WO2017086310A1 - 電力変換装置 - Google Patents
電力変換装置 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2017086310A1 WO2017086310A1 PCT/JP2016/083816 JP2016083816W WO2017086310A1 WO 2017086310 A1 WO2017086310 A1 WO 2017086310A1 JP 2016083816 W JP2016083816 W JP 2016083816W WO 2017086310 A1 WO2017086310 A1 WO 2017086310A1
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- switching element
- switching
- frequency
- control signal
- phase
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M7/00—Conversion of AC power input into DC power output; Conversion of DC power input into AC power output
- H02M7/42—Conversion of DC power input into AC power output without possibility of reversal
- H02M7/44—Conversion of DC power input into AC power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
- H02M7/48—Conversion of DC power input into AC power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
- H02M7/53—Conversion of DC power input into AC power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
- H02M7/537—Conversion of DC power input into AC power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only, e.g. single switched pulse inverters
- H02M7/5387—Conversion of DC power input into AC power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only, e.g. single switched pulse inverters in a bridge configuration
- H02M7/53871—Conversion of DC power input into AC power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only, e.g. single switched pulse inverters in a bridge configuration with automatic control of output voltage or current
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M7/00—Conversion of AC power input into DC power output; Conversion of DC power input into AC power output
- H02M7/42—Conversion of DC power input into AC power output without possibility of reversal
- H02M7/44—Conversion of DC power input into AC power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
- H02M7/48—Conversion of DC power input into AC power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
- H02M7/53—Conversion of DC power input into AC power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
- H02M7/537—Conversion of DC power input into AC power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only, e.g. single switched pulse inverters
- H02M7/5387—Conversion of DC power input into AC power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only, e.g. single switched pulse inverters in a bridge configuration
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
- H02M1/08—Circuits specially adapted for the generation of control voltages for semiconductor devices incorporated in static converters
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02P—CONTROL OR REGULATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS, ELECTRIC GENERATORS OR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC CONVERTERS; CONTROLLING TRANSFORMERS, REACTORS OR CHOKE COILS
- H02P21/00—Arrangements or methods for the control of electric machines by vector control, e.g. by control of field orientation
- H02P21/22—Current control, e.g. using a current control loop
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02P—CONTROL OR REGULATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS, ELECTRIC GENERATORS OR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC CONVERTERS; CONTROLLING TRANSFORMERS, REACTORS OR CHOKE COILS
- H02P27/00—Arrangements or methods for the control of AC motors characterised by the kind of supply voltage
- H02P27/04—Arrangements or methods for the control of AC motors characterised by the kind of supply voltage using variable-frequency supply voltage, e.g. inverter or converter supply voltage
- H02P27/06—Arrangements or methods for the control of AC motors characterised by the kind of supply voltage using variable-frequency supply voltage, e.g. inverter or converter supply voltage using DC to AC converters or inverters
- H02P27/08—Arrangements or methods for the control of AC motors characterised by the kind of supply voltage using variable-frequency supply voltage, e.g. inverter or converter supply voltage using DC to AC converters or inverters with pulse width modulation
- H02P27/085—Arrangements or methods for the control of AC motors characterised by the kind of supply voltage using variable-frequency supply voltage, e.g. inverter or converter supply voltage using DC to AC converters or inverters with pulse width modulation wherein the PWM mode is adapted on the running conditions of the motor, e.g. the switching frequency
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
- H02M1/0048—Circuits or arrangements for reducing losses
- H02M1/0054—Transistor switching losses
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
- Y02B70/00—Technologies for an efficient end-user side electric power management and consumption
- Y02B70/10—Technologies improving the efficiency by using switched-mode power supplies [SMPS], i.e. efficient power electronics conversion e.g. power factor correction or reduction of losses in power supplies or efficient standby modes
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a power conversion device that performs power conversion between DC power and multi-phase AC power.
- MOSFET Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor-Field-Effect-Transistor
- IGBT Insulated Gate-Bipolar-Transistor
- This inverter circuit is driven by three-phase modulation control for switching control of all three phases at high load, and is fixed at one of the three phases at low load and by two-phase modulation control for switching control of the remaining two phases. Driven. At a low load, the switching loss of the MOSFET is relatively small, and therefore, in the two-phase modulation control, control is performed such that the current ratio of the lower MOSFET is higher than that of the upper IGBT. On the other hand, since the loss of the IGBT becomes relatively small at the time of a high load where the current becomes large, the current-carrying rate of the upper-side IGBT becomes higher than the current-carrying rate of the lower-side MOSFET in the three-phase modulation control. Controlled.
