Prof. Nagwa Mohamed A . Aref

Atlas of Ultrastructure Interaction Proteome Between Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus and Gold Nanoparticles includes ultrastructure electron micrographs of the interaction of proteomes between barley yellow dwarf virus (bionanoparticles) and gold nanoparticles (metal nanoparticles) obtained by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Over six chapters, the book expresses and illustrates the behavior and effects of these two kinds of nanoparticles inside the most important organelles of plant cells. The advantages of using gold nanoparticles as an inert metal therapy against plant virus particles include high efficacy with good tolerability and improvement of plant performance that leads to the disappearance of virus particles inside the plant cells.

a set of genes composed of either DNA or RNA composed of either DNA or RNA packages in a protein containing coat The resulting particle    Virion Virion Virus reproduction: virus particle infects a cell & Virus reproduction: virus particle infect a cell & program the cellular machinery to synthesize the constituents required for the assembly of new virions    considered an intracellular parasite intracellular parasite

The present study is conducted to investigate the effect of salicylic acid at two concentrations, ie 100μΜ and 200μΜ on ToMV virus infection on four cultivars of tomato plants, three were local (Bascal-Star-Crystal), genetically constant as compared with one ...

Photosynthesis is a crucial process for plants on earth that changes light energy to chemical energy. Virus infection can cause dramatic photosynthesis changes: respiration and the translocation of carbohydrates and other substances around the host plant. Chlorosis in virus-infected leaves like Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus (BYDV- PAV).infection can result from damage to chloroplasts resulting from inhibition of photosynthetic activity. Our present study combines TEM and chlorophyll-level content in the presence of Gold nanoparticles (AuNPS) to explore the repair mechanism for the yellowing leaf symptom development caused by infection with BYDV- PAV by illustrating TEM micrographs; showing fragmentized grana, deformation of the myelin like bodies (MLB), many vesicles; osmiophilic lipid granules/plastoglobulus, starch body, and plasmolysis in the chloroplast, distribution of AuNPs & VLPs near and inside the chloroplast. Mitochondria, Double-membrane-bound organelle, Distorted mitochondri...

Cellular ultrastructure micrographs revealed striking changes resulting from the Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus (BYDV-PAV) infection in Electron microscopy. In the cytoplasm, the Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) may bind with different cytoplasmic organelles and interfere with the treated site’s metabolic processes. The micrographs of the treated plant leave with AuNPs showing; Endosomes, amorphous bodies, slender filaments fibers, myelin bodies with a high concentration of virus particles, and Gold Nanoparticles distributed in a circulated shape in the cytoplasm with virus particles.

ABSTRACT The high surface-area-to-volume ratios of silver nanoparticles create unique physical,chemical,mechanical, and quantum size effect properties. the effect of (Ag NPs) on the interaction between phage and bacterial host by assessing the phage bacteriolytic activity using P.F.U/ml. as well as recording the damage that will occurred for the bacterial host cell or virus particle by EM. Silver nitrate dissolved in trichlorobenzen .The size distribution by intensity and the total average size (Ag NPs) was (4971 nm) in the aqueous solution of (0.02 mg/ml) concentration were tested in zetasizer machine (Zeta sizer nano series HT / serial no.: MAL1034318/ made in U.K). It was also showed that Ag+ binds to functional groups of proteins, resulting in protein denaturation. We tried to have a moderate concentration of (Ag NPs) that bacteria could tolerate and phage could invade therefore, we used the diluted (Ag NPs) aqueous solution with zeta potential (-0.06 mv) and negative charge. size distribution by intensity for our aqueous (Ag NPs) solution, had a good indication of size (NPs) with average size of 5.156 nm by TEM . The effect of (Ag NPs) measured in (P.F.U/ml) on the individual phages as well as mixture of them showed significant degrees for all. These four different individual phage isolates named (PNSX1), (PNSX2), (PNSX3) and (PNSX4) were isolated from 14 samples from different fresh ground beef sources in Riyadh. It was performed by spot and plaque assay P.F.U/ml tests .the isolated Phages were restricted to Staphylococcus xylosus. These results indicated phages (PNSX1), (PNSX2) and (PNSX4) that were referred to family Siphoviridae but one phage (PNSX3) was referred to family Myoviridae according to the measurements of size and the shape that revealed in the electron micrographs for each phage by TEM. All the phage genomes were ds- DNA with Mw of 40.000bps. One of the most significant active super phage was (PNSX1) in P.F.U/ml with (3.3x10-5) On the other hand phage (PNSX3) showed the lowest significant phage bacteriolytic activity P.F.U/ml with (2x10-6). The super phage (PNSX1) possessed high concentration of virus particles from purification (260/280= 1.050) compared to the lowest one phage (PNSX3) that had (260/280= 1.003). This one had low efficiency in attacking bacteria with low yield. The mixture of four phages had highly significant phage bacteriolytic activity at P≤0.01 (409 P.F.U/ml) but this mixture was lower than super phage (PNSX1) in its efficiency in invading bacterial cells. The application of Ag NPs that had a good distribution in the concentration (0.02 mg/ml) could not had that much effects on the bacterial cell alone but could interfere with virus receptors and dissociate virus particles. We observed the effect of (Ag NPs) on bacteria only and on both (phage +bacteria) by both P.F.U/ml on plat and TEM. Bacterial cell membrane had irregular pits. Bacterial host formed Conglomerates from Ag NPs alone or from both Ag NPs and phage inside the bacteria cells. The Architecture of icosahedra capsid protein of the head of phage was dissociated and disassembled into capsomeres or protein subunits according to the negative charge of silver nanoparticles .As well as the complex symmetry of the contractile studied phages was dissociated into many heads and tails and distributed in the bacterial cytoplasm. AgNps had helper effects for Staphylococcus xylosus in the incidence of phage invaders. The most significant affected weak phage was (PNSX3) followed by (PNSX4), mixture, (PNSX2) and (PNSX1). It means that the bacterial phage receptors interacted with negative charge of (Ag NPs) to have some sort of limitation preventing bacteriophages from invading the bacterial cell wall of gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus xylosus. This was confirmed by TEM. Each phage had different response towards (Ag NPs). However, inhibition depends on the concentration of the silver nanoparticles.

