Biomedicine

A simple and versatile method for the synthesis of 1,5-benzodiazepines is via condensation of o-phenylenediamines (OPDA) and ketones in the presence of catalytic amount of H-MCM-22 using acetonitrile as solvent at room temperature. In all the cases, the reactions are highly selective and are completed within 1–3 h. The method is applicable to both cyclic and acyclic ketones without significant differences. The reaction proceeds efficiently under ambient conditions with good-to-excellent yields.

A Reader in Medical Anthropology: Theoretical Trajectories, Emergent Realities brings together articles from the key theoretical approaches in the field of medical anthropology as well as related science and technology studies. The editors' comprehensive introductions evaluate the historical lineages of these approaches and their value in addressing critical problems associated with contemporary forms of illness experience and health care. Presents a key selection of both classic and new agenda-setting articles in medical ...

A simple and versatile method for the synthesis of 1,5-benzodiazepines is via condensation of o-phenylenediamines (OPDA) and ketones in the presence of catalytic amount of H-MCM-22 using acetonitrile as solvent at room temperature. In all the cases, the reactions are highly selective and are completed within 1–3 h. The method is applicable to both cyclic and acyclic ketones without significant differences. The reaction proceeds efficiently under ambient conditions with good-to-excellent yields.

The objective of the present article is to determine the specific characteristics of the established international legal framework for the application of genetic technologies and to identify general guidelines that influence states' policies in this area. Genetic technologies evolve rapidly, raising a number of ethical and legal issues and directly affecting human rights. At the universal level, there is still no international treaty containing uniform rules in this field. At the regional level, the experience of the Council of Europe deserves further study. National approaches to the legal regulation of applying genetic technologies differ since States retain a great deal of discretion in regulating these issues. Though the Council of Europe Member States enjoy a margin of appreciation in regulating the use of genetic technologies, a number of common distinctive features underlying the international legal framework in this area can still be singled out. These are informed consent, prohibition of reproductive human cloning, prohibition of germ line modification with certain exceptions. They arise primarily from the Oviedo Convention, the Protocols thereto and the ECtHR practice. Soft law documents adopted at the UN, UNESCO and the Council of Europe contribute to the process of their formation, too, but to a lesser extent. The efforts undertaken at the European and universal level shape modern international legal regulation in the field and set up the course of action for States to follow.

This paper examines cancer through the lens of abjection. While cancer can be understood as an abject lifeform, we explore what we name the abject ontologies created through both cancer detection technologies/practices and cancer treatment, specifically the drug combination Adriamycin and Cytoxan. We ask: what are the abject ontologies produced through living with and living on from cancer diagnosis and treatment? Our concern is to map how cancer undoes our supposedly stable categories inherited from modernist logic, challenges our very ideas of what it means to be human, and demands an ethical reorientation of public cancer discourse.

Aflatoxin M 1 (AFM 1) is a hepatocarcinogen found in the milk of lactating animals that have ingested feed contaminated with aflatoxin B 1 (AFB 1). In this study, a global systematic review was conducted to collect and evaluate the quantitative data regarding the prevalence and concentration of AFM 1 in several types of cheeses produced with milk from cows and goats. According to the findings, the rank order of AFM 1 concentration was cow's cheeses (13,000.00 ng/kg) > mixed cow-goat-sheep cheeses (7214.71 ng/kg) > goat's-milk cheeses (178.30 ng/kg). The rank order of AFM 1 contamination based on the cheese texture was hard (14,000.00 ng/kg) > semi-hard (2175.03 ng/kg) > soft (533.71 ng/kg) > semi-soft (70.30 ng/kg). The higher prevalence of AFM 1 was reported for soft (53%) and mixed cow-goat-sheep (51%) cheeses while compared with other types of cheeses. Importantly, the AFM 1 concentrations in all types of cheese except semi-soft cheese and goat's milk cheese were exceeded the recommended level. Thus, stringent control regarding animal feed, milk production, and cheese processing as well as storage conditions should be carried out, aiming at reducing the AFM 1 in cheeses.