- Patent Document 1 the efficiency of the inverter circuit is improved in the entire operation range from a low load to a high load by such control.
- a circuit is used. Even if there is a difference in switching characteristics (for example, switching responsiveness) between the MOSFET and the IGBT, an inverter is considered in consideration of, for example, a control configuration in which the lower MOSFET is operated at a higher switching frequency than the upper IGBT. There is no mention of improving circuit efficiency or reducing noise.
- the free wheel diode is controlled when the switching element is controlled to be on according to the polarity of the generated alternating current.
- a forward current may flow when viewed.
- the free wheel diode of the same characteristic is connected in parallel with respect to both IGBT and MOSFET, and the loss in a free wheel diode is not considered. Further, such a loss is generated every time switching is performed. Therefore, when the switching frequency of the inverter circuit is increased, the loss is particularly likely to increase.
- the upper stage side and the lower stage side are different from each other in order to improve the efficiency of the power conversion device including an arm formed of different types of switching elements on the upper stage side and the lower stage side and reduce noise. It is desired to provide a technique capable of reducing the loss of the power conversion device including the freewheel diode even when switching is performed at the switching frequency.
- the power conversion device in view of the above is: An arm for one phase, which is connected in series with two switch sections that are conductive in the on state and non-conductive in the off state, is connected in parallel between the positive and negative DC poles according to the number of AC phases.
- the connection point of the two switch sections in each arm is used as an AC input / output for each phase, and power conversion is performed between DC power and multiple-phase AC power
- Each of the switch units includes a switching element and a free wheel diode connected in parallel to the switching element with a direction from the negative electrode toward the positive electrode as a forward direction.
- the switching element is a first switching element or a second switching element having a switching response between an off state and an on state higher than that of the first switching element
- the freewheel diode is a first rectifier element or a second rectifier element having a shorter reverse recovery time than the first rectifier element
- Each of the arms includes an upper-stage switch section connected to the positive electrode side and a lower-stage switch section connected to the negative electrode side, wherein the switch section includes the first switching element and the
- the switch unit is configured by a parallel connection with a second rectifying element, and the other switch unit is configured by a parallel connection of the second switching element and the first rectifying element.
- the forward current as viewed from the lower freewheel diode Flows. That is, in a phase where the alternating current is positive, when a current flows to the lower stage side of the arm, a current also flows to the free wheel diode on the lower stage side when the state of the switching element on the lower stage side is OFF. The same can be said when the alternating current is negative.
- the loss of the power conversion device can be reduced when the alternating current is in a positive phase.
- the loss of the combination of the switching element of the lower switch unit and the free wheel diode of the upper switch unit can be reduced when the alternating current is in a negative phase. If the reverse recovery time of the free wheel diode is short, the loss generation time is also shortened, so that the loss is reduced.
- any one of the phases is “positive”.
- any one of the plural phases is “negative” during one electrical angle cycle of the alternating current. Therefore, by adopting either one of the combination focused on when the alternating current is “positive” or the combination focused on when it is “negative”, the loss of the power conversion device is reduced over the entire period of one cycle of the electrical angle. Can be reduced.
- either one of the upper-stage switch section and the lower-stage switch section is configured by parallel connection of the first switching element and the second rectifier element, and the other switch section is the first switch section. It is comprised by the parallel connection of 2 switching elements and a 1st rectifier.
- the upper switching element and the lower free wheel diode are combined with the second switching element and the second rectifying element, or the lower switching element and the upper free wheel diode are combined.
- the combination of the second switching element and the second rectifying element can be realized. Thereby, the loss of a power converter device can be reduced.
- the upper stage side and the lower stage side can be reduced at different switching frequencies, the loss of the power conversion device including the freewheel diode can be reduced.
- Block diagram schematically showing the system configuration of the power converter The figure which shows typically the operation area
- Circuit block diagram schematically showing the configuration of the arm for one phase Schematic circuit diagram showing a configuration example of an arm for one phase Waveform diagram showing an example of modulation on the low modulation rate side Waveform diagram showing an example of modulation on the high modulation rate side
- FIG. 1 schematically shows the system configuration of the power conversion device 1.