Genotyping is considered an important tool for epidemiological and clinical studies. The biological differences between genotypes make genotyping important for decision-making regarding disease management and therapeutic intervention. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) shows a remarkable genetic diversity, contributing to its high persistence and varied susceptibilities to antiviral treatment. Nowadays, there is not enough conducted database in Saudi Arabia for having correlated pre-treatment viral load with HCV genotypes. Therefore, this study was performed to identify the prevalence of different HCV genotypes/Subtypes and pre-treatment HCV RNA viral load in HCV infected patients from selected areas of Saudi Arabia. The aim of the study is to assess Real-Time PCR as a predictor variant for a good understanding correlation between HCV genotypes prevalence, which is required for boasting improved, and sustained virological response (SVR). Data of this study was tested for correlation between HC...

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection characterized by profound CD4+ T cell destruction compromised mucosal barrier function and chronic immune activation. In Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) considers a significant public health problem. Our study design incorporated sixty-six AIDS Saudi patients under Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART1) and after 6-12 months (HAART2), twenty healthy persons as a control. We measure subset lymphocyte cells by flow cytometry, CD3+4+ T cells, CD3+ 8+ T cells, and CD16+/CD56+ ratio were high significantly lower than controls in HARRT1 and HAART2 treatment (P ≤ 0.01). COBAS AmpliPrep assessed quantitation of HIV-1 RNA viral load in plasma, also Screening of Human leukocyte antigens antibodies (Panel reactive antibody (PRA)) measured by Luminex 100. There were no significant differences in class I, class II antibodies under the differences between groups, since the indication level value attained...

Interleukin-17 (IL-17) is a prototype member of new cytokine secreted by activated Helper (CD4+) and Suppressor (CD8+)T lymphocytes which involved in the proliferation, maturation, and chemotaxis of neutrophils. The expression level of IL-17 as a mediator of innate immunity needs to be considered compared to other proinflammatory cytokines in the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrom (AIDS) patients under Antiretroviral (ARV) therapy. IL-17 may play protective roles in host defense against HIV pathogenesis and promote induction of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) responses. Moreover induced immune reconstitution in the gut mucosa. The experimental design was from 66 blood samples drawn from AIDS patients who were under medication with Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) for six months (HAART1) and followed up for another six months (HAART2) compared to 20 healthy individuals. The absolute counts (cells/µl) of lymphocytes subsets in whole blood were identified and determined by BD F...