Ethnopharmacological relevance: Ethnopharmacology focuses on the understanding of local and indigenous use of medicines and therefore an emic approach is inevitable. Often, however, standard bio-medical disease classifications are used to describe and analyse local diseases and remedies. Standard classifications might be a valid tool for cross-cultural comparisons and bioprospecting purposes but are not suitable to understand the local perception of disease and use of remedies. Different standard disease classification systems exist but their suitability for cross-cultural comparisons of ethnomedical data has never been assessed. Depending on the research focus, (I) ethnomedical, (II) cross-cultural, and (III) bioprospecting, we provide suggestions for the use of specific classification systems. Materials and methods: We analyse three different standard biomedical classification systems (the International Classification of Diseases (ICD); the Economic Botany Data Collection Standard (EBDCS); and the International Classification of Primary Care (ICPC)), and discuss their value for categorizing diseases of ethnomedical systems and their suitability for cross-cultural research in ethnopharmacology. Moreover , based on the biomedical uses of all approved plant derived biomedical drugs, we propose a bio-medical therapy-based classification system as a guide for the discovery of drugs from ethnopharma-cological sources. Results: Widely used standards, such as the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) by the WHO and the Economic Botany Data Collection Standard (EBDCS) are either technically challenging due to a ca-tegorisation system based on clinical examinations, which are usually not possible during field research (ICD) or lack clear biomedical criteria combining disorders and medical effects in an imprecise and confusing way (EBDCS). The International Classification of Primary Care (ICPC), also accepted by the WHO, has more in common with ethnomedical reality than the ICD or the EBDCS, as the categories are designed according to patient's perceptions and are less influenced by clinical medicine. Since diagnostic tools are not required , medical ethnobotanists and ethnopharmacologists can easily classify reported symptoms and complaints with the ICPC in one of the "chapters" based on 17 body systems, psychological and social problems. Also the biomedical uses of plant-derived drugs are classifiable into 17 broad organ-and therapy-based use-categories but can easily be divided into more specific subcategories. Conclusions: Depending on the research focus (I-III) we propose the following classification systems: I. Ethnomedicine: Ethnomedicine is culture-bound and local classifications have to be understood from an emic perspective. Consequently, the application of prefabricated, "one-size fits all" biomedical classification schemes is of limited value.? II. Cross-cultural analysis: The ICPC is a suitable standard that can be applied but modified as required.? III. Bioprospecting: We suggest a biomedical therapy-driven classification system with currently 17 use-categories based on biomedical uses of all approved plant derived natural product drugs.?

The purpose of this research is to characterize the prevalence of intestinal parasites in children between two to ten years old, and its relation with their nutritional status. 123 children were assessed, from a secondary school in the town of Galapa at the Atlantico department, in the Colombian Caribbean region (Colombia). After informed consent from their parents, after children were weighed and carved, stool samples were collected in triplicate/duplicate. Samples were processed using the sedimentation technique by centrifugation and kato katz. Our results showed parasitism in 39% of the population with a 38% of the individuals infected by protozoa and a 0.8 % with helminths. Analysis by gender showed that there were not statistical significant difference with 20.3% boys were infected compared with 17.1% of the girls. Furthermore, parasites prevalence was not statistically different when analyzed by gender. The parasites with the highest prevalence were: Giardia duodenalis (7.7 %), Blastocystis spp (6.8 %) and Endolimax nana (3.0 %) and children were found infected with polyparasitism by G. duodenalis + Blastocystis spp (1.7 %) y Entamoeba histolytica + Endolimax nana (0.4 %). The children that presented parasitism had a normal size and average weight of 124.8 cm 27.5g respectively. Most children with parasitism had a normal nutritional status (21.1 %), some were overweight (8.1 %) and obesity (4.9 %), and there were no children at risk of thinness and malnutrition. Our findings suggest that there is not significant correlation between the presence of parasites and the dietary habits in this population.

