WO2022249615A1 - 有価物の選別方法 - Google Patents
有価物の選別方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2022249615A1 WO2022249615A1 PCT/JP2022/008686 JP2022008686W WO2022249615A1 WO 2022249615 A1 WO2022249615 A1 WO 2022249615A1 JP 2022008686 W JP2022008686 W JP 2022008686W WO 2022249615 A1 WO2022249615 A1 WO 2022249615A1
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- WO
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- Prior art keywords
- classification
- product
- ion secondary
- secondary battery
- heat treatment
- Prior art date
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 64
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 34
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 78
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 70
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 70
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 58
- 239000013067 intermediate product Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000010187 selection method Methods 0.000 claims 1
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 78
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 49
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 38
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 36
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 36
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 36
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 29
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 29
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 29
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 27
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 27
- 235000011868 grain product Nutrition 0.000 description 24
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 24
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 19
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 16
- 239000007774 positive electrode material Substances 0.000 description 13
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 12
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 12
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 12
- 238000007885 magnetic separation Methods 0.000 description 8
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 7
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 7
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
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- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 4
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000007773 negative electrode material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000012141 concentrate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000006258 conductive agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000002950 deficient Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000003116 impacting effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910000480 nickel oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- GNRSAWUEBMWBQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxonickel Chemical class [Ni]=O GNRSAWUEBMWBQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000007873 sieving Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tantalum atom Chemical compound [Ta] GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000010333 wet classification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920000049 Carbon (fiber) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910013733 LiCo Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910012851 LiCoO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910013100 LiNix Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 240000007594 Oryza sativa Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000007164 Oryza sativa Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- QTHKJEYUQSLYTH-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Co]=O.[Ni].[Li] Chemical compound [Co]=O.[Ni].[Li] QTHKJEYUQSLYTH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005054 agglomeration Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- QZPSXPBJTPJTSZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N aqua regia Chemical compound Cl.O[N+]([O-])=O QZPSXPBJTPJTSZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OJIJEKBXJYRIBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cadmium nickel Chemical compound [Ni].[Cd] OJIJEKBXJYRIBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000006229 carbon black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004917 carbon fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003575 carbonaceous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009849 deactivation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- QHGJSLXSVXVKHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N dilithium;dioxido(dioxo)manganese Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-][Mn]([O-])(=O)=O QHGJSLXSVXVKHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010332 dry classification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004146 energy storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- -1 etc. Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010419 fine particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021385 hard carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000002354 inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002505 iron Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000625 lithium cobalt oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- BFZPBUKRYWOWDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;oxido(oxo)cobalt Chemical compound [Li+].[O-][Co]=O BFZPBUKRYWOWDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000005389 magnetism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 1
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002923 metal particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000013528 metallic particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010298 pulverizing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004064 recycling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000009566 rice Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/54—Reclaiming serviceable parts of waste accumulators
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B1/00—Preliminary treatment of ores or scrap
- C22B1/02—Roasting processes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B21/00—Obtaining aluminium
- C22B21/0038—Obtaining aluminium by other processes
- C22B21/0069—Obtaining aluminium by other processes from scrap, skimmings or any secondary source aluminium, e.g. recovery of alloy constituents
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B23/00—Obtaining nickel or cobalt
- C22B23/04—Obtaining nickel or cobalt by wet processes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B7/00—Working up raw materials other than ores, e.g. scrap, to produce non-ferrous metals and compounds thereof; Methods of a general interest or applied to the winning of more than two metals
- C22B7/001—Dry processes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B7/00—Working up raw materials other than ores, e.g. scrap, to produce non-ferrous metals and compounds thereof; Methods of a general interest or applied to the winning of more than two metals
- C22B7/005—Separation by a physical processing technique only, e.g. by mechanical breaking
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
- Y02W30/50—Reuse, recycling or recovery technologies
- Y02W30/84—Recycling of batteries or fuel cells
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method of sorting valuables.
- Lithium-ion secondary batteries are lightweight, high-capacity, and high-electromotive force secondary batteries compared to conventional lead-acid batteries and nickel-cadmium secondary batteries, and are used in personal computers, electric vehicles, and mobile devices.
- lithium-ion secondary batteries As the use of lithium-ion secondary batteries is expected to continue to expand in the future, we will collect valuables from lithium-ion secondary batteries that are discarded due to defective products that occur during the manufacturing process, devices used, and batteries that have reached the end of their life. is desired from the viewpoint of resource recycling.
- valuable materials such as cobalt, nickel, manganese, aluminum, iron, and copper
- various metals and impurities used in lithium-ion secondary batteries are separated, sorted, and recovered. is important from the point of view of increasing the value of the collected material.
- the lithium ion secondary batteries are heated, crushed, and classified, and fine-grained products are subjected to wet magnetic separation to remove cobalt, nickel, etc.
- a technique for concentrating and recovering such as is proposed (see, for example, Patent Document 1).
- a technology has been proposed in which the magnetized materials such as cobalt and nickel are separated from the non-magnetized materials such as copper by performing magnetic separation on the pulverized material obtained by heating and pulverizing. (See, for example, Patent Document 2).
- the object of the present invention is to solve the above-mentioned conventional problems and to achieve the following objectives. That is, the present invention can easily separate cobalt and nickel from iron and copper from a lithium ion secondary battery, and can obtain high-quality valuables with increased concentrations of cobalt and nickel at a high recovery rate. An object of the present invention is to provide a method for sorting valuables.
- Means for solving the above problems are as follows. Namely ⁇ 1> A heat treatment step of heat-treating a lithium ion secondary battery containing valuables; A crushing step of crushing the heat-treated product obtained in the heat treatment step; A first classification step of classifying the crushed material obtained in the crushing step into coarse-grained products and intermediate products at a classification point of 0.6 mm or more and 2.4 mm or less; a classifying step comprising a second classifying step of classifying into a medium-grained product and a fine-grained product; A method for sorting valuables, characterized by comprising ⁇ 2> The method for sorting valuables according to ⁇ 1>, wherein in the first classification step, the crushed material obtained in the crushing step is classified into coarse-grained products and intermediate products at a classification point of 1.2 mm.