In Saudi Arabia, as a result of using blood donation screening tests, the prevalence of CHC has decreased over the last decade. Moreover, the use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques as a screening tool for blood donors is likely to enhance the decrease in the rate of HCV transmission. Our biomarkers studied included liver function tests compare the HCV viral loads in the serum and six studied interleukins; IL6, IL9, IL10, IL22, IL33 and IFN-γ cytokines in the patient's group.Also, the study included a comparison between the liver function tests with cytokines levels in 57 patients CHC and 31 healthy control (HC). Interleukins showed different response toward CHC infection according to their percentage change concentration in pg/ml of plasma samples. These are as following: IL10 (33.9%), IL33 (30.0%0), IL6 (26.6%), IL9 (25.7%), IL22 (17.0%) and IFN-ɤ (2.4%). IL-33 had a decrease in its level up to 69.72 pg/ml in CHC group after treatment compared to that of HC group wit...

Staphylococcus aureus is one of the major causes of community and hospital acquired infections. As well as bacteriophage considered as a major risk factor acquires S. aureus new virulence genetic elements for it. A total number of 119 S. aureus isolates obtained from Riyadh Military Hospital. And were studied for phage typing and the incidence of toxin genes by PCR. Methicillin Resistant S. aureus isolates (MRSA) indicated high special prevalence of phage group II with a highly increase for phage type Ø3A compared to MSSA. Phage group II on Methicillin Sensitive S. aureus isolates (MSSA) considered an epidemiologic marker with frequent strong reaction compared to group III and phage group I. Phage type Ø75 may play an important role in a combination with Ø80 or/ Ø81 by having PVL toxin to be CMRSA lineages. 68% of S. aureus isolates had toxins. The most prevalent toxins were SEO, in 50.8% in MSSA & 25% in MRSA isolates. SEI was detected in 40.3% in MSSA & 29.1% in MRSA isolates. Als...

Plants have been used as medicines since the time immemorial, among which Olea europaea products are widely available. Six essential oil extracts were tested for antiviral activities in Datura metel. The selected oils were Olive Leaf Extract (OLExt),Cinnamon, Clove, Black seed, Cedar, and Walnut oil. Datura metel was used as model host for TMV strain. The highest antiviral activity was observed in OLExt triggering physiological markers in Datura metel and showing reduced number and size of necrotic local lesion. Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) revealed the presence of three main compounds Iridoid glycosides, polysaccharides and phenolic acids in OLExt. Datura leaves were further analyzed for physiological markers. Among amino acids; alanine and serine found increased along with a significant rise in glutamine up to 7.16 nmol/Kg DWT and methionine 0.128 Kg DWT in OLExt treated. There was an obvious increase in the lead, zinc, Chlorophyll A (from 1.75 to 1.93 mg/gm), tota...

-Determination of strains of Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV) AND Bean common mosaic necrosis virus (BCMNV) in common bean growing areas of samsun province and screening some bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars for resistance levels to BCMV and BCMN by Deligöz, İ., Black Sea Agricultural Research Institute, Samsun (Turkey)(2007) in tr

To assess the correlation between serum HBsAg titers and hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA levels in patients with hepatitis B envelop antigen-negative (HBeAg -ve) HBV genotype-D (HBV/D) infection. A total of 106 treatment- naïve, HBeAg -ve HBV/D patients were included; 78 in the inactive carrier (IC) state and 28 in the active hepatitis (AH) stage. HBV DNA load and HBsAg titers were tested using TaqMan real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and automated chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay, respectively. The median (range) log10 HBsAg titer was significantly lower in the IC group compared with AH group, 3.09 (-1 to -4.4) versus 3.68 (-0.77 to 5.09) IU/mL, respectively; P < 0.001. The suggested cutoff value of HBsAg titer to differentiate between the two groups was 3.79 log10 IU/mL. In addition, there was a significant positive correlation between HBsAg and HBV DNA levels in the whole cohort, AH, and IC groups (r = 0.6, P < 0.0001; r = 0.591, P = 0.001; and r = 0.243, P = 0.032, respectively). Serum HBsAg titers may correlate with HBV DNA in treatment-naïve HBeAg -ve HBV/D patients, and supports the use of HBsAg levels in clinical practice as a predictor of serum HBV DNA levels.