LncRNAs (Long noncoding RNAs) are novel group of ncRNAs and has been discovered to be pervasively transcripted in the genome, characterized as endogenous cellular RNAs consist of more than 200 nucleotides. They are ordered in view of function, transcript length, relation with protein-coding genes and other functional DNA elements, and subcellular localization. Theranostics is a novel study in medicine that combines specific targeted biomolecules based upon molecular-based test. As novel finding in the field of molecular medicine, lncRNA is indispensable tools in theranostics based medicine that allows specific targeting of molecular pathway for diagnostics and therapeutics. LncRNAs may execute as signals, decoys, guides, and scaffolds in their natural capacities. LncRNA expression is controlled by transcriptional and epigenetic factors and processes. LncRNAs also relate detracting biological programs. Here we reviewed lncRNAs in disorders/diseasest horoughly based on CONDBITs perspectives, i.e.: cardiology, oncology, neurology and neuroscience, dermatology, the biology of molecular and bioinformatics, immunology, and technologies (related with "-omics"; transcriptomics and "nano"; nanotechnology). It was narrated the lncRNA biomarkers that abundant in cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, dermatology, and immunology perspective. However, as cancer is the most widely studied disease, more biomarkers are available for this particular case. There are abundant cancer-associated lncRNAs. The most frequent learned lncRNA molecules in cancer are HOTAIR, MALAT1, LincRNA-p21, H19, GAS5, ANRIL, MEG3, XIST, HULC. LncRNAs in cancer diagnosis and monitoring, e.g.: H19 and AA174084 (gastric), HULC (hepatocellular), PCA3 (prostate). Prognostic lncRNAs, e.g.: HOTAIR and NKILA (breast), MEG3 (meningioma), NBAT-1 (neuroblastoma), SCHLAP1 (prostate). LncRNAs predicting therapeutic responsiveness, e.g.: CCAT1 (colorectal), HOTAIR (ovarian). Thus, it is concluded that the CONDBIT perspective is useful to describe the encouraging outlook of this transcriptomics-based medicinal approach. ABSTRAK LncRNAs (Long noncoding RNAs) ialah kumpulan ncRNA yang novel dan banyak ditranskripsikan daripada genom serta dicirikan sebagai RNA endogen yang mengandungi lebih daripada 200 nukleotida dalam sel. Spesies RNA tersebut adalah terkawal dari segi fungsi, panjang transkrip, hubungan dengan gen yang mengekodkan protein dan unsur DNA lain yang berfungsi serta lokasi dalam bahagian subsel. Theranostik pula merupakan bidang kajian yang novel dalam perubatan yang menggabungkan biomolekul sasaran khusus berdasarkan ujian molekul. Sebagai penemuan baru dalam bidang perubatan molekul, lncRNA merupakan molekul sasaran dalam bidang perubatan theranostik yang membolehkan penemuan tapak jalan molekul yang spesifik untuk tujuan diagnostik dan terapeutik. LncRNAs dapat bertindak sebagai molekul isyarat, umpan, pandu dan perancah secara semula jadi. Pengekspresan LncRNA adalah di bawah kawalan tranksripsi dan faktor serta proses epigenetik. LncRNAs juga menghubungkaitkan program biologi. Di sini, kami mengulas kefungsian lncRNAs dalam penyakit kegagalan secara terperinci dari perspektif CONDBITs iaitu kardiologi, onkologi, neurologi and neurosains, dermatologi, biologi molekul and bioinformasi, imunologi, dan teknologi (berkenaan dengan "-omik"; transkriptomik dan "nano"; nanoteknologi). Penanda biologi lncRNA dilaporkan banyak terdapat dalam perspektif kardiovaskular, neurodegeneratif, dermatologi, and imunologi. Kanser sebagai penyakit yang telah banyak dikaji, semakin banyak penanda biologi telah ditemukan untuk penyakit ini. Terdapat banyak lncRNAs yang berkait rapat dengan kanser. Antara yang kerap dikaji adalah HOTAIR, MALAT1, LincRNA-p21, H19, GAS5, ANRIL, MEG3, XIST, HULC. LncRNAs yang banyak digunakan untuk diagnosis dan pengawasan kanser adalah seperti H19 and AA174084 (gastrik), HULC (hepatoselular), PCA3 (prostat). LncRNAs prognostik pula termasuk HOTAIR and NKILA (payu dara), MEG3 (meningioma), NBAT-1 (neuroblastoma), SCHLAP1 (prostat). LncRNAs yang digunakan untuk menjangka tindak balas terhadap rawatan adalah seperti CCAT1 (colorectal), HOTAIR (ovarian). Oleh itu, perspektif CONDBIT adalah sangat berguna untuk memerihalkan pendekatan yang berdasarkan transkriptomik.

Polyphenols are attributed to multiple biological activities that providenutritional and therapeutical benefits. The present paper is a descriptive review focused on polyphenolic chemical structural aspects contributing to explain biological and biochemical functions offered by these phytochemicals. Element conformation differences, ring modifications, the presence of specific functional groups, and the tridimensional chemical arrangement are fundamental to explain specific effects presented by polyphenols. The anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory actions of polyphenols suggest that basic chemical reactions and element re-organization are important in understanding their function, well-known polyphenols such as quercetin, curcumin, and catechin have been evaluated in multiple studies. Moreover, anti-bacterial and anti-viral activities have been proven to be dependent on hydroxylation, methoxylation, and alkylation of several polyphenol ring components. Polyphenols extracted from tea, ...

