Sociology

This study examines regulatory efforts directed toward black midwives in South Carolina in the early twentieth century as evidences within the state's Board of Health documents.  Using qualitative content analysis and Abbott (1988) and Starr's (1982) discussion of the medico-legal relationship between doctors and the legal profession, I critically examine South Carolina's Sanitary Codes in order to discern the temporal nature of midwifery law in the early twentieth century.  I argue that the language within these legislative stipulations governing granny midwives became more restrictive over time in the early twentieth century thanks to anti midwifery advocacy by US physicians and health officials. Further, I demonstrate how the South Carolina State Board of Health ensured that grannies operated appropriately using other black women as midwifery supervisors.  This study illustrates how despite the lack of universal laws governing midwifery in the United States in the early twentieth century, South Carolina actively engaged in "rounding up" the midwife using state-appointed midwifery supervisors, increasingly restrictive practice stipulations, and mandatory midwifery training seminars.

I Birthing Histories 1 Queen Elizabeth Perry Turner: "Granny Midwife," 1931-1956 Darline Turner 2 Regulating Childbirth: Physicians and Granny Midwives in South Carolina Alicia D. Bonaparte 3 Between Traditional Knowledge and Western Medicine: Women Birthing in Postcolonial Zimbabwe Christina Mudokwenyu-Rawdon, Peggy Dube, Nester T. Moyo, and Stephen Munjanja II Beyond Medical versus Natural: Redefining Birth Injustice 4 An Abolitionist Mama Speaks: On Natural Birth and Miscarriage Viviane Saleh-Hanna 5 Mothering: A Post-C-Section Journey Jacinda Townsend 6 Confessions of a Black Pregnant Dad Syrus Marcus Ware 7 Birth Justice and Population Control Loretta J. Ross 8 Beyond Silence and Stigma: Pregnancy and HIV for Black Women in Canada Marvelous Muchenje and Victoria Logan Kennedyiv Contents 9 What I Carry: A Story of Love and Loss Iris Jacob 10 Images from the Safe Motherhood Quilt Ina May Gaskin and Laura Gilkey III Changing Lives, One Birth at a Time 11 Birthing Sexual Freedom and Healing: A Survivor Mother's Birth Story Biany Perez 12 Birth as Battle Cry: A Doula's Journey from Home to Hospital Gina Mariela Rodriguez 13 Sister Midwife: Nurturing and Reflecting Black Womanhood in an Urban Hospital Stephanie Etienne 14 A Love Letter to My Daughter: Love as a Political Act Haile Eshe Cole 15 New Visions in Birth, Intimacy, Kinship, and Sisterly Partnerships Shannon Gibney and Valerie Deus 16 I Am My Hermana's Keeper: Reclaiming Afro-Indigenous Ancestral Wisdom as a Doula Griselda Rodriguez 17 The First Cut Is the Deepest: A Mother-Daughter Conversation about Birth, Justice, Healing, and Love Pauline Ann McKenzie-Day and Alexis Pauline Gumbs IV Taking Back Our Power: Organizing for Birth Justice 18 Unexpected Allies: Obstetrician Activism, VBACs, and the Birth Justice Movement Christ-Ann Magloire and Julia Chinyere Oparah 19 Birthing Freedom: Black American Midwifery and Liberation Struggles Ruth Hays 20 Becoming an Outsider-Within: Jennie Joseph's Activism in Florida Midwifery Alicia D. Bonaparte and Jennie Joseph 21 Beyond Shackling: Prisons, Pregnancy, and the Struggle for Birth Justice Priscilla A. Ocen and Julia Chinyere Oparah

This study examines regulatory efforts directed toward black midwives in South Carolina in the early twentieth century as evidenced within the state's Board of Health documents. Using qualitative content analysis and Abbott (1988) and Starr's (1982) discussion of the medico-legal relationship between doctors and the legal profession, I critically examine South Carolina's Sanitary Codes in order to discern the temporal nature of midwifery law in the early twentieth century. I argue that the language within these legislative stipulations governing granny midwives become more restrictive over time in the early twentieth century thanks to antimidwifery advocacy by US physicians and health officials. Further, I demonstrate how the South Carolina State Board of Health ensured that grannies operated appropriately using other black women as midwifery supervisors. This study illustrates how despite the lack of universal laws governing midwifery in the United States in the early t...

