WO2017126564A1 - トナー、現像剤、及び画像形成装置 - Google Patents
トナー、現像剤、及び画像形成装置 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2017126564A1 WO2017126564A1 PCT/JP2017/001591 JP2017001591W WO2017126564A1 WO 2017126564 A1 WO2017126564 A1 WO 2017126564A1 JP 2017001591 W JP2017001591 W JP 2017001591W WO 2017126564 A1 WO2017126564 A1 WO 2017126564A1
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- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G9/00—Developers
- G03G9/08—Developers with toner particles
- G03G9/087—Binders for toner particles
- G03G9/08784—Macromolecular material not specially provided for in a single one of groups G03G9/08702 - G03G9/08775
- G03G9/08788—Block polymers
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G9/00—Developers
- G03G9/08—Developers with toner particles
- G03G9/087—Binders for toner particles
- G03G9/08784—Macromolecular material not specially provided for in a single one of groups G03G9/08702 - G03G9/08775
- G03G9/08791—Macromolecular material not specially provided for in a single one of groups G03G9/08702 - G03G9/08775 characterised by the presence of specified groups or side chains
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G9/00—Developers
- G03G9/08—Developers with toner particles
- G03G9/087—Binders for toner particles
- G03G9/08784—Macromolecular material not specially provided for in a single one of groups G03G9/08702 - G03G9/08775
- G03G9/08795—Macromolecular material not specially provided for in a single one of groups G03G9/08702 - G03G9/08775 characterised by their chemical properties, e.g. acidity, molecular weight, sensitivity to reactants
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G9/00—Developers
- G03G9/08—Developers with toner particles
- G03G9/087—Binders for toner particles
- G03G9/08784—Macromolecular material not specially provided for in a single one of groups G03G9/08702 - G03G9/08775
- G03G9/08797—Macromolecular material not specially provided for in a single one of groups G03G9/08702 - G03G9/08775 characterised by their physical properties, e.g. viscosity, solubility, melting temperature, softening temperature, glass transition temperature
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a toner, a developer, and an image forming apparatus.
- toners have been able to withstand high temperature and high humidity during storage and transportation after production, as well as reduction in particle size for high quality output images, high temperature offset resistance, low temperature fixability for energy saving.
- High heat-resistant storage stability is required.
- power consumption during fixing accounts for much of the power consumption in the image forming process, it is very important to improve low-temperature fixability.
- toner produced by a kneading and pulverizing method has been used.
- the toner produced by the kneading and pulverization method is difficult to reduce the particle size, the shape is irregular and the particle size distribution is broad, so the quality of the output image is not sufficient, and the fixing energy is high.
- There were problems such as.
- a wax (release agent) is added to improve the fixability, the toner produced by the kneading and pulverization method cracks at the interface of the wax during pulverization, so that a large amount of wax exists on the toner surface. Resulting in. For this reason, there is a problem in that, while the releasing effect is produced, the toner (filming) easily adheres to the carrier, the photoreceptor and the blade, and the overall performance is not satisfactory.
- a toner manufacturing method using a polymerization method has been proposed.
- the toner produced by the polymerization method can be easily reduced in particle size, the particle size distribution is sharper than that of the toner produced by the pulverization method, and the release agent can be included.
- a method for producing a toner by a polymerization method for the purpose of improving low-temperature fixability and improving high-temperature offset resistance, a method of producing a toner from an extension reaction product of urethane-modified polyester as a toner binder is disclosed. (For example, patent document 1).
- a method for producing a toner that is excellent in powder flowability and transferability in the case of a small particle size toner, and also excellent in all of heat-resistant storage stability, low-temperature fixability, and high-temperature offset resistance (for example, Patent Documents 2 and 3). Also, a method for producing a toner having an aging step for producing a toner binder having a stable molecular weight distribution and achieving both low-temperature fixability and high-temperature offset resistance is disclosed (for example, Patent Documents 4 and 5).
- a toner containing a resin containing a crystalline polyester resin and a release agent and having a sea-island-like phase separation structure in which the resin and the wax are incompatible with each other has been proposed.
- a toner containing a crystalline polyester resin, a release agent, and a graft polymer has been proposed (for example, Patent Document 7).
- Patent Document 8 a toner containing a graft-modified polymer has been proposed for the purpose of obtaining a high level of low-temperature fixability, heat-resistant storage stability, and high-temperature offset resistance without filming.
- the toners described in Patent Documents 4 and 5 do not satisfy the high level of low-temperature fixability required in recent years.
- the toners described in Patent Documents 6 to 8 have heat-resistant storage stability, high-temperature offset resistance, and low-temperature fixability, the dispersibility of the polyester resin and the release agent is not sufficient, thereby preventing uneven surface distribution. Therefore, there is a problem that filming occurs, and it does not satisfy the high level of heat storage stability and stress resistance required in recent years. Therefore, the present situation is that there is a demand for a toner having no filming and having excellent low-temperature fixability, high-temperature offset resistance, stress resistance, and heat-resistant storage, and a developer containing the toner.
- an object of the present invention is to provide a toner that has no filming and has excellent low-temperature fixability, high-temperature offset resistance, stress resistance, and heat-resistant storage stability.
- the present invention for solving the above problems relates to a toner as described in ⁇ 1> below.
- ⁇ 1> Crystalline polyester resin, amorphous hybrid resin, amorphous polyester resin, release agent, and coloring having a structural unit derived from a saturated aliphatic dicarboxylic acid and a structural unit derived from a saturated aliphatic diol
- the crystalline polyester resin includes a structural unit derived from sebacic acid as a structural unit derived from the saturated aliphatic dicarboxylic acid
- the toner according to claim 1, wherein the amorphous hybrid resin is a composite resin including a polyester resin unit and a styrene resin unit.
- the present invention it is possible to provide a toner having no filming and having excellent low-temperature fixability, high-temperature offset resistance, stress resistance, and heat-resistant storage stability.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic view showing an example of a process cartridge according to the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram showing an example of the image forming apparatus of the present invention.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic view showing another example of the image forming apparatus of the present invention.
- FIG. 4 is a schematic view showing another example of the image forming apparatus of the present invention.
- FIG. 5 is a schematic view showing another example of the image forming apparatus of the present invention.
- the embodiment ⁇ 1> of the present invention includes the following ⁇ 2> to ⁇ 6>, which will be described together.
- ⁇ 2> The crystalline polyester resin according to ⁇ 1>, comprising a structural unit derived from a linear aliphatic diol having 2 to 8 carbon atoms as a structural unit derived from the saturated aliphatic diol. toner.
- SP1> When the SP value of the crystalline polyester resin is SP1, the SP value of the amorphous polyester resin is SP2, and the SP value of the amorphous hybrid resin is SP3, the SP1 to SP3 are as follows: The toner according to ⁇ 1> or ⁇ 2>, which satisfies the relationship of formula (1) to formula (3).
- the toner of the present invention contains at least an amorphous polyester resin, a crystalline polyester resin, an amorphous hybrid resin, a colorant, and a release agent, and further contains other components as necessary. contains.
- the crystalline polyester resin is a crystalline polyester resin having a structural unit derived from a saturated aliphatic dicarboxylic acid and a structural unit derived from a saturated aliphatic diol, and as a structural unit derived from the saturated aliphatic dicarboxylic acid, Contains structural units derived from sebacic acid.
- the amorphous hybrid resin is a composite resin including a polyester resin unit and a styrene resin unit.
- the SP value of the crystalline polyester resin is SP1
- the SP value of the amorphous polyester resin is SP2
- the SP value of the amorphous hybrid resin is SP3. It is preferable to satisfy the relationship of the formulas (1) to (3).
- Formula (1) SP1 ⁇ SP3 ⁇ SP2
- Formula (2) 0.4 ⁇ SP2-SP1 ⁇ 1.1
- Formula (3) 0.1 ⁇ SP3-SP1 ⁇ 1.0
- the SP value (SP3) of the amorphous hybrid resin is changed from the SP value (SP1) of the crystalline polyester resin to the SP value of the amorphous polyester resin.
- the SP value is an intermediate value of the value (SP2), and SP2 and SP1, and SP3 and SP1 are each selected as an SP value having an appropriate SP value difference.
- the dispersibility can be improved. This makes it possible for the crystalline polyester resin to be uniformly finely dispersed inside the toner, highly preventing filming of the crystalline polyester resin, further improving the stress resistance, and further improving the toner. Low temperature fixability can be achieved.
- the average particle diameter of the crystalline polyester resin is preferably 0.1 ⁇ m to 2.0 ⁇ m. If the average particle size of the crystalline polyester resin is large, the crystalline polyester resin is more exposed on the toner surface, and filming may deteriorate.
- the average particle diameter can be measured by observing the toner cross section with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) or the like.
- the amorphous polyester resin is obtained using a polyhydric alcohol component and a polyvalent carboxylic acid component such as a polyvalent carboxylic acid, a polyvalent carboxylic acid anhydride, or a polyvalent carboxylic acid ester.
- a polyhydric alcohol component and a polyvalent carboxylic acid component such as a polyvalent carboxylic acid, a polyvalent carboxylic acid anhydride, or a polyvalent carboxylic acid ester.
- a polyester resin for example, a prepolymer described later and a resin obtained by crosslinking and / or elongation reaction of the prepolymer
- the amorphous hybrid resin It does not belong to crystalline polyester resin.
- polyhydric alcohol component examples include polyoxypropylene (2.2) -2,2-bis (4-hydroxyphenyl) propane, polyoxyethylene (2.2) -2,2-bis (4-hydroxy).
- polyvalent carboxylic acid component examples include dicarboxylic acids such as adipic acid, phthalic acid, isophthalic acid, terephthalic acid, fumaric acid and maleic acid; alkyl groups having 1 to 20 carbon atoms such as dodecenyl succinic acid and octyl succinic acid; Examples thereof include succinic acid substituted with an alkenyl group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms; trimellitic acid, pyromellitic acid; anhydrides of these acids and alkyl (1 to 8 carbon atoms) esters of these acids. These may be used individually by 1 type and may use 2 or more types together.
- dicarboxylic acids such as adipic acid, phthalic acid, isophthalic acid, terephthalic acid, fumaric acid and maleic acid
- alkyl groups having 1 to 20 carbon atoms such as dodecenyl succinic acid and octyl succinic acid
- the amorphous polyester resin is compatible with a prepolymer described later and a resin obtained by crosslinking and / or elongation reaction of the prepolymer.
- a prepolymer described later a resin obtained by crosslinking and / or elongation reaction of the prepolymer.
- the polyhydric alcohol component and polyvalent carboxylic acid component constituting the amorphous polyester resin and the polyhydric alcohol component and polycarboxylic acid component constituting the prepolymer described below may have similar compositions. preferable.
- the molecular weight of the amorphous polyester resin is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose. However, if the molecular weight is too low, the toner is resistant to heat resistance and stress such as stirring in the developing device. In some cases, the durability is inferior, and when the molecular weight is too high, the viscoelasticity at the time of melting of the toner is high and the low-temperature fixability may be inferior. , 1,000, number average molecular weight (Mn) of 1,000 to 4,000, and Mw / Mn of 1.0 to 4.0. Further, it is preferable that the weight average molecular weight (Mw) is 3,000 to 6,000, the number average molecular weight (Mn) is 1,500 to 3,000, and Mw / Mn is 1.0 to 3.5.
- the acid value of the amorphous polyester resin is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose, but is preferably 1 mgKOH / g to 50 mgKOH / g, more preferably 5 mgKOH / g to 30 mgKOH / g.
- the acid value is 1 mgKOH / g or more, the toner is likely to be negatively charged, and further, the affinity between the paper and the toner is improved when fixing to paper, and the low-temperature fixability can be improved.
- the acid value is 50 mgKOH / g or less, charging stability, particularly charging stability against environmental fluctuations, does not decrease.
- the hydroxyl value of the amorphous polyester resin is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose, but is preferably 5 mgKOH / g or more.
- the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the amorphous polyester resin is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the purpose. However, if the Tg is too low, the heat resistant storage stability of the toner and the developing device When the Tg is too high, the viscoelasticity at the time of melting of the toner may increase and the low-temperature fixability may be poor. More preferably, the temperature is from 60 ° C to 60 ° C.
- the content of the amorphous polyester resin is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose, but is preferably 50 parts by mass to 95 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the toner, and 60 parts by mass. Part to 90 parts by mass is more preferable.
- the content is less than 50 parts by mass, the dispersibility of the pigment and the release agent in the toner may be deteriorated, and image fogging and disturbance may easily occur. Since the polyester content decreases, the low-temperature fixability may be inferior.
- the content is in the more preferable range, it is advantageous in that it is excellent in all of high image quality, high stability, and low temperature fixability.
- the molecular structure of the amorphous polyester resin can be confirmed by X-ray diffraction, GC / MS, LC / MS, IR measurement, etc. in addition to NMR measurement by solution or solid. At a convenient infrared absorption spectrum, and a method of detecting the 965 ⁇ 10 cm -1 and 990 ⁇ 10 cm -1 and having no absorption based on olefin? Ch (out-of-plane deformation vibration) as an amorphous polyester resin .
- the crystalline polyester resin has a structural unit derived from a saturated aliphatic dicarboxylic acid and a structural unit derived from a saturated aliphatic diol, and a structural unit derived from sebacic acid as a structural unit derived from a saturated aliphatic dicarboxylic acid.
- a saturated aliphatic diol an alcohol component containing a linear aliphatic diol having 2 to 12 carbon atoms is preferably used, and a linear aliphatic diol having 2 to 8 carbon atoms is more preferably used.
- the crystalline polyester resin is selected to contain an alcohol component containing a linear aliphatic diol having 2 to 8 carbon atoms and sebacic acid, the dispersibility of the crystalline polyester resin in the toner is further improved. can do. As a result, the crystalline polyester resin can be uniformly finely dispersed in the toner, filming of the polyester resin A can be prevented, stress resistance can be improved, and low temperature fixability of the toner can be achieved. .
- the crystalline polyester resin is selected from those containing an alcohol component containing a linear aliphatic diol having 2 to 8 carbon atoms and sebacic acid, the crystalline property of the amorphous hybrid resin is selected.
- the dispersion effect on the polyester resin is improved, the dispersion diameter of the crystalline polyester resin is not increased, the crystalline polyester resin is not unevenly distributed on the toner surface, and filming and contamination of the crystalline polyester resin are less likely to occur. .
- the crystalline polyester resin Since the crystalline polyester resin has high crystallinity, it exhibits a heat-melting characteristic that shows a sudden viscosity drop near the fixing start temperature.
- the heat-resistant storage stability due to crystallinity is good until just before the melting start temperature, and the viscosity is rapidly lowered (sharp melt property) at the melting start temperature and fixing.
- a toner having both good heat storage stability and low-temperature fixability can be obtained. Also, good results are shown for the release width (difference between the fixing lower limit temperature and the hot offset occurrence temperature).
- the crystalline polyester resin is obtained using a polyhydric alcohol component and a polyvalent carboxylic acid component such as a polyvalent carboxylic acid, a polyvalent carboxylic acid anhydride, or a polyvalent carboxylic acid ester.
- the crystalline polyester resin uses a polyhydric alcohol component and a polyvalent carboxylic acid component such as a polyvalent carboxylic acid, a polyvalent carboxylic acid anhydride, or a polyvalent carboxylic acid ester.
- the crystalline polyester resin that is obtained by modifying the crystalline polyester resin, for example, a prepolymer described later and a resin obtained by crosslinking and / or elongation reaction of the prepolymer does not belong to the crystalline polyester resin.
- diol and trihydric or more alcohol are mentioned.
- diol include saturated aliphatic diol.
- saturated aliphatic diol include straight-chain saturated aliphatic diols and branched saturated aliphatic diols. Of these, straight-chain saturated aliphatic diols are preferred, and straight chain having 2 to 12 carbon atoms. A chain saturated aliphatic diol is more preferred. If the saturated aliphatic diol is branched, the crystallinity of the polyester resin A may be lowered, and the melting point may be lowered.
- the melting temperature becomes high when polycondensing with an aromatic dicarboxylic acid, and low-temperature fixing may be difficult.
- the number of carbon atoms exceeds 12, it becomes difficult to obtain practical materials.
- the number of carbon atoms is more preferably 8 or less.
- saturated aliphatic diol examples include ethylene glycol, 1,3-propanediol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,5-pentanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, 1,7-heptanediol, 1, 8-octanediol, 1,9-nonanediol, 1,10-decanediol, 1,11-undecanediol, 1,12-dodecanediol, 1,13-tridecanediol, 1,14-tetradecanediol, 1, Examples thereof include 18-octadecanediol and 1,14-eicosandecanediol.
- the polyester resin A has high crystallinity and excellent sharp melt properties, so that ethylene glycol, 1,3-propanediol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, 1,8- Octanediol, 1,10-decanediol and 1,12-dodecanediol are preferred.
- the trihydric or higher alcohol include glycerin, trimethylolethane, trimethylolpropane, and pentaerythritol. These may be used individually by 1 type and may use 2 or more types together.
- polyvalent carboxylic acid component As the polyvalent carboxylic acid component, sebacic acid is used, but other divalent carboxylic acids and trivalent or higher carboxylic acids can be used in combination depending on the purpose.
- divalent carboxylic acid include oxalic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, speric acid, azelaic acid, sebacic acid, 1,9-nonanedicarboxylic acid, 1,10-decanedicarboxylic acid, 1, Saturated aliphatic dicarboxylic acids such as 12-dodecanedicarboxylic acid, 1,14-tetradecanedicarboxylic acid, 1,18-octadecanedicarboxylic acid; phthalic acid, isophthalic acid, terephthalic acid, naphthalene-2,6-dicarboxylic acid, malonic acid, Aromatic dicarboxylic acids such as dibasic acids such as mesaconic acid;
- the trivalent or higher carboxylic acid examples include 1,2,4-benzenetricarboxylic acid, 1,2,5-benzenetricarboxylic acid, 1,2,4-naphthalenetricarboxylic acid, and the like, and anhydrides thereof. And the lower alkyl esters.
- the polyvalent carboxylic acid component may include a dicarboxylic acid component having a sulfonic acid group.
- a dicarboxylic acid component having a double bond may be contained. These may be used individually by 1 type and may use 2 or more types together.
- the crystalline polyester resin having a structural unit derived from a saturated aliphatic dicarboxylic acid and a structural unit derived from a saturated aliphatic diol has excellent crystallinity and excellent sharp melt properties. This is preferable in that it can exhibit low-temperature fixability.
- fusing point of the said crystalline polyester resin there is no restriction
- the melting point is less than 60 ° C., the crystalline polyester resin is easily melted at a low temperature and the heat-resistant storage stability of the toner may be lowered.
- the melting point is 80 ° C. or more, the crystalline polyester resin is heated by fixing. Insufficient melting may cause low temperature fixability.
- the melting point can be measured by an endothermic peak value of a DSC chart in a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) measurement.
- DSC differential scanning calorimeter
- the molecular weight of the crystalline polyester resin is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose. However, those having a sharp molecular weight distribution and a low molecular weight are excellent in low-temperature fixability, and many components have a low molecular weight.
- the soluble content of the orthodichlorobenzene of the polyester resin A has a weight average molecular weight (Mw) of 3,000 to 30,000 and a number average molecular weight (Mn) of 1 in GPC measurement. , Preferably 10,000 to 10,000, and Mw / Mn 1.0 to 10. Furthermore, it is preferable that the weight average molecular weight (Mw) is 5,000 to 15,000, the number average molecular weight (Mn) is 2,000 to 10,000, and Mw / Mn is 1.0 to 5.0.
- the acid value of the crystalline polyester resin is not particularly limited and can be appropriately selected according to the purpose. From the viewpoint of the affinity between paper and resin, in order to achieve desired low-temperature fixability, 5 mgKOH / g or more is preferable and 10 mgKOH / g or more is more preferable. On the other hand, in order to improve the high temperature offset resistance, 45 mgKOH / g or less is preferable.
- the hydroxyl value of the crystalline polyester resin is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected according to the purpose. However, in order to achieve a desired temperature fixability and good charging characteristics, 0 mgKOH / G to 50 mgKOH / g is preferable, and 5 mgKOH / g to 50 mgKOH / g is more preferable.
- the molecular structure of the crystalline polyester resin can be confirmed by X-ray diffraction, GC / MS, LC / MS, IR measurement, etc. in addition to NMR measurement by solution or solid. Conveniently the infrared absorption spectrum, and a method of detecting those with absorption based on 965 ⁇ 10 cm -1 or 990 of olefins ⁇ 10cm -1 ⁇ CH (out-of-plane bending vibration) as a crystalline polyester resin.
- the content of the crystalline polyester resin is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose. It is preferably 2 parts by mass to 20 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the toner, and 5 parts by mass. More preferred is 15 parts by mass.
- the content is less than 2 parts by mass, the low-temperature fixability may be inferior because sharp melting by the crystalline polyester resin is insufficient, and when it exceeds 20 parts by mass, the heat-resistant storage stability is deteriorated. In addition, image fogging may occur easily.
- the content is in the more preferable range, it is advantageous in that it is excellent in all of high image quality, high stability, and low-temperature fixability.
- mold release agent There is no restriction
- mold release agents for waxes and waxes include plant waxes such as carnauba wax, cotton wax, wood wax, and rice wax; animal waxes such as beeswax and lanolin; mineral waxes such as ozokerite and cercin; And natural waxes such as petroleum waxes such as paraffin, microcrystalline, and petrolatum.
- synthetic hydrocarbon waxes such as Fischer-Tropsch wax, polyethylene, and polypropylene; synthetic waxes such as esters, ketones, and ethers; Furthermore, fatty acid amide compounds such as 12-hydroxystearic amide, stearic amide, phthalic anhydride imide, chlorinated hydrocarbons; low molecular weight crystalline polymer resins such as poly-n-stearyl methacrylate, poly-n -Polyacrylate homopolymer or copolymer such as lauryl methacrylate (eg, n-stearyl acrylate-ethyl methacrylate copolymer); crystalline polymer having a long alkyl group in the side chain, etc. Good.