- the power converter 1 is provided between the DC power source 11 and the AC rotating electrical machine 80, and converts power between DC and AC.
- the rotating electrical machine 80 is a rotating electrical machine that serves as a driving force source for a vehicle such as a hybrid vehicle or an electric vehicle.
- the rotating electrical machine 80 is a rotating electrical machine that operates with a plurality of phases of alternating current (here, three-phase alternating current), and can function as both an electric motor and a generator.
- the rotating electrical machine 80 converts electric power from the DC power supply 11 into power through the inverter 10 (inverter circuit) (power running). Alternatively, the rotating electrical machine 80 converts, for example, a rotational driving force transmitted from an internal combustion engine (not shown) and wheels into electric power, and charges the DC power supply 11 via the inverter 10 (regeneration).
- the DC power supply 11 is a high-voltage DC power supply having a rated voltage of about 50 to 400 [V], for example.
- the DC power supply 11 is, for example, a secondary battery such as nickel metal hydride or lithium ion, a capacitor such as an electric double layer capacitor, or a combination of these, and is a DC power supply capable of storing a large voltage and a large capacity.
- the power conversion device 1 includes a direct-current converter (DC-DC converter) that boosts the output voltage of the direct-current power supply 11, the converter can be included in the direct-current power supply. This converter functions as a step-down converter when electric power is regenerated to the DC power supply 11 via the inverter 10.
- the voltage on the DC side of the inverter 10 (the voltage between the positive electrode P and the negative electrode N on the DC side of the inverter 10, the voltage between the terminals of the DC power supply 11 and the output voltage of the converter) is referred to as a DC link voltage (Vdc).
- a smoothing capacitor 12 (DC link capacitor) that smoothes the DC link voltage is provided on the DC side of the inverter 10. Smoothing capacitor 12 stabilizes a DC voltage (DC link voltage) that fluctuates according to fluctuations in power consumption of rotating electrical machine 80.
- the inverter 10 converts the DC power having the DC link voltage into AC power of a plurality of phases (n is a natural number, n-phase, here three phases) and supplies the AC power to the rotating electrical machine 80, and the rotating electrical machine 80. Converts the multiple-phase AC power generated by the DC into DC power and supplies it to the DC power supply.
- the inverter 10 includes a plurality of switch units 2. As will be described later with reference to FIGS. 3 and 4, the switch unit 2 includes a switching element 3 and a free wheel diode 4.
- the switching element 3 includes an IGBT (Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor), MOSFET (Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor), and SiC-MOSFET (Silicon Carbide IV-) based on silicon carbide (SiC).
- Power semiconductor elements such as Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor FET, SiC-SIT (SiC-Static Induction Transistor), SiC-IGBT, and GaN-GaN (Gallium-Nitride-MOSFET) based on gallium nitride (GaN) are used.
- Si-IGBT based on silicon (Si) has been widely used as the switching element 3 of the inverter 10.
- semiconductor materials such as silicon carbide (SiC) and gallium nitride (GaN) have been put into practical use as base materials for power MOSFETs and IGBTs.
- Semiconductor materials such as SiC and GaN have a higher basic performance as a material for semiconductor materials, such as a wider band gap (wide band gap semiconductor) and higher dielectric breakdown strength than Si. Since the dielectric breakdown strength is high, in the high voltage element for power (power switching element) based on SiC or GaN, the drift layer can be made thinner than the element based on Si.
- the power per unit area is larger than that of the Si-based element.
- An element having a very low on-resistance can be realized.
- an IGBT Si-IGBT
- Si-IGBT Si-IGBT
- An IGBT is a switching element having an FET structure in an input stage and a bipolar transistor structure in an output stage on one semiconductor element.
- the IGBT has a large switching loss compared to, for example, a MOSFET, and there is a limit to switching at a high frequency due to the influence of heat generated as a result.
- the high-voltage element for electric power based on SiC or GaN since the drift layer can be made thin as described above, it has a high-speed device structure, and even with a MOSFET structure that is a majority carrier device, it is possible to increase the withstand voltage. The accompanying increase in on-resistance can be suppressed. In other words, the high voltage element for power using SiC or GaN as a base material can realize high withstand voltage, low on-resistance, and high frequency operation.