I Birthing Histories 1 Queen Elizabeth Perry Turner: "Granny Midwife," 1931-1956 Darline Turner 2 Regulating Childbirth: Physicians and Granny Midwives in South Carolina Alicia D. Bonaparte 3 Between Traditional Knowledge and Western Medicine: Women Birthing in Postcolonial Zimbabwe Christina Mudokwenyu-Rawdon, Peggy Dube, Nester T. Moyo, and Stephen Munjanja II Beyond Medical versus Natural: Redefining Birth Injustice 4 An Abolitionist Mama Speaks: On Natural Birth and Miscarriage Viviane Saleh-Hanna 5 Mothering: A Post-C-Section Journey Jacinda Townsend 6 Confessions of a Black Pregnant Dad Syrus Marcus Ware 7 Birth Justice and Population Control Loretta J. Ross 8 Beyond Silence and Stigma: Pregnancy and HIV for Black Women in Canada Marvelous Muchenje and Victoria Logan Kennedyiv Contents 9 What I Carry: A Story of Love and Loss Iris Jacob 10 Images from the Safe Motherhood Quilt Ina May Gaskin and Laura Gilkey III Changing Lives, One Birth at a Time 11 Birthing Sexual Freedom and Healing: A Survivor Mother's Birth Story Biany Perez 12 Birth as Battle Cry: A Doula's Journey from Home to Hospital Gina Mariela Rodriguez 13 Sister Midwife: Nurturing and Reflecting Black Womanhood in an Urban Hospital Stephanie Etienne 14 A Love Letter to My Daughter: Love as a Political Act Haile Eshe Cole 15 New Visions in Birth, Intimacy, Kinship, and Sisterly Partnerships Shannon Gibney and Valerie Deus 16 I Am My Hermana's Keeper: Reclaiming Afro-Indigenous Ancestral Wisdom as a Doula Griselda Rodriguez 17 The First Cut Is the Deepest: A Mother-Daughter Conversation about Birth, Justice, Healing, and Love Pauline Ann McKenzie-Day and Alexis Pauline Gumbs IV Taking Back Our Power: Organizing for Birth Justice 18 Unexpected Allies: Obstetrician Activism, VBACs, and the Birth Justice Movement Christ-Ann Magloire and Julia Chinyere Oparah 19 Birthing Freedom: Black American Midwifery and Liberation Struggles Ruth Hays 20 Becoming an Outsider-Within: Jennie Joseph's Activism in Florida Midwifery Alicia D. Bonaparte and Jennie Joseph 21 Beyond Shackling: Prisons, Pregnancy, and the Struggle for Birth Justice Priscilla A. Ocen and Julia Chinyere Oparah

collaboration. In this sense, Ahmed’s book does very important work of its own, respecifying experiences of oppression and challenging easy assumptions of solidarity. Ahmed’s main purpose is to demonstrate what ‘recedes from view’ as university institutions foreground diversity work. It is worth asking, then, what recedes from view through Ahmed’s own analysis? The continual reorientation of equity and diversity practices allows Ahmed to demonstrate that institutional whiteness is the wall that she and her colleagues continuously encounter within the academy. However, our own experiences of institutional diversity work within different universities bring into view the highly ableist, classist, gendered, and settler-colonial nature of the academy. Although Ahmed’s book performs important work to highlight institutional whiteness, she risks reifying the ‘racial’ specificity of diversity practices and silencing the other lines of oppression that are (re)produced through our institutions. This critique is partially situated within our geographical sensibility. With greater spatial awareness – of both different institutions and the different bodies inhabiting said institutions – brought to bear on this project, we as an audience could perhaps better understand how myriad barriers are encountered, always intersectionally, within the academy. Despite this critique, we appreciate Ahmed’s re-specification of unique encounters with oppression. This attention to particularity makes hers a feminist intellectual project. Her account is highly embodied, whether it be about the bodily experiences of people within the academy or the bodily experiences of the flows (of knowledge, objects, and subjects) within the institution. Altogether, this book offers a grounded and open exploration of what it means to ‘do’ diversity, to ‘be’ diverse. It challenges the reader, both in style and in content, to reconsider relations of power that stick to the multiple practices, meanings, and understandings of diversity, and to reconsider how we engage, reproduce, and disrupt these relations. Juliane Collard and Carolyn Prouse University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z2 carolyn.prouse@geog.ubc.ca, juliane.collard@geog.ubc.ca q 2013, Juliane Collard and Carolyn Prouse http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0966369X.2013.795726

In this book, sociologist Roberta Espinoza introduces the idea of “pivotal moments”—interventions that point the way toward college, particularly for students from working-class or ethnic minority backgrounds. These pivotal encounters and the relationships that spring from them can help students accumulate procedural knowledge about attending college (cultural capital) and interpersonal support (social capital).

Pivotal Moments introduces a diverse group of students whose experiences highlight how teachers, counselors, academic outreach professionals, and professors can help students circumvent the barriers they encounter in attaining school success. It shows how the timing, duration, and impact of pivotal moments can redirect students’ educational trajectories. The book also translates the theory of pivotal moments into concrete practices that educators at all levels can use to intervene more effectively in the lives of working-class minority students.

Most research studies on working-class minority students who excel academically in school attribute their success to individual traits and abilities. This book highlights the importance of educator-student interactions in academic achievement outcomes and higher education access. Unlike middle-class children who grow up in homes where college attendance is facilitated by college-educated parents, children from working-class homes do not start with the same levels of support and resources and must rely on the school system to provide a “sense of possibility.” Using social and cultural capital theory, the book explains how key formal and informal academic interventions by educators facilitate educational trajectories that lead students to higher education. It describes how relationships with teachers, counselors, and academic outreach professionals positively impact students’ educational and career aspirations. For working-class and minority students, the path to higher education is paved by supportive college-educated school personnel who often go above and beyond their formal duties to provide the necessary guidance to make college access a reality. The findings provide insight into educational practices that can help to close the academic achievement gap that persists between working-class minority students and their white middle-class counterparts.

This study documents strategies employed by Latina doctoral graduate students to balance family relationships with the demands of school to maintain their status of a “good daughter.” In-depth interviews reveal some women integrate family and school by explaining the demands placed on them to enlist support while others keep their two social spheres separate by switching between them to minimize conflict. The patterns are discussed in the context of Latinas academic success in higher education.