- hydrocarbon waxes such as paraffin wax, microcrystalline wax, Fischer-Tropsch wax, polyethylene wax, and polypropylene wax are preferable.
- the melting point of the release agent is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose, but is preferably 60 ° C or higher and lower than 95 ° C.
- the release agent is more preferably a hydrocarbon wax having a melting point of 60 ° C. or higher and lower than 95 ° C. Since such a release agent can effectively act as a release agent between the fixing roller and the toner interface, high temperature offset resistance can be achieved without applying a release agent such as oil to the fixing roller. Can be improved.
- the hydrocarbon wax has almost no compatibility with the crystalline polyester resin and can function independently of each other. Therefore, the softening effect of the crystalline polyester resin as a binder resin, and the release agent Since offset property is not impaired, it is preferable.
- the melting point of the release agent is less than 60 ° C., the release agent is easily melted at a low temperature, and the heat resistant storage stability of the toner may be deteriorated. If the melting point of the release agent is 95 ° C. or more, the release agent may not be sufficiently melted by heating at the time of fixing, and sufficient offset properties may not be obtained.
- the content of the release agent is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose, but is preferably 2 parts by mass to 10 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the toner. 8 parts by mass is more preferable.
- the content is less than 2 parts by mass, the high-temperature offset resistance during fixing and the low-temperature fixability may be inferior.
- the content exceeds 10 parts by mass, heat-resistant storage stability is deteriorated, and image fogging occurs. Etc. may occur easily.
- the content is in the more preferable range, it is advantageous in terms of improving the image quality and improving the fixing stability.
- amorphous hybrid resin a composite resin containing a polyester resin component and a styrene resin component is used.
- the amorphous hybrid resin is a composite resin formed by partially chemically bonding a polyester resin component (polyester resin unit) and a styrene resin component (styrene resin unit).
- the amorphous hybrid resin has a polyester resin unit, the dispersibility of the crystalline polyester resin in the toner can be improved. This enables the crystalline polyester resin to be uniformly finely dispersed in the toner, preventing filming of the crystalline polyester resin and the release agent, improving stress resistance, and toner. Low temperature fixability can be achieved.
- the styrene resin unit contained in the amorphous hybrid resin is preferably a styrene-acrylic resin.
- the affinity with the amorphous polyester resin is increased, the dispersion effect on the crystalline polyester resin is improved, and the crystalline polyester resin is easily finely dispersed inside the toner.
- any one of the raw material monomers of the two polymerization resins can be used as one of the raw material monomers.
- a resin obtained by mixing monomers capable of reacting together (both reactive monomers) is preferred.
- Both reactive monomers have at least one functional group selected from the group consisting of a hydroxyl group, a carboxyl group, an epoxy group, a primary amino group and a secondary amino group in the molecule, an ethylenically unsaturated bond, It is preferable to use a monomer having such a property, and by using such a bireactive monomer, it is possible to improve the dispersibility of the resin to be a dispersed phase.
- Specific examples of the both reactive monomers include acrylic acid, fumaric acid, methacrylic acid, citraconic acid, maleic acid and the like. Among these, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid and fumaric acid are preferable.
- the amount of the both reactive monomers used is preferably 0.1 to 10 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the raw material monomer for the polyester resin.
- the bi-reactive monomer is treated as a monomer different from the raw material monomer for the polyester-based resin and the raw material monomer for the addition-polymerized resin because of the specificity of the performance.
- the amorphous hybrid resin when the amorphous hybrid resin is obtained by performing the two polymerization reactions using the above raw material monomer mixture and the both reactive monomers, the progress and completion of the polymerization reaction are time-consuming. It is not necessary to be simultaneous, and the reaction temperature and time may be appropriately selected according to each reaction mechanism to advance and complete the reaction.
- a raw material monomer for a polyester-based resin a raw material monomer for an addition polymerization-based resin, a bireactive monomer, a catalyst such as a polymerization initiator, and the like are mixed.
- An addition polymerization resin component having a functional group capable of polycondensation reaction by radical polymerization reaction at a temperature of from 180 ° C. to 180 ° C. is obtained, and then the reaction temperature is increased to 190 ° C. to 270 ° C. It is preferred to have the components formed.
- the softening point of the amorphous hybrid resin is desirably 80 ° C. to 170 ° C., preferably 90 ° C. to 160 ° C., more preferably 95 ° C. to 155 ° C.
- the mass ratio of the crystalline polyester resin to the amorphous hybrid resin is not particularly limited, but the mass ratio of the crystalline polyester resin to the amorphous hybrid resin is 50/100 to 200/100 (crystalline polyester). Resin / amorphous hybrid resin) is preferred.
- the raw material monomer of the polyester resin constituting the amorphous hybrid resin the same raw material monomer as that of the crystalline polyester resin can be used, but a succinic acid derivative is used as the carboxylic acid component.
- a succinic acid derivative is used as the carboxylic acid component.
- Styrene derivatives such as styrene, ⁇ -methylstyrene, vinyltoluene and the like are used as a raw material monomer for the styrene resin constituting the amorphous hybrid resin.
- the content of the styrene derivative is preferably 50% by mass or more, more preferably 70% by mass or more, and further preferably 80% by mass or more in the raw material monomer of the styrene resin.
- raw material monomers for styrene resins that can be used in addition to styrene derivatives include (meth) acrylic acid alkyl esters; ethylenically unsaturated monoolefins such as ethylene and propylene; diolefins such as butadiene; and halovinyls such as vinyl chloride.
- Vinyl esters such as vinyl acetate and vinyl propionate; esters of ethylenic monocarboxylic acid such as dimethylaminoethyl (meth) acrylate; vinyl ethers such as vinyl methyl ether; vinylidene halides such as vinylidene chloride; N-vinyl And N-vinyl compounds such as pyrrolidone.
- (meth) acrylic acid alkyl esters are preferred from the viewpoint of low-temperature fixability and charging stability of the toner.
- the carbon number of the alkyl group in the (meth) acrylic acid alkyl ester is preferably 1 to 22, and more preferably 8 to 18.
- carbon number of this alkyl ester says carbon number derived from the alcohol component which comprises ester.
- the content of the (meth) acrylic acid alkyl ester is preferably 50% by mass or less, more preferably 30% by mass or less, in the raw material monomer of the styrenic resin, from the viewpoints of low-temperature fixability, storage stability and charge stability of the toner. 20 mass% or less is more preferable.
- ⁇ Colorant> there is no restriction
- the content of the colorant is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose, but is preferably 1 part by mass to 15 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the toner, and 3 parts by mass to 10 parts by mass. Part by mass is more preferable.
- the colorant can also be used as a master batch combined with a resin.
- the resin to be kneaded together with the production of the master batch or the master batch include, in addition to the amorphous polyester resin, styrene such as polystyrene, poly p-chlorostyrene, and polyvinyl toluene, or a polymer of a substituted product thereof; styrene-p -Chlorostyrene copolymer, styrene-propylene copolymer, styrene-vinyltoluene copolymer, styrene-vinylnaphthalene copolymer, styrene-methyl acrylate copolymer, styrene-ethyl acrylate copolymer, styrene- Butyl acrylate copolymer, styrene-octyl acrylate copolymer,
- the masterbatch can be obtained by mixing a masterbatch resin and a colorant under high shear force and kneading to obtain a masterbatch.
- an organic solvent can be used in order to enhance the interaction between the colorant and the resin.
- a so-called flushing method which is a wet method of colorant, is a method of mixing and kneading an aqueous paste containing water of a colorant together with a resin and an organic solvent, transferring the colorant to the resin side, and removing moisture and organic solvent components. Since the cake can be used as it is, it does not need to be dried and is preferably used.
- a high shear dispersion device such as a three-roll mill is preferably used.
- the other components are not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the purpose.
- a polymer having a site capable of reacting with an active hydrogen group-containing compound, an active hydrogen group-containing compound, a charge control agent examples thereof include an external additive, a fluidity improver, a cleaning property improver, and a magnetic material.
- the polymer having a site capable of reacting with active hydrogen group-containing compound (sometimes referred to as “prepolymer”) is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose.
- a polyol resin Polyacrylic resin, polyester resin, epoxy resin, derivatives thereof, and the like. These may be used individually by 1 type and may use 2 or more types together.
- a polyester resin is preferable in terms of high fluidity and transparency at the time of melting.
- Examples of the site capable of reacting with the active hydrogen group-containing compound of the prepolymer include an isocyanate group, an epoxy group, a carboxyl group, and a functional group represented by —COCl. These may be used individually by 1 type and may use 2 or more types together. Among these, an isocyanate group is preferable.
- the prepolymer is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose. However, it is easy to adjust the molecular weight of the polymer component, and oilless low-temperature fixing characteristics in dry toners, particularly for fixing heating media. Even in the absence of a release oil application mechanism, a polyester resin having an isocyanate group or the like capable of generating a urea bond is preferable in terms of ensuring good release properties and fixing properties.
- the active hydrogen group-containing compound acts as an elongation agent, a crosslinking agent or the like when a polymer having a site capable of reacting with the active hydrogen group-containing compound undergoes an elongation reaction, a crosslinking reaction, or the like in an aqueous medium.
- the active hydrogen group is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose. Examples thereof include a hydroxyl group (alcoholic hydroxyl group and phenolic hydroxyl group), an amino group, a carboxyl group, a mercapto group, and the like. These may be used individually by 1 type and may use 2 or more types together.
- the active hydrogen group-containing compound is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose.
- the polymer having a site capable of reacting with the active hydrogen group-containing compound is a polyester resin containing an isocyanate group.
- amines are preferred because they can be polymerized with the polyester resin by elongation reaction, crosslinking reaction, or the like.
- the amines are not particularly limited and can be appropriately selected according to the purpose. Examples thereof include diamines, trivalent or higher amines, amino alcohols, amino mercaptans, amino acids, and those amino groups blocked. Is mentioned. These may be used individually by 1 type and may use 2 or more types together. Among these, diamine and a mixture of a diamine and a small amount of trivalent or higher amine are preferable.
- the diamine is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose.
- examples thereof include aromatic diamines, alicyclic diamines, and aliphatic diamines.
- the aromatic diamine is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose. Examples thereof include phenylene diamine, diethyl toluene diamine, and 4,4'-diaminodiphenyl methane.
- the alicyclic diamine is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose. Examples thereof include 4,4′-diamino-3,3′-dimethyldicyclohexylmethane, diaminocyclohexane and isophorone diamine. Can be mentioned. There is no restriction
- the trivalent or higher amine is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose. Examples thereof include diethylenetriamine and triethylenetetramine.
- the amino alcohol is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose. Examples thereof include ethanolamine and hydroxyethylaniline.
- the amino mercaptan is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose. Examples thereof include aminoethyl mercaptan and aminopropyl mercaptan.
- the amino acid is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose. Examples thereof include aminopropionic acid and aminocaproic acid. There is no restriction
- polyester resin containing isocyanate groups The polyester resin containing an isocyanate group (hereinafter sometimes referred to as “polyester prepolymer having an isocyanate group”) is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose. Examples thereof include a reaction product of a polyester resin having an active hydrogen group obtained by polycondensation of a carboxylic acid and a polyisocyanate.
- polyol there is no restriction
- the diol is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose. Examples thereof include ethylene glycol, 1,2-propylene glycol, 1,3-propylene glycol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,6 -Alkylene glycol such as hexanediol; diol having an oxyalkylene group such as diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, polytetramethylene glycol; 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol, hydrogenated bisphenol A, etc.
- Alicyclic diols those obtained by adding alkylene oxides such as ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, butylene oxide to alicyclic diols; bisphenol A, bisphenol F, bisphenol S Bisphenols; the bisphenols include ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, alkylene oxide adducts of bisphenols such as those obtained by adding alkylene oxides such as butylene oxide; and the like.
- the carbon number of the alkylene glycol is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose, but is preferably 2 to 12.
- alkylene glycols having 2 to 12 carbon atoms and alkylene oxide adducts of bisphenols are preferred, alkylene oxide adducts of bisphenols, alkylene oxide adducts of bisphenols and alkylene glycols having 2 to 12 carbon atoms. And a mixture thereof is more preferable.
- the trihydric or higher alcohol is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose.
- trihydric or higher aliphatic alcohol trihydric or higher polyphenol, alkylene of trihydric or higher polyphenols. And oxide adducts.
- the trihydric or higher aliphatic alcohol is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose. Examples thereof include glycerin, trimethylolethane, trimethylolpropane, pentaerythritol, and sorbitol.
- the trihydric or higher polyphenols are not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose. Examples thereof include trisphenol PA, phenol novolac, and cresol novolak.
- alkylene oxide adducts of trihydric or higher polyphenols include those obtained by adding alkylene oxides such as ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, and butylene oxide to trihydric or higher polyphenols.
- the mass ratio of the trihydric or higher alcohol to the diol is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose. % To 10% by mass is preferable, and 0.01% to 1% by mass is more preferable.
- the polycarboxylic acid is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose. Examples thereof include dicarboxylic acids, trivalent or higher carboxylic acids, and mixtures of dicarboxylic acids and trivalent or higher carboxylic acids. It is done. These may be used individually by 1 type and may use 2 or more types together. Among these, a dicarboxylic acid, a mixture of a dicarboxylic acid and a small amount of a tricarboxylic or higher polycarboxylic acid is preferable.
- dicarboxylic acid there is no restriction
- the divalent alkanoic acid is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose. Examples thereof include succinic acid, adipic acid and sebacic acid.
- the divalent alkenoic acid is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose. However, a divalent alkenoic acid having 4 to 20 carbon atoms is preferable.
- the divalent alkenoic acid having 4 to 20 carbon atoms is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose. Examples thereof include maleic acid and fumaric acid.
- the aromatic dicarboxylic acid is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose, but is preferably an aromatic dicarboxylic acid having 8 to 20 carbon atoms.
- the aromatic dicarboxylic acid having 8 to 20 carbon atoms is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose. Examples thereof include phthalic acid, isophthalic acid, terephthalic acid and naphthalenedicarboxylic acid.
- the trivalent or higher carboxylic acid is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose.
- examples thereof include trivalent or higher aromatic carboxylic acids.
- the trivalent or higher aromatic carboxylic acid is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose.
- a trivalent or higher aromatic carboxylic acid having 9 to 20 carbon atoms is preferable.
- the trivalent or higher aromatic carboxylic acid having 9 to 20 carbon atoms is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose. Examples thereof include trimellitic acid and pyromellitic acid.
- an acid anhydride or a lower alkyl ester of any of dicarboxylic acid, trivalent or higher carboxylic acid, and a mixture of dicarboxylic acid and trivalent or higher carboxylic acid may be used.
- limiting in particular as said lower alkyl ester According to the objective, it can select suitably, For example, methyl ester, ethyl ester, isopropyl ester, etc. are mentioned.
- the mass ratio of the trivalent or higher carboxylic acid to the dicarboxylic acid is not particularly limited and can be appropriately selected depending on the purpose. 0.01 mass% to 10 mass% is preferable, and 0.01 mass% to 1 mass% is more preferable.
- the equivalent ratio of the hydroxyl group of the polyol to the carboxyl group of the polycarboxylic acid in the polycondensation of the polyol and the polycarboxylic acid is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose. To 2 is preferable, 1 to 1.5 is more preferable, and 1.02 to 1.3 is particularly preferable.
- the content of the structural unit derived from the polyol in the polyester prepolymer having an isocyanate group is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose, but is preferably 0.5% by mass to 40% by mass, 1% by mass to 30% by mass is more preferable, and 2% by mass to 20% by mass is particularly preferable.
- the content is less than 0.5% by mass, the high temperature offset resistance is lowered, and it may be difficult to achieve both the heat resistant storage stability and the low temperature fixability of the toner.
- Low temperature fixability may be reduced.
- the polyisocyanate is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose. Examples thereof include aliphatic diisocyanates, alicyclic diisocyanates, aromatic diisocyanates, araliphatic diisocyanates, isocyanurates, and phenol derivatives thereof. , Oxime, caprolactam and the like blocked.
- the aliphatic diisocyanate is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose.
- tetramethylene diisocyanate, hexamethylene diisocyanate, methyl 2,6-diisocyanatocaproate, octamethylene diisocyanate, decamethylene examples thereof include diisocyanate, dodecamethylene diisocyanate, tetradecamethylene diisocyanate, trimethylhexane diisocyanate, and tetramethylhexane diisocyanate.
- the alicyclic diisocyanate is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose. Examples thereof include isophorone diisocyanate and cyclohexylmethane diisocyanate.
- the aromatic diisocyanate is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose.
- tolylene diisocyanate diisocyanatodiphenylmethane, 1,5-naphthylene diisocyanate, 4,4′-diisocyanato And diphenyl, 4,4′-diisocyanato-3,3′-dimethyldiphenyl, 4,4′-diisocyanato-3-methyldiphenylmethane, 4,4′-diisocyanato-diphenyl ether, and the like.
- the araliphatic diisocyanate is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose. Examples thereof include ⁇ , ⁇ , ⁇ ′, ⁇ ′-tetramethylxylylene diisocyanate. There is no restriction
- the equivalent ratio of the isocyanate group of the polyisocyanate to the hydroxyl group of the polyester resin is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the purpose. 1 to 5 is preferable, 1.2 to 4 is more preferable, and 1.5 to 3 is particularly preferable. When the equivalent ratio is less than 1, offset resistance may be lowered. When the equivalent ratio is more than 5, low-temperature fixability may be lowered.
- the content of the structural unit derived from polyisocyanate in the polyester prepolymer having an isocyanate group is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose, but is preferably 0.5% by mass to 40% by mass. 1% by mass to 30% by mass is more preferable, and 2% by mass to 20% by mass is particularly preferable. When the content is less than 0.5% by mass, the high temperature offset resistance may be deteriorated, and when it exceeds 40% by mass, the low temperature fixability may be deteriorated.
- the average number of isocyanate groups that the polyester prepolymer having an isocyanate group has per molecule is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose, but is preferably 1 or more, preferably 1.2 to 5 More preferably, 1.5 to 4 is particularly preferable. When the average number is less than 1, the molecular weight of the urea-modified polyester resin is lowered, and the high temperature offset resistance may be lowered.
- the mass ratio of the polyester prepolymer having an isocyanate group to the polyester resin containing a propylene oxide adduct of bisphenol in the polyhydric alcohol component and having a specific hydroxyl value and an acid value is particularly limited. However, 5/95 to 25/75 is preferable, and 10/90 to 25/75 is more preferable. When the mass ratio is less than 5/95, the high temperature offset resistance may be lowered, and when it exceeds 25/75, the low temperature fixability and the glossiness of the image may be lowered.
- the charge control agent is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose.
- nigrosine dyes triphenylmethane dyes, chromium-containing metal complex dyes, molybdate chelate pigments, rhodamine dyes, Alkoxy amines, quaternary ammonium salts (including fluorine-modified quaternary ammonium salts), alkylamides, phosphorus simple substances or compounds, tungsten simple substances or compounds, fluorine activators, salicylic acid metal salts, metal salts of salicylic acid derivatives, etc. It is.
- the content of the charge control agent is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose, but is preferably 0.1 to 10 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the toner. 2 to 5 parts by mass is more preferable. When the content exceeds 10 parts by mass, the chargeability of the toner is too large, the effect of the main charge control agent is reduced, the electrostatic attraction force with the developing roller is increased, and the flowability of the developer is reduced. The image density may be reduced.
- These charge control agents can be dissolved and dispersed after being melt-kneaded with a masterbatch and resin, or of course, may be added when directly dissolving or dispersing in an organic solvent, or may be fixed on the toner surface after preparation of toner particles. May be.
- inorganic fine particles and hydrophobized inorganic particles can be used in combination.
- the average particle size of the hydrophobized primary particles is preferably 1 nm to 100 nm, preferably 5 nm to 70 nm.
- the inorganic fine particles are more preferable.
- at least one kind of inorganic fine particles having an average particle diameter of 20 nm or less of the primary particles subjected to the hydrophobization treatment is contained, and at least one kind of inorganic fine particles having a diameter of 30 nm or more is contained.
- the specific surface area by the BET method is preferably 20 m 2 / g to 500 m 2 / g.
- the external additive is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose.
- examples thereof include silica fine particles, hydrophobic silica, fatty acid metal salts (for example, zinc stearate and aluminum stearate), and metal oxides.
- fatty acid metal salts for example, zinc stearate and aluminum stearate
- metal oxides for example, titania, alumina, tin oxide, antimony oxide, etc.
- fluoropolymer and the like.
- Suitable additives include hydrophobized silica, titania, titanium oxide, and alumina fine particles.
- silica fine particles include R972, R974, RX200, RY200, R202, R805, and R812 (all manufactured by Nippon Aerosil Co., Ltd.).
- titania fine particles include P-25 (manufactured by Nippon Aerosil Co., Ltd.), STT-30, STT-65C-S (both manufactured by Titanium Industry Co., Ltd.), TAF-140 (manufactured by Fuji Titanium Industry Co., Ltd.), MT-150W, MT-500B, MT-600B, MT-150A (all manufactured by Teika Co., Ltd.), and the like.
- hydrophobized titanium oxide fine particles examples include T-805 (manufactured by Nippon Aerosil Co., Ltd.), STT-30A, STT-65S-S (all manufactured by Titanium Industry Co., Ltd.), TAF-500T, TAF-1500T. (All manufactured by Fuji Titanium Industry Co., Ltd.), MT-100S, MT-100T (all manufactured by Teika Co., Ltd.), IT-S (produced by Ishihara Sangyo Co., Ltd.), and the like.
- hydrophobized oxide microparticles hydrophobized silica microparticles, hydrophobized titania microparticles, and hydrophobized alumina microparticles
- hydrophilic microparticles can be obtained using methyltrimethoxysilane or methyltrimethylsilane. It can be obtained by treating with a silane coupling agent such as ethoxysilane or octyltrimethoxysilane.