This review paper highlights the recent updates of the fragrant camphor tree (Cinnamomum camphora) and camphor oil is used as a medicine for controlling many human diseases, relief of pain, inflammation and irritation in the body and skin. It can also be very effective in treating and preventing some serious, life threatening diseases. Recently medicinal plants (sweet worm wood; Artemisia annua) containing camphor essential oil has been tested against corona virus (SARS-CoV-2) disease (Covid-19). Commercially, camphor is very important with many biological properties and is used as a topical ointment since camphor is a very toxic substance and oral consumption of camphor should be avoided.

Os estados intersexuais e as decisões em torno de quais procedimentos devem ser adotados com pessoas nesta “condição” constituem tema de acirrado debate nos campos da biologia, psicologia e biomedicina e fonte de intensas disputas no campo social e moral. As disputas de saberes e práticas envolvem diferentes conflitos bioéticos, como o consentimento de pacientes e/ou familiares para as intervenções médicas, o acesso à verdade sobre a condição, os critérios para a designação sexual e a necessidade de definição do sexo para o registro civil do recém-nascido. Atualmente, o manejo clínico dos casos de intersexualidade está pautado em torno de dois modelos: a) Modelo Centrado no Sigilo e Cirurgia (MCSC), proposto por John Money, e b) Modelo Centrado no Paciente (MCP), proposto por Milton Diamond . O MCSC foi desenvolvido a partir dos anos 1950 com base no pressuposto da na preponderância da socialização e da centralidade da anatomia genital na definição da identidade de gênero do indivíduo. O MCP surge nos anos 1990 como uma proposta alternativa, tanto em termos de fundamentação teórica, como em termos éticos. Baseado na teoria da sexualidade inata definida pela influência hormonal durante o período pré-natal é decorrência de um processo de crítica e revisão ética desencadeados pela revelação dos desdobramentos negativos do caso John/Joan e pelo nascente ativismo intersexo nos Estados Unidos. As normativas que orientam esse manejo clínico, como a Resolução do Conselho Federal de Medicina, no Brasil, e o Consenso de Chicago, adotam aspectos desses modelos. Para melhor conhecer a problemática realizou-se uma análise dos diferentes argumentos mobilizados acerca desses modelos nos discursos biomédicos, teóricos feministas e do ativismo intersexo. Adotou-se como estratégia metodológica investigar as concepções de sexo, gênero e sexualidade nas obras de John Money e Milton Diamond, e compreender em que medida essas concepções se relacionam com e influenciam sua proposta de manejo clínico da intersexualidade, e apresentar uma reflexão crítica tanto a seus pressupostos teóricos, na voz de teóricas feministas, quanto às questões éticas implicadas em seus modelos de tratamento da intersexualidade, em diálogo com o movimento intersexo. Para tal, buscou-se a literatura dos originais dos principais teóricos/as identificados, combinada com a pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, nacional e internacional, de estudos sobre a intersexualidade disponíveis em bases bibliográficas acadêmicas na Internet. Para análise bioética dos dois princípios identificados como preponderantes na discussão do manejo clínico da intersexualidade – autonomia e beneficência - adotou-se a perspectiva da teoria ética biomédica dos quatro princípios, largamente conhecida e empregada no meio biomédico e bioético, facilitando o diálogo com diversos atores que atuam diretamente nesse manejo clínico. Conclui-se que a crítica feminista à acepção biomédica do binarismo de sexo e gênero, aliada à perspectiva do construcionismo social, foi importante subsídio para a formulação da perspectiva crítica do manejo clínico da intersexualidade, até então hegemonicamente definido pelo MCSC. O MCP defende o adiamento das cirurgias estéticas em genitálias ambíguas e o acesso integral do paciente e família aos históricos médicos. A problematização dos aspectos éticos implicados no MCSC e o surgimento do MCP e do ativismo intersexo denotam a transição do paradigma ético no gerenciamento biomédico da intersexualidade, com o paulatino fortalecimento do princípio da autonomia do/a paciente, em detrimento do princípio da beneficência.