- SiC-MOSFET can be switched at higher speed and can be used at a higher switching frequency.
- reduction of the loss of the inverter 10 can also be expected.
- SiC and GaN are more expensive than Si and may increase the cost of the inverter 10 and the power conversion device 1 including the inverter 10.
- each of the switching element made of Si material such as Si-IGBT and the switching element made of SiC material such as SiC-MOSFET has advantages and disadvantages. For this reason, it is preferable to provide the optimal inverter 10 and the power converter device 1 including the inverter 10 by taking advantage of both advantages.
- the inverter 10 is constituted by a bridge circuit including a plurality of sets of arms 9.
- the inverter 10 includes a pair of switch units 2 on the upper side and the lower side for each arm 9 corresponding to the stator coil 81 of each phase of the rotating electrical machine 80 (in the case of three phases, U phase, V phase, W phase). Configured.
- the arm 9 for one phase of alternating current is configured by a series circuit of an upper stage side switch unit 21 and a lower stage side switch unit 22.
- Each switch unit 2 includes a switching element 3 and a free wheel diode 4 as described later with reference to FIG.
- each of the switching elements 3 operates based on switching control signals (Su +, Sv +, Sw +, Su ⁇ , Sv ⁇ , Sw ⁇ ) output from a drive control unit (DRV-CNT) 20.
- the switching control signal is, for example, a gate drive signal that drives the gate terminal of the IGBT or MOSFET.
- the drive control unit 20 is a control device that controls the power converter 1 including the inverter 10 and controls the AC rotating electrical machine 80 via the power converter 1.
- the drive control unit 20 includes an inverter control device (INV-CNT) 30 and a drive circuit (DRV) 40.
- the inverter control device 30 is realized by the cooperation of hardware such as a logical operation processor such as a microcomputer or DSP (Digital Signal Processor) and software such as a program or a parameter.
- a logical operation processor such as a microcomputer or DSP (Digital Signal Processor)
- software such as a program or a parameter.
- the inverter control device 30 may be configured by hardware having an electronic circuit such as a logic circuit as a core.
- the operating voltage of the inverter control device 30 is about 3.3 to 12 [V]
- the inverter control device 30 supplies power from a low-voltage DC power source (not shown) (for example, rated voltage is about 12 to 24 [V]).
- the gate drive signal inputted to the control terminal (gate terminal) of the power IGBT or MOSFET for switching high voltage has a voltage amplitude larger than the operating voltage of the electronic circuit (microcomputer or the like) constituting the inverter control device 30. I need. For this reason, the switching control signal (switching control source signal) generated by the inverter control device 30 is input to the inverter 10 after being given driving force by the drive circuit 40 such as voltage amplitude expansion or current amplification. Is done.
- the inverter control device 30 and the drive circuit 40 are collectively referred to as a drive control unit 20.
- a control signal (switching control source signal) generated and output by the inverter control device 30 and a control signal transmitted to the switching element 3 via the drive circuit 40 are distinguished. Instead, they are collectively referred to as switching control signals.
- the rotating electrical machine 80 includes a rotation sensor 14 that detects a magnetic pole position (rotor angle of the rotor) and a rotational speed at each point of the rotor of the rotating electrical machine 80.
- the rotation sensor 14 is, for example, a resolver.
- the current flowing through the stator coil 81 of each phase of the rotating electrical machine 80 is measured by the current sensor 13.
- the inverter control device 30 performs current feedback control based on the required torque, rotation speed, and modulation rate of the rotating electrical machine 80.
- the required torque is provided to the inverter control device 30 from another control device (not shown) such as a vehicle control device or a vehicle travel control device.
- the modulation rate is an index indicating a conversion rate from a DC voltage (DC link voltage) to an AC voltage, and is a value indicating a ratio of effective values of line voltages of a plurality of phases of AC voltage to DC voltage.
- the modulation rate can take a value from “0” to “about 0.78” which is a physical (mathematical) limit value.
- the inverter control device 30 generates a pulse (modulation pulse) for switching control of the inverter 10 according to the required torque, rotation speed, modulation factor, etc., and outputs it as a switching control signal.