- ⁇ 3> The method for sorting valuables according to any one of ⁇ 1> to ⁇ 2>, wherein in the heat treatment step, the lithium ion secondary battery is heat treated at 660° C. or higher and 1,085° C. or lower.
- ⁇ 4> The method for sorting valuables according to any one of ⁇ 1> to ⁇ 3>, wherein in the second classification step, the intermediate product is classified by a wet method at a classification point of 40 ⁇ m or more and 75 ⁇ m or less.
- ⁇ 5> Any of ⁇ 1> to ⁇ 4>, wherein the lithium-ion secondary battery is a lithium-ion secondary battery pack selected from vehicle-mounted, power storage system, and uninterruptible power supplies. It is a method for sorting valuables described in 1.
- cobalt and nickel can be easily separated from iron and copper from a lithium ion secondary battery, and a high-grade valuable battery with an increased concentration of cobalt and nickel can be obtained. It is possible to provide a method for sorting valuables that can obtain valuables at a high recovery rate.
- the method of sorting valuables of the present invention includes a heat treatment step, a crushing step, a classification step, and further includes other steps as necessary.
- a method for sorting valuables according to the present invention is a method for recovering valuables from a lithium ion secondary battery (LIB).
- the valuable material means a material that can be traded without being discarded, and examples thereof include cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), aluminum (Al), various metals and the like.
- Patent Document 2 Patent No. 6268130
- a method for removing iron which is magnetized together with cobalt and nickel and cannot be removed in the magnetic separation process.
- Patent Document 3 Patent No. 6676124
- the volume of the LIB pack is large and heat treatment (LIB (for the purpose of deactivation and combustion removal of the electrolyte)
- LIB for the purpose of deactivation and combustion removal of the electrolyte
- a temperature difference occurs between the positive electrode active material (including cobalt and nickel) contained in the pack surface and the cell inside the pack (the positive electrode active material is is also treated at a low temperature)
- the reduction and grain growth of cobalt and nickel oxides in the positive electrode active material to metal particles do not proceed sufficiently compared to the case where the cell unit is heat treated, and the cobalt and nickel oxides shown in Patent Document 3
- the inventors have found that it is difficult to recover nickel particles into an intermediate product of 0.3 mm or larger (i.e., in order to recover these fine cobalt and nickel particles, the classification point is set to 300 ⁇ m or less must be collected into a fine grain product).
- the present inventors performed a heat treatment step of heat-treating a lithium ion secondary battery containing a valuable substance, a crushing step of crushing the heat-treated product obtained in the heat treatment step, and crushing the crushed product obtained in the crushing step.
- a first classification step of classifying coarse-grained products and intermediate products at classification points of 0.6 mm or more and 2.4 mm or less, and classifying the intermediate products into medium-grain products and fine-grain products at classification points of 40 ⁇ m or more and 300 ⁇ m or less.
- a classification process including a second classification process and a method for sorting valuables, including a lithium ion secondary battery containing multiple types of valuables, easily separates iron, copper, etc., and concentrates cobalt and nickel. We have found that valuables can be obtained at a high recovery rate.
- the heat treatment step is a step of heat-treating the lithium ion secondary battery containing the valuables.
- the lithium ion secondary battery is not particularly limited and can be appropriately selected according to the purpose.
- a secondary battery pack is preferred.
- the heat treatment step for example, from the pack housing of the lithium ion secondary battery, from the constituent members of the module (sometimes referred to as “module housing"), from the cell case (sometimes referred to as “cell housing”) ) is separated as a melt and organics from the electrolyte are decomposed. More specifically, in the heat treatment step, the lithium ion secondary battery containing the valuable material is heat-treated to melt aluminum and separate the melt, and the heat-treated product (roasted product) remaining after the melt is separated. is the process of obtaining
- the heat-treated product means a product obtained by heat-treating a lithium ion secondary battery.
- the method of performing the heat treatment in the heat treatment step is not particularly limited and can be appropriately selected according to the purpose.
- the roasting furnace is not particularly limited and can be appropriately selected according to the purpose. Examples include a rotary kiln, a fluidized bed furnace, a tunnel furnace, a batch type furnace such as a muffle, a fixed bed furnace, a cupola, a stoker furnace, and the like. are mentioned.
- the atmosphere used for the heat treatment is not particularly limited and can be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose.
- An atmospheric atmosphere (air atmosphere) means an atmosphere using atmosphere (air) containing about 21% by volume of oxygen and about 78% by volume of nitrogen.
- An inert atmosphere can be exemplified by an atmosphere made of nitrogen or argon.
- a reducing atmosphere means, for example, an atmosphere containing CO, H 2 , H 2 S, SO 2 in an inert atmosphere such as nitrogen or argon.
- a low-oxygen atmosphere means an atmosphere in which oxygen is 11% by volume or less.
- Conditions for heat-treating (heating) the lithium-ion secondary battery are conditions that allow the constituent parts of the lithium-ion secondary battery to be separated and can be crushed in the crushing step described later.
- the heat treatment conditions include, for example, heat treatment temperature and heat treatment time.
- the heat treatment temperature means the temperature of the lithium ion secondary battery during the heat treatment.
- the heat treatment temperature is not particularly limited, and can be appropriately selected according to the form of the lithium ion secondary battery.
- the temperature is preferably higher than the melting point of the positive electrode current collector of the next battery and lower than the melting point of the negative electrode current collector.
- the heat treatment temperature is set to a temperature equal to or higher than the melting point of the housing of the lithium ion secondary battery
- the housing of the lithium ion secondary battery is made of metal
- the housing can be melted in the heat treatment step.
- the heat treatment temperature is preferably 660° C. or higher, which is the melting point of aluminum.
- the aluminum contained in the housing and other parts (e.g., electrodes) in the lithium ion secondary battery are easily sorted (separated), and the aluminum contained in the housing is separated. Aluminum can be easily recovered.
- cobalt and nickel present as oxides in the positive electrode active material can be reduced to metallic particles of cobalt and nickel by the action of carbon contained as the negative electrode active material.