- silicone oil-treated oxide fine particles and inorganic fine particles obtained by treating silicone oil with heat if necessary to treat it with inorganic fine particles are also suitable.
- silicone oil examples include dimethyl silicone oil, methylphenyl silicone oil, chlorophenyl silicone oil, methyl hydrogen silicone oil, alkyl-modified silicone oil, fluorine-modified silicone oil, polyether-modified silicone oil, alcohol-modified silicone oil, amino-modified. Silicone oil, epoxy-modified silicone oil, epoxy-polyether-modified silicone oil, phenol-modified silicone oil, carboxyl-modified silicone oil, mercapto-modified silicone oil, acrylic, methacryl-modified silicone oil, ⁇ -methylstyrene-modified silicone oil, and the like can be used.
- examples of the inorganic fine particles include silica, alumina, titanium oxide, barium titanate, magnesium titanate, calcium titanate, strontium titanate, iron oxide, copper oxide, zinc oxide, tin oxide, quartz sand, clay, mica, and silica ash.
- examples thereof include stone, diatomaceous earth, chromium oxide, cerium oxide, pengala, antimony trioxide, magnesium oxide, zirconium oxide, parium sulfate, barium carbonate, calcium carbonate, silicon carbide, and silicon nitride.
- silica and titanium dioxide are particularly preferable.
- the content of the external additive is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose, but is preferably 0.1% by mass to 5% by mass, and preferably 0.3% by mass to 3% with respect to the toner.
- the mass% is more preferable.
- the fluidity improver is not particularly limited as long as it is surface-treated to increase hydrophobicity and prevent deterioration of flow characteristics and charging characteristics even under high humidity, and is appropriately selected according to the purpose.
- silane coupling agents, silylating agents, silane coupling agents having a fluorinated alkyl group, organic titanate coupling agents, aluminum coupling agents, silicone oils, modified silicone oils, etc. Can be mentioned. It is particularly preferable that the silica and the titanium oxide are surface-treated with such a fluidity improver and used as hydrophobic silica and hydrophobic titanium oxide.
- the cleaning property improving agent is not particularly limited as long as it is added to the toner in order to remove the developer after transfer remaining on the photosensitive member or the primary transfer medium, and is appropriately selected according to the purpose.
- Examples thereof include fatty acid metal salts such as zinc stearate, calcium stearate, stearic acid, and polymer fine particles produced by soap-free emulsion polymerization such as polymethyl methacrylate fine particles and polystyrene fine particles.
- the polymer fine particles preferably have a relatively narrow particle size distribution, and those having a volume average particle size of 0.01 ⁇ m to 1 ⁇ m are suitable.
- Magnetic material- There is no restriction
- the acid value of the toner is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose. However, from the viewpoint of controlling low temperature fixability (fixing lower limit temperature), hot offset occurrence temperature, etc., 0.5 mgKOH / g It is preferably ⁇ 40 mg KOH / g. When the acid value is less than 0.5 mg KOH / g, the effect of improving the dispersion stability by the base during production cannot be obtained, or when the prepolymer is used, an extension reaction and / or a crosslinking reaction proceeds. Manufacturing stability may be reduced. When the acid value exceeds 40 mgKOH / g, when the prepolymer is used, the extension reaction and / or the crosslinking reaction may be insufficient, and the high temperature offset resistance may be lowered.
- the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the toner is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose.
- the glass transition temperature (Tg1st) calculated at the first temperature increase in DSC measurement is 45 ° C. It is preferable that it is above 65 degreeC, and it is more preferable that it is 45 degreeC or more and 55 degrees C or less. Thereby, low temperature fixability, heat resistant storage stability and high durability can be obtained. If the Tg1st is less than 45 ° C., blocking in the developing machine or filming to the photoreceptor may occur, and if it is 65 ° C. or more, the low-temperature fixability may be deteriorated.
- the glass transition temperature (Tg2nd) calculated at the second temperature increase in the DSC measurement of the toner is preferably 20 ° C. or higher and lower than 40 ° C. If the Tg2nd is less than 20 ° C., blocking in the developing machine or filming on the photoreceptor may occur, and if it exceeds 40 ° C., the low-temperature fixability may be deteriorated.
- the volume average particle diameter of the toner is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose, but is preferably 3 ⁇ m or more and 7 ⁇ m or less.
- the ratio of the volume average particle diameter to the number average particle diameter is preferably 1.2 or less. Further, it is preferable to contain 1% by number or more and 10% by number or less of a component having a volume average particle diameter of 2 ⁇ m or less.
- SP value ⁇ Calculation method and analysis method of various characteristics of toner and toner component> ⁇ SP value >> The SP value (solubility parameter / Solubility Parameter) will be described.
- the SP value is called a solubility parameter, and is a numerical value of how easily each other is soluble.
- the SP value is expressed as a square root of an attractive force between molecules, that is, a cohesive energy density (CED).
- CED cohesive energy density
- E the molecular aggregation energy (cal / mol)
- V the molecular volume (cm 3 / mol)
- E the evaporation energy of the atomic group is ⁇ ei and the molar volume is ⁇ vi
- (II) represented by formula (III).
- E ⁇ ei Formula (II)
- V ⁇ vi Formula (III)
- the SP value can be calculated by the Fedors method by specifying the type and ratio of the monomer constituting the resin.
- the mixture of the amorphous polyester resin, the crystalline polyester resin, the amorphous hybrid resin, etc. is separated by GPC, and the analysis method described below is applied to the separated components.
- the SP value can be calculated.
- the eluate is fractionated by a fraction collector or the like, and fractions corresponding to a desired molecular weight portion of the entire integral of the elution curve are collected.
- the solid content is dissolved in a heavy solvent such as deuterated chloroform or deuterated THF, and 1 H-NMR measurement is performed.
- the constituent monomer ratio of can be calculated.
- Another method is to calculate the constituent monomer ratio by concentrating the eluate, hydrolyzing with sodium hydroxide, etc., and performing qualitative quantitative analysis of the decomposition products using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Can do.
- the SP value calculated by the Fedors method can be calculated by specifying the type and ratio of the monomer constituting the resin, but the SP value in the present invention is the ratio when the monomer type is specified by the above analysis.
- the respective composition ratios were added in order from the highest, and the composition was calculated from the monomer composition when the total reached 90 mol% of the total (that is, the SP value was calculated for the remaining monomers). We decided not to add).
- a fraction collector is placed at the eluate discharge port of GPC, and the eluate is collected every predetermined count, and the eluate is eluted every 5% in area ratio from the elution curve elution start (curve rise).
- a fraction collector is placed at the eluate discharge port of GPC, and the eluate is collected every predetermined count, and the eluate is eluted every 5% in area ratio from the elution curve elution start (curve rise).
- TMS tetramethylsilane
- the monomer composition and composition ratio of the amorphous polyester resin, the polyester resin A, and the amorphous hybrid resin contained in the toner can be obtained from the peak integration ratio of the obtained spectrum.
- peak assignment is performed as follows, and the component ratio of the constituent monomer is determined from each integral ratio.
- the attribution of the peak is, for example, Near 8.25 ppm: derived from benzene ring of trimellitic acid (for one hydrogen) 8.07 ppm to around 8.10 ppm: derived from the benzene ring of terephthalic acid (for 4 hydrogens) 7.1 ppm to around 7.25 ppm: derived from the benzene ring of bisphenol A (for 4 hydrogens) Around 6.8 ppm: derived from benzene ring of bisphenol A (for 4 hydrogens) and from double bond of fumaric acid (for 2 hydrogens) 5.2 ppm to around 5.4 ppm: methine derived from bisphenol A propylene oxide adduct (one hydrogen) 3.7 ppm to around 4.7 ppm: bisphenol A propylene oxide adduct derived from methylene (for 2 hydrogens) and bisphenol A ethylene oxide adduct
- the hydroxyl value can be measured using a method based on JIS K0070-1966. Specifically, first, 0.5 g of a sample is precisely weighed into a 100 mL volumetric flask, and 5 mL of an acetylating reagent is added thereto. Next, after heating in a warm bath at 100 ⁇ 5 ° C. for 1 to 2 hours, the flask is removed from the warm bath and allowed to cool. Furthermore, acetic anhydride is decomposed by adding water and shaking.
- the flask is again heated in a warm bath for 10 minutes or more and allowed to cool, and then the wall of the flask is thoroughly washed with an organic solvent. Furthermore, the hydroxyl value was measured at 23 ° C. using an automatic potentiometric titrator DL-53 Titrator (manufactured by METTLER TOLEDO) and electrode DG113-SC (manufactured by METTLER TOLEDO), and analysis software LabX Light Version 1.00 Analyze using .000.
- a mixed solvent 120 mL of toluene and 30 mL of ethanol is used. At this time, the measurement conditions are as follows.
- the acid value can be measured using a method based on JIS K0070-1992. Specifically, first, 0.5 g of a sample (0.3 g in the case where ethyl acetate is soluble) is added to 120 mL of toluene and dissolved by stirring at 23 ° C. for about 10 hours. Next, 30 mL of ethanol is added to prepare a sample solution. When the sample does not dissolve, a solvent such as dioxane or tetrahydrofuran is used. Furthermore, the acid value was measured at 23 ° C.
- the melting point and glass transition temperature (Tg) in the present invention can be measured using, for example, a DSC system (differential scanning calorimeter) (“DSC-60”, manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation).
- DSC-60 differential scanning calorimeter
- the melting point and glass transition temperature of the target sample can be measured by the following procedure. First, about 5.0 mg of a target sample is placed in an aluminum sample container, and the sample container is placed on a holder unit and set in an electric furnace. Next, heating is performed from 0 ° C. to 150 ° C. at a heating rate of 10 ° C./min in a nitrogen atmosphere. Thereafter, the temperature is lowered from 150 ° C. to 0 ° C.
- DSC-60 differential scanning calorimeter
- the DSC curve at the first temperature rise is selected, and the melting point at the first temperature rise of the target sample is obtained. Can do. Further, by using the “endothermic peak temperature”, a DSC curve at the second temperature rise can be selected, and the melting point at the second temperature rise of the target sample can be obtained.
- the glass transition temperature at the first temperature rise when the toner is used as the target sample is Tg1st
- the glass transition temperature at the second temperature rise is Tg2nd.
- fusing point and Tg at the time of the 2nd temperature rise of each structural component are made into melting
- the ratio (D4 / Dn) is, for example, Coulter Counter TA-II, Coulter Multisizer II (both manufactured by Coulter). Can be measured. In the present invention, Coulter Multisizer II is used. The measurement method is described below. First, 0.1 mL to 5 mL of a surfactant (preferably polyoxyethylene alkyl ether (nonionic surfactant)) as a dispersant is added to 100 mL to 150 mL of an electrolytic aqueous solution.
- a surfactant preferably polyoxyethylene alkyl ether (nonionic surfactant)
- the electrolytic aqueous solution is a 1 mass% NaCl aqueous solution prepared using primary sodium chloride, and for example, ISOTON-II (manufactured by Coulter) can be used.
- 2 to 20 mg of a measurement sample is further added.
- the electrolytic aqueous solution in which the sample is suspended is subjected to a dispersion treatment with an ultrasonic disperser for about 1 to 3 minutes, and the measurement device is used to measure the volume and number of toner particles or toner using a 100 ⁇ m aperture as the aperture. Calculate volume distribution and number distribution. From the obtained distribution, the volume average particle diameter (D4) and the number average particle diameter (Dn) of the toner can be obtained.
- a channel it is 2.00 micrometers or more and less than 2.52 micrometers; 2.52 micrometers or more and less than 3.17 micrometers; 3.17 micrometers or more and less than 4.00 micrometers; 4.00 micrometers or more and less than 5.04 micrometers; 5.04 micrometers or more and less than 6.35 micrometers; .35 ⁇ m or more and less than 8.00 ⁇ m; 8.00 ⁇ m or more and less than 10.08 ⁇ m; 10.08 ⁇ m or more and less than 12.70 ⁇ m; 12.70 ⁇ m or more and less than 16.00 ⁇ m; 16.00 ⁇ m or more and less than 20.20 ⁇ m; Less than 40 ⁇ m; 25.40 ⁇ m or more and less than 32.00 ⁇ m; 3 channels of 32.00 ⁇ m or more and less than 40.30 ⁇ m are used, and particles having a particle size of 2.00 ⁇ m or more and less than 40.30 ⁇ m are targeted.
- the method for producing the toner is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected according to the purpose.
- the toner includes at least the amorphous polyester resin, the crystalline polyester resin, the release agent, Granulation is preferably performed by dispersing an oily phase containing the crystalline hybrid resin and the colorant in an aqueous medium.
- An example of such a method for producing the toner is a known dissolution suspension method.
- the toner is produced by an extension reaction and / or a cross-linking reaction between the active hydrogen group-containing compound and a polymer having a site capable of reacting with the active hydrogen group-containing compound (hereinafter referred to as “the toner”).
- a method for forming toner base particles while producing an “adhesive substrate”) is shown below.
- preparation of an aqueous medium preparation of an oil phase containing a toner material, emulsification or dispersion of the toner material, removal of an organic solvent, and the like are performed.
- the aqueous medium can be prepared, for example, by dispersing resin particles in an aqueous medium.
- the addition amount of the resin particles in the aqueous medium is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose, but is preferably 0.5% by mass to 10% by mass.
- aqueous medium there is no restriction
- the solvent miscible with water is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose. Examples thereof include alcohols, dimethylformamide, tetrahydrofuran, cellosolves, and lower ketones.
- limiting in particular as said alcohol According to the objective, it can select suitably, For example, methanol, isopropanol, ethylene glycol, etc. are mentioned.
- the lower ketones are not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose. Examples thereof include acetone and methyl ethyl ketone.
- the oil phase containing the toner material is prepared by preparing, in an organic solvent, the active hydrogen group-containing compound, a polymer having a site capable of reacting with the active hydrogen group-containing compound, the polyester resin A, and the amorphous polyester.
- the toner material containing a resin, the release agent, the amorphous hybrid resin, the colorant, and the like can be dissolved or dispersed.
- the organic solvent whose boiling point is less than 150 degreeC is preferable at the point which is easy to remove.
- the organic solvent having a boiling point of less than 150 ° C. is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose.
- These may be used individually by 1 type and may use 2 or more types together.
- ethyl acetate ethyl acetate, toluene, xylene, benzene, methylene chloride, 1,2-dichloroethane, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride and the like are preferable, and ethyl acetate is more preferable.
- the emulsification or dispersion of the toner material can be performed by dispersing the oil phase containing the toner material in the aqueous medium. Then, when the toner material is emulsified or dispersed, the adhesive base material is obtained by subjecting the active hydrogen group-containing compound and the polymer having a site capable of reacting with the active hydrogen group-containing compound to an extension reaction and / or a crosslinking reaction. Generate.
- the adhesive base material is an aqueous medium containing an oil phase containing a polymer having reactivity to active hydrogen groups such as a polyester prepolymer having an isocyanate group, together with a compound containing active hydrogen groups such as amines.
- An aqueous medium in which an oil phase containing a toner material is added in advance with a compound having an active hydrogen group may be produced by emulsifying or dispersing in the aqueous medium and subjecting both to an extension reaction and / or a cross-linking reaction in an aqueous medium. It may be produced by emulsifying or dispersing in an aqueous medium and subjecting both to an extension reaction and / or a crosslinking reaction in an aqueous medium.
- reaction conditions for producing the adhesive substrate are not particularly limited, and an active hydrogen group-containing compound, a polymer having a site capable of reacting with the active hydrogen group-containing compound, Depending on the combination, it can be selected as appropriate.
- the reaction time is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose. It is preferably 10 minutes to 40 hours, and more preferably 2 hours to 24 hours.
- the reaction temperature is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose. It is preferably 0 ° C. to 150 ° C., more preferably 40 ° C. to 98 ° C.
- the method for stably forming a dispersion containing a polymer having a site capable of reacting with an active hydrogen group-containing compound such as a polyester prepolymer having an isocyanate group in the aqueous medium there is no particular limitation on the method for stably forming a dispersion containing a polymer having a site capable of reacting with an active hydrogen group-containing compound such as a polyester prepolymer having an isocyanate group in the aqueous medium.
- an oil phase prepared by dissolving or dispersing a toner material in a solvent is added to an aqueous medium phase and dispersed by shearing force.
- the disperser for the dispersion is not particularly limited and can be appropriately selected according to the purpose.
- an ultrasonic disperser is preferable in that the particle size of the dispersion (oil droplets) can be controlled to 2 ⁇ m to 20 ⁇ m.
- the high-speed shearing disperser is used, conditions such as the number of rotations, the dispersion time, and the dispersion temperature can be appropriately selected according to the purpose.
- the rotational speed is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose.
- the dispersion time is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose. However, in the case of a batch method, 0.1 to 5 minutes is preferable.
- the dispersion temperature is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose. It is preferably 0 ° C. to 150 ° C., more preferably 40 ° C. to 98 ° C. under pressure. In general, dispersion is easier when the dispersion temperature is higher.
- the amount of the aqueous medium used when emulsifying or dispersing the toner material is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose, but is 50 to 2 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the toner material. 1,000 parts by mass is preferable, and 100 parts by mass to 1,000 parts by mass is more preferable.
- the amount of the aqueous medium used is less than 50 parts by mass, the dispersion state of the toner material is deteriorated, and toner mother particles having a predetermined particle diameter may not be obtained, and the amount exceeds 2,000 parts by mass. The production cost may increase.
- a dispersant from the viewpoint of stabilizing the dispersion such as oil droplets to obtain a desired shape and sharpening the particle size distribution.
- a dispersing agent There is no restriction
- the surfactant is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose.
- an anionic surfactant, a cationic surfactant, a nonionic surfactant, an amphoteric surfactant, etc. Can be used.
- the anionic surfactant is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose. Examples thereof include alkylbenzene sulfonate, ⁇ -olefin sulfonate, and phosphate ester. Among these, those having a fluoroalkyl group are preferable.
- a catalyst can be used for the elongation reaction and / or the cross-linking reaction in producing the adhesive substrate.
- the method for removing the organic solvent from the dispersion such as the emulsified slurry is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose. For example, the temperature of the entire reaction system is gradually raised, Examples thereof include a method of evaporating the organic solvent, a method of spraying the dispersion liquid in a dry atmosphere, and removing the organic solvent in the oil droplets.
- toner base particles are formed.
- the toner base particles can be washed, dried, etc., and further classified. The classification may be performed by removing fine particle portions in a liquid by a cyclone, a decanter, centrifugation, or the like, or may be performed after drying.
- the obtained toner base particles may be mixed with particles such as the external additive and the charge control agent.
- a mechanical impact force it is possible to prevent the particles such as the external additive from detaching from the surface of the toner base particles.
- the method for applying the mechanical impact force is not particularly limited and can be appropriately selected depending on the purpose. For example, a method for applying the impact force to the mixture using blades rotating at high speed, And a method of causing the particles to collide with each other or a suitable collision plate.
- the apparatus used in the above method is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the purpose. Apparatus, a hybridization system (manufactured by Nara Machinery Co., Ltd.), a kryptron system (manufactured by Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Ltd.), an automatic mortar, and the like.
- the developer of the present invention contains at least the toner and, if necessary, other components such as a carrier as appropriate. For this reason, it is excellent in transferability, chargeability, etc., and a high quality image can be formed stably.
- the developer may be a one-component developer or a two-component developer. However, when used in a high-speed printer or the like that supports an increase in information processing speed in recent years, the lifetime is shortened. A two-component developer is preferred because it improves.
- the developer When the developer is used as a one-component developer, even if the balance of the toner is performed, there is little fluctuation in the particle size of the toner, and members such as a filming of the toner on the developing roller and a blade for thinning the toner The toner is less fused to the toner, and good and stable developability and images can be obtained even with long-term stirring in the developing device.
- the developer is used as a two-component developer, even if the toner balance for a long period of time is performed, the fluctuation of the toner particle diameter is small, and good and stable developability and images can be obtained even with long-term stirring in the developing device. can get.
- the toner When used for a two-component developer, it may be used by mixing with the carrier.
- the content of the carrier in the two-component developer is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose, but is preferably 90% by mass to 98% by mass, and 93% by mass to 97% by mass. More preferred.
- the material for the core material is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose. Examples thereof include 50 to 90 emu / g manganese-strontium materials, manganese-magnesium materials, and the like. . In order to ensure the image density, it is preferable to use a highly magnetized material such as iron powder of 100 emu / g or more and magnetite of 75 emu / g to 120 emu / g.
- a low-magnetization material such as a copper-zinc system of 30 emu / g to 80 emu / g should be used. Is preferred. These may be used individually by 1 type and may use 2 or more types together.
- the volume average particle diameter of the core material is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose, but is preferably 10 ⁇ m to 150 ⁇ m, more preferably 40 ⁇ m to 100 ⁇ m.
- the volume average particle diameter is less than 10 ⁇ m, fine powder is increased in the carrier, and magnetization per particle may be reduced to cause carrier scattering.
- the volume average particle diameter is more than 150 ⁇ m, the specific surface area is decreased, and the toner In the case of a full color with many solid portions, reproduction of the solid portions may be deteriorated.
- the material of the resin layer is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected from known resins according to the purpose.
- resins amino resin, polyvinyl resin, polystyrene resin, polyhalogenated olefin, polyester Resin, polycarbonate resin, polyethylene, polyvinyl fluoride, polyvinylidene fluoride, polytrifluoroethylene, polyhexafluoropropylene, copolymer of vinylidene fluoride and acrylic monomer, copolymer of vinylidene fluoride and vinyl fluoride
- fluoroterpolymers such as copolymers of tetrafluoroethylene, vinylidene fluoride, and monomers having no fluoro group, silicone resins, and the like. These may be used individually by 1 type and may use 2 or more types together.
- the amino resin is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose. Examples thereof include urea-formaldehyde resin, melamine resin, benzoguanamine resin, urea resin, polyamide resin, and epoxy resin. There is no restriction
- the polystyrene resin is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose. Examples thereof include polystyrene and styrene-acrylic copolymer.