- the modulation pulse may be generated each time, or a pulse pattern is stored in advance in a memory or the like according to the operating conditions of the rotating electrical machine 80 or the inverter 10 and is output without applying a load to the processor by DMA transfer or the like. It may be a form.
- the inverter control device 30 performs current feedback control using a vector control method and controls the rotating electrical machine 80 via the inverter 10.
- the vector control method is simply described as follows, and detailed description thereof is omitted.
- the inverter control device 30 calculates a current command in the orthogonal vector coordinate system in the vector control based on the DC link voltage, the required torque, the modulation factor, and the like.
- This orthogonal vector coordinate system is a coordinate system in which the direction of the magnetic pole of the rotor of the rotating electrical machine 80 is one axis (d-axis) and the direction orthogonal to this axis (d-axis) is the other axis (q-axis).
- the three-phase current (actual current) flowing through the stator coil 81 is also coordinate-converted into this orthogonal vector coordinate system based on the magnetic pole position.
- PI control proportional-integral control
- PID control proportional-integral-derivative control
- the operating area of the rotating electrical machine 80 extends over a wide area according to the required torque ([Nm]) and the rotational speed ([rpm]), for example, as shown in FIG.
- modulation methods for controlling the rotating electrical machine 80, but the optimum modulation method differs depending on the operating point determined according to the required torque and the rotational speed.
- the first operation region R1 is an operation region of relatively low torque and low rotational speed, and three-phase modulation is performed in the present embodiment.
- the second operation region R2 is an operation region having a relatively high torque and high rotational speed, and two-phase modulation is performed in the present embodiment. Details of each modulation method in each operation region will be described later with reference to FIGS.
- pulse width modulation As a modulation method of the inverter 10, pulse width modulation is known.
- pulse width modulation the amplitude of an AC waveform (eg, voltage command V * shown in FIGS. 5 and 6) as an output command and a triangular wave (including sawtooth) carrier (eg, carrier CR shown in FIGS. 5 and 6).
- a pulse is generated based on the magnitude relationship with the amplitude of the waveform.
- the PWM waveform is directly generated by digital calculation without being compared with the carrier, but even in that case, the amplitude of the AC waveform as the command value and the amplitude of the virtual carrier waveform have a correlation.
- the term “frequency of the switching control signal” indicates the frequency of the carrier unless otherwise specified.
- Pulse width modulation includes sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM), space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM), discontinuous pulse width modulation (DPWM), and the like.
- the maximum modulation rates are “about 0.61” for SPWM, “about 0.71” for SVPWM, and “about 0.78” for DPWM.
- a modulation method that performs pulse width modulation on all three phases is referred to as three-phase modulation, and at least one of the three phases is fixed for a predetermined period and remains.
- a modulation method for performing pulse width modulation of two phases or one phase is referred to as two-phase modulation.
- the inverter 10 includes a DC positive electrode P and a DC negative electrode that are connected in series with two switch units 2 that are conductive in the on state and non-conductive in the off state. N is connected in parallel according to the number of alternating phases of a plurality of phases.
- a connection point between the two switch sections 2 in each arm 9 is an AC input / output of each phase.
- the connection points of the two switch units 2 in the arms 9 corresponding to the three phases are connected to the three-phase stator coils 81 of the rotating electrical machine 80 connected in a star shape.
- each switch unit 2 includes a switching element 3 and a free wheel diode 4.
- the freewheel diode 4 is connected to each switching element 3 in parallel with the direction from the lower side to the upper side being the forward direction.
- the free wheel diode 4 is connected in parallel (reverse parallel connection) to each switching element 3 with the direction opposite to the flow direction when the switching element 3 is in the ON state as the forward direction.
- the upper switch unit 21 includes an upper switching element 31 and the lower switch unit 22 includes a lower switching element 32.
- an upper stage freewheel diode 41 is connected in reverse parallel to the upper stage switching element 31, and a lower stage freewheel diode 42 is connected in reverse parallel to the lower stage switching element 32.
- the upper stage switching element 31 is the first switching element 5 of Si-IGBT
- the lower stage switching element 32 is the second switching element 7 of SiC-MOSFET. That is, the second switching element 7 is an element having higher switching response than the first switching element 5.
- the transition time between the off state and the on state is shorter than that of the first switching element 5, and the turn-on / turn-off loss (switching loss) at the time of transition is also the first switching.