- the heat treatment temperature is set to a temperature higher than the melting point of the positive electrode current collector and lower than the melting point of the negative electrode current collector, for example, the positive electrode current collector, which is a typical configuration, is aluminum (melting point: 660 ° C.), Considering the case where the negative electrode current collector is copper (melting point: 1,085°C), the temperature is preferably 660°C or higher and 1,085°C or lower, more preferably 660°C or higher and 850°C or lower.
- the positive electrode current collector formed of aluminum foil melts and becomes brittle, and it becomes easy to be finely grained in the crushing process described later, so that the aluminum derived from the housing can be separated and recovered, and the negative electrode current collector
- the copper contained in the can remain in a shape close to the foil without melting.
- aluminum can be melted and separated while preventing embrittlement of metals other than aluminum.
- the method for measuring the heat treatment temperature is not particularly limited and can be appropriately selected according to the purpose. For example, measurement is performed by inserting a thermometer such as a thermistor into the lithium ion secondary battery at the heat treatment temperature. and methods to do so.
- the heat treatment time means the time during which the lithium ion secondary battery is heat treated.
- the heat treatment time is not particularly limited and can be appropriately selected according to the purpose. preferable.
- the heat treatment time may be, for example, the time until the lithium ion secondary battery reaches the heat treatment temperature, and the holding time may be short.
- the heat treatment time is 1 minute or more and 5 hours or less, it is advantageous in that the cost of the heat treatment can be suppressed and the efficiency of the heat treatment can be improved.
- the lithium ion secondary battery is not particularly limited as long as it can be crushed at least after heat treatment, and can be appropriately selected from known ones.
- Specific examples of the lithium-ion secondary battery include defective lithium-ion secondary batteries generated in the manufacturing process of lithium-ion secondary batteries, and lithium-ion secondary batteries that are discarded due to defects in the equipment used or the life of the equipment used. Batteries, used lithium-ion secondary batteries that are discarded at the end of their service life, and the like. These may be used individually by 1 type, and may use 2 or more types together.
- the shape, structure, size and material of the lithium ion secondary battery are not particularly limited and can be appropriately selected according to the purpose.
- the shape of the lithium ion secondary battery cell is not particularly limited and can be appropriately selected according to the purpose. Examples thereof include laminate type, cylindrical type, button type, coin type, square type, and flat type. .
- the form of the lithium ion secondary battery is not particularly limited and can be appropriately selected according to the purpose. Examples thereof include battery cells, battery modules, and battery packs.
- the battery cells are unit cells.
- the battery module means that a plurality of the battery cells are connected and integrated into one housing (module housing).
- the battery pack means that a plurality of battery modules are integrated into one housing (pack housing). Also, the battery pack may include a controller and a cooling device.
- the structure of the lithium ion secondary battery includes, for example, a positive electrode, a negative electrode, a separator, an electrolytic solution, and an outer container.
- the positive electrode is not particularly limited as long as it has a positive electrode active material containing one or both of cobalt and nickel, and can be appropriately selected depending on the purpose.
- the shape of the positive electrode is not particularly limited and can be appropriately selected depending on the purpose. Examples thereof include a flat plate shape and a sheet shape.
- the shape, structure, size and material of the positive electrode current collector are not particularly limited and can be appropriately selected according to the purpose.
- Examples of the shape of the positive electrode current collector include a foil shape.
- Examples of materials for the positive electrode current collector include stainless steel, nickel, aluminum, copper, titanium, and tantalum. Among these, aluminum is preferred.
- the positive electrode material is not particularly limited and can be appropriately selected according to the purpose.
- the conductive agent is not particularly limited and can be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose. Examples thereof include carbon black, graphite, carbon fiber, metal carbide and the like.
- the binder resin is not particularly limited and can be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose. rubber and the like.
- the negative electrode is not particularly limited as long as it has a negative electrode active material containing carbon, and can be appropriately selected according to the purpose.
- the shape of the negative electrode is not particularly limited and can be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose. Examples thereof include a flat plate shape and a sheet shape.
- the shape, structure, size, and material of the negative electrode current collector are not particularly limited, and can be appropriately selected according to the purpose.
- Examples of the shape of the negative electrode current collector include a foil shape.
- Examples of materials for the negative electrode current collector include stainless steel, nickel, aluminum, copper, titanium, and tantalum. Among these, copper is preferred.
- the negative electrode material is not particularly limited and can be appropriately selected according to the purpose. Examples include carbon materials such as graphite and hard carbon, and titanate.
- the electrolytic solution is not particularly limited, and can be appropriately selected from known electrolytic solutions.
- it contains an electrolyte and an organic solvent, and if necessary, further contains other components.
- the cell housing (sometimes referred to as "casing") is not particularly limited and can be appropriately selected according to the purpose. It is preferably one that can be used, and examples thereof include a battery case.
- the material of the cell housing is not particularly limited and can be appropriately selected according to the purpose. Examples thereof include aluminum and resin (plastic).
- the module housing is not particularly limited and can be appropriately selected according to the purpose, and examples thereof include those housing a plurality of battery cells.
- the material of the cell housing is not particularly limited and can be appropriately selected according to the purpose. Examples thereof include aluminum and resin (plastic).
- the pack housing is not particularly limited and can be appropriately selected according to the purpose, and examples thereof include those housing a plurality of battery modules.
- the material of the cell housing is not particularly limited and can be appropriately selected according to the purpose. Examples thereof include iron, stainless steel, aluminum, and resin (plastic).
- the crushing step is a step of crushing the heat-treated product obtained in the heat treatment step.
- the crushing step is not particularly limited as long as the heat-treated product can be crushed to obtain a crushed product, and it can be appropriately selected according to the purpose.
- the crushed product means a product obtained by crushing the heat-treated product.
- the method of crushing the heat-treated product is not particularly limited and can be appropriately selected according to the purpose, but a method of crushing the heat-treated product by impact to obtain crushed products is preferable.
- a method of crushing the heat-treated product by impact to obtain crushed products is preferable.