Background/Aim: To assess the correlation between serum HBsAg titers and hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA levels in patients with hepatitis B envelop antigen-negative (HBeAg −ve) HBV genotype-D (HBV/D) infection. Patients and Methods: A total of 106 treatment- naïve, HBeAg −ve HBV/D patients were included; 78 in the inactive carrier (IC) state and 28 in the active hepatitis (AH) stage. HBV DNA load and HBsAg titers were tested using TaqMan real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and automated chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay, respectively. Results: The median (range) log10 HBsAg titer was significantly lower in the IC group compared with AH group, 3.09 (−1 to -4.4) versus 3.68 (−0.77 to 5.09) IU/mL, respectively; P < 0.001. The suggested cutoff value of HBsAg titer to differentiate between the two groups was 3.79 log10 IU/mL. In addition, there was a significant positive correlation between HBsAg and HBV DNA levels in the whole cohort, AH, and IC groups (r = 0.6, P < 0....

Interleukin-17 (IL-17) is a prototype member of new cytokine secreted by activated Helper (CD4 +) and Suppressor (CD8 +)T lymphocytes which involved in the proliferation, maturation, and chemotaxis of neutrophils. The expression level of IL-17 as a mediator of innate immunity needs to be considered compared to other proinflammatory cytokines in the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrom (AIDS) patients under Antiretroviral (ARV) therapy. IL-17 may play protective roles in host defense against HIV pathogenesis and promote induction of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) responses. Moreover induced immune reconstitution in the gut mucosa. The experimental design was from 66 blood samples drawn from AIDS patients who were under medication with Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) for six months (HAART1) and followed up for another six months (HAART2) compared to 20 healthy individuals. The absolute counts (cells/µl) of lymphocytes subsets in whole blood were identified and determined by BD FACS Canto II TM flow cytometer. EMD Millipore's MILLIPLEX MAP Human Th17 Magnetic Bead Kit utilized for the simultaneous quantification of Plasma levels of the following cytokines: IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-21, IL-22, interferon gamma (IFN-γ), and Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α). The number of CD3 + 4 + T cells count was high significantly lower at P=0.001 for both groups of HIV/AIDS patients than control (960.41 cells/µl). The mean cell count for HAART1 was 567.22 cells/µl with the percent change of 41%. HARRT2 indicated 511.17 cells/µl with percent change of 46.8% with steady horizontal direction during treatment. A considerable increase improvement was noticeable during HAART2 treatment in the level of the following cytokines in pg/ml IL-17F, INF-γ, IL-10, IL-17A, IL-22, IL-2, IL-21 IL-4, IL-6, and TNF-α compared to control. It was evident for IL-17 A by Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis which indicated 12.230pg/ml as a cutoff value of IL-17A during HAART2. The specificity and sensitivity of the test were 79.1% and 93.9% respectively, which necessitates using IL-17A as a progression marker during ARV therapy in HIV/AIDS patients. In HAART2, the percentage of IL-17 level elevated up to 67% compared to control. Also, IL-17A showed the cutoff of value was 12.230pg/ml with the specificity (79.1%) and sensitivity (93.9%). IL-17 plays protective roles in host defense against infectious diseases. It decreases the risk of infectious complications that allows effective therapies for treating inflammatory disorders. Accordingly, IL-17 recommended as a marker during one-year treatment with ARV therapy. It may rebuild the immune equilibrium in HIV/AIDS patients slowly.

In Saudi Arabia, as a result of using blood donation screening tests, the prevalence of CHC has decreased over the last decade. Moreover, the use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques as a screening tool for blood donors is likely to enhance the decrease in the rate of HCV transmission. Our biomarkers studied included liver function tests compare the HCV viral loads in the serum and six studied interleukins; IL6, IL9, IL10, IL22, IL33 and IFN-γ cytokines in the patient's group.Also, the study included a comparison between the liver function tests with cytokines levels in 57 patients CHC and 31 healthy control (HC). Interleukins showed different response toward CHC infection according to their percentage change concentration in pg/ml of plasma samples. These are as following: IL10 (33.9%), IL33 (30.0%0), IL6 (26.6%), IL9 (25.7%), IL22 (17.0%) and IFN-ɤ (2.4%). IL-33 had a decrease in its level up to 69.72 pg/ml in CHC group after treatment compared to that of HC group with 99.62 pg/ml. IL-33 was thus proposed to function as a novel alarmin (intracellular alarm signal released upon cell injury) to alert the immune system of tissue damage following trauma or infection. Moreover, levels of IL-33 serum correlated with the concentrations of ALT and AST in CHC patients. Plasma ALT and AST level were significantly higher in the CHC patient group than in the control group (54.8±48.1 IU/L vs. 33.4± 27.1 IU/L, p<0.009 and 50.3±45.5 IU/L vs. 27.5± 21.7 IU/L, p<0.002). IL6, IL9, and IL22 levels were found to correlated with treatment resistance to PEG-IFN/RBV therapy. Moreover, viral load had no correlation with patient's gender and age as well as with liver function tests (AST: 0.595, ALT: 0.882, ALP 0.232, DB: 0.362, GGT: 0.326, ALB: 0.829, TB: 0.469). In conclusion, the current study suggests that IL33 can use as an indicator for detecting the response of patients with CHC to combinational treatment to support the results of liver function tests and viral load and to detect the response of patients to therapy and the progression of the disease.

