervasive research strands in aquaculture. Following that, we show how global commodity chain perspectives can augment geographical research on aquaculture. We argue that despite some shortcomings, the global commodity chain approach is a viable approach to examine the aquaculture industry because of its ability to elucidate the uneven and contested nature of commodity and other resource flows between the production, distribution, and consumption nodes and its potential to analyze the impacts of the wider regulatory and institutional environment on the industry.

ABSTRACT. The world's meat market has had tremendous growth in the past decades. Global meat producers, particularly in developed economies, have grown bigger through expansion, mergers and acquisitions. The livestock markets in less developed countries are particularly the prime targets for investments by these producers. This article looks at foreign direct investment in a transitional economy, using Poland's pig industry as the empirical case study.

At its simplest, ‘subcontracting’ occurs when a company outsources some of its operations and functions to others. These contracts include production, service support, and in some cases, research and design. Yet, the nature of subcontracting as a mode of economic production varies dramatically across different industries, spatial scales, places, and impacts. In view of the immense scope of this topic, in this article, I hope to highlight and illuminate a few significant strands and key contentions of the subcontracting literature. First, I will illustrate the varieties and increasing complexity of subcontracting since its early roots in the pre-industrialization era. Second, I will attempt to explain why firms choose to subcontract. Third, I will also mention briefly other cognate concepts (e.g. ‘trust’ and ‘agglomeration’) which play a role in explaining the nature of subcontracting relationships. Where possible, I will also discuss the extent to which subcontracting relationships are inequitable. Finally, I will use the case study of contract farming in the livestock industry to illustrate the various contentions surrounding subcontracting as a form of economic production and organization.