- Examples of the method of crushing the heat-treated product by impact include a method of throwing the heat-treated product with a rotating impact plate and striking it against a collision plate to apply an impact, a method of hitting the heat-treated product with a rotating beater (beater), and the like.
- a hammer crusher or the like As a method of crushing the heat-treated product by impact, for example, a method of hitting the heat-treated product with a ceramic ball or the like may be used, and this method can be performed using a ball mill or the like.
- crushing of the heat-treated product by impact can be performed by using, for example, a twin-screw crusher having a short blade width and a short blade length for crushing by compression.
- a method of crushing the heat-treated product by impact for example, a method of impacting the heat-treated product by striking it with two rotating chains, for example, can be performed with a chain mill.
- the crushing time in the crushing step is not particularly limited and can be appropriately selected according to the purpose. Seconds or more and 10 minutes or less are more preferable, and 3 seconds or more and 5 minutes or less are particularly preferable.
- the crushing conditions in the crushing step for example, when crushing with an impact or impact crusher such as a chain mill or a hammer mill, the tip speed of the chain or hammer is 10 m / sec or more and 300 m / sec or less, and the crusher It is preferable that the residence time of the lithium ion secondary battery inside is 1 second or more and 10 minutes or less.
- the positive electrode material for example, copper, aluminum, etc.
- members such as iron derived from the housing can be crushed without being excessively crushed.
- the classification step includes a first classification step of classifying the crushed material obtained in the crushing step into coarse-grained products and intermediate products at a classification point of 0.6 mm or more and 2.4 mm or less; It includes a second classification step of classifying into a medium grain product and a fine grain product at the following classification points:
- the classification step may include a further classification step such as a third classification step.
- a further classification step such as a third classification step.
- impurities of each product each element of valuables
- the quality can be further reduced.
- a further classification step examples include an embodiment in which additional classification is performed at a classification point lower than the second classification point (third classification step) after the second classification step.
- the first classification step is a step of classifying the crushed material obtained in the crushing step into coarse grain products and intermediate products at classification points of 0.6 mm or more and 2.4 mm or less.
- the crushed material (intermediate product) from which at least one of the long objects of copper and iron has been removed from the crushed material is treated in the second classification step.
- the classification may be repeated multiple times within the range of the classification points of the first classification step. By doing so, it is possible to further reduce the impurity grade of each product (each element of the valuable substance).
- the classification point in the first classification step is 0.6 mm or more and 2.4 mm or less, but from the viewpoint of further improving the sorting accuracy of copper, 1.2 mm is more preferable.
- the second classifying step is a step of classifying the intermediate product obtained in the first classifying step into a medium-grained product and a fine-grained product at a classification point of 40 ⁇ m or more and 300 ⁇ m or less.
- the medium-grained product is the coarse-grained product obtained by classifying the intermediate product in the second classification step
- the fine-grained product is the fine-grained product obtained by the classification in the second classification step.
- the classification may be repeated multiple times within the range of the classification point of the second classification step. By doing so, it is possible to further reduce the impurity grade of each product (each element of the valuable substance).
- the classification point in the second classification step is 40 ⁇ m or more and 300 ⁇ m or less, but 40 ⁇ m or more and 75 ⁇ m or less is more preferable from the point that iron and copper can be removed with high efficiency.
- the second classification step includes wet classification one or more times. Compared to dry classification, wet classification enables classification while suppressing particle agglomeration, thereby further reducing the quality of impurities in each product.
- the classification step is not particularly limited as long as it is a treatment method capable of classifying the crushed material within the range of the classification points, and can be appropriately selected according to the purpose. , Cyclosizer, JIS Z8801 standard sieve, etc. can be used.
- the "classification point” means the opening of the sieve in the case of sieving, and the 50% separation diameter in the case of flow classification.
- the term “50% separation size” means a particle size at which the distribution ratio to the cyclone underflow is 50% for a certain classified particle size.
- a cyclone with a classification point of 10 ⁇ m refers to a cyclone and its operating conditions that can collect 50% of 10 ⁇ m particles in the underflow.
- the method for sorting valuables may include other processes in addition to the heat treatment process, the crushing process, and the classification process.
- the other steps are not particularly limited and can be appropriately selected depending on the purpose.
- FIG. 1 is a flowchart showing an example of the flow of processing in one embodiment of the method for sorting valuables of the present invention.
- a lithium ion secondary battery 100 is heat-treated to obtain a heat-treated lithium ion secondary battery 100 .
- the lithium ion secondary battery 100 is heat-treated at a temperature equal to or higher than the melting point of aluminum and lower than the melting point of copper (660° C. or higher and 1,085° C. or lower) to melt the aluminum contained in the lithium ion secondary battery 100. It sorts out and recovers molten aluminum 101 (step ST1 in FIG. 1).
- the heat-treated lithium ion secondary battery 100 is crushed to obtain crushed products (step ST2 in FIG. 1).
- the crushed material is passed through a sieve with a mesh size of 0.6 mm or more and 2.4 mm or less to obtain a coarse grain product 102 (screened material, most of the copper and iron is removed) and an intermediate product 103 (unsieved material, cobalt). and nickel are recovered) and (first classification step) (step ST3 in FIG. 1).
- the intermediate product 103 is classified at a classification point of 40 ⁇ m or more and 300 ⁇ m or less, and classified into a medium grain product (coarse grain) 104 and a fine grain product (fine grain) 105 (second classification step) (Fig. 1 step ST4).
- part of the copper (Cu) iron (Fe) recovered as intermediate products in the first classification step can be separated into medium-grain products 104, which are fine grains with low copper and iron grades and high cobalt and nickel grades. Product can be recovered.
- cobalt, nickel, and manganese contained in the lithium ion secondary battery can be efficiently separated from iron and copper with high accuracy, and the concentrations of cobalt and nickel can be determined. It is possible to obtain high-quality valuables with a high recovery rate.
- Example 1 A battery pack (approximately 75 kg) of a lithium-ion secondary battery containing iron members in the pack housing and aluminum in the cell housing was heat-treated at a temperature of 800 using a batch-type burner furnace of Ecosystem Akita Co., Ltd. as a heat treatment device. ° C. (heated over 1 hour and held for 2 hours) to obtain a heat-treated product.