- the polyhalogenated olefin is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose.
- examples thereof include polyvinyl chloride.
- the resin layer may contain conductive powder or the like as necessary.
- conductive powder or the like as necessary.
- electrically conductive powder there is no restriction
- the conductive powder preferably has an average particle size of 1 ⁇ m or less. When the average particle diameter exceeds 1 ⁇ m, it may be difficult to control the electric resistance.
- the resin layer is formed by preparing a coating solution by dissolving a silicone resin or the like in a solvent, and then coating and drying the coating solution on the surface of the core using a known coating method, followed by baking.
- coating method There is no restriction
- coating method According to the objective, it can select suitably, For example, a dip coating method, a spray method, a brush coating method etc. can be used.
- solvent According to the objective, it can select suitably, For example, toluene, xylene, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, butyl cellosolve, etc. are mentioned.
- the baking may be an external heating method or an internal heating method. For example, a method using a stationary electric furnace, a fluid electric furnace, a rotary electric furnace, a burner furnace, or the like, The method used, etc. are mentioned.
- the content of the resin layer in the carrier is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose, but is preferably 0.01% by mass to 5.0% by mass. When the content is less than 0.01% by mass, a uniform resin layer may not be formed on the surface of the core material. When the content exceeds 5.0% by mass, the resin layer is thick and the carrier Fusion may occur between them, and the uniformity of the carrier may decrease.
- the toner storage unit in the present invention refers to a unit in which toner is stored in a unit having a function of storing toner.
- examples of the toner storage unit include a toner storage container, a developing device, and a process cartridge.
- the toner container is a container that contains toner.
- the developing device has a means for containing and developing toner.
- the process cartridge is a cartridge in which at least the image carrier and the developing unit are integrated, accommodates toner, and is detachable from the image forming apparatus.
- the process cartridge may further include at least one selected from a charging unit, an exposure unit, and a cleaning unit.
- the process cartridge according to this embodiment includes a latent image carrier 101, includes a charging device 102, a developing device 104, and a cleaning unit 107, and further includes other means as necessary.
- reference numeral 103 denotes exposure from the exposure apparatus
- reference numeral 105 denotes recording paper.
- the latent image carrier 101 the same one as an electrostatic latent image carrier in an image forming apparatus described later can be used.
- An arbitrary charging member is used for the charging device 102. In the image forming process using the process cartridge shown in FIG.
- the latent image carrier 101 rotates on the surface in the direction of the arrow while charging by the charging device 102 and exposure 103 by the exposure means (not shown). An electrostatic latent image corresponding to is formed.
- the electrostatic latent image is developed with toner by the developing device 104, and the toner development is transferred to the recording paper 105 by the transfer roller 108 and printed out.
- the surface of the latent image carrier after the image transfer is cleaned by the cleaning unit 107 and further neutralized by a neutralizing unit (not shown), and the above operation is repeated again.
- toner storage unit of the present invention When the toner storage unit of the present invention is mounted on an image forming apparatus to form an image, image formation is performed using the toner of the present invention, so there is no filming, excellent low temperature fixability, and high temperature resistant offset Toner storage unit including toner having heat resistance, stress resistance, and heat storage stability is obtained.
- the image forming apparatus of the present invention has at least an electrostatic latent image carrier (hereinafter sometimes referred to as a “photosensitive member”), an electrostatic latent image forming unit, and a developing unit, and if necessary. And other means such as static elimination means, cleaning means, recycling means, and control means.
- the image forming method of the present invention includes at least an electrostatic latent image forming step and a developing step, and further includes other steps such as a static elimination step, a cleaning step, a recycling step, and a control step as necessary.
- the image forming method can be preferably performed by the image forming apparatus, the electrostatic latent image forming step can be preferably performed by the electrostatic latent image forming unit, and the developing step can be performed by the developing unit.
- the other steps can be preferably performed by the other means.
- the electrostatic latent image forming step is a step of forming an electrostatic latent image on the electrostatic latent image carrier.
- the electrostatic latent image carrier (sometimes referred to as “electrophotographic photosensitive member” or “photosensitive member”) is not particularly limited in terms of material, shape, structure, size, etc. Although it can be selected as appropriate, the shape thereof is preferably a drum shape, and examples of the material thereof include inorganic photoreceptors such as amorphous silicon and selenium, organic photoreceptors (OPC) such as polysilane and phthalopolymethine, and the like. Is mentioned. Among these, an organic photoreceptor (OPC) is preferable in that a higher definition image can be obtained.
- OPC organic photoreceptor
- the formation of the electrostatic latent image can be performed, for example, by uniformly charging the surface of the electrostatic latent image carrier and then performing imagewise exposure, and is performed by electrostatic latent image forming means.
- the electrostatic latent image forming unit includes, for example, a charging unit (charger) that uniformly charges the surface of the electrostatic latent image carrier, and an exposure that exposes the surface of the electrostatic latent image carrier imagewise. Means (exposure unit).
- the charging can be performed, for example, by applying a voltage to the surface of the electrostatic latent image carrier using the charger.
- the charger is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the purpose.
- a known contact charging device including a conductive or semiconductive roll, brush, film, rubber blade, etc.
- non-contact chargers utilizing corona discharge such as corotrons and corotrons.
- the charger is preferably one that is arranged in contact or non-contact with the electrostatic latent image carrier and charges the surface of the electrostatic latent image carrier by applying a direct current and an alternating voltage.
- the charger is a charging roller disposed in a non-contact proximity to the electrostatic latent image carrier via a gap tape, and the electrostatic latent image is carried by applying a direct current and an alternating voltage to the charging roller. Those that charge the body surface are preferred.
- the exposure can be performed, for example, by exposing the surface of the latent electrostatic image bearing member imagewise using the exposure device.
- the exposure device is not particularly limited as long as it can expose the surface of the electrostatic latent image carrier charged by the charger so as to form an image to be formed, and is appropriately selected according to the purpose.
- various exposure devices such as a copying optical system, a rod lens array system, a laser optical system, and a liquid crystal shutter optical system can be used.
- a back light system in which imagewise exposure is performed from the back side of the electrostatic latent image carrier may be employed.
- the developing step is a step of developing the electrostatic latent image with the toner to form a visible image.
- the visible image can be formed, for example, by developing the electrostatic latent image using the toner, and can be performed by the developing unit.
- the developing unit preferably includes, for example, at least a developing unit that accommodates the toner and can apply the toner to the electrostatic latent image in a contact or non-contact manner, and includes a toner-containing container. Etc. are more preferable.
- the developing device may be a monochromatic developing device or a multi-color developing device, and has, for example, an agitator that frictionally agitates and charges the toner and a rotatable magnet roller.
- an agitator that frictionally agitates and charges the toner and a rotatable magnet roller.
- a thing etc. are mentioned suitably.
- the toner and the carrier are mixed and agitated, and the toner is charged by friction at that time, and held on the surface of the rotating magnet roller in a raised state to form a magnetic brush.
- the magnet roller is disposed in the vicinity of the electrostatic latent image carrier (photoconductor), a part of the toner constituting the magnetic brush formed on the surface of the magnet roller is electrically attracted. It moves to the surface of the electrostatic latent image carrier (photoconductor) by force.
- the electrostatic latent image is developed with the toner, and a visible image is formed with the toner on the surface of the electrostatic latent image carrier (photoconductor
- the transfer step is a step of transferring the visible image onto a recording medium. After the primary transfer of the visible image onto the intermediate transfer member using an intermediate transfer member, the visible image is transferred onto the recording medium.
- a mode including a secondary transfer step of transferring the transfer image onto the recording medium is more preferable.
- the transfer can be performed, for example, by charging the latent electrostatic image bearing member (photoconductor) of the visible image using a transfer charger, and can be performed by the transfer unit.
- the transfer means includes a primary transfer means for transferring a visible image onto an intermediate transfer member to form a composite transfer image, and a secondary transfer means for transferring the composite transfer image onto a recording medium.
- Embodiments are preferred.
- the intermediate transfer member is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected from known transfer members according to the purpose. For example, a transfer belt and the like are preferable.
- the transfer means (the primary transfer means and the secondary transfer means) is a transfer for peeling and charging the visible image formed on the electrostatic latent image carrier (photoconductor) to the recording medium side. It is preferable to have at least a vessel.
- the number of the transfer means may be one, or two or more.
- Examples of the transfer device include a corona transfer device using corona discharge, a transfer belt, a transfer roller, a pressure transfer roller, and an adhesive transfer device.
- the recording medium is not particularly limited and can be appropriately selected from known recording media (recording paper).
- the fixing step is a step of fixing the visible image transferred to the recording medium using a fixing device, and may be performed each time the developer of each color is transferred to the recording medium, or the developer of each color. On the other hand, it may be carried out at the same time in a state where these are laminated.
- a well-known heating-pressing means is suitable. Examples of the heating and pressing means include a combination of a heating roller and a pressing roller, a combination of a heating roller, a pressing roller, and an endless belt.
- the fixing device includes a heating body including a heating element, a film in contact with the heating body, and a pressure member in pressure contact with the heating body through the film, and the film and the pressure member It is preferably a unit that heats and fixes a recording medium on which an unfixed image is formed.
- the heating in the heating and pressurizing means is usually preferably 80 ° C to 200 ° C.
- a known optical fixing device may be used together with or in place of the fixing step and the fixing unit depending on the purpose.
- the neutralization step is a step of performing neutralization by applying a neutralization bias to the electrostatic latent image carrier, and can be suitably performed by a neutralization unit.
- the neutralization means is not particularly limited, and may be appropriately selected from known neutralizers as long as it can apply a neutralization bias to the electrostatic latent image carrier. Preferably mentioned.
- the cleaning step is a step of removing the toner remaining on the electrostatic latent image carrier and can be suitably performed by a cleaning unit.
- the cleaning unit is not particularly limited, and may be selected from known cleaners as long as it can remove the toner remaining on the electrostatic latent image carrier.
- a magnetic brush cleaner Suitable examples include electrostatic brush cleaners, magnetic roller cleaners, blade cleaners, brush cleaners, web cleaners, and the like.
- the recycling step is a step of recycling the toner removed by the cleaning step to the developing unit, and can be suitably performed by the recycling unit.
- the control step is a step of controlling each step, and each step can be suitably performed by a control means.
- the control means is not particularly limited as long as the movement of each means can be controlled, and can be appropriately selected according to the purpose. Examples thereof include devices such as a sequencer and a computer.
- FIG. 2 shows a first example of the image forming apparatus of the present invention.
- the image forming apparatus 100 ⁇ / b> A includes a photosensitive drum 10, a charging roller 20, an exposure device, a developing device 40, an intermediate transfer belt 50, a cleaning device 60 having a cleaning blade, and a static elimination lamp 70.
- the intermediate transfer belt 50 is an endless belt stretched by three rollers 51 arranged on the inner side, and can move in the direction of the arrow in the figure.
- a part of the three rollers 51 also functions as a transfer bias roller that can apply a transfer bias (primary transfer bias) to the intermediate transfer belt 50.
- a cleaning device 90 having a cleaning blade is disposed in the vicinity of the intermediate transfer belt 50.
- a transfer roller 80 capable of applying a transfer bias (secondary transfer bias) for transferring the toner image to the transfer paper 95 is disposed opposite to the intermediate transfer belt 50.
- a corona charging device 58 for applying a charge to the toner image transferred to the intermediate transfer belt 50 is connected to the photosensitive drum 10 with respect to the rotation direction of the intermediate transfer belt 50. It is disposed between the contact portion of the intermediate transfer belt 50 and the contact portion of the intermediate transfer belt 50 and the transfer paper 95.
- the developing device 40 includes a developing belt 41 and a black developing unit 45K, a yellow developing unit 45Y, a magenta developing unit 45M, and a cyan developing unit 45C provided around the developing belt 41.
- Each color developing unit 45 includes a developer container 42, a developer supply roller 43, and a developing roller (developer carrier) 44.
- the developing belt 41 is an endless belt stretched by a plurality of belt rollers, and can move in the direction of the arrow in the figure. Further, a part of the developing belt 41 is in contact with the photosensitive drum 10.
- the surface of the photosensitive drum 10 is uniformly charged by using the charging roller 20, and then the exposure light L is exposed to the photosensitive drum 10 by using an exposure device (not shown). Form.
- the electrostatic latent image formed on the photosensitive drum 10 is developed with the toner supplied from the developing device 40 to form a toner image.
- the transfer bias applied from the transfer roller 80 is used. Then, it is transferred (secondary transfer) onto the transfer paper 95.
- the photosensitive drum 10 on which the toner image is transferred to the intermediate transfer belt 50 is discharged by the discharging lamp 70 after the toner remaining on the surface is removed by the cleaning device 60.
- FIG. 3 shows a second example of the image forming apparatus used in the present invention.
- the black developing unit 45K, the yellow developing unit 45Y, the magenta developing unit 45M, and the cyan developing unit 45C are arranged directly facing each other around the photosensitive drum 10 without providing the developing belt 41.
- the configuration is the same as that of the image forming apparatus 100A.
- FIG. 4 shows a third example of the image forming apparatus used in the present invention.
- the image forming apparatus 100 ⁇ / b> C is a tandem type color image forming apparatus, and includes a copying apparatus main body 150, a paper feed table 200, a scanner 300, and an automatic document feeder (ADF) 400.
- ADF automatic document feeder
- the intermediate transfer belt 50 provided at the center of the copying apparatus main body 150 is an endless belt stretched around three rollers 14, 15 and 16, and can move in the direction of the arrow in the figure.
- a cleaning device 17 having a cleaning blade for removing toner remaining on the intermediate transfer belt 50 on which the toner image has been transferred onto the recording paper is disposed.
- the image forming units 120Y, 120C, 120M, and 120K for yellow, cyan, magenta, and black are juxtaposed along the conveyance direction while facing the intermediate transfer belt 50 stretched by the rollers 14 and 15.
- an exposure device 21 is disposed in the vicinity of the image forming unit 120.
- the secondary transfer belt 24 is disposed on the side of the intermediate transfer belt 50 opposite to the side on which the image forming unit 120 is disposed.
- the secondary transfer belt 24 is an endless belt stretched around a pair of rollers 23, and the recording paper and the intermediate transfer belt 50 conveyed on the secondary transfer belt 24 are between the rollers 16 and 23. Can touch.
- a fixing device 25 is provided with a fixing belt 26 that is an endless belt stretched between a pair of rollers, and a pressure roller 27 that is arranged to be pressed against the fixing belt 26. Is arranged.
- a sheet reversing device 28 for reversing the recording paper when an image is formed on both sides of the recording paper is disposed in the vicinity of the secondary transfer belt 24 and the fixing device 25.
- a color document is set on the document table 130 of the automatic document feeder (ADF) 400, or the automatic document feeder 400 is opened and a color document is set on the contact glass 32 of the scanner 300 to automatically convey the document.
- the device 400 is closed.
- the start switch is pressed, when an original is set on the automatic document feeder 400, after the original is conveyed and moved onto the contact glass 32, on the other hand, when the original is set on the contact glass 32, Immediately, the scanner 300 is driven, and the first traveling body 33 including the light source and the second traveling body 34 including the mirror travel.
- the reflected light from the original surface of the light irradiated from the first traveling body 33 is reflected by the second traveling body 34 and then received by the reading sensor 36 via the imaging lens 35, whereby the original is received. It is read and image information of black, yellow, magenta and cyan is obtained.
- each color image forming unit 120 includes a photosensitive drum 10, a charging roller 160 that uniformly charges the photosensitive drum 10, and the image information of each color, respectively.
- An exposure device that exposes the exposure light L to form an electrostatic latent image of each color; a developing device 61 that develops the electrostatic latent image with a developer of each color to form a toner image of each color;
- a transfer roller 62 for transferring onto the transfer belt 50, a cleaning device 63 having a cleaning blade, and a static elimination lamp 64 are provided.
- the toner images of the respective colors formed by the image forming units 120 of the respective colors are sequentially transferred (primary transfer) onto the intermediate transfer belt 50 that is stretched over the rollers 14, 15, and 16, and superimposed to form a composite toner image. It is formed.
- one of the paper feed rollers 142 is selectively rotated to feed recording paper from one of the paper feed cassettes 144 provided in multiple stages in the paper bank 143, and one sheet at a time by the separation roller 145.
- the paper is separated and sent to the paper feed path 146, transported by the transport roller 147, guided to the paper feed path 148 in the copying apparatus main body 150, and abutted against the registration roller 49 to stop.
- the paper feed roller is rotated to feed out the recording paper on the manual feed tray 54, separated one by one by the separation roller 52, guided to the manual paper feed path 53, and abutted against the registration roller 49 and stopped.
- the registration roller 49 is generally used while being grounded, but may be used in a state in which a bias is applied in order to remove paper dust from the recording paper.
- the recording paper is sent between the intermediate transfer belt 50 and the secondary transfer belt 24, and the composite toner image is sent.
- the toner image is transferred onto the recording paper (secondary transfer).
- the toner remaining on the intermediate transfer belt 50 to which the composite toner image has been transferred is removed by the cleaning device 17.
- the recording paper on which the composite toner image has been transferred is conveyed by the secondary transfer belt 24 and then the composite toner image is fixed by the fixing device 25.
- the conveyance path of the recording paper is switched by the switching claw 55, and the recording paper is discharged onto the paper discharge tray 57 by the discharge roller 56.
- the recording path of the recording paper is switched by the switching claw 55, reversed by the sheet reversing device 28, an image is similarly formed on the back side, and then discharged onto the discharge tray 57 by the discharge roller 56. .
- Polyester resin A1 had an SP value of 9.85 and a melting point of 68.5 ° C.
- GPC measurement of the soluble content of the orthodichlorobenzene in the polyester resin A1 revealed that Mw was 30,000, Mn was 6,900, and Mw / Mn was 4.4.
- Polyester resin A2 had an SP value of 10.20 and a melting point of 69.0 ° C.
- Mw was 15,000
- Mn was 4,900
- Mw / Mn was 3.1.
- Crystalline polyester resin A3 had an SP value of 9.90 and a melting point of 67.0 ° C.
- GPC measurement of the soluble portion of the orthodichlorobenzene in the crystalline polyester resin A3 revealed that Mw was 15,000, Mn was 5,000, and Mw / Mn was 3.0.
- Crystalline polyester resin A4 had an SP value of 9.80 and a melting point of 69.5 ° C.
- GPC measurement of the soluble portion of the orthodichlorobenzene of the crystalline polyester resin A4 revealed that Mw was 28,000, Mn was 5,700, and Mw / Mn was 4.9.
- Crystalline polyester resin A5 had an SP value of 9.75 and a melting point of 77.6 ° C.
- GPC measurement of the soluble portion of orthodichlorobenzene in crystalline polyester resin A5 revealed that Mw was 27,000, Mn was 6,000, and Mw / Mn was 4.5.
- Amorphous polyester resin 1 had a weight average molecular weight of 5,500, a number average molecular weight of 1,800, a Tg of 50 ° C., and an acid value of 20 mgKOH / g.
- a polycondensation reaction was performed, and then the pressure was gradually reduced at 230 ° C. to obtain an amorphous polyester resin 2.
- the SP value of the amorphous polyester resin 2 was 10.82.
- Amorphous polyester resin 2 had a weight average molecular weight of 17,400, a number average molecular weight of 6,700, a Tg of 61 ° C., and an acid value of 14 mgKOH / g.
- the temperature was raised at / hr, and then a condensation polymerization reaction was carried out at 230 ° C. for 10 hours, followed by further reaction at 230 ° C. and 8.0 kPa for 1 hour.
- a condensation polymerization reaction was carried out at 230 ° C. for 10 hours, followed by further reaction at 230 ° C. and 8.0 kPa for 1 hour.
- 0.6 g of acrylic acid, 7.79 g of styrene, 1.48 g of 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, and dibutyl peroxide were added dropwise over 1 hour using a dropping funnel. After the dropwise addition, the addition polymerization reaction was aged for 1 hour while maintaining the temperature at 160 ° C., and the temperature was raised to 210 ° C.
- Amorphous hybrid resin 1 had a weight average molecular weight of 55,000, a number average molecular weight of 2,800, a Tg of 55 ° C., and an acid value of 9.4 mgKOH / g.
- the temperature was raised at / hr, and then a condensation polymerization reaction was carried out at 230 ° C. for 10 hours, followed by further reaction at 230 ° C. and 8.0 kPa for 1 hour.
- 1.0 g of acrylic acid, 8.50 g of styrene, 1.48 g of 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, and dibutyl peroxide were added dropwise over 1 hour using a dropping funnel. After the dropwise addition, the addition polymerization reaction was aged for 1 hour while maintaining the temperature at 160 ° C., and the temperature was raised to 210 ° C.
- Amorphous hybrid resin 2 had a weight average molecular weight of 26,000, a number average molecular weight of 3,400, Tg of 61.6 ° C., and an acid value of 13.2 mgKOH / g.
- the temperature was raised at / hr, and then a condensation polymerization reaction was carried out at 230 ° C. for 10 hours, followed by further reaction at 230 ° C. and 8.0 kPa for 1 hour.
- a condensation polymerization reaction was carried out at 230 ° C. for 10 hours, followed by further reaction at 230 ° C. and 8.0 kPa for 1 hour.
- 1.48 g of 2-ethylhexyl acrylate and dibutyl peroxide were added dropwise over 1 hour using a dropping funnel.
- the addition polymerization reaction was aged for 1 hour while maintaining the temperature at 160 ° C, and then the temperature was raised to 210 ° C.
- 5.01 g of trimellitic anhydride was added, and the reaction was performed at 210 ° C for 2 hours.
- the reaction was carried out at 210 ° C.
- the SP value of the amorphous hybrid resin 3 was 10.89.
- the amorphous hybrid resin 3 had a weight average molecular weight of 13,000, a number average molecular weight of 3,200, a Tg of 55 ° C., and an acid value of 9.4 mgKOH / g.