Programed cell death resembles a real nature active defense in Datura metel against TMV after three days of virus infection. This adaptive plant immune response was quantitatively assessed against Tomato Mosaic Virus infection by the following physiological markers; Chlorophyll-a (mg/ g), Chlorophyll-b (mg/g), total protein (mg/g), hydrogen peroxide H 2 O 2 (lmol/100 mg), DNA (lg/100 mg), RNA (lg/100 mg), Salicylic acid (lg/g), and Comet Assays. Parameters were assessed for asymptomatic healthy and symptomatic infected detached leaves. The results indicated H 2 O 2 and Chlorophyll-a as the most potential parameters. Chlorophyll-a was considered the only significant predictor variant for the H 2 O 2 dependent variant with a P value of 0.001 and R-square of 0.900. The plant immune response was measured within three days of virus infection using the cutoff value of H 2 O 2 (61.095 lmol/100 mg) and (63.201 units) for the tail moment in the Comet Assay. Their percentage changes were 255.12% and 522.40% respectively which reflects the stress of virus infection in the plant. Moreover, H 2 O 2 showed 100% specificity and sensitivity in the symptomatic infected group using the receiver-operating characteristic (ROC). All tested parameters in the symptomatic infected group had significant correlations with twenty-five positive and thirty-one negative correlations where the P value was <0.05 and 0.01. Chlorophyll-a parameter had a crucial role of highly significant correlation between total protein and salicylic acid. Contrarily , this correlation with tail moment unit was (r = À0.930, P < 0.01) where the P value was <0.01. The strongest significant negative correlation was between Chlorophyll-a and H 2 O 2 at P < 0.01, while moderate negative significant correlation was seen for Chlorophyll-b where the P value < 0.05. The present study discloses the secret of the three days of rapid transient production of activated oxygen species (AOS) that was enough for having potential quantitative physiological parameters for defensive plant response toward the virus.

The method of inhibiting a plant virus using gold nanoparticles is a method of inducing plant resistance against viral disease caused by Barley Yellow Mosaic Virus (BYMV) particles by introducing a therapeutically effective amount of polydispersed gold nanoparticles to the plant through a mechanical abrasive, wherein the average effective diameter of the nanoparticles is between about 0.5 nm and 200 nm and wherein the gold nanoparticles are present at a concentration of about 1.0.times.10.sup.-5 g/ml to about 6.times.10.sup.-4 g/ml, and wherein the gold nanoparticles melt and dissolve the virus particles.