- the lithium ion secondary battery was placed on a container and placed in a heat treatment device, and the aluminum was melted and separated, and collected at the bottom of the container (melting and recovery of aluminum was performed). .
- a hammer crusher (Makino swing hammer crusher HC-20-3.7, manufactured by Makino Sangyo Co., Ltd.) is used as a crushing device, 50 Hz (hammer peripheral speed 38 m / sec), and the exit screen is a rostr type opening hole.
- the heat-treated product (heat-treated lithium ion secondary battery) obtained in the heat treatment step was crushed under the condition of 30 mm ⁇ 200 mm to obtain crushed lithium ion secondary battery.
- ⁇ Second classification step> The under-sieved product (intermediate product) obtained in the ⁇ first classification step> was treated as a target for the second classification step. Using a 300 ⁇ m electromagnetic sieve, the product was classified into a sieved product (medium-grained product) and an under-sieved product (fine-grained product). The electromagnetic sieve was operated with an amplitude of 1.45 mm for 20 minutes using an electromagnetic sieve shaker (AS200 control, manufactured by Retsch).
- AS200 control electromagnetic sieve shaker
- Example 2 In Example 1, ⁇ heat treatment step>, ⁇ crushing step>, ⁇ first classification step>, and ⁇ second classification step> were performed in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the classification point in the second classification step was changed to 150 ⁇ m. Step> was performed to recover the fine granule product. Also, the recovery rate of each element in this fine grain product was determined in the same manner as in Example 1, and is shown in Table 2.
- Example 3 In Example 1, ⁇ heat treatment step>, ⁇ crushing step>, ⁇ first classification step>, and ⁇ second classification step>, in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the classification point in the second classification step was changed to 75 ⁇ m. Step> was performed to recover the fine granule product. Also, the recovery rate of each element in this fine grain product was determined in the same manner as in Example 1, and is shown in Table 2.
- Example 4 In Example 1, ⁇ heat treatment step>, ⁇ crushing step>, ⁇ first classification step>, and ⁇ second classification step> were performed in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the classification point in the second classification step was changed to 40 ⁇ m. Step> was performed to recover the fine granule product. Also, the recovery rate of each element in this fine grain product was determined in the same manner as in Example 1, and is shown in Table 2.
- Example 5 (Example 5) In Example 1, ⁇ heat treatment step>, ⁇ crushing step>, and ⁇ first classification step> were performed in the same manner as in Example 1, except that ⁇ second classification step> was changed as follows, A fine grain product was recovered. Also, the recovery rate of each element in this fine grain product was determined in the same manner as in Example 1, and is shown in Table 2.
- ⁇ Second classification step> After adding 0.1 kg of the intermediate product obtained in the ⁇ first classification step> to 0.5 L of water in a 1 L glass beaker, it was stirred with a magnetic stirrer at 300 rpm for 1 hour to prepare a slurry of the intermediate product. . Using a 40 ⁇ m electromagnetic sieve (electromagnetic sieve shaker, AS200 control, manufactured by Retsch), this slurry was operated for 20 minutes at an amplitude of 1.45 mm, and the product on the sieve (medium grain product) and the product on the sieve (fine grain) Slurry containing product) and slurry containing fine particles was recovered. The obtained slurry containing the fine granule product was subjected to solid-liquid separation with a 5C filter paper, and the cake was dried at 105°C for 2 hours to obtain a fine granule product.
- Example 1 (Comparative example 1) In Example 1, ⁇ heat treatment step>, ⁇ crushing step>, ⁇ first classification step>, and ⁇ second classification step> were performed in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the classification point in the second classification step was changed to 600 ⁇ m. Step> was performed to recover the fine granule product. Also, the recovery rate of each element in this fine grain product was determined in the same manner as in Example 1, and is shown in Table 2.
- examples 1 to 5 were able to achieve enrichment of cobalt and nickel as fine grain products.
- a recovery rate of 70% or more was obtained for cobalt and nickel in the fine grain product, and 70% or more of iron and 50% or more of copper contained in the intermediate product could be removed from the fine grain product.
- Comparative Example 1 over 60% of the iron and over 80% of the copper were recovered in the fine grain product and could not be sufficiently separated from the cobalt and nickel.