Heavy metals are highly reactive chemicals and bioaccumulative, accumulate over time in the body that is unable to eliminate them. Chemically, heavy metals are defined as a group of components between the copper and lead in the periodic table with atomic weights being 63.546 and 200.590 and specific gravity greater than 4.0. Many metals are
essential for growth of all types of organisms, from bacteria to humans even, but they are required at low concentrations might otherwise damage biological systems. These include metals such as cobalt, copper, manganese, molybdenum, vanadium, strontium, and zinc, to perform vital functions in the body. But excessive levels of these elements can be extremely toxic.

Relatório de Histologia Prática – 1º Semestre – Aulas Práticas Laboratoriais
Matéria Citologia, Histologia e Embriologia
Lâminas Prontas, Esboço e Relatório. Foi utilizado também como material de apoio o livro “Novo Atlas de Histologia" – Di Fiore, Mancini, De Robertis – Editora Guanabara Koogan – 3ª Ed. 1977”. A oportunidade de ter este exemplar ofertado pela Dra. Fatima Tuchiama, foi de grande auxílio, juntamente com a apostila formulada pela Dra. Eliete, deu conclusão a este relatório.

Historie wybitnych odkryć naukowych bywają gotowym tematem dla opowieści. Stanowią świadectwo zmagań ludzi z przeciwnościami losu, są niewyczerpanym źródłem nowych idei i nietuzinkowych pomysłów. W dzisiejszych czasach dużą część społeczeństwa szczególnie fascynuje medycyna. Według powszechnej opinii, oprócz niewątpliwych korzyści praktycznych, pomaga odkryć prawdę o samym człowieku.

Medycyna pyta: jak będzie przebiegać dana choroba? Czy oferowane leczenie będzie jednakowo dobre dla wszystkich pacjentów? Na czym polega wyższość jednego leku nad drugim? Dla młodych osób to czasem wystarczające powody, aby samemu spróbować sił na polu badań naukowych. Bardzo wielu z nas pragnie zajmować się nauką. Niestety tylko nieliczny wiedzą, jak robić to prawidłowo.

Chcielibyśmy wyjść naprzeciwko tym potrzebom. Naszym zdaniem to właśnie Alma Mater powinna być miejscem, gdzie każdy student będzie mógł zdobyć pierwsze, najważniejsze szlify w działalności badawczej. Macie Państwo przed sobą pierwszy podręcznik „Pomysł – Badanie – Publikacja” – pierwsze polskie wydawnictwo o tworzeniu nauki skierowane do studentów kierunków medycznych. Powstało w wyniku całkowicie oddolnej inicjatywy, a jego redakcją i składem zajęli się sami zainteresowani – studenci oraz młodzi absolwenci Gdańskiego Uniwersytetu Medycznego.

Every creature is good and subject to the principle of solidarity that everyone has been blessed and gifted with life by God. Therefore, we cannot have one without the other, and no man exists without an animal. Over the last several decades, our world has been confronted with many ethical problems and ethics is being more and more sought after in spheres of human conduct and profession. Man has acquired enormous power over the world and over life itself, but he has also, willingly or not, become more responsible for ‘the threats’ against his very life, as well as against the life of other creatures. Within this context a discussion on biocentrism has ensued, which should replace Christian biblical anthropocentrism. At any rate, man has encountered a challenge to expand his moral sphere because nature needs his protection, whereas he no longer needs to protect himself from nature. It is exactly this point that poses a paradox: only man can give protection to nature and the whole of ...

Due to an increasing interest in esthetics and concerns about toxic and allergic reactions to certain alloys, zirconia was proposed as a new ceramic material in the later part of 20th century. It has become a popular alternative to alumina as biomaterial and is being used in dental applications for fabricating endodontic posts, crown and bridge restorations and implant abutments. It has also been applied for the fabrication of esthetic orthodontic brackets. This article presents a brief history, dental applications and new methods for fabrication of zirconia improving its mechanical properties. Additionally, the bonding between zirconia and resin cements as well as conventional cementation has been discussed. The methods of the improvement of the bonding strength have also been highlighted.