- Table 3 summarizes the characteristic values of the amorphous hybrid resin.
- Example 1 ⁇ Preparation of Toner 1> -Preparation of oil phase- --- Prepolymer synthesis-- In a reaction vessel equipped with a cooling pipe, a stirrer and a nitrogen introduction pipe, 682 parts of bisphenol A ethylene oxide 2 mol adduct, 81 parts of bisphenol A propylene oxide 2 mol adduct, 283 parts of terephthalic acid, trimellitic anhydride 22 And 2 parts of dibutyltin oxide were added, reacted at 230 ° C. at normal pressure for 8 hours, and further reacted at reduced pressure of 10 mmHg to 15 mmHg for 5 hours to obtain [Intermediate Polyester 1].
- [Intermediate Polyester 1] had a number average molecular weight of 2,100, a weight average molecular weight of 9,500, Tg of 55 ° C., an acid value of 0.5 mgKOH / g, and a hydroxyl value of 51 mgKOH / g.
- 410 parts of [Intermediate polyester 1], 89 parts of isophorone diisocyanate, and 500 parts of ethyl acetate are placed in a reaction vessel equipped with a cooling pipe, a stirrer and a nitrogen introduction pipe, and reacted at 100 ° C. for 5 hours. Polymer 1] was obtained.
- [Prepolymer 1] had a free isocyanate mass% of 1.53%.
- Dispersion 1 was obtained.
- the volume average particle diameter of [fine particle dispersion 1] measured with LA-920 (manufactured by HORIBA) was 0.14 ⁇ m.
- a portion of [Fine Particle Dispersion 1] was dried to isolate the resin component.
- a copying test was performed on type 6200 paper (manufactured by Ricoh Co., Ltd.) using an apparatus in which a fixing unit of a copying machine MF2200 (manufactured by Ricoh Co., Ltd.) using a Teflon (registered trademark) roller as a fixing roller was modified.
- the cold offset temperature (fixing lower limit temperature) and the high temperature offset temperature (fixing upper limit temperature) were determined by changing the fixing temperature.
- the evaluation conditions for the minimum fixing temperature were a paper feed linear velocity of 120 mm / sec to 150 mm / sec, a surface pressure of 1.2 kgf / cm 2 and a nip width of 3 mm.
- the evaluation conditions for the upper limit fixing temperature were a paper feed linear velocity of 50 mm / second, a surface pressure of 2.0 kgf / cm 2 , and a nip width of 4.5 mm.
- Heat resistant storage stability >> Fill a 50 mL glass container with 10 g of toner, tapping well until there is no change in the apparent density of the toner powder, cover the container, leave it in a constant temperature bath at 50 ° C. for 24 hours, then cool to 24 ° C.
- the penetration (mm) was measured by a penetration test (JIS K2235-1991), and the heat resistant storage stability was evaluated according to the following criteria. In addition, the greater the penetration, the better the heat-resistant storage stability, and those having a penetration of less than 15 mm are more likely to cause problems in use.
- Needle penetration is 25 mm or more ⁇ : Needle penetration is 20 mm or more and less than 25 mm ⁇ : Needle penetration is 15 mm or more and less than 20 mm ⁇ : Needle penetration is less than 15 mm
- the image forming apparatus MF2800 manufactured by Ricoh Co., Ltd. was used to visually inspect the photoconductor after 10,000 images were formed, and the toner component, mainly the release agent, was fixed to the photoconductor. It was evaluated according to the following evaluation criteria.
- ⁇ The toner component is fixed to the photoconductor. , Is a level that causes a problem in practical use
- ⁇ The toner component can be firmly fixed to the photoconductor, and is a level having a large problem in practical use.
- a measurement sample is loaded into a sample part equipped with a 400 mesh stainless steel screen of the above charge amount measuring apparatus, and a blow pressure of 50 kPa (0.5 kgf) in a normal temperature and humidity environment (20 ° C., 55% RH). / Cm 2 ) nitrogen gas was blown for 10 seconds to measure the charge.
- Example 2 Preparation of toner> A toner was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, except that [Polyester resin A dispersion 1] was replaced with [Polyester resin A dispersion 2].
- Table 5 shows the relationship between the SP values of the components in the obtained toner.
- the obtained toner was evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1. The results are shown in Table 6.
- Example 3 (Example 3) ⁇ Preparation of toner> A toner was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that [Amorphous hybrid resin 1] was replaced with [Amorphous hybrid resin 2] in Example 1. Table 5 shows the relationship between the SP values of the components in the obtained toner. The obtained toner was evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1. The results are shown in Table 6.
- Example 4 Preparation of toner> A toner was obtained in the same manner as in Example 2 except that [Amorphous hybrid resin 1] was replaced with [Amorphous hybrid resin 2] in Example 2.
- Table 5 shows the relationship between the SP values of the components in the obtained toner.
- the obtained toner was evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1. The results are shown in Table 6.
- Example 5 (Example 5) ⁇ Preparation of toner> A toner was obtained in the same manner as in Example 3 except that [Amorphous polyester resin 1] was replaced with [Amorphous polyester resin 2] in Example 3. Table 5 shows the relationship between the SP values of the components in the obtained toner. The obtained toner was evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1. The results are shown in Table 6.
- Example 6 Preparation of toner> A toner was obtained in the same manner as in Example 4 except that [Amorphous polyester resin 1] was changed to [Amorphous polyester resin 2] in Example 4. Table 5 shows the relationship between the SP values of the components in the obtained toner. The obtained toner was evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1. The results are shown in Table 6.
- Example 7 ⁇ Preparation of toner> A toner was obtained in the same manner as in Example 6 except that [Polyester resin A dispersion 2] was replaced with [Polyester resin A dispersion 4]. Table 5 shows the relationship between the SP values of the components in the obtained toner. The obtained toner was evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1. The results are shown in Table 6.
- Example 8 ⁇ Preparation of toner> A toner was obtained in the same manner as in Example 6 except that [Polyester resin A dispersion 2] was replaced with [Polyester resin A dispersion 5]. Table 5 shows the relationship between the SP values of the components in the obtained toner. The obtained toner was evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1. The results are shown in Table 6.
- Example 1 (Comparative Example 1) ⁇ Preparation of toner> A toner was obtained in the same manner as in Example 5 except that [Amorphous hybrid resin 2] was changed to [Amorphous hybrid resin 3] in Example 5. Table 5 shows the relationship between the SP values of the components in the obtained toner. The obtained toner was evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1. The results are shown in Table 6.
- Comparative Example 2 (Comparative Example 2) ⁇ Preparation of toner>
- a toner was obtained in the same manner as in Comparative Example 1 without using [Amorphous Hybrid Resin 3].
- Table 5 shows the relationship between the SP values of the components in the obtained toner.
- the obtained toner was evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1. The results are shown in Table 6.
- Table 4 shows a list of types of toners produced.
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Abstract
Description
また、結晶性ポリエステル樹脂、離型剤及びグラフト重合体を含有するトナーが提案されている(例えば、特許文献7)。
したがって、フィルミングがなく、優れた低温定着性、耐高温オフセット性、耐ストレス性、及び耐熱保存性を有するトナー、並びに該トナーを含む現像剤が求められているのが現状である。
<1>飽和脂肪族ジカルボン酸に由来する構成単位と、飽和脂肪族ジオールに由来する構成単位とを有する結晶性ポリエステル樹脂、非晶質ハイブリッド樹脂、非晶質ポリエステル樹脂、離型剤、及び着色剤を含有してなるトナーであって、
前記結晶性ポリエステル樹脂は、前記飽和脂肪族ジカルボン酸に由来する構成単位としてセバシン酸に由来する構成単位を含み、
前記非晶質ハイブリッド樹脂が、ポリエステル系樹脂ユニットとスチレン系樹脂ユニットとを含む複合樹脂であることを特徴とするトナー。
<2> 前記結晶性ポリエステル樹脂が、前記飽和脂肪族ジオールに由来する構成単位として、炭素数2~8の直鎖脂肪族ジオールに由来する構成単位を含有してなる、<1>に記載のトナー。
<3> 前記結晶性ポリエステル樹脂のSP値をSP1、前記非晶質ポリエステル樹脂のSP値をSP2、前記非晶質ハイブリッド樹脂のSP値をSP3、とした際に、前記SP1からSP3が以下の式(1)から式(3)の関係を満たす<1>又は<2>に記載のトナー。
式(1) SP1<SP3<SP2
式(2) 0.4<SP2-SP1<1.1
式(3) 0.1<SP3-SP1<1.0
<4> 示差走査熱量測定(DSC)の昇温1回目のDSC曲線から求められるガラス転移温度(Tg1st)が、45℃~55℃である<1>から<3>のいずれかに記載のトナー。
<5> <1>から<4>のいずれかに記載のトナーを含むことを特徴とする現像剤。
<6> 静電潜像担持体と、前記静電潜像担持体上に静電潜像を形成する静電潜像形成手段と、前記静電潜像担持体に形成された前記静電潜像を現像して可視像を形成する、トナーを備える現像手段を有し、前記トナーが、<1>から<4>のいずれかに記載のトナーであることを特徴とする画像形成装置。
本発明のトナーは、非晶質ポリエステル樹脂と、結晶性ポリエステル樹脂と、非晶質ハイブリッド樹脂と、着色剤と、離型剤と、を少なくとも含有し、更に必要に応じて、その他の成分を含有する。
前記結晶性ポリエステル樹脂は、飽和脂肪族ジカルボン酸に由来する構成単位と、飽和脂肪族ジオールに由来する構成単位を有する結晶性ポリエステル樹脂であり、前記飽和脂肪族ジカルボン酸に由来する構成単位として、セバシン酸に由来する構成単位を含む。前記非晶質ハイブリッド樹脂は、ポリエステル系樹脂ユニットとスチレン系樹脂ユニットとを含む複合樹脂である。
式(1) SP1<SP3<SP2
式(2) 0.4<SP2-SP1<1.1
式(3) 0.1<SP3-SP1<1.0
前記非晶質ポリエステル樹脂は、多価アルコール成分と、多価カルボン酸、多価カルボン酸無水物、多価カルボン酸エステルなどの多価カルボン酸成分とを用いて得られる。
なお、本発明において非晶質ポリエステル樹脂とは、上記のごとく、多価アルコール成分と、多価カルボン酸、多価カルボン酸無水物、多価カルボン酸エステルなどの多価カルボン酸成分とを用いて得られるものを指し、ポリエステル樹脂を変性したもの(例えば、後述するプレポリマー、及びそのプレポリマーを架橋及び/又は伸長反応させて得られる樹脂)、及び前記非晶質ハイブリッド樹脂は、前記非晶質ポリエステル樹脂には属さない。
さらには、重量平均分子量(Mw)3,000~6,000、数平均分子量(Mn)1,500~3,000、及びMw/Mn1.0~3.5であることが好ましい。
結晶性ポリエステル樹脂は飽和脂肪族ジカルボン酸に由来する構成単位と、飽和脂肪族ジオールに由来する構成単位とを有し、飽和脂肪族ジカルボン酸に由来する構成単位としてセバシン酸に由来する構成単位を含む。
飽和脂肪族ジオールとしては炭素数2~12の直鎖脂肪族ジオールを含有するアルコール成分を用いることが好ましく、炭素数2~8の直鎖脂肪族ジオールを含有することがより好ましい。
前記結晶性ポリエステル樹脂として、炭素数2~8の直鎖脂肪族ジオールを含有するアルコール成分と、セバシン酸とを含むものを選択すると、前記結晶性ポリエステル樹脂のトナー中での分散性をより改良することができる。このことにより、前記結晶性ポリエステル樹脂が均一にトナー内部に微分散することが可能となり、前記ポリエステル樹脂Aのフィルミングを防止し、耐ストレス性を改良し、かつトナーの低温定着性が達成できる。
なお、本発明において結晶性ポリエステル樹脂とは、上記のごとく、多価アルコール成分と、多価カルボン酸、多価カルボン酸無水物、多価カルボン酸エステルなどの多価カルボン酸成分とを用いて得られるものを指し、結晶性ポリエステル樹脂を変性したもの、例えば、後述するプレポリマー、及びそのプレポリマーを架橋及び/又は伸長反応させて得られる樹脂は、前記結晶性ポリエステル樹脂には属さない。
前記多価アルコール成分としては、特に制限はなく、目的に応じて適宜選択することができ、例えば、ジオール、3価以上のアルコールが挙げられる。
前記ジオールとしては、例えば、飽和脂肪族ジオールが挙げられる。前記飽和脂肪族ジオールとしては、直鎖型飽和脂肪族ジオール、分岐型飽和脂肪族ジオールが挙げられるが、これらの中でも、直鎖型飽和脂肪族ジオールが好ましく、炭素数が2~12である直鎖型飽和脂肪族ジオールがより好ましい。前記飽和脂肪族ジオールが分岐型であると、前記ポリエステル樹脂Aの結晶性が低下し、融点が低下してしまうことがある。また、主鎖部分の炭素数が2未満であると、芳香族ジカルボン酸と縮重合させる場合に、融解温度が高くなり、低温定着が困難となることがある。一方、炭素数が12を超えると、実用上の材料の入手が困難となる。炭素数としては8以下であることがより好ましい。
前記3価以上のアルコールとしては、例えば、グリセリン、トリメチロールエタン、トリメチロールプロパン、ペンタエリスリトールなどが挙げられる。
これらは1種単独で使用してもよいし、2種以上を併用してもよい。
前記多価カルボン酸成分としては、セバシン酸を用いるが、目的に応じて他の2価のカルボン酸、3価以上のカルボン酸を併用することができる。
前記2価のカルボン酸としては、例えば、シュウ酸、コハク酸、グルタル酸、アジピン酸、スペリン酸、アゼライン酸、セバシン酸、1,9-ノナンジカルボン酸、1,10-デカンジカルボン酸、1,12-ドデカンジカルボン酸、1,14-テトラデカンジカルボン酸、1,18-オクタデカンジカルボン酸等の飽和脂肪族ジカルボン酸;フタル酸、イソフタル酸、テレフタル酸、ナフタレン-2,6-ジカルボン酸、マロン酸、メサコニン酸等の二塩基酸等の芳香族ジカルボン酸;などが挙げられ、さらに、これらの無水物やこれらの低級アルキルエステルも挙げられる。