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Abstract
Description
また、加熱及び粉砕を行い、得られた粉砕物に対して磁力選別を行うことで、磁着物であるコバルト、ニッケルなどと、非磁着物である銅とを分けて回収する技術が提案されている(例えば、特許文献2参照)。
また、リチウムイオン二次電池に対して加熱、破砕、及び2段の分級を行い、分級で得られた中間粒度の産物を乾式磁選し、コバルト、ニッケルなどを濃縮させて回収する技術が提案されている(特許文献3参照)。
<1> 有価物を含むリチウムイオン二次電池を熱処理する熱処理工程と、
前記熱処理工程で得られた熱処理物を破砕する破砕工程と、
前記破砕工程で得られた破砕物を0.6mm以上2.4mm以下の分級点で粗粒産物と中間産物とに分級する第一分級工程、及び前記中間産物を40μm以上300μm以下の分級点で中粒産物と細粒産物とに分級する第二分級工程を含む分級工程と、
を含むことを特徴とする有価物の選別方法である。
<2> 前記第一分級工程において、前記破砕工程で得られた破砕物を1.2mmの分級点で粗粒産物と中間産物とに分級する前記<1>に記載の有価物の選別方法である。
<3> 前記熱処理工程において、前記リチウムイオン二次電池を660℃以上1,085℃以下で熱処理する前記<1>から<2>のいずれかに記載の有価物の選別方法である。
<4> 前記第二分級工程において、前記中間産物を40μm以上75μm以下の分級点で、湿式で分級する前記<1>から<3>のいずれかに記載の有価物の選別方法である。
<5> 前記リチウムイオン二次電池が、車載用、電力貯蔵システム用、及び無停電電源装置用から選択されるいずれかのリチウムイオン二次電池パックである前記<1>から<4>のいずれかに記載の有価物の選別方法である。
本発明の有価物の選別方法は、熱処理工程と、破砕工程と、分級工程とを含み、更に必要に応じてその他の工程を含む。
ここで、前記有価物とは、廃棄せずに取引対象たりうるものを意味し、例えば、コバルト(Co)、ニッケル(Ni)、鉄(Fe)、銅(Cu)、アルミニウム(Al)等の各種金属などが挙げられる。
そこで、本発明者らは、複数種類の有価物を含むリチウムイオン二次電池から、コバルト及びニッケルと、鉄及び銅とを容易に分離でき、コバルト及びニッケルの濃度を高めた高品位の有価物を高い回収率で得ることができる有価物の選別方法について鋭意検討を重ね、本発明を見出した。
即ち、本発明者らは、有価物を含むリチウムイオン二次電池を熱処理する熱処理工程と、前記熱処理工程で得られた熱処理物を破砕する破砕工程と、前記破砕工程で得られた破砕物を0.6mm以上2.4mm以下の分級点で粗粒産物と中間産物とに分級する第一分級工程、及び前記中間産物を40μm以上300μm以下の分級点で中粒産物と細粒産物とに分級する第二分級工程を含む分級工程と、を含む有価物の選別方法が、複数種類の有価物を含むリチウムイオン二次電池から、鉄、銅などを簡易に分離し、コバルト及びニッケルを濃縮した有価物を高い回収率で得ることができることを見出した。
前記熱処理工程は、前記有価物を含むリチウムイオン二次電池を熱処理する工程である。
より具体的には、前記熱処理工程は、前記有価物を含むリチウムイオン二次電池を熱処理してアルミニウムを溶融させて溶融物を分離し、溶融物を分離した後に残った熱処理物(焙焼物)を得る工程である。ここで、前記熱処理物とは、リチウムイオン二次電池を熱処理して得られたものを意味する。
大気雰囲気(空気雰囲気)とは、酸素が約21体積%、窒素が約78体積%の大気(空気)を用いた雰囲気を意味する。
不活性雰囲気とは、窒素又は及びアルゴンからなる雰囲気を例示できる。
還元性雰囲気とは、例えば、窒素又はアルゴン等の不活性雰囲気中にCO、H2、H2S、SO2などを含む雰囲気を意味する。
低酸素雰囲気とは、酸素が11体積%以下である雰囲気を意味する。
ここで、前記熱処理条件としては、例えば、熱処理温度、熱処理時間などが挙げられる。
前記熱処理温度としては、特に制限はなく、前記リチウムイオン二次電池の形態などに応じて、適宜選択することができるが、リチウムイオン二次電池の筐体の融点以上の温度、又はリチウムイオン二次電池の正極集電体の融点以上、負極集電体の融点以下の温度であることが好ましい。
より具体的には、例えば、リチウムイオン二次電池の筐体がアルミニウムを含むときは、前記熱処理温度をアルミニウムの融点である660℃以上とすることが好ましい。こうすることにより、前記熱処理工程において、当該筐体に含まれるアルミニウムと、リチウムイオン二次電池における他の部分(例えば、電極など)とを、容易に選別(分離)して、筐体由来のアルミニウムを簡便に回収することができる。また、この温度では正極活物質中に酸化物として存在するコバルト及びニッケルを、負極活物質として含まれるカーボンの作用によりコバルト及びニッケルの金属粒子に還元できる。
前記熱処理時間としては、特に制限はなく、目的に応じて適宜選択することができるが、1分間以上5時間以下が好ましく、1分間以上2時間以下がより好ましく、1分間以上1時間以下が特に好ましい。前記熱処理時間は、例えば、前記リチウムイオン二次電池が前記熱処理温度に到達するまでの時間であってもよく、保持時間は短くてもよい。前記熱処理時間が、1分間以上5時間以下であることにより、熱処理にかかるコストを抑制できるとともに、熱処理の効率を向上させることができる点で有利である。
前記リチウムイオン二次電池としては、少なくとも熱処理後に破砕が可能になるものであれば、特に制限はなく、公知の物の中から適宜選択することができる。
前記リチウムイオン二次電池の具体例としては、リチウムイオン二次電池の製造過程で発生した不良品のリチウムイオン二次電池、使用機器の不良や使用機器の寿命などにより廃棄されるリチウムイオン二次電池、寿命により廃棄される使用済みのリチウムイオン二次電池などが挙げられる。これらは、1種単独で使用してもよく、2種以上を併用してもよい。
リチウムイオン二次電池セルの形状としては、特に制限はなく、目的に応じて適宜選択することができ、例えば、ラミネート型、円筒型、ボタン型、コイン型、角型、平型などが挙げられる。
前記バッテリーセルは、単位電池である。
前記バッテリーモジュールは、前記バッテリーセルを複数個接続して一つの筐体(モジュール筐体)にまとめたものを意味する。