The pathogenic bacteria are responsible for most critical medical issues cause dangerous kind of disease to the human. Colostrum contains a high concentration of nutrients and elements of the immune system as a prominent component of the mucosal defense system whose expression is upregulated in response to inflammatory stimuli. Six pathogenic bacteria Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Enterococcus faecalis were selected from ATCC according to their pathogenicity and virulence. The bacterial viability and bacterial counts were studied against raw and filtrated colostrum. Klebsiella pneumonia and Enterococcus faecalis were excluded from further studies due to the lack of disc diffusion reaction. The largest inhibition zone of 8.5 mm was recorded against Staphylococcus aureus by camel colostrum. Lethal dose for Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus was recorded as~6x108/1ml CFU/ml, ~9.5x108/0.5ml CFU/ml, 9x108/0.5 ml CFU/ml and 12x108/1.5ml CFU/ml respectively.
The efficacy of three different colostra injected intraperitoneally in rats was studied by measuring the induced inflammatory cytokines. In vivo experiment Camel colostrum, Bovine colostrum, and a combination of both (Mix) were used for triggering the correct balance survival in the rats. Two pro-inflammatory cytokines ( INF-ɤ and TNF-α ) were used as indicators by ELISA and IL-10  levels were assessed as an anti-inflammatory cytokine.  Each pathogenic bacterium varied in its induction in vivo, and survival percentage for three colostra. The best survival effect was found in camel colostrum and mix for all bacteria (83% in E-coli -100% in MRSA). The immunomodulatory effect of pro-inflammatory INF- ɤ cytokines with three tested colostra varied due to the bacterial species. Mix colostrum triggered an efficient immune response as compared to the bovine or camel colostrum. In E. coli bacterial infection with bovine and with mixed colostrum, IFN-ɤ elevated up to 0.12 Pg. /ml in the Mix but was 0.06 Pg. /ml in Bovine. At the end of the trial(L); IFN-ɤ exhibited a steady level of the immune response in mix treatment (93.750 Pg. /ml) in colostrum mix only as well as the same value was 93.750 Pg. /ml in Bacteria with Mix. In Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Mix colostrum was noticed to be a vital element for inducing  INF-ɤ alone with 17.82 Pg/ml during the study time(M). Moreover, Mix with bacteria treatment showed a higher titer of  IFN-ɤ after primer stimulation having  32.22 Pg/ml. IFN-ɤ in Staphylococcus aureus raised up to 78.10 Pg/ml in mix Colostrum and bacteria compared to 17.82 Pg/ml in mix colostrum. In bacterial infection with bovine colostrum, IFN-ɤ elevated only to 23.76 Pg/ml. MRSA also indicated a high value of IFN-ɤ that raised to 78.13 Pg/ ml in mix Colostrum and bacteria. E- coli for both Camel and mix colostrum stimulate TNF- α with various levels. The highest enhancement was for camel colostrum in all treatments which had 0.56 Pg/ml, 0.57 Pg/ml, and 0.60 Pg/ml for Colostrum, Bacteria, and Colostrum with Bacteria respectively. In Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the highest enhancement of TNF- α was detected in camel colostrum in all treatments compared with a mix which had 0.56 pg./m, 1.54 pg./m, and 1.00 pg./m for Colostrum, Bacteria, and Colostrum with Bacteria respectively. P. aeruginosa, triggered TNF- α after 24 h with  1.171 pg./m. compared to 0.828 Pg./m with colostrum. The most efficient value was noticed with colostrum and bacteria (8.931 pg. /m). In the case of S. aureus, the highest enhancement was for camel colostrum in all treatments compared with a mix which had 0.56 pg./m., 1.21 pg./m and 0.50 pg./m for Colostrum, Bacteria, and Colostrum with Bacteria respectively. For MRSA, TNF- α raised up to 0.56 Pg. /m for camel Colostrum compared to 0.03 Pg./m  in mix colostrum. The best-elevated value of TNF- α indicated 0.69 Pg. /m with camel colostrum injected with the MRSA. IL-10 was also estimated and varied according to the induction of each bacterial infection.  In E.coli, Mix colostrum alone triggered the immune response more than the other treatments which were 83.30 Pg. /m. The most increased one in the mix was in Bacteria with colostrum that had 1000.0 Pg. /m at the last period. IL-10 started to increase after 24h in the bacterial infection with 80.3080 Pg. / m. Moreover, colostrum continues to induce IL-10 from 7days-25 days up to 166.60 Pg./m. In the presence of P. aeruginosa, Mix colostrum alone was noticed to trigger the immune system by raising IL-10 with 83.30 Pg/ml during the study time. While S.aureus with colostrum mix treatment and Colostrum with Bacteria indicated the same immune reaction that was 166.63  in (M:  7-25 days) Pg/ ml and raised up to 750.00 Pg/ml until for one month. MRSA in Colostrum mix triggers the immune system for IL-10 during the extended period the same as S.aureus. And Bovine colostrum activated IL-10 only after 24 h. 0.810 Pg/ ml.
The activity of IFN-ɤ increased twice to 0.837 pg. /ml in Camel colostrum compared to Hep-surface antigen vaccine that has 0.477 pg. /ml. IL-10 was 0.125 with immunization by Hep-B- Surface Antigen but interestingly was 0.947 pg. /ml by camel colostrum immunization. The activity of TNF- α concentrations was 0.813 for Hep-surface antigen vaccine and increased to 1.665 pg. /ml with camel colostrum.
The study aims to develop a natural therapeutic colostral treatment against microbes. The use of natural Camel colostrum supplement as an immunostimulant was found more efficient than Hep-B- Surface Antigen vaccine for stimulating the cytokines. Furthermore; it improves our understanding of the host's innate immune response against G+ and G- pathogens by using colostrum in the model rat system.