また、多価カルボン酸成分としては、前記飽和脂肪族ジカルボン酸や芳香族ジカルボン酸の他に、スルホン酸基を持つジカルボン酸成分が含まれていてもよい。さらに、前記飽和脂肪族ジカルボン酸や芳香族ジカルボン酸の他に、2重結合を持つジカルボン酸成分を含有してもよい。
これらは1種単独で使用してもよいし、2種以上を併用してもよい。
前記融点は、示差走査熱量計(DSC)測定におけるDSCチャートの吸熱ピーク値により測定することができる。
さらには、重量平均分子量(Mw)5,000~15,000、数平均分子量(Mn)2,000~10,000、及びMw/Mn1.0~5.0であることが好ましい。
前記離型剤としては、特に制限はなく、公知のものの中から適宜選択することができる。
ロウ類及びワックス類の離型剤としては、例えば、カルナウバワックス、綿ロウ、木ロウ、ライスワックス等の植物系ワックス;ミツロウ、ラノリン等の動物系ワックス;オゾケライト、セルシン等の鉱物系ワックス;パラフィン、マイクロクリスタリン、ペトロラタム等の石油ワックス;などの天然ワックスが挙げられる。
さらに、12-ヒドロキシステアリン酸アミド、ステアリン酸アミド、無水フタル酸イミド、塩素化炭化水素等の脂肪酸アミド系化合物;低分子量の結晶性高分子樹脂である、ポリ-n-ステアリルメタクリレート、ポリ-n-ラウリルメタクリレート等のポリアクリレートのホモ重合体あるいは共重合体(例えば、n-ステアリルアクリレート-エチルメタクリレートの共重合体等);側鎖に長いアルキル基を有する結晶性高分子、などを用いてもよい。
これらの中でも、パラフィンワックス、マイクロクリスタリンワックス、フィッシャー・トロプシュワックス、ポリエチレンワックス、ポリプロピレンワックスなどの炭化水素系ワックスが好ましい。
特に、炭化水素系ワックスは、前記結晶性ポリエステル樹脂との相溶性がほとんど無く、互いに独立して機能することができるため、結晶性ポリエステル樹脂の結着樹脂としての軟化効果、及び離型剤のオフセット性を損なうことがないため、好ましい。
前記離型剤の融点が60℃未満であると、低温で離型剤が溶融しやすく、トナーの耐熱保存性が劣ることがある。前記離型剤の融点が95℃以上であると、定着時の加熱による離型剤の溶融が不十分で、充分なオフセット性が得られない場合がある。
前記非晶質ハイブリッド樹脂としてはポリエステル系樹脂成分とスチレン系樹脂成分とを含む複合樹脂を用いる。
非晶質ハイブリッド樹脂はポリエステル系樹脂成分(ポリエステル系樹脂ユニット)とスチレン系樹脂成分(スチレン系樹脂ユニット)とが部分的に化学結合して成る複合樹脂である。
非晶質ハイブリッド樹脂がポリエステル系樹脂ユニットを有することにより、前記結晶性ポリエステル樹脂のトナー中での分散性を改良することができる。このことにより、前記結晶性ポリエステル樹脂が均一にトナー内部に微分散することが可能となり、前記結晶性ポリエステル樹脂と、前記離型剤のフィルミングを防止し、耐ストレス性を改良し、かつトナーの低温定着性が達成できる。
前記非晶質ハイブリッド樹脂に含まれるスチレン系樹脂ユニットは、スチレン-アクリル樹脂であることが好ましい。スチレン-アクリル樹脂を含むことで、非晶質ポリエステル樹脂との親和性が高くなり、前記結晶性ポリエステル樹脂に対する分散効果が向上し、前記結晶性ポリエステル樹脂がトナー内部で微分散しやすくなる。
スチレン誘導体の含有量は、スチレン系樹脂の原料モノマー中、50質量%以上が好ましく、70質量%以上がより好ましく、80質量%以上がさらに好ましい。
前記着色剤としては、特に制限はなく、目的に応じて適宜選択することができ、例えばカーボンブラック、ニグロシン染料、鉄黒、ナフトールイエローS、ハンザイエロー(10G、5G、G)、カドミュウムイエロー、黄色酸化鉄、黄土、黄鉛、チタン黄、ポリアゾイエロー、オイルイエロー、ハンザイエロー(GR、A、RN、R)、ピグメントイエローL、ベンジジンイエロー(G、GR)、パーマネントイエロー(NCG)、バルカンファストイエロー(5G、R)、タートラジンレーキ、キノリンイエローレーキ、アンスラザンイエローBGL、イソインドリノンイエロー、ベンガラ、鉛丹、鉛朱、カドミュウムレッド、カドミュウムマーキュリレッド、アンチモン朱、パーマネントレッド4R、パラレッド、ファイセーレッド、パラクロルオルトニトロアニリンレッド、リソールファストスカーレットG、ブリリアントファストスカーレット、ブリリアントカーンミンBS、パーマネントレッド(F2R、F4R、FRL、FRLL、F4RH)、ファストスカーレットVD、ベルカンファストルビンB、ブリリアントスカーレットG、リソールルビンGX、パーマネントレッドF5R、ブリリアントカーミン6B、ピグメントスカーレット3B、ボルドー5B、トルイジンマルーン、パーマネントボルドーF2K、ヘリオボルドーBL、ボルドー10B、ボンマルーンライト、ボンマルーンメジアム、エオシンレーキ、ローダミンレーキB、ローダミンレーキY、アリザリンレーキ、チオインジゴレッドB、チオインジゴマルーン、オイルレッド、キナクリドンレッド、ピラゾロンレッド、ポリアゾレッド、クロームバーミリオン、ベンジジンオレンジ、ペリノンオレンジ、オイルオレンジ、コバルトブルー、セルリアンブルー、アルカリブルーレーキ、ピーコックブルーレーキ、ビクトリアブルーレーキ、無金属フタロシアニンブルー、フタロシアニンブルー、ファストスカイブルー、インダンスレンブルー(RS、BC)、インジゴ、群青、紺青、アントラキノンブルー、ファストバイオレットB、メチルバイオレットレーキ、コバルト紫、マンガン紫、ジオキサンバイオレット、アントラキノンバイオレット、クロムグリーン、ジンクグリーン、酸化クロム、ピリジアン、エメラルドグリーン、ピグメントグリーンB、ナフトールグリーンB、グリーンゴールド、アシッドグリーンレーキ、マラカイトグリーンレーキ、フタロシアニングリーン、アントラキノングリーン、酸化チタン、亜鉛華、リトボンなどが挙げられる。
前記着色剤の含有量としては、特に制限はなく、目的に応じて適宜選択することができるが、前記トナー100質量部に対して、1質量部~15質量部が好ましく、3質量部~10質量部がより好ましい。
前記その他の成分としては、特に制限はなく、目的に応じて適宜選択することができ、例えば、活性水素基含有化合物と反応可能な部位を有する重合体、活性水素基含有化合物、帯電制御剤、外添剤、流動性向上剤、クリーニング性向上剤、磁性材料などが挙げられる。
前記活性水素基含有化合物と反応可能な部位を有する重合体(「プレポリマー」と称することがある。)としては、特に制限はなく、目的に応じて適宜選択することができ、例えば、ポリオール樹脂、ポリアクリル樹脂、ポリエステル樹脂、エポキシ樹脂、これらの誘導体、などが挙げられる。これらは、1種単独で使用してもよいし、2種以上を併用してもよい。
これらの中でも、溶融時の高流動性及び透明性の点で、ポリエステル樹脂が好ましい。
これらの中でも、イソシアネート基が好ましい。
前記活性水素基含有化合物は、前記活性水素基含有化合物と反応可能な部位を有する重合体が、水系媒体中で伸長反応、架橋反応等する際の伸長剤、架橋剤等として作用する。
前記アミン類としては、特に制限はなく、目的に応じて適宜選択することができ、例えば、ジアミン、三価以上のアミン、アミノアルコール、アミノメルカプタン、アミノ酸、これらのアミノ基をブロックしたもの、などが挙げられる。これらは、1種単独で使用してもよいし、2種以上を併用してもよい。
これらの中でも、ジアミン、ジアミンと少量の三価以上のアミンとの混合物が好ましい。
前記アミノメルカプタンとしては、特に制限はなく、目的に応じて適宜選択することができ、例えば、アミノエチルメルカプタン、アミノプロピルメルカプタン、などが挙げられる。
前記アミノ基をブロックしたものとしては、特に制限はなく、目的に応じて適宜選択することができ、例えば、アミノ基を、アセトン、メチルエチルケトン、メチルイソブチルケトン等のケトン類でブロックすることにより得られるケチミン化合物、オキサゾリゾン化合物、などが挙げられる。
前記イソシアネート基を含有するポリエステル樹脂(以下、「イソシアネート基を有するポリエステルプレポリマー」と称することがある)としては、特に制限はなく、目的に応じて適宜選択することができ、例えば、ポリオールとポリカルボン酸を重縮合することにより得られる活性水素基を有するポリエステル樹脂とポリイソシアネートとの反応生成物、などが挙げられる。
前記ポリオールとしては、特に制限はなく、目的に応じて適宜選択することができ、例えば、ジオール、三価以上のアルコール、ジオールと三価以上のアルコールの混合物、などが挙げられる。これらは、1種単独で使用してもよいし、2種以上を併用してもよい。
これらの中でも、ジオール、ジオールと少量の三価以上のアルコールとの混合物が好ましい。
これらの中でも、炭素数が2~12であるアルキレングリコール、ビスフェノール類のアルキレンオキシド付加物が好ましく、ビスフェノール類のアルキレンオキシド付加物、ビスフェノール類のアルキレンオキシド付加物と炭素数が2~12のアルキレングリコールとの混合物がより好ましい。
前記三価以上の脂肪族アルコールとしては、特に制限はなく、目的に応じて適宜選択することができ、例えば、グリセリン、トリメチロールエタン、トリメチロールプロパン、ペンタエリスリトール、ソルビトール、などが挙げられる。
前記三価以上のポリフェノール類としては、特に制限はなく、目的に応じて適宜選択することができ、例えば、トリスフェノールPA、フェノールノボラック、クレゾールノボラック、などが挙げられる。
前記三価以上のポリフェノール類のアルキレンオキシド付加物としては、三価以上のポリフェノール類に、エチレンオキシド、プロピレンオキシド、ブチレンオキシド等のアルキレンオキシドを付加したもの、などが挙げられる。
前記ジオールと前記三価以上のアルコールを混合して用いる場合、ジオールに対する三価以上のアルコールの質量比としては、特に制限はなく、目的に応じて適宜選択することができるが、0.01質量%~10質量%が好ましく、0.01質量%~1質量%がより好ましい。
前記ポリカルボン酸としては、特に制限はなく、目的に応じて適宜選択することができ、例えば、ジカルボン酸、三価以上のカルボン酸、ジカルボン酸と三価以上のカルボン酸の混合物、などが挙げられる。これらは、1種単独で使用してもよいし、2種以上を併用してもよい。
これらの中でも、ジカルボン酸、ジカルボン酸と少量の三価以上のポリカルボン酸との混合物が好ましい。
前記二価のアルカン酸としては、特に制限はなく、目的に応じて適宜選択することができ、例えば、コハク酸、アジピン酸、セバシン酸等が挙げられる。
前記二価のアルケン酸としては、特に制限はなく、目的に応じて適宜選択することができるが炭素数4~20の二価のアルケン酸が好ましい。前記炭素数4~20の二価のアルケン酸としては、特に制限はなく、目的に応じて適宜選択することができ、例えば、マレイン酸、フマル酸、などが挙げられる。
前記芳香族ジカルボン酸としては、特に制限はなく、目的に応じて適宜選択することができるが、炭素数8~20の芳香族ジカルボン酸が好ましい。前記炭素数8~20の芳香族ジカルボン酸としては、特に制限はなく、目的に応じて適宜選択することができ、例えば、フタル酸、イソフタル酸、テレフタル酸、ナフタレンジカルボン酸、などが挙げられる。
前記三価以上の芳香族カルボン酸としては、特に制限はなく、目的に応じて適宜選択することができるが、炭素数9~20の三価以上の芳香族カルボン酸が好ましい。前記炭素数9~20の三価以上の芳香族カルボン酸としては、特に制限はなく、目的に応じて適宜選択することができ、例えば、トリメリット酸、ピロメリット酸、などが挙げられる。
前記低級アルキルエステルとしては、特に制限はなく、目的に応じて適宜選択することができ、例えば、メチルエステル、エチルエステル、イソプロピルエステル、などが挙げられる。
前記ジカルボン酸と前記三価以上のカルボン酸とを混合して用いる場合、ジカルボン酸に対する三価以上のカルボン酸の質量比としては、特に制限はなく、目的に応じて適宜選択することができるが、0.01質量%~10質量%が好ましく、0.01質量%~1質量%がより好ましい。
前記含有量が、0.5質量%未満であると、耐高温オフセット性が低下し、トナーの耐熱保存性と低温定着性との両立が困難となることがあり、40質量%を超えると、低温定着性が低下することがある。
前記ポリイソシアネートとしては、特に制限はなく、目的に応じて適宜選択することができ、例えば、脂肪族ジイソシアネート、脂環式ジイソシアネート、芳香族ジイソシアネート、芳香脂肪族ジイソシアネート、イソシアヌレート類、これらをフェノール誘導体、オキシム、カプロラクタム等でブロックしたもの、などが挙げられる。
前記イソシアヌレート類としては、特に制限はなく、目的に応じて適宜選択することができ、例えば、トリス(イソシアナトアルキル)イソシアヌレート、トリス(イソシアナトシクロアルキル)イソシアヌレート、などが挙げられる。これらは、1種単独で使用してもよいし、2種以上を併用してもよい。
前記帯電制御剤としては、特に制限はなく、目的に応じて適宜選択することができ、例えば、ニグロシン系染料、トリフェニルメタン系染料、クロム含有金属錯体染料、モリブデン酸キレート顔料、ローダミン系染料、アルコキシ系アミン、4級アンモニウム塩(フッ素変性4級アンモニウム塩を含む)、アルキルアミド、燐の単体又は化合物、タングステンの単体又は化合物、フッ素系活性剤、サリチル酸金属塩及び、サリチル酸誘導体の金属塩等である。具体的にはニグロシン系染料のボントロン03、第四級アンモニウム塩のボントロンP-51、含金属アゾ染料のボントロンS-34、オキシナフトエ酸系金属錯体のE-82、サリチル酸系金属錯体のE-84、フェノール系縮合物のE-89(以上、オリエント化学工業株式会社製)、第四級アンモニウム塩モリブデン錯体のTP-302、TP-415(以上、保土谷化学工業株式会社製)、LRA-901、ホウ素錯体であるLR-147(日本カーリット社製)、銅フタロシアニン、ペリレン、キナクリドン、アゾ系顔料、その他スルホン酸基、カルボキシル基、四級アンモニウム塩等の官能基を有する高分子系の化合物が挙げられる。
前記外添剤としては酸化物微粒子の他に、無機微粒子や疎水化処理無機微粒子を併用することができるが、疎水化処理された一次粒子の平均粒径は1nm~100nmが好ましく、5nm~70nmの無機微粒子がより好ましい。
また、疎水化処理された一次粒子の平均粒径が20nm以下の無機微粒子を少なくとも1種類以上含み、かつ30nm以上の無機微粒子を少なくとも1種類含むことが好ましい。また、BET法による比表面積は、20m2/g~500m2/gであることが好ましい。
前記無機微粒子の一次粒子の平均粒径としては、特に制限はなく、目的に応じて適宜選択することができるが、100nm以下が好ましく、3nm以上70nm以下がより好ましい。この範囲より小さいと、無機微粒子がトナー中に埋没し、その機能が有効に発揮されにくい。またこの範囲より大きいと、感光体表面を不均一に傷つけ好ましくない。
前記流動性向上剤は、表面処理を行って、疎水性を上げ、高湿度下においても流動特性や帯電特性の悪化を防止可能なものであれば、特に制限はなく、目的に応じて適宜選択することができ、例えば、シランカップリング剤、シリル化剤、フッ化アルキル基を有するシランカップリング剤、有機チタネート系カップリング剤、アルミニウム系のカップリング剤、シリコーンオイル、変性シリコーンオイル、等が挙げられる。前記シリカ、前記酸化チタンは、このような流動性向上剤により表面処理行い、疎水性シリカ、疎水性酸化チタンとして使用するのが特に好ましい。
前記クリーニング性向上剤は、感光体や一次転写媒体に残存する転写後の現像剤を除去するために前記トナーに添加されるものであれば、特に制限はなく、目的に応じて適宜選択することができ、例えば、ステアリン酸亜鉛、ステアリン酸カルシウム、ステアリン酸等の脂肪酸金属塩、ポリメチルメタクリレート微粒子、ポリスチレン微粒子等のソープフリー乳化重合により製造されたポリマー微粒子、などが挙げられる。該ポリマー微粒子は、比較的粒度分布が狭いものが好ましく、体積平均粒径が0.01μm~1μmのものが好適である。
前記磁性材料としては、特に制限はなく、目的に応じて適宜選択することができ、例えば、鉄粉、マグネタイト、フェライトなどが挙げられる。これらの中でも、色調の点で白色のものが好ましい。
また、前記トナーのDSC測定において昇温二回目に算出されるガラス転移温度(Tg2nd)は、20℃以上40℃未満であることが好ましい。前記Tg2ndが20℃未満であると、現像機内でのブロッキングや感光体へのフィルミングが発生することがあり、40℃を超えると、低温定着性が低下することがある。
<<SP値>>
前記SP値(溶解性パラメータ/Solubility Parameter)について説明する。
前記SP値とは、溶解性パラメータと言われるもので、どれだけ互いが溶けやすいかということを数値化したものである。前記SP値は、互いの分子間の引き合う力、すなわち凝集エネルギー密度CED(Cohesive Energy Density)の平方根で表される。なお、前記CEDとは、1mLのものを蒸発させるのに要するエネルギー量である。
SP値(溶解パラメータ)=(CED値)1/2=(E/V)1/2 ・・式(I)
前記式(I)において、Eは分子凝集エネルギー(cal/mol)、Vは分子容(cm3/mol)であり、原子団の蒸発エネルギーをΔei、モル体積をΔviとしたとき、各々下式(II)、式(III)で表される。
E=ΣΔei ・・・式(II)
V=ΣΔvi ・・・式(III)
本計算方法、各原子団の蒸発エネルギーΔei及びモル体積Δviの諸データは、「接着の基礎理論」(井本稔著、高分子刊行会発行、第5章)に記載のデータを用いる。
また、-CF3基等示されていないものに関しては、R.F.Fedors,Polym.Eng.Sci.14,147(1974)を参照する。
なお、参考までに、式(I)で示されるSP値を(J/cm3)1/2に換算する場合には2.046を、SI単位(J/m3)1/2に換算する場合には、2,046を乗ずればよい。
例えば、前記非晶質ポリエステル樹脂、前記結晶性ポリエステル樹脂、前記非晶質ハイブリッド樹脂それぞれを合成・混合した場合、これらのSP値は、上記のようにして、容易に算出できる。
例えば、前記非晶質ポリエステル樹脂、前記結晶性ポリエステル樹脂、前記非晶質ハイブリッド樹脂などを混合したものについて、GPCにより分離を行い、その分離した各成分について後述の分析手法を採ることで、前記SP値の算出が可能となる。
このまとめた溶出液をエバポレーターなどにより濃縮・乾燥した後、固形分を重クロロホルム又は重THFなどの重溶媒に溶解させ、1H-NMR測定を行い、各元素の積分比率から、溶出成分における樹脂の構成モノマー比率を算出することができる。
また、他の手法としては、溶出液を濃縮後、水酸化ナトリウムなどにより加水分解を行い、分解生成物を高速液体クロマトグラフィー(HPLC)などにより定性定量分析することでも構成モノマー比率を算出することができる。
前記トナーを分析して前記SP値を算出する際などの分析手段を示す。
まず、トナー1gを100mLのTHF中に投入し、25℃の条件下、30分間攪拌しながら可溶分が溶解した溶解液を得る。
これを目開き0.2μmのメンブランフィルターにてろ過し、トナー中のTHF可溶分を得る。
次いで、これをTHFに溶解してGPC測定用の試料とし、前述の各樹脂の分子量測定に用いるGPCに注入する。
一方、GPCの溶出液排出口にフラクションコレクターを配置して、所定のカウントごとに溶出液を分取しておき、溶出曲線の溶出開始(曲線の立ち上がり)から面積率で5%毎に溶出液を得る。
次いで、各溶出分について、1mLの重クロロホルムに30mgのサンプルを溶解させ、基準物質として0.05体積%のテトラメチルシラン(TMS)を添加する。
溶液を5mm径のNMR測定用ガラス管に充填し、核磁気共鳴装置(日本電子株式会社製JNM-AL400)を用い、23℃~25℃の温度下、128回の積算を行い、スペクトルを得る。
トナーに含まれる前記非晶質ポリエステル樹脂、前記ポリエステル樹脂A、前記非晶質ハイブリッド樹脂のモノマー組成、及び構成比率は得られたスペクトルのピーク積分比率から求めることができる。
ピークの帰属は、例えば、
8.25ppm付近:トリメリット酸のベンゼン環由来(水素1個分)
8.07ppm~8.10ppm付近:テレフタル酸のベンゼン環由来(水素4個分)
7.1ppm~7.25ppm付近:ビスフェノールAのベンゼン環由来(水素4個分)
6.8ppm付近:ビスフェノールAのベンゼン環由来(水素4個分)及びフマル酸の二重結合由来(水素2個分)
5.2ppm~5.4ppm付近:ビスフェノールAプロピレンオキサイド付加物のメチン由来(水素1個分)
3.7ppm~4.7ppm付近:ビスフェノールAプロピレンオキサイド付加物のメチレン由来(水素2個分)及びビスフェノールAエチレンオキサイド付加物のメチレン由来(水素4個分)
1.6ppm付近:ビスフェノールAのメチル基由来(水素6個分)とすることができる。
これらの結果から、前記式(I)により前記ポリエステル樹脂A、前記非晶質ハイブリッド樹脂のSP値を算出することができる。
水酸基価は、JIS K0070-1966に準拠した方法を用いて測定することができる。
具体的には、まず、試料0.5gを100mLのメスフラスコに精秤し、これにアセチル化試薬5mLを加える。次に、100±5℃の温浴中で1時間~2時間加熱した後、フラスコを温浴から取り出して放冷する。さらに、水を加えて振り動かして無水酢酸を分解する。次に、無水酢酸を完全に分解させるために、再びフラスコを温浴中で10分以上加熱して放冷した後、有機溶剤でフラスコの壁を十分に洗う。
さらに、電位差自動滴定装置DL-53 Titrator(メトラー・トレド社製)及び電極DG113-SC(メトラー・トレド社製)を用いて、23℃で水酸基価を測定し、解析ソフトLabX Light Version 1.00.000を用いて解析する。なお、装置の校正には、トルエン120mLとエタノール30mLの混合溶媒を用
いる。
このとき、測定条件は、以下の通りである。
Stir
Speed[%] 25
Time[s] 15
EQP titration
Titrant/Sensor
Titrant CH3ONa
Concentration[mol/L] 0.1
Sensor DG115
Unit of measurement mV
Predispensing to volume
Volume[mL] 1.0
Wait time[s] 0
Titrant addition Dynamic
dE(set)[mV] 8.0
dV(min)[mL] 0.03
dV(max)[mL] 0.5
Measure mode Equilibrium controlled
dE[mV] 0.5
dt[s] 1.0
t(min)[s] 2.0
t(max)[s] 20.0
Recognition
Threshold 100.0
Steepest jump only No
Range No
Tendency None
Termination
at maximum volume[mL] 10.0
at potential No
at slope No
after number EQPs Yes
n=1
comb.termination conditions No
Evaluation
Procedure Standard
Potential1 No
Potential2 No
Stop for reevaluation No