- the element is smaller than the element 5.
- the lower stage freewheel diode 42 is the first diode 6 (first rectifier element), and the upper stage freewheel diode 41 is the second diode 8 (second rectifier) having a shorter reverse recovery time than the first diode 6. Element).
- the second diode 8 may be an element having a reverse recovery current smaller than that of the first diode 6.
- the upper stage freewheel diode 41 may be the second diode 8 having better reverse recovery characteristics than the first diode 6. “Good reverse recovery characteristics” means that the reverse recovery time is short and the reverse recovery current is small. That is, in the form illustrated in FIG. 4, the upper stage side switch unit 21 is configured by parallel connection of the first switching element 5 and the second diode 8, and the lower stage side switch unit 22 is configured with the second switching element 7 and the first switch. It is configured by parallel connection with the diode 6.
- the first diode 6 is a pn junction diode (preferably a fast recovery diode (Si-FRD)) based on Si
- the second diode 8 is a Schottky based on SiC. It is a barrier diode (SiC-SBD).
- the fast recovery diode is a diode in which the forward current continues to flow (reverse recovery time) after switching from the on state to which the forward voltage is applied to the off state.
- the reverse recovery time of a general diode having a pn junction is approximately several tens [ ⁇ s] to 100 [ ⁇ s], whereas the fast recovery diode is approximately 100 [nsec] or less.
- a Schottky barrier diode is a diode that utilizes a rectifying action not by a pn junction but by a Schottky junction (contact between a metal and a semiconductor).
- the Schottky barrier diode does not have a reverse recovery time in terms of operation principle, and can operate at a higher speed than the fast recovery diode.
- the Schottky barrier diode based on Si has a problem in withstand voltage, but the Schottky barrier diode based on SiC realizes high breakdown voltage.
- FIG. 5 is a waveform diagram showing an example of modulation on the low modulation rate side
- FIG. 6 is a waveform diagram showing an example of modulation on the high modulation rate side.
- the voltage command V * , carrier CR, three-phase current I (target value / command value), and modulation pulse (switching control signal) are shown in order from the top.
- a modulation pulse is generated by comparing the voltage command V * with the carrier CR.
- the frequency of the switching control signal (Su ⁇ , Sv ⁇ , Sw ⁇ ) of the second switching element 7 (SiC-MOSFET) is equal to the switching control signal (Su +, Sw +) of the first switching element 5 (Si-IGBT).
- the frequency of the carrier CR (carrier frequency) is set to be higher than the frequency of (Sv +, Sw +).
- the lower switching element 32 is the second switching element 7 (SiC-MOSFET) that has relatively little loss during switching and good responsiveness during switching. Therefore, the second carrier CR2 on the lower stage side is illustrated with a frequency twice as high as that of the first carrier CR1 on the upper stage side.
- the frequency of the relatively lower carrier here, the first carrier CR1 is assumed to be the reference frequencies “f1” and “f2” in each modulation scheme.
- the second carrier CR2 has a frequency twice that of the first carrier CR1, the second carrier CR2 and the first carrier CR1 may have the same frequency.
- Different magnifications may be used.
- the frequency of the second carrier CR2 is preferably about 4 to 8 times the frequency of the first carrier CR1.
- the magnification need not be fixed.
- the second carrier CR2 is variable in the range of f1 [Hz] to fx [Hz] on the low modulation rate side, and variable in the range of f2 [Hz] to fy [Hz] on the high modulation rate side. is there.
- any one of the three phases is always modulated by a high-speed carrier (here, the second carrier CR2) in one electrical angle period.
- the phase voltage of the three-phase alternating current can be increased according to the frequency of the carrier of the high-speed carrier (second carrier CR2).
- the frequency of the high-speed carrier (here, the second carrier CR2) that generates at least the switching control signal of the second switching element 7 is a variable value.
- the frequency of the switching control signal of the second switching element 7 is a variable value.
- the phase voltage of the three-phase alternating current can be increased, the pulsation of the three-phase alternating current waveform is reduced and distortion is also reduced.
- the loss of the rotating electrical machine 80 to which AC power is supplied by the inverter 10 is reduced, and the efficiency is improved. That is, it is possible to improve the efficiency by reducing the loss of the entire system.