前記バッテリーパックは、複数のバッテリーモジュールを一つの筐体(パック筐体)にまとめたものを意味する。また、前記バッテリーパックは、制御コントローラーや冷却装置を備えたものであってもよい。
前記正極としては、コバルト及びニッケルのいずれか一方又は双方を含む正極活物質を有していれば、特に制限はなく、目的に応じて適宜選択することができる。
前記正極の形状としては、特に制限はなく、目的に応じて適宜選択することができ、例えば、平板状、シート状などが挙げられる。
正極集電体の形状、構造、大きさ、及び材質としては、特に制限はなく、目的に応じて適宜選択することができる。
前記正極集電体の形状としては、例えば、箔状などが挙げられる。
前記正極集電体の材質としては、例えば、ステンレススチール、ニッケル、アルミニウム、銅、チタン、タンタルなどが挙げられる。これらの中でも、アルミニウムが好ましい。
前記正極活物質としては、例えば、コバルト酸リチウム(LiCoO2)、コバルトニッケル酸リチウム(LiCo1/2Ni1/2O2)、NCM系正極材(LiNixCoyMnzO2(x+y+z=1))、NCA系正極材(ニッケル、コバルト、アルミ系)、マンガン酸リチウムやこれらの正極材の混合材などが挙げられる。
前記導電剤としては、特に制限はなく、目的に応じて適宜選択することができ、例えば、カーボンブラック、グラファイト、カーボンファイバー、金属炭化物などが挙げられる。
前記結着樹脂としては、特に制限はなく、目的に応じて適宜選択することができ、例えば、フッ化ビニリデン、四フッ化エチレン、アクリロニトリル、エチレンオキシド等の単独重合体又は共重合体、スチレン-ブタジエンゴムなどが挙げられる。
前記負極としては、カーボンを含む負極活物質を有していれば、特に制限はなく、目的に応じて適宜選択することができる。
前記負極の形状としては、特に制限はなく、目的に応じて適宜選択することができ、例えば、平板状、シート状などが挙げられる。
負極集電体の形状、構造、大きさ、及び材質としては、特に制限はなく、目的に応じて適宜選択することができる。
前記負極集電体の形状としては、例えば、箔状などが挙げられる。
前記負極集電体の材質としては、例えば、ステンレススチール、ニッケル、アルミニウム、銅、チタン、タンタルなどが挙げられる。これらの中でも、銅が好ましい。
前記電解液としては、特に制限はなく、公知の電解液の中から適宜選択することができ、例えば、電解質、有機溶剤を含有し、必要に応じて更にその他の成分を含有する。
前記セル筐体(「筐体」と称することがある)としては、特に制限はなく、目的に応じて適宜選択することができるが、前記正極、前記負極、前記セパレーター、前記電解液などを収容し得るものであることが好ましく、例えば、電池ケースなどが挙げられる。
前記セル筐体の材質としては、特に制限はなく、目的に応じて適宜選択することができ、例えば、アルミニウム、樹脂(プラスチック)などが挙げられる。
前記モジュール筐体としては、特に制限はなく、目的に応じて適宜選択することができるが、複数の電池セルを収容したものが挙げられる。
前記セル筐体の材質としては、特に制限はなく、目的に応じて適宜選択することができ、例えば、アルミニウム、樹脂(プラスチック)などが挙げられる。
前記パック筐体としては、特に制限はなく、目的に応じて適宜選択することができるが、複数の電池モジュールを収容したものが挙げられる。
前記セル筐体の材質としては、特に制限はなく、目的に応じて適宜選択することができ、例えば、鉄、ステンレス、アルミニウム、樹脂(プラスチック)などが挙げられる。
前記破砕工程は、前記熱処理工程で得られた熱処理物を破砕する工程である。
前記破砕工程としては、前記熱処理物を破砕して、破砕物を得ることができれば、特に制限はなく、目的に応じて適宜選択することができる。ここで、前記破砕物とは、前記熱処理物を破砕したものを意味する。
更に、前記熱処理物を衝撃により破砕する方法としては、例えば、回転させた2本のチェーンにより、熱処理物を叩いて衝撃を与える方法も挙げられ、例えば、チェーンミルなどにより行うことができる。
前記分級工程は、前記破砕工程で得られた破砕物を0.6mm以上2.4mm以下の分級点で粗粒産物と中間産物とに分級する第一分級工程、及び前記中間産物を40μm以上300μm以下の分級点で中粒産物と細粒産物とに分級する第二分級工程を含む。
前記第一分級工程は、前記破砕工程で得られた破砕物を0.6mm以上2.4mm以下の分級点で粗粒産物と中間産物とに分級する工程である。
前記第一工程を含むことにより、前記破砕物から銅及び鉄の少なくともいずれかの長尺物が予め除去された破砕物(中間産物)が前記第二分級工程で処理されるため、コバルト及びニッケルがより濃縮された細粒産物(有価物)を得ることができる。
前記第一分級工程は、当該第一分級工程の分級点の範囲内で、分級を複数回繰り返してもよい。こうすることで、各産物(有価物の各元素)の不純物品位を更に低減することができる。
前記第二分級工程は、前記第一分級工程で得られた中間産物を40μm以上300μm以下の分級点で中粒産物と細粒産物とに分級する工程である。
ここで、中粒産物は、前記第二分級工程で中間産物を分級した際の粗粒物であり、前記細粒産物は、前記第二分級工程で分級した際の細粒物である。
前記第二分級工程は、当該第二分級工程の分級点の範囲内で、分級を複数回繰り返してもよい。こうすることで、各産物(有価物の各元素)の不純物品位を更に低減することができる。
前記有価物の選別方法は、前記熱処理工程、前記破砕工程、及び前記分級工程以外にその他の工程を含んでいてもよい。
前記その他の工程としては、特に制限はなく、目的に応じて適宜選択することができる。
ここで、図面を参照して、本発明のリチウムイオン二次電池の選別方法における実施形態の一例について説明する。図1は、本発明の有価物の選別方法の一実施形態における処理の流れの一例を示すフロー図である。
次に、リチウムイオン二次電池100の熱処理物を破砕して破砕物を得る(図1のステップST2)。その後、破砕物を目開きが0.6mm以上2.4mm以下の篩で粗粒産物102(篩上物。大部分の銅及び鉄が除去される)と、中間産物103(篩下物。コバルトとニッケルが回収される)とに分級(第一分級工程)する(図1のステップST3)。
次に、中間産物103を40μm以上300μm以下の分級点で分級し、中粒産物(粗粒物)104と、細粒産物(細粒物)105とに分級する(第二分級工程)(図1のステップST4)。ここで、第一分級工程で中間産物に回収された一部の銅(Cu)鉄(Fe)を中粒産物104に分離でき、銅品位及び鉄品位が低く、コバルト及びニッケル品位が高い細粒産物が回収できる。