Fotopletismografía (PPG) Investigación en que se basa la técnica de fotopletismografía. Obtención el fotopletismograma del volumen sanguíneo en un dedo, de cada uno de los integrantes del equipo. Graficada en Matlab y mostrada en un osciloscopio

Resumo: A epidemia do HIV/AIDS tem desafiado tanto a biomedicina como a ciência de modo geral. Tecnologias vêm sendo exploradas a fim de criar uma base terapêutica consistente às pessoas infectadas. Se os tratamentos exigem o consumo diário de medicamentos, os exames laboratoriais contemplam uma rotina a ser sempre mantida. Levam a um processo de mudança e adaptação pessoal junto de uma reorganização intensiva das formas de cuidado do corpo. As práticas clínico-terapêuticas devem ser entendidas, porém, como elementos particulares de processos culturais de grande alcance. Partindo de pesquisa etnográfica no Rio de Janeiro, discuto os efeitos sociais da biomedicina como um saber e uma cultura global sobre práticas sociais locais.

Abstract: The HIV/AIDS epidemic has challenged either biomedicine as, generally, science. Technologies have been developed to obtain a consistent therapeutic basis for HIV infected people. Since therapies oblige everyday consumption of AIDS drugs, clinical exams involves a daily routine that should be maintained. All of these techniques cause personal changes and adaptations besides an intensive reorganization of the forms of body care. However, clinical and therapeutic practices have to be understood as particular aspects of a large scale global culture. From ethnographic research conducted in Rio de Janeiro, I discuss the social effects of biomedicine as both global culture and knowledge undertaken on local social practices.

The task of studying the impact of social class on physical and mental health involves, among other things, the use of a conceptual toolbox that defines what social class is, establishes how to measure it, and sets criteria that help distinguish it from closely related concepts. One field that has recently witnessed a wealth of theoretical and conceptual research on social class is psychology, but geographers' and sociologists' attitude of diffidence toward this " positivistic " discipline has prevented them from taking advantage of this body of scholarship. This paper aims to highlight some of the most important developments in the psychological study of social class and social mobility that speak to the long-standing concerns of health geographers and sociologists with how social position, perceptions, social comparisons, and class-based identities impact health and well-being.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.11.037

The term Nosology refers to the science of classification of disease. Developments in area represent heterogeneous process spanning across long timelines and geographical areas. Descriptions of Classification of disease are well documented in Ayurveda codified texts and presents compact classification methodology from the very division of medical specialties in to 8 types (Ashtangas) which include kayacikitsa (general medicine), Shalya (surgery), Shalakya (ear, nose, throat, dental and diseases of head), Balaroga (Pediatrics), etc., The same is followed for the categorization of diseases too. Apart from this the basis of understanding diseases is pathophysiological (dosha-dhatu-mala) and the analysis is based up on Triskandha (three arms) 1. Hetu (cause), 2. Linga (presentation) and 3. Aushadha (suitable regimen). This is a distinct feature which carves out a niche for Ayurveda in terms of Nosological advantage. Greeco roman medicine started documenting classification of diseases fr...

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In this article, I argue that the problematic of “race and medicine”,
which has been the object of many recent debates, has a long history
that it may be useful to understand better. I show more specifically
that, from the very first uses of the concept of “race” in natural history
during the XVIIIth century, medical concepts and analogies served
as important models. These medical models were especially useful
to analyze “races” as alterations from an original identity. Different
analogies are studied here. 1. The analogy between races’ peculiar
temperaments and morbid alterations of human constitution. 2. The
analogy between the transmission of the alterations along generations
and hereditary diseases. In this second analogy, I differentiate between
two models: the degeneration of the human type and the transmission
of a molecular alteration of one character"

Despite significant positive developments within topics of biological anthropology, archaeology, and related academic areas in Latin America, we noted a lack of coordination and communication among them. Available publications provide syntheses within different areas of biological anthropology, yet few have attempted integration of the distinct subfields. We decided to address the development and current issues of most major areas of Latin American biological anthropology in a single volume with chapters by distinguished, experienced scholars who live and work in Latin America, are knowledgeable about the topics, have published extensively on them, and who were recommended by specialists within six geographical regions of interest: Brazil and northeastern South America, Mexico, Central America, the Caribbean, northwestern South America, and southern South America. Six subdisciplines within biological anthropology were defined for academic coverage: (1) biodemography and epidemiology; (2) bioarchaeology and skeletal biology; (3) paleopathology; (4) forensic anthropology; (5) population genetics; and (6) growth, development, health, and nutrition. Though these six subdisciplines overlap to an extent, each offers a distinct history of development and presents unique issues to address. Chapters generally cover topics of history, the state of knowledge, methodological perspective, and areas in need of additional research. Although the text is in English, abstracts in English, Spanish, and Portuguese are included.