- the capacitance of the smoothing capacitor 12 that smoothes the DC link voltage can be reduced, and downsizing can be realized. Higher frequency is preferably realized by using the second switching element 7 that can perform higher-speed switching and has smaller switching loss. Therefore, the switching frequency of the first switching element 5 may not be a variable value.
- the frequency of the low-speed carrier here, the first carrier CR1
- the frequency of the switching control signal of the first switching element 5 is preferably a fixed value.
- the alternating current (Iu, Iv, Iw) when the alternating current (Iu, Iv, Iw) is in a positive phase and the current flows through the lower switch portion 22 of the arm 9 corresponding to each phase current, the forward direction is viewed from the lower freewheel diode 42. Current flows. Therefore, when the alternating current (Iu, Iv, Iw) is positive, the lower stage side freewheel of the lower stage side switch unit 22 of the arm 9 corresponding to each phase current does not have to switch complementarily to the upper stage side.
- the diode 42 can be energized at an appropriate timing.
- the lower-stage switching element 32 is provided in the lower-stage switch unit 22 of the arm 9 corresponding to each phase current.
- a current in the reverse direction flows from the lower freewheel diode 42.
- No current flows when the lower switching element 32 is in the OFF state.
- a forward current as viewed from the upper stage freewheel diode 41 flows through the upper stage switch unit 21 of the arm 9 corresponding to each phase current when the lower stage switching element 32 is in the OFF state.
- no current flows through the upper switch 21 of the arm 9.
- the switching element 3 connected in parallel to the free wheel diode 4 can be always turned off during the period in which the forward current flows through the free wheel diode 4.
- the overall loss of the inverter 10 can be reduced.
- the U-phase lower-stage switching control signal Su ⁇ is always in the invalid state (low state “L”) during the period when the U-phase current is positive.
- the U-phase upper stage side switching control signal Su + is always in the ineffective state (L).
- the V-phase lower stage switching control signal Sv ⁇ is always in an ineffective state (L)
- a dead time is provided in which both the switching elements (31, 32) are turned off so that the upper switching element 31 and the lower switching element 32 of each arm 9 are not turned on at the same time.
- the length of this dead time becomes a bottleneck in increasing the switching frequency.
- the switching element 3 connected in parallel to the free wheel diode 4 is controlled to be always in the off state. The need to consider dead time is reduced. Since the dead time to be considered is reduced, the switching frequency can be increased.
- the portion indicated by the symbol “D” is the timing at which the alternating currents (Iu, Iv, Iw) of the three phases are reversed from positive to negative with the amplitude center in between. (Zero cross timing (Zero Crossing Timing)). At this timing, the object of switching control is switched between the upper stage side switching element 31 and the lower stage side switching element 32, and therefore the dead time is set only at this timing.
- the second switching element 7 having a good switching response (short transition time) and a small switching loss is always a high-speed carrier (here, the second phase). Switching is performed by a high-frequency switching control signal modulated by the carrier CR2).
- a high-frequency switching control signal modulated by the carrier CR2
- the second switching element 7 is switched to an OFF state by a high frequency switching control signal, a current flows through the second diode 8 connected in parallel to the first switching element 5 of the same arm 9.
- the second diode 8 is an element having good reverse recovery characteristics such as a short reverse recovery time or a small reverse recovery current.
- the power converter device 1 is different from the first embodiment in that four different operation areas A to D are set and different modulation schemes are adopted in the respective operation areas. Further, in the present embodiment, both the frequency of the switching control signal of the first switching element 5 and the frequency of the switching control signal of the second switching element 7 are variable values, as well as the first embodiment. Is different. Due to these differences, the power conversion device 1 of the present embodiment has a configuration that can further reduce the system loss as compared to the first embodiment.
- the lower switching element 32 is the second switching element 7 (SiC-MOSFET) that has relatively low switching loss and good responsiveness during switching. Below, the power converter device 1 which concerns on this embodiment is demonstrated centering around difference with the said 1st Embodiment. Points that are not particularly described can be the same as those in the first embodiment.
- the A region is a region where the torque is “positive” and has a relatively high modulation rate compared to the C region, that is, an operation region where the torque is high and the rotation speed is high.
- the large duty side fixed two-phase modulation method is executed.