このようにして、本実施形態においては、リチウムイオン二次電池に含まれるコバルト、ニッケル、及びマンガンと、鉄及び銅とを、高い精度で効率よく選別することができ、コバルト及びニッケルの濃度を高めた高品位の有価物を高い回収率で得ることができる。
<熱処理工程>
パック筐体に鉄部材を含み、セル筐体にアルミニウムを含むリチウムイオン二次電池のバッテリーパック(約75kg)を、熱処理装置としてエコシステム秋田株式会社のバッチ式バーナー炉を用いて、熱処理温度800℃(1時間かけて昇温した後、2時間保持)で、熱処理を行うことにより熱処理物を得た。熱処理を行う際には、リチウムイオン二次電池を容器の上に載置して熱処理装置に入れ、アルミニウムを溶融させて分離し、前記容器の下部に回収した(アルミニウムの溶融回収を行った)。
次いで、破砕装置として、ハンマークラッシャー(マキノ式スイングハンマークラッシャーHC-20-3.7、槇野産業株式会社製)を用い、50Hz(ハンマー周速38m/秒間)、出口部分のスクリーンはロストル型開口穴30mm×200mmの条件で、前記熱処理工程で得られた熱処理物(熱処理を行ったリチウムイオン二次電池)を破砕し、リチウムイオン二次電池の破砕物を得た。
続いて、篩目の目開きが1.2mmの篩(直径200mm、東京スクリーン株式会社製)を用いて、リチウムイオン二次電池の破砕物を篩分け(第一分級工程)して、篩上物(粗粒産物)と篩下物(中間産物)とに選別処理し、篩下産物(中間産物)1kgを次工程に用いる破砕物とした。
第一分級工程で得られた篩下産物(中間産物)の一部を採取し、これを王水で溶解し、ICP発光分析装置(ICP-AES、iCAP6300、サーモフィッシャーサイエンティフィック株式会社製)を用いて分析することで、篩下産物(中間産物)に含まれる各元素の品位(質量%)を求め、表1に示した。
前記<第一分級工程>で得られた篩下産物(中間産物)を第二分級工程の対象物として処理した。
300μmの電磁篩を用い、篩上産物(中粒産物)と篩下産物(細粒産物)とに分級した。電磁篩は、電磁式ふるい振とう機(AS200コントロール、レッチェ社製)を用い、振幅1.45mmで20分間運転した。
前記第一分級工程における中間産物の品位分析と同様の方法で、第二分級工程で得られた篩下産物(細粒産物)の各元素の含有量を求め、第一分級工程で得られた前記中間産物中の各元素の量を100%としたときの、第二分級工程で得られた篩下産物(細粒産物)中の各元素の回収率(%)を求め、表2に示した。
実施例1において、第二分級工程の分級点を150μmに変更した以外は、実施例1と同様にして、<熱処理工程>、<破砕工程>、<第一分級工程>、及び<第二分級工程>を行い、細粒産物を回収した。また、実施例1と同様にしてこの細粒産物中の各元素の回収率を求め、表2に示した。
実施例1において、第二分級工程の分級点を75μmに変更した以外は、実施例1と同様にして、<熱処理工程>、<破砕工程>、<第一分級工程>、及び<第二分級工程>を行い、細粒産物を回収した。また、実施例1と同様にしてこの細粒産物中の各元素の回収率を求め、表2に示した。
実施例1において、第二分級工程の分級点を40μmに変更した以外は、実施例1と同様にして、<熱処理工程>、<破砕工程>、<第一分級工程>、及び<第二分級工程>を行い、細粒産物を回収した。また、実施例1と同様にしてこの細粒産物中の各元素の回収率を求め、表2に示した。
実施例1において、<第二分級工程>を以下のように変更したこと以外は、実施例1と同様にして、<熱処理工程>、<破砕工程>、及び<第一分級工程>を行い、細粒産物を回収した。また、実施例1と同様にしてこの細粒産物中の各元素の回収率を求め、表2に示した。
前記<第一分級工程>で得られた中間産物0.1kgを1Lガラスビーカー内の水0.5Lに加えた後、マグネチックスタラーで300rpmにて1時間攪拌し、中間産物のスラリーを作製した。このスラリーを40μmの電磁篩(電磁式ふるい振とう機、AS200コントロール、レッチェ社製)を用い、振幅1.45mmで20分間運転し、篩上産物(中粒産物)と篩下産物(細粒産物を含むスラリー)とに分級し、細粒物を含むスラリーを回収した。得られた細粒産物を含むスラリーは、5Cろ紙で固液分離後、ケークを105℃で2時間乾燥し、細粒産物を得た。
実施例1において、第二分級工程の分級点を600μmに変更した以外は、実施例1と同様にして、<熱処理工程>、<破砕工程>、<第一分級工程>、及び<第二分級工程>を行い、細粒産物を回収した。また、実施例1と同様にしてこの細粒産物中の各元素の回収率を求め、表2に示した。
比較例1では、鉄の60%以上及び銅の80%以上が細粒産物に回収され、コバルト及びニッケルから十分に分離できなかった。
ST2 破砕工程
ST3 第一分級工程
ST4 第二分級工程
100 リチウムイオン二次電池
101 アルミニウム
102 粗粒産物
103 中間産物
104 中粒産物
105 細粒産物
Claims (5)
- 有価物を含むリチウムイオン二次電池を熱処理する熱処理工程と、
前記熱処理工程で得られた熱処理物を破砕する破砕工程と、
前記破砕工程で得られた破砕物を0.6mm以上2.4mm以下の分級点で粗粒産物と中間産物とに分級する第一分級工程、及び前記中間産物を40μm以上300μm以下の分級点で中粒産物と細粒産物とに分級する第二分級工程を含む分級工程と、
を含むことを特徴とする有価物の選別方法。 - 前記第一分級工程において、前記破砕工程で得られた破砕物を1.2mmの分級点で粗粒産物と中間産物とに分級する請求項1に記載の有価物の選別方法。
- 前記熱処理工程において、前記リチウムイオン二次電池を660℃以上1,085℃以下で熱処理する請求項1から2のいずれかに記載の有価物の選別方法。
- 前記第二分級工程において、前記中間産物を40μm以上75μm以下の分級点で、湿式で分級する請求項1から3のいずれかに記載の有価物の選別方法。
- 前記リチウムイオン二次電池が、車載用、電力貯蔵システム用、及び無停電電源装置用から選択されるいずれかのリチウムイオン二次電池パックである請求項1から4のいずれかに記載の有価物の選別方法。
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