具体的には、まず、試料0.5g(酢酸エチル可溶分では0.3g)をトルエン120mLに添加して、23℃で約10時間撹拌することにより溶解させる。次に、エタノール30mLを添加して試料溶液とする。なお、試料が溶解しない場合は、ジオキサン、テトラヒドロフラン等の溶媒を用いる。さらに、電位差自動滴定装置DL-53 Titrator(メトラー・トレド社製)及び電極DG113-SC(メトラー・トレド社製)を用いて、23℃で酸価を測定し、解析ソフトLabX Light Version 1.00.000を用いて解析する。なお、装置の校正には、トルエン120mLとエタノール30mLの混合溶媒を用いる。
このとき、測定条件は、上記した水酸基価の場合と同様である。
本発明における融点、ガラス転移温度(Tg)は、例えば、DSCシステム(示差走査熱量計)(「DSC-60」、島津製作所社製)を用いて測定することができる。
具体的には、対象試料の融点、ガラス転移温度は、下記手順により測定できる。
まず、対象試料約5.0mgをアルミニウム製の試料容器に入れ、試料容器をホルダーユニットに載せ、電気炉中にセットする。次いで、窒素雰囲気下、0℃から昇温速度10℃/minにて150℃まで加熱する。その後、150℃から降温速度10℃/minにて0℃まで冷却させ、更に昇温速度10℃/minにて150℃まで加熱し、示差走査熱量計(「DSC-60」、島津製作所社製)を用いてDSC曲線を計測する。
得られるDSC曲線から、DSC-60システム中の解析プログラム『吸熱ショルダー温度』を用いて、一回目の昇温時におけるDSC曲線を選択し、対象試料の昇温一回目におけるガラス転移温度を求めることができる。また、『吸熱ショルダー温度』を用いて、二回目の昇温時におけるDSC曲線を選択し、対象試料の昇温二回目におけるガラス転移温度を求めることができる。
また、得られるDSC曲線から、DSC-60システム中の解析プログラム『吸熱ピーク温度』を用いて、一回目の昇温時におけるDSC曲線を選択し、対象試料の昇温一回目における融点を求めることができる。また、『吸熱ピーク温度』を用いて、二回目の昇温時におけるDSC曲線を選択し、対象試料の昇温二回目における融点を求めることができる。
また本発明では、各構成成分の二回目昇温時における融点、Tgを各対象試料の融点、Tgとする。
前記トナーの体積平均粒径(D4)と個数平均粒径(Dn)、その比(D4/Dn)は、例えば、コールターカウンターTA-II、コールターマルチサイザーII(いずれもコールター社製)等を用いて測定することができる。本発明ではコールターマルチサイザーIIを使用した。以下に測定方法について述べる。
まず、電解水溶液100mL~150mL中に分散剤として界面活性剤(好ましくはポリオキシエチレンアルキルエーテル(非イオン性の界面活性剤))を0.1mL~5mL加える。ここで、電解水溶液とは1級塩化ナトリウムを用いて1質量%NaCl水溶液を調製したもので、例えばISOTON-II(コールター社製)が使用できる。ここで、更に測定試料を2mg~20mg加える。試料を懸濁した電解水溶液は、超音波分散器で約1分間~3分間分散処理を行ない、前記測定装置により、アパーチャーとして100μmアパーチャーを用いて、トナー粒子又はトナーの体積、個数を測定して、体積分布と個数分布を算出する。得られた分布から、トナーの体積平均粒径(D4)、個数平均粒径(Dn)を求めることができる。
チャンネルとしては、2.00μm以上2.52μm未満;2.52μm以上3.17μm未満;3.17μm以上4.00μm未満;4.00μm以上5.04μm未満;5.04μm以上6.35μm未満;6.35μm以上8.00μm未満;8.00μm以上10.08μm未満;10.08μm以上12.70μm未満;12.70μm以上16.00μm未満;16.00μm以上20.20μm未満;20.20μm以上25.40μm未満;25.40μm以上32.00μm未満;32.00μm以上40.30μm未満の13チャンネルを使用し、粒径2.00μm以上40.30μm未満の粒子を対象とする。
前記トナーの製造方法としては、特に制限はなく、目的に応じて適宜選択することができるが、前記トナーは、少なくとも前記非晶質ポリエステル樹脂、前記結晶性ポリエステル樹脂、前記離型剤、前記非晶質ハイブリッド樹脂、及び前記着色剤を含む油相を水系媒体中で分散させることにより造粒されることが好ましい。
このような前記トナーの製造方法の一例としては、公知の溶解懸濁法が挙げられる。
また、前記トナーの製造方法の他の一例として、前記活性水素基含有化合物と該活性水素基含有化合物と反応可能な部位を有する重合体との伸長反応及び/又は架橋反応により生成するもの(以下、「接着性基材」と称することがある)を生成しながら、トナー母粒子を形成する方法を以下に示す。このような方法においては、水系媒体の調製、トナー材料を含有する油相の調製、トナー材料の乳化乃至分散、有機溶媒の除去等を行う。
前記水系媒体の調製は、例えば、樹脂粒子を水系媒体に分散させることにより行うことができる。前記樹脂粒子の水系媒体中の添加量は、特に制限はなく、目的に応じて適宜選択することができるが、0.5質量%~10質量%が好ましい。前記樹脂粒子としては、特に制限はなく、目的に応じて適宜選択することができ、たとえば、界面活性剤、難水溶性の無機化合物分散剤、高分子系保護コロイドなどが挙げられる。これらは1種単独で使用してもよいし、2種以上を併用してもよい、これらの中でも、界面活性剤が好ましい。
これらの中でも、水が好ましい。
前記水と混和可能な溶媒としては、特に制限はなく、目的に応じて適宜選択することができ、例えば、アルコール、ジメチルホルムアミド、テトラヒドロフラン、セロソルブ類、低級ケトン類、などが挙げられる。前記アルコールとしては、特に制限はなく、目的に応じて適宜選択することができ、例えば、メタノール、イソプロパノール、エチレングリコール、などが挙げられる。前記低級ケトン類としては、特に制限はなく、目的に応じて適宜選択することができ、例えば、アセトン、メチルエチルケトン、などが挙げられる。
前記トナー材料を含有する油相の調製は、有機溶媒中に、前記活性水素基含有化合物、前記活性水素基含有化合物と反応可能な部位を有する重合体、前記ポリエステル樹脂A、前記非晶質ポリエステル樹脂、前記離型剤、前記非晶質ハイブリッド樹脂、及び前記着色剤などを含むトナー材料を、溶解乃至分散させることにより行うことができる。
前記沸点が150℃未満の有機溶媒としては、特に制限はなく、目的に応じて適宜選択することができ、例えば、トルエン、キシレン、ベンゼン、四塩化炭素、塩化メチレン、1,2-ジクロロエタン、1,1,2-トリクロロエタン、トリクロロエチレン、クロロホルム、モノクロロベンゼン、ジクロロエチリデン、酢酸メチル、酢酸エチル、メチルエチルケトン、メチルイソブチルケトン、などが挙げられる。これらは、1種単独で使用してもよいし、2種以上を併用してもよい。
これらの中でも、酢酸エチル、トルエン、キシレン、ベンゼン、塩化メチレン、1,2-ジクロロエタン、クロロホルム、四塩化炭素等が好ましく、酢酸エチルがより好ましい。
前記トナー材料の乳化乃至分散は、前記トナー材料を含有する油相を、前記水系媒体中に分散させることにより行うことができる。そして、前記トナー材料を乳化乃至分散させる際に、活性水素基含有化合物と活性水素基含有化合物と反応可能な部位を有する重合体を伸長反応及び/又は架橋反応させることにより、接着性基材が生成する。
前記反応時間としては、特に制限はなく、目的に応じて適宜選択することができるが、10分間~40時間が好ましく、2時間~24時間がより好ましい。
前記反応温度としては、特に制限はなく、目的に応じて適宜選択することができるが、0℃~150℃が好ましく、40℃~98℃がより好ましい。
これらの中でも、分散体(油滴)の粒子径を2μm~20μmに制御することができる点で、高速せん断式分散機が好ましい。
前記高速せん断式分散機を用いた場合、回転数、分散時間、分散温度等の条件は、目的に応じて適宜選択することができる。
前記回転数としては、特に制限はなく、目的に応じて適宜選択することができるが、1,000rpm~30,000rpmが好ましく、5,000rpm~20,000rpmがより好ましい。
前記分散時間としては、特に制限はなく、目的に応じて適宜選択することができるが、バッチ方式の場合、0.1分間~5分間が好ましい。
前記分散温度としては、特に制限はなく、目的に応じて適宜選択することができるが、加圧下において、0℃~150℃が好ましく、40℃~98℃がより好ましい。なお、一般に、前記分散温度が高温である方が分散は容易である。
前記水系媒体の使用量が、50質量部未満であると、前記トナー材料の分散状態が悪くなって、所定の粒子径のトナー母粒子が得られないことがあり、2,000質量部を超えると、生産コストが高くなることがある。
前記分散剤としては、特に制限はなく、目的に応じて適宜選択することができ、例えば、界面活性剤、難水溶性の無機化合物分散剤、高分子系保護コロイド、などが挙げられる。これらは、1種単独で使用してもよいし、2種以上を併用してもよい。
これらの中でも、界面活性剤が好ましい。
前記陰イオン界面活性剤としては、特に制限はなく、目的に応じて適宜選択することができ、えば、アルキルベンゼンスルホン酸塩、α-オレフィンスルホン酸塩、リン酸エステル、などが挙げられる。
これらの中でも、フルオロアルキル基を有するものが好ましい。
前記触媒としては、特に制限はなく、目的に応じて適宜選択することができ、例えば、ジブチルスズラウレート、ジオクチルスズラウレート、などが挙げられる。
前記乳化スラリー等の分散液から有機溶媒を除去する方法としては、特に制限はなく、目的に応じて適宜選択することができ、例えば、反応系全体を徐々に昇温させて、油滴中の有機溶媒を蒸発させる方法、分散液を乾燥雰囲気中に噴霧して、油滴中の有機溶媒を除去する方法、などが挙げられる。
前記有機溶媒が除去されると、トナー母粒子が形成される。トナー母粒子に対しては、洗浄、乾燥等を行うことができ、さらに分級等を行うことができる。前記分級は、液中でサイクロン、デカンター、遠心分離、などにより、微粒子部分を取り除くことにより行ってもよいし、乾燥後に分級操作を行ってもよい。
前記機械的衝撃力を印加する方法としては、特に制限はなく、目的に応じて適宜選択することができ、例えば、高速で回転する羽根を用いて混合物に衝撃力を印加する方法、高速気流中に混合物を投入し、加速させて粒子同士又は粒子を適当な衝突板に衝突させる方法、などが挙げられる。
前記方法に用いる装置としては、特に制限はなく、目的に応じて適宜選択することができ、例えば、オングミル(ホソカワミクロン社製)、I式ミル(日本ニューマチック社製)を改造して粉砕エアー圧力を下げた装置、ハイブリダイゼイションシステム(奈良機械製作所製)、クリプトロンシステム(川崎重工業社製)、自動乳鉢、などが挙げられる。
本発明の現像剤は、少なくとも前記トナーを含み、必要に応じてキャリア等の適宜選択されるその他の成分を含む。
このため、転写性、帯電性等に優れ、高画質な画像を安定に形成することができる。なお、現像剤は、一成分現像剤であってもよいし、二成分現像剤であってもよいが、近年の情報処理速度の向上に対応した高速プリンタ等に使用する場合には、寿命が向上することから、二成分現像剤が好ましい。
前記現像剤を一成分現像剤として用いる場合、トナーの収支が行われても、トナーの粒子径の変動が少なく、現像ローラへのトナーのフィルミングや、トナーを薄層化するブレード等の部材へのトナーの融着が少なく、現像装置における長期の攪拌においても、良好で安定した現像性及び画像が得られる。
前記現像剤を二成分現像剤として用いる場合、長期にわたるトナーの収支が行われても、トナーの粒子径の変動が少なく、現像装置における長期の撹拌においても、良好で安定した現像性及び画像が得られる。
前記トナーを二成分系現像剤に用いる場合には、前記キャリアと混合して用いればよい。前記二成分現像剤中の前記キャリアの含有量としては、特に制限はなく、目的に応じて適宜選択することができるが、90質量%~98質量%が好ましく、93質量%~97質量%がより好ましい。
前記キャリアとしては、特に制限はなく、目的に応じて適宜選択することができるが、芯材と、芯材を被覆する樹脂層を有するものが好ましい。
前記芯材の材料としては、特に制限はなく、目的に応じて適宜選択することができ、例えば、50emu/g~90emu/gのマンガン-ストロンチウム系材料、マンガン-マグネシウム系材料、などが挙げられる。また、画像濃度を確保するためには、100emu/g以上の鉄粉、75emu/g~120emu/gのマグネタイト等の高磁化材料を用いることが好ましい。また、穂立ち状態となっている現像剤の感光体に対する衝撃を緩和でき、高画質化に有利であることから、30emu/g~80emu/gの銅-亜鉛系等の低磁化材料を用いることが好ましい。
これらは、1種単独で使用してもよいし、2種以上を併用してもよい。
前記樹脂層の材料としては、特に制限はなく、公知の樹脂の中から目的に応じて適宜選択することができ、例えば、アミノ系樹脂、ポリビニル系樹脂、ポリスチレン系樹脂、ポリハロゲン化オレフィン、ポリエステル系樹脂、ポリカーボネート系樹脂、ポリエチレン、ポリフッ化ビニル、ポリフッ化ビニリデン、ポリトリフルオロエチレン、ポリヘキサフルオロプロピレン、フッ化ビニリデンとアクリルモノマーの共重合体、フッ化ビニリデンとフッ化ビニルの共重合体、テトラフルオロエチレンとフッ化ビニリデンとフルオロ基を有さないモノマーの共重合体等のフルオロターポリマー、シリコーン樹脂、などが挙げられる。
これらは、1種単独で使用してもよいし、2種以上を併用してもよい。
前記ポリビニル系樹脂としては、特に制限はなく、目的に応じて適宜選択することができ、例えば、アクリル樹脂、ポリメタクリル酸メチル、ポリアクリロニトリル、ポリ酢酸ビニル、ポリビニルアルコール、ポリビニルブチラール、などが挙げられる。
前記ポリスチレン系樹脂としては、特に制限はなく、目的に応じて適宜選択することができ、例えば、ポリスチレン、スチレン-アクリル共重合体、などが挙げられる。
前記ポリハロゲン化オレフィンとしては、特に制限はなく、目的に応じて適宜選択することができ、例えば、ポリ塩化ビニル、などが挙げられる。
前記ポリエステル系樹脂としては、特に制限はなく、目的に応じて適宜選択することができ、例えば、ポリエチレンテレフタレート、ポリブチレンテレフタレート、などが挙げられる。
前記塗布方法としては、特に制限はなく、目的に応じて適宜選択することができ、例えば、浸漬塗工法、スプレー法、ハケ塗り法、などを用いることができる。
前記溶媒としては、特に制限はなく、目的に応じて適宜選択することができ、例えば、トルエン、キシレン、メチルエチルケトン、メチルイソブチルケトン、酢酸ブチルセロソルブ、などが挙げられる。
前記焼き付けは、外部加熱方式であってもよいし、内部加熱方式であってもよく、例えば、固定式電気炉、流動式電気炉、ロータリー式電気炉、バーナー炉等を用いる方法、マイクロ波を用いる方法、などが挙げられる。
本発明におけるトナー収容ユニットとは、トナーを収容する機能を有するユニットに、トナーを収容したものをいう。ここで、トナー収容ユニットの態様としては、例えばトナー収容容器、現像器、プロセスカートリッジなどが挙げられる。
前記トナー収容容器とは、トナーを収容した容器をいう。
前記現像器は、トナーを収容し現像する手段を有するものをいう。
前記プロセスカートリッジとは、少なくとも像担持体と現像手段とを一体とし、トナーを収容し、画像形成装置に対して着脱可能であるものをいう。前記プロセスカートリッジは、更に帯電手段、露光手段、クリーニング手段のから選ばれる少なくとも一つを備えてもよい。
潜像担持体101としては、後述する画像形成装置における静電潜像担持体と同様なものを用いることができる。また帯電装置102には、任意の帯電部材が用いられる。
図1に示すプロセスカートリッジによる画像形成プロセスについては、潜像担持体101は、矢印方向に回転しながら、帯電装置102による帯電、露光手段(図示せず)による露光103により、その表面に露光像に対応する静電潜像が形成される。
この静電潜像は、現像装置104でトナー現像され、該トナー現像は転写ローラ108により、記録紙105に転写され、プリントアウトされる。次いで、像転写後の潜像担持体表面は、クリーニング部107によりクリーニングされ、さらに除電手段(図示せず)により除電されて、再び、以上の操作を繰り返すものである。
本発明の画像形成装置は、静電潜像担持体(以下、「感光体」と称することがある。)と、静電潜像形成手段と、現像手段とを少なくとも有し、更に必要に応じて、除電手段、クリーニング手段、リサイクル手段、制御手段などのその他の手段を有する。
本発明の画像形成方法は、静電潜像形成工程と、現像工程とを少なくとも含み、更に必要に応じて、除電工程、クリーニング工程、リサイクル工程、制御工程などのその他の工程を含む。
前記画像形成方法は、前記画像形成装置により好適に行うことができ、前記静電潜像形成工程は、前記静電潜像形成手段により好適に行うことができ、前記現像工程は、前記現像手段により好適に行うことができ、前記その他の工程は、前記その他の手段により好適に行うことができる。
前記静電潜像形成工程は、静電潜像担持体上に静電潜像を形成する工程である。
前記静電潜像担持体(「電子写真感光体」、「感光体」と称することがある)としては、その材質、形状、構造、大きさ、等について特に制限はなく、公知のものの中から適宜選択することができるが、その形状としてはドラム状が好適に挙げられ、その材質としては、例えばアモルファスシリコン、セレン等の無機感光体、ポリシラン、フタロポリメチン等の有機感光体(OPC)、等が挙げられる。これらの中でも、より高精細な画像が得られる点で、有機感光体(OPC)が好ましい。
前記静電潜像形成手段は、例えば、前記静電潜像担持体の表面を一様に帯電させる帯電手段(帯電器)と、前記静電潜像担持体の表面を像様に露光する露光手段(露光器)とを少なくとも備える。
前記帯電器としては、特に制限はなく、目的に応じて適宜選択することができるが、例えば、導電性又は半導電性のロール、ブラシ、フィルム、ゴムブレード等を備えたそれ自体公知の接触帯電器、コロトロン、スコロトロン等のコロナ放電を利用した非接触帯電器、等が挙げられる。
前記帯電器としては、静電潜像担持体に接触乃至非接触状態で配置され、直流及び交流電圧を重畳印加することによって静電潜像担持体表面を帯電するものが好ましい。
また、前記帯電器が、静電潜像担持体にギャップテープを介して非接触に近接配置された帯電ローラであり、該帯電ローラに直流並びに交流電圧を重畳印加することによって静電潜像担持体表面を帯電するものが好ましい。
前記露光器としては、前記帯電器により帯電された前記静電潜像担持体の表面に、形成すべき像様に露光を行うことができる限り特に制限はなく、目的に応じて適宜選択することができるが、例えば、複写光学系、ロッドレンズアレイ系、レーザー光学系、液晶シャッタ光学系、等の各種露光器が挙げられる。
なお、本発明においては、前記静電潜像担持体の裏面側から像様に露光を行う光背面方式を採用してもよい。
前記現像工程は、前記静電潜像を、前記トナーを用いて現像して可視像を形成する工程である。
前記可視像の形成は、例えば、前記静電潜像を前記トナーを用いて現像することにより行うことができ、前記現像手段により行うことができる。
前記現像手段は、例えば、前記トナーを収容し、前記静電潜像に該トナーを接触又は非接触的に付与可能な現像器を少なくとも有するものが好適であり、トナー入り容器を備えた現像器等がより好ましい。
前記現像器内では、例えば、前記トナーと前記キャリアとが混合攪拌され、その際の摩擦により該トナーが帯電し、回転するマグネットローラの表面に穂立ち状態で保持され、磁気ブラシが形成される。該マグネットローラは、前記静電潜像担持体(感光体)近傍に配置されているため、該マグネットローラの表面に形成された前記磁気ブラシを構成する前記トナーの一部は、電気的な吸引力によって該静電潜像担持体(感光体)の表面に移動する。その結果、前記静電潜像が該トナーにより現像されて該静電潜像担持体(感光体)の表面に該トナーによる可視像が形成される。
前記転写工程は、前記可視像を記録媒体に転写する工程であるが、中間転写体を用い、該中間転写体上に可視像を一次転写した後、該可視像を前記記録媒体上に二次転写する態様が好ましく、前記トナーとして二色以上、好ましくはフルカラートナーを用い、可視像を中間転写体上に転写して複合転写像を形成する第一次転写工程と、該複合転写像を記録媒体上に転写する第二次転写工程とを含む態様がより好ましい。
前記転写は、例えば、前記可視像を転写帯電器を用いて前記静電潜像担持体(感光体)を帯電することにより行うことができ、前記転写手段により行うことができる。前記転写手段としては、可視像を中間転写体上に転写して複合転写像を形成する第一次転写手段と、該複合転写像を記録媒体上に転写する第二次転写手段とを有する態様が好ましい。
なお、前記中間転写体としては、特に制限はなく、目的に応じて公知の転写体の中から適宜選択することができ、例えば、転写ベルト等が好適に挙げられる。
前記転写器としては、コロナ放電によるコロナ転写器、転写ベルト、転写ローラ、圧力転写ローラ、粘着転写器、等が挙げられる。
なお、前記記録媒体としては、特に制限はなく、公知の記録媒体(記録紙)の中から適宜選択することができる。
前記定着工程は、記録媒体に転写された可視像を定着装置を用いて定着させる工程であり、各色の現像剤に対し前記記録媒体に転写する毎に行ってもよいし、各色の現像剤に対しこれを積層した状態で一度に同時に行ってもよい。
前記定着装置としては、特に制限はなく、目的に応じて適宜選択することができるが、公知の加熱加圧手段が好適である。前記加熱加圧手段としては、加熱ローラと加圧ローラとの組合せ、加熱ローラと加圧ローラと無端ベルトとの組合せ、等が挙げられる。
前記定着装置が、発熱体を具備する加熱体と、該加熱体と接触するフィルムと、該フィルムを介して前記加熱体と圧接する加圧部材とを有し、前記フィルムと前記加圧部材の間に未定着画像を形成させた記録媒体を通過させて加熱定着する手段であることが好ましい。前記加熱加圧手段における加熱は、通常、80℃~200℃が好ましい。
なお、本発明においては、目的に応じて、前記定着工程及び定着手段と共にあるいはこれらに代えて、例えば、公知の光定着器を用いてもよい。
前記除電手段としては、特に制限はなく、前記静電潜像担持体に対し除電バイアスを印加することができればよく、公知の除電器の中から適宜選択することができ、例えば、除電ランプ等が好適に挙げられる。
前記クリーニング手段としては、特に制限はなく、前記静電潜像担持体上に残留する前記トナーを除去することができればよく、公知のクリーナの中から適宜選択することができ、例えば、磁気ブラシクリーナ、静電ブラシクリーナ、磁気ローラクリーナ、ブレードクリーナ、ブラシクリーナ、ウエブクリーナ等が好適に挙げられる。
前記制御工程は、前記各工程を制御する工程であり、各工程は制御手段により好適に行うことができる。
前記制御手段としては、前記各手段の動きを制御することができる限り特に制限はなく、目的に応じて適宜選択することができ、例えば、シークエンサー、コンピュータ等の機器が挙げられる。
<ポリエステル樹脂A1の合成>
窒素導入管、脱水管、攪拌器及び熱電対を装備した5Lの四つ口フラスコに、セバシン酸2,120g、1,9-ノナンジカルボン酸0.021g、及び1,6-ヘキサンジオール1,200g、を入れ、180℃で10時間反応させた後、200℃に昇温して3時間反応させ、さらに8.3kPaの圧力にて2時間反応させて結晶性ポリエステル樹脂A1(ポリエステル樹脂A1)を得た。
ポリエステル樹脂A1のSP値は9.85、融点は68.5℃であった。
ポリエステル樹脂A1のオルトジクロロベンゼンの可溶分をGPC測定したところ、Mwが30,000、Mnが6,900、Mw/Mnが4.4であった。
<ポリエステル樹脂A2の合成>
窒素導入管、脱水管、攪拌器及び熱電対を装備した5Lの四つ口フラスコに、セバシン酸2,120g、1,9-ノナンジカルボン酸0.021g、及び1,2-エタンジオール1,200g、を入れ、180℃で10時間反応させた後、200℃に昇温して3時間反応させ、さらに8.3kPaの圧力にて2時間反応させて結晶性ポリエステル樹脂A2(ポリエステル樹脂A2)を得た。
ポリエステル樹脂A2のSP値は10.20、融点は69.0℃であった。
ポリエステル樹脂A2のオルトジクロロベンゼンの可溶分をGPC測定したところ、Mwが15,000、Mnが4,900、Mw/Mnが3.1であった。
<ポリエステル樹脂A3の合成>
窒素導入管、脱水管、攪拌器及び熱電対を装備した5Lの四つ口フラスコに、1、10-デカンジカルボン酸2,120g、1,8-オクタンジオール1,000g、1,4-ブタンジオール1,520g、及びハイドロキノン3.9gを入れ、180℃で10時間反応させた後、200℃に昇温して3時間反応させ、さらに8.3kPaの圧力にて2時間反応させて結晶性ポリエステル樹脂A3(ポリエステル樹脂A3)を得た。
結晶性ポリエステル樹脂A3のSP値は9.90、融点は67.0℃であった。
結晶性ポリエステル樹脂A3のオルトジクロロベンゼンの可溶分をGPC測定したところ、Mwが15,000、Mnが5,000、Mw/Mnが3.0であった。
<ポリエステル樹脂A4の合成>
窒素導入管、脱水管、攪拌器及び熱電対を装備した5Lの四つ口フラスコに、セバシン酸2,120g、1,9-ノナンジカルボン酸0.021g、及び1,8-オクタンジオール1,490g、を入れ、180℃で10時間反応させた後、200℃に昇温して3時間反応させ、さらに8.3kPaの圧力にて2時間反応させて結晶性ポリエステル樹脂A4(ポリエステル樹脂A4)を得た。
結晶性ポリエステル樹脂A4のSP値は9.80、融点は69.5℃であった。
結晶性ポリエステル樹脂A4のオルトジクロロベンゼンの可溶分をGPC測定したところ、Mwが28,000、Mnが5,700、Mw/Mnが4.9であった。
<ポリエステル樹脂A5の合成>
窒素導入管、脱水管、攪拌器及び熱電対を装備した5Lの四つ口フラスコに、セバシン酸2,220g、1,9-ノナンジカルボン酸0.021g、1,9-ノナンジオール1,720g、を入れ、180℃で10時間反応させた後、200℃に昇温して3時間反応させ、さらに8.3kPaの圧力にて2時間反応させて結晶性ポリエステル樹脂A5(ポリエステル樹脂A5)を得た。
結晶性ポリエステル樹脂A5のSP値は9.75、融点は77.6℃であった。
結晶性ポリエステル樹脂A5のオルトジクロロベンゼンの可溶分をGPC測定したところ、Mwが27,000、Mnが6,000、Mw/Mnが4.5であった。
<非晶質ポリエステル樹脂1の合成>
窒素導入管、脱水管、攪拌器及び熱電対を装備した5Lの四つ口フラスコに、ビスフェノールAエチレンオキサイドサイド2モル付加物499部、ビスフェノールAプロピレンオキサイド3モル付加物229部、イソフタル酸100部、テレフタル酸108部、アジピン酸46部、及びジブチルチンオキサイド2部を入れ、常圧で230℃で10時間反応し、さらに10mmHg~15mmHgの減圧で5時間反応した後、反応容器に無水トリメリット酸30部を入れ、180℃、常圧で3時間反応し、非晶質ポリエステル樹脂1を得た。
非晶質ポリエステル樹脂1のSP値は11.30であった。
非晶質ポリエステル樹脂1は、重量平均分子量5,500、数平均分子量1,800、Tg50℃、酸価20mgKOH/gであった。
<非晶質ポリエステル樹脂2の合成>
窒素導入管、脱水管、攪拌器及び熱電対を装備した5Lの四つ口フラスコに、ビスフェノールAエチレンオキサイドサイド2モル付加物229部、ビスフェノールAプロピレンオキサイド3モル付加物529部、イソフタル酸70部、テレフタル酸98部、フマル酸46部、ドデセニルコハク酸24部、及びジブチルチンオキサイド2部を入れ、容器内に窒素ガスを導入して不活性雰囲気に保ち昇温した後、230℃で12時間共縮重合反応させ、その後、230℃で徐々に減圧して、非晶質ポリエステル樹脂2を得た。
非晶質ポリエステル樹脂2のSP値は10.82であった。
非晶質ポリエステル樹脂2は、重量平均分子量17,400、数平均分子量6,700、Tg61℃、酸価14mgKOH/gであった。
<非晶質ハイブリッド樹脂1の合成>
窒素導入管、脱水管、攪拌器及び熱電対を装備した5Lの四つ口フラスコに、2,3-ブタンジオール7.2g、1,2-プロパンジオール6.08g、テレフタル酸18.59g、及び2-エチルヘキサン酸錫(II)0.18gを入れ、容器内に窒素ガスを導入して不活性雰囲気に保ち昇温した後、180℃で1時間保温した後に180℃から230℃まで10℃/hrで昇温し、その後230℃で10時間縮重合反応させ、さらに230℃、8.0kPaにて1時間反応を行った。160℃まで冷却した後、アクリル酸0.6g、スチレン7.79g、2-エチルヘキシルアクリレート1.48g、及びジブチルパーオキサイドを滴下ロートにより1時間かけて滴下した。滴下後、160℃に保持したまま、1時間付加重合反応を熟成させた後、210℃に昇温した後、無水トリメリット酸4.61gを投入し、210℃にて2時間反応を行い、210℃、10kPaにて所望の軟化点に達するまで反応を行って、非晶質ハイブリッド樹脂1を得た。
非晶質ハイブリッド樹脂1のSP値は10.80であった。
非晶質ハイブリッド樹脂1は、重量平均分子量55,000、数平均分子量2,800、Tg55℃、酸価9.4mgKOH/gであった。
<非晶質ハイブリッド樹脂2の合成>
窒素導入管、脱水管、攪拌器及び熱電対を装備した5Lの四つ口フラスコに、2,3-ブタンジオール7.2g、1,2-プロパンジオール6.08g、テレフタル酸18.59g、及び2-エチルヘキサン酸錫(II)0.18gを入れ、容器内に窒素ガスを導入して不活性雰囲気に保ち昇温した後、180℃で1時間保温した後に180℃から230℃まで10℃/hrで昇温し、その後230℃で10時間縮重合反応させ、さらに230℃、8.0kPaにて1時間反応を行った。160℃まで冷却した後、アクリル酸1.0g、スチレン8.50g、2-エチルヘキシルアクリレート1.48g、及びジブチルパーオキサイドを滴下ロートにより1時間かけて滴下した。滴下後、160℃に保持したまま、1時間付加重合反応を熟成させた後、210℃に昇温した後、無水トリメリット酸4.61gを投入し、210℃にて2時間反応を行い、210℃、10kPaにて所望の軟化点に達するまで反応を行って、非晶質ハイブリッド樹脂2を得た。
非晶質ハイブリッド樹脂2のSP値は10.73であった。
非晶質ハイブリッド樹脂2は、重量平均分子量26,000、数平均分子量3,400、Tg61.6℃、酸価13.2mgKOH/gであった。
<非晶質ハイブリッド樹脂3の合成>
窒素導入管、脱水管、攪拌器及び熱電対を装備した5Lの四つ口フラスコに、2,3-ブタンジオール6.48g、1,2-プロパンジオール5.48g、テレフタル酸16.71g、及び2-エチルヘキサン酸錫(II)0.16gを入れ、容器内に窒素ガスを導入して不活性雰囲気に保ち昇温した後、180℃で1時間保温した後に180℃から230℃まで10℃/hrで昇温し、その後230℃で10時間縮重合反応させ、さらに230℃、8.0kPaにて1時間反応を行った。160℃まで冷却した後、2-エチルヘキシルアクリレート1.48g、及びジブチルパーオキサイドを滴下ロートにより1時間かけて滴下した。滴下後、160℃に保持したまま、1時間付加重合反応を熟成させた後、210℃に昇温した後、無水トリメリット酸5.01gを投入し、210℃にて2時間反応を行い、210℃、10kPaにて所望の軟化点に達するまで反応を行って、非晶質ハイブリッド樹脂3を得た。
非晶質ハイブリッド樹脂3のSP値は10.89であった。
非晶質ハイブリッド樹脂3は、重量平均分子量13,000、数平均分子量3,200、Tg55℃、酸価9.4mgKOH/gであった。
<ポリエステル樹脂A分散液1の調製>
金属製2L容器に、ポリエステル樹脂A1を100部、及び酢酸エチル200部を入れ、75℃で加熱溶解させた後、氷水浴中で27℃/分の速度で急冷した。これにガラスビーズ(3mmφ)500mLを加え、バッチ式サンドミル装置(カンペハピオ社製)で10時間粉砕を行い、結晶性ポリエステル樹脂A分散液1を得た。
<ポリエステル樹脂A分散液2の調製>
製造例4-1において、ポリエステル樹脂A1をポリエステル樹脂A2に代えた以外は、製造例4-1と同様にして、ポリエステル樹脂A分散液2を得た。
<ポリエステル樹脂A分散液3の調製>
製造例4-1において、ポリエステル樹脂A1をポリエステル樹脂A3に代えた以外は、製造例4-1と同様にして、ポリエステル樹脂A分散液3を得た。
<ポリエステル樹脂A分散液4の調製>
製造例4-1において、ポリエステル樹脂A1をポリエステル樹脂A4に代えた以外は、製造例4-1と同様にして、ポリエステル樹脂A分散液4を得た。
<ポリエステル樹脂A分散液5の調製>
製造例4-1において、ポリエステル樹脂A1をポリエステル樹脂A5に代えた以外は、製造例4-1と同様にして、ポリエステル樹脂A分散液5を得た。
<トナー1の調製>
-油相の調製-
--プレポリマーの合成--
冷却管、撹拌機及び窒索導入管の付いた反応容器中に、ビスフェノールAエチレンオキサイド2モル付加物682部、ビスフェノールAプロピレンオキサイド2モル付加物81部、テレフタル酸283部、無水トリメリット酸22部、及びジブチルチンオキサイド2部を入れ、常圧で230℃で8時間反応し、さらに10mmHg~15mmHgの減圧で5時間反応し[中間体ポリエステル1]を得た。[中間体ポリエステル1]は、数平均分子量2,100、重量平均分子量9,500、Tg55℃、酸価0.5mgKOH/g、水酸基価51mgKOH/gであった。
次に、冷却管、撹拌機及び窒素導入管の付いた反応容器中に、[中間体ポリエステル1]410部、イソホロンジイソシアネート89部、及び酢酸エチル500部を入れ100℃で5時間反応し[プレポリマー1]を得た。[プレポリマー1]の遊離イソシアネート質量%は、1.53%であった。
撹拌棒及び温度計をセットした反応容器に、イソホロンジアミン170部、及びメチルエチルケトン75部を仕込み、50℃で5時間反応を行い、[ケチミン化合物1]を得た。[ケチミン化合物1]のアミン価は418mgKOH/gであった。
水1,200部、カーボンブラック(Printex35デクサ製)〔DBP吸油量=42mL/100mg、pH=9.5〕540部、及び非晶質ポリエステル樹脂1 1,200部を加え、ヘンシェルミキサー(三井鉱山社製)で混合し、混合物を2本ロールを用いて150℃で30分混練後、圧延冷却しパルペライザーで粉砕し、[マスターバッチ1]を得た。
撹拌棒及び温度計をセットした容器に、[非晶質ポリエステル樹脂1]378部、離型剤としてパラフィンワックス50部(日本精鑞社製、HNP-9、炭化水素系ワックス、融点75.0℃、SP値8.8)、CCA(サリチル酸金属錯体E-84:オリエント化学工業社製)22部、及び酢酸エチル947部を仕込み、撹拌下80℃に昇温し、80℃のまま5時間保持した後、1時間で30℃に冷却した。次いで容器に[マスターバッチ1]500部、及び酢酸エチル500部を仕込み、1時間混合し[原料溶解液1]を得た。
[原料溶解液1]1,324部を容器に移し、ビーズミル(ウルトラビスコミル、アイメックス社製)を用いて、送液速度1kg/hr、ディスク周速度6m/秒、0.5mmジルコニアビーズを80体積%充填、3パスの条件で、分散を行った。次いで、[非晶質ポリエステル樹脂1]の65%酢酸エチル溶液1,042.3部を加え、上記条件のビーズミルで1パスし、[顔料・WAX分散液1]を得た。[顔料・WAX分散液1]の固形分濃度(130℃、30分)は50%であった。
撹拌棒及び温度計をセットした反応容器に、水683部、メタクリル酸エチレンオキサイド付加物硫酸エステルのナトリウム塩(エレミノールRS-30:三洋化成工業社製)11部、スチレン138部、メタクリル酸138部、及び過硫酸アンモニウム1部を仕込み、400回転/分で15分間撹拌したところ、白色の乳濁液が得られた。加熱して、系内温度75℃まで昇温し、5時間反応させた。さらに、1%過硫酸アンモニウム水溶液30部加え、75℃で5時間熟成してビニル系樹脂(スチレン-メタクリル酸-メタクリル酸エチレンオキサイド付加物硫酸エステルのナトリウム塩の共重合体)の水性分散液[微粒子分散液1]を得た。[微粒子分散液1]をLA-920(HORIBA社製)で測定した体積平均粒径は、0.14μmであった。[微粒子分散液1]の一部を乾燥して樹脂分を単離した。
水990部、[微粒子分散液1]83部、ドデシルジフェニルエーテルジスルホン酸ナトリウムの48.5%水溶液(エレミノールMON-7:三洋化成工業社製)37部、及び酢酸エチル90部を混合撹拌し、乳白色の液体を得た。これを[水相1]とした。
前記[油相1]が入った容器に、[水相1]1,200部を加え、TKホモミキサーで、回転数13,000rpmで20分間混合し[乳化スラリー1]を得た。
撹拌機および温度計をセットした容器に、[乳化スラリー1]を投入し、30℃で8時間脱溶剤した後、45℃で4時間熟成を行い、[分散スラリー1]を得た。
[分散スラリー1]100部を減圧濾過した後、
(1):濾過ケーキにイオン交換水100部を加え、TKホモミキサーで混合(回転数12,000rpmで10分間)した後濾過した。
(2):(1)の濾過ケーキに10%水酸化ナトリウム水溶液100部を加え、TKホモミキサーで混合(回転数12,000rpmで30分間)した後、減圧濾過した。
(3):(2)の濾過ケーキに10%塩酸100部を加え、TKホモミキサーで混合(回転数12,000rpmで10分間)した後濾過した。
(4):(3)の濾過ケーキにイオン交換水300部を加え、TKホモミキサーで混合(回転数12,000rpmで10分間)した後濾過する、という前記(1)~(5)の操作を2回行い[濾過ケーキ1]を得た。
[濾過ケーキ1]を循風乾燥機にて45℃で48時間乾燥し、目開き75μmメッシュで篩い[トナー1]を得た。
得られたトナーについて以下の方法により現像剤を作製し、以下の評価を行った。結果を表6に示す。
<<現像液の作製>>
-キャリアの作製-
トルエン100部に、シリコーン樹脂オルガノストレートシリコーン100部、γ-(2-アミノエチル)アミノプロピルトリメトキシシラン5部、及びカーボンブラック10部を添加し、ホモミキサーで20分間分散させて、樹脂層塗布液を調製した。流動床型コーティング装置を用いて、平均粒径50μmの球状マグネタイト1,000部の表面に樹脂層塗布液を塗布して、キャリアを作製した。
-現像剤の作製-
ボールミルを用いて、前記トナー1 5部と前記キャリア95部とを混合し、現像剤を作製した。
定着ローラとして、テフロン(登録商標)ローラを使用した複写機MF2200(株式会社リコー製)の定着部を改造した装置を用いて、タイプ6200紙(株式会社リコー社製)に複写テストを行った。
具体的には、定着温度を変化させてコールドオフセット温度(定着下限温度)及び高温オフセット温度(定着上限温度)を求めた。
定着下限温度の評価条件は、紙送りの線速度を120mm/秒~150mm/秒、面圧を1.2kgf/cm2、ニップ幅を3mmとした。
また、定着上限温度の評価条件は、紙送りの線速度を50mm/秒、面圧を2.0kgf/cm2、ニップ幅を4.5mmとした。
50mLのガラス容器にトナー10gを充填し、トナー粉体の見掛け密度の変化が無くなるまで十分にタッピングし、容器に蓋をし、50℃の恒温槽に24時間放置した後、24℃に冷却し、針入度試験(JIS K2235-1991)により、針入度(mm)を測定し、下記基準で耐熱保存性を評価した。なお、針入度が大きい程、耐熱保存性が優れていることを意味し、針入度が15mm未満であるものは、使用上、問題が発生する可能性が高い。
〔評価基準〕
◎:針入度が25mm以上
○:針入度が20mm以上25mm未満
△:針入度が15mm以上20mm未満
×:針入度が15mm未満
画像形成装置MF2800(株式会社リコー製)を用いて、10,000枚画像を形成させた後の感光体を目視で検査し、トナー成分、主に離型剤の感光体への固着が生じていないかを下記評価基準により評価した。
〔評価基準〕
◎:感光体へのトナー成分の固着が確認されない
○:感光体へのトナー成分の固着が確認できるが、実用上、問題になるレベルではない
△:感光体へのトナー成分の固着が確認でき、実用上問題の出るレベルである
×:感光体へのトナー成分の固着が確認でき、実用上大きく問題のあるレベルである
トナー0.25gをキャリア4.75gを底面直径25mm、高さ30mmのステンレス容器に入れ、円周方向に300rpmの回転を20分間与え、トナーとキャリアとを攪拌し、接触させた。ここで、キャリアとしては、平均粒径35μmのフェライト粒子(株式会社リコー製)を用いた。
この攪拌させたトナーを帯電量測定装置TB-200(株式会社東芝製)によりブローオフ法で単位面積当たりの帯電量(Q/S)を測定した。
具体的には、上記帯電量測定装置の400メッシュのステンレス製スクリーンを装着した試料部に測定サンプルを装填し、常温常湿環境(20℃、55%RH)で、ブロー圧50kPa(0.5kgf/cm2)の窒素ガスを10秒間ブローして電荷を測定した。
〔評価基準〕
◎:帯電量の絶対値が200μC/m2以上250μC/m2未満
○:帯電量の絶対値が150μC/m2以上200μC/m2未満
△:帯電量の絶対値が100μC/m2以上150μC/m2未満
×:帯電量の絶対値が100μC/m2未満
<トナーの調製>
実施例1において、[ポリエステル樹脂A分散液1]を[ポリエステル樹脂A分散液2]に代えた以外は、実施例1と同様にして、トナーを得た。
得られたトナー中の各成分のSP値の関係を表5に示す。
得られたトナーについて実施例1と同様の評価を行った。結果を表6に示す。
<トナーの調製>
実施例1において、[非晶質ハイブリッド樹脂1]を[非晶質ハイブリッド樹脂2]に代えた以外は、実施例1と同様にして、トナーを得た。
得られたトナー中の各成分のSP値の関係を表5に示す。
得られたトナーについて実施例1と同様の評価を行った。結果を表6に示す。
<トナーの調製>
実施例2において、[非晶質ハイブリッド樹脂1]を[非晶質ハイブリッド樹脂2]に代えた以外は、実施例2と同様にして、トナーを得た。
得られたトナー中の各成分のSP値の関係を表5に示す。
得られたトナーについて実施例1と同様の評価を行った。結果を表6に示す。
<トナーの調製>
実施例3において、[非晶質ポリエステル樹脂1]を[非晶質ポリエステル樹脂2]に代えた以外は、実施例3と同様にして、トナーを得た。
得られたトナー中の各成分のSP値の関係を表5に示す。
得られたトナーについて実施例1と同様の評価を行った。結果を表6に示す。
<トナーの調製>
実施例4において、[非晶質ポリエステル樹脂1]を[非晶質ポリエステル樹脂2]に代えた以外は、実施例4と同様にして、トナーを得た。
得られたトナー中の各成分のSP値の関係を表5に示す。
得られたトナーについて実施例1と同様の評価を行った。結果を表6に示す。
<トナーの調製>
実施例6において、[ポリエステル樹脂A分散液2]を[ポリエステル樹脂A分散液4]に代えた以外は、実施例6と同様にして、トナーを得た。
得られたトナー中の各成分のSP値の関係を表5に示す。
得られたトナーについて実施例1と同様の評価を行った。結果を表6に示す。
<トナーの調製>
実施例6において、[ポリエステル樹脂A分散液2]を[ポリエステル樹脂A分散液5]に代えた以外は、実施例6と同様にして、トナーを得た。
得られたトナー中の各成分のSP値の関係を表5に示す。
得られたトナーについて実施例1と同様の評価を行った。結果を表6に示す。
<トナーの調製>
実施例5において、[非晶質ハイブリッド樹脂2]を[非晶質ハイブリッド樹脂3]に代えた以外は、実施例5と同様にして、トナーを得た。
得られたトナー中の各成分のSP値の関係を表5に示す。
得られたトナーについて実施例1と同様の評価を行った。結果を表6に示す。
<トナーの調製>
比較例1において、[非晶質ハイブリッド樹脂3]を用いず、比較例1と同様の手法で、トナーを得た。
得られたトナー中の各成分のSP値の関係を表5に示す。
得られたトナーについて実施例1と同様の評価を行った。結果を表6に示す。
<トナーの調製>
実施例5において、[ポリエステル樹脂A分散液1]を[ポリエステル樹脂A分散液3]に代えた以外は、実施例5と同様にして、トナーを得た。
得られたトナー中の各成分のSP値の関係を表5に示す。
得られたトナーについて実施例1と同様の評価を行った。結果を表6に示す。
比較例1では、式(1)を満たしておらず、前記非晶質ハイブリッド樹脂として、スチレン系樹脂を含まないため、前記非晶質ポリエステル樹脂のポリエステル樹脂に対する分散効果が十分でなく、フィルミング、及び耐ストレス性が大きく悪化したと推測される。
比較例2では、非晶質ハイブリッド樹脂を含まないため、耐ストレス性が大きく悪化した。
比較例3では、ポリエステル樹脂に、カルボン酸成分としてセバシン酸を含まないため、耐熱保存性、及び耐ストレス性が大きく悪化した。
Claims (8)
- 飽和脂肪族ジカルボン酸に由来する構成単位と、飽和脂肪族ジオールに由来する構成単位とを有する結晶性ポリエステル樹脂、非晶質ハイブリッド樹脂、非晶質ポリエステル樹脂、離型剤、及び着色剤を含有してなるトナーであって、
前記結晶性ポリエステル樹脂は、前記飽和脂肪族ジカルボン酸に由来する構成単位としてセバシン酸に由来する構成単位を含み、
前記非晶質ハイブリッド樹脂が、ポリエステル系樹脂ユニットとスチレン系樹脂ユニットとを含む複合樹脂であることを特徴とするトナー。 - 前記結晶性ポリエステル樹脂が、前記飽和脂肪族ジオールに由来する構成単位として、炭素数2~8の直鎖脂肪族ジオールに由来する構成単位を含有してなる、請求項1に記載のトナー。
- 前記結晶性ポリエステル樹脂のSP値をSP1、前記非晶質ポリエステル樹脂のSP値をSP2、前記非晶質ハイブリッド樹脂のSP値をSP3、とした際に、前記SP1からSP3が以下の式(1)から式(3)の関係を満たす請求項1又は2に記載のトナー。
式(1) SP1<SP3<SP2
式(2) 0.4<SP2-SP1<1.1
式(3) 0.1<SP3-SP1<1.0 - 示差走査熱量測定(DSC)の昇温1回目のDSC曲線から求められるガラス転移温度(Tg1st)が、45℃~55℃である請求項1~3のいずれかに記載のトナー。
- 請求項1~4のいずれかに記載のトナーを含むことを特徴とする現像剤。
- 請求項1~4のいずれかに記載のトナーを収容したことを特徴とするトナー収容ユニット。
- 静電潜像担持体と、
前記静電潜像担持体上に静電潜像を形成する静電潜像形成手段と、
前記静電潜像担持体に形成された前記静電潜像を現像して可視像を形成する、トナーを備える現像手段と、を有し、
前記トナーが、請求項1~4のいずれかに記載のトナーであることを特徴とする画像形成装置。 - 静電潜像担持体上に静電潜像を形成する静電潜像形成工程と、
前記静電潜像担持体上に形成された前記静電潜像を、トナーを用いて現像してトナー像を形成する現像工程と、を含み、
前記トナーが、請求項1~4のいずれかに記載のトナーであることを特徴とする画像形成方法。
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JP2020154083A (ja) | 2019-03-19 | 2020-09-24 | 株式会社リコー | 画像形成装置、画像形成方法およびプロセスカートリッジ |
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JPWO2017126564A1 (ja) | 2018-11-22 |
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EP3407138B1 (en) | 2020-05-13 |
US20180321606A1 (en) | 2018-11-08 |
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