- the region B is a region where the torque is “negative” and has a relatively high modulation rate compared to the region C, that is, the torque is low (the absolute value of the negative torque is larger than the region C), and the rotational speed is High operating area.
- the small duty side fixed two-phase modulation method is executed.
- the large duty side fixed two-phase modulation method and the small duty side fixed two-phase modulation method may be simply referred to as a two-phase modulation method.
- the C region is a region having a relatively low modulation rate compared to the A region and the B region, that is, an operation region where the absolute value of the torque is low and the rotation speed is low.
- a three-phase modulation method is executed.
- the D region is a region having a relatively high modulation rate compared to the A region and the B region, that is, an operation region having a high rotation speed.
- the rectangular wave control method is executed.
- FIG. 7 shows an example in which the operation areas A to D are set according to the required torque and the rotation speed of the rotating electrical machine 80. These areas are basically based on the modulation rate. Has been determined. Accordingly, these operation areas A to D may be set simply in accordance with the modulation rate.
- each modulation method in each operation region will be described.
- the frequency of the switching control signal of the second switching element 7 is equal to or higher than the frequency of the switching control signal of the first switching element 5. Furthermore, in this embodiment, both the frequency of the switching control signal of the first switching element 5 and the frequency of the switching control signal of the second switching element 7 are variable values. Therefore, for example, in the three-phase modulation system, the frequency of the switching control signal of the first switching element 5 is set to a value in “f1 to fx1”, and the frequency of the switching control signal of the second switching element 7 is “f1 to fx2”. “It is the value in the cage.
- the frequency of the switching control signal of the first switching element 5 is set to a value in “f2 to fy1”, and the frequency of the switching control signal of the second switching element 7 is “f2 to fy2”. It is assumed to be a medium value. However, “f1 ⁇ f2”, “fx1 ⁇ fx2”, and “fy1 ⁇ fy2”. In the three-phase modulation method, the frequency of the switching control signal of the second switching element 7 is set to the same value or higher than the frequency of the switching control signal of the first switching element 5.
- the frequency of the switching control signal of the second switching element 7 is higher than the frequency of the switching control signal of the first switching element 5.
- the frequency of the switching control signal of the second switching element 7 is higher than the frequency of the switching control signal of the first switching element 5 in at least the two-phase modulation method. That is, the frequency of the switching control signal of the second switching element 7 has an operating state that is higher than the frequency of the switching control signal of the first switching element 5.
- the large duty side fixed two-phase modulation method executed in the A region is the same as the two-phase modulation method shown in FIG. 6 according to the first embodiment. That is, the large duty side fixed two-phase modulation method is a control method in which one phase of the three-phase voltage command V * is fixed to the large duty side for a predetermined period and the remaining two phases are subjected to pulse width modulation. It is. In the example shown in FIG. 6, one of the three-phase voltage commands V * is fixed at a duty of 100% (always on) for a period of 120 ° in electrical angle.
- the U-phase lower-stage switching control signal Su ⁇ is always in an ineffective state (low state “L”), and within a certain period (120 ° in electrical angle) ), The U-phase upper switching control signal Su + is maintained in the valid state (high state “H”).
- the U-phase upper stage switching control signal Su + is always in the invalid state (L), and the U-phase lower stage switching control signal Su ⁇ is switching-controlled at a high frequency.
- the second carrier CR2 on the lower stage side has a frequency twice that of the first carrier CR1 on the upper stage side, and the frequency of the switching control signal of the second switching element 7 is the switching control signal of the first switching element 5.
- the frequency is twice as high as
- the frequency of the switching control signal of the second switching element 7 may be at least twice the frequency of the switching control signal of the first switching element 5, and is preferably about 4 to 8 times, for example. Therefore, in this example, the U-phase lower-stage switching control signal Su ⁇ is turned on / off at a frequency that is at least twice that of the U-phase upper-stage switching control signal Su +. The same control is performed for the V phase and the W phase.
- FIG. 8 is a waveform diagram showing an example of the small duty side fixed two-phase modulation method performed in the B region.
- the small duty side fixed two-phase modulation method one phase of the three-phase voltage command V * is fixed to the small duty side for a predetermined period, and the remaining two phases are pulsed.
- This is a control method for width modulation.
- one of the three-phase voltage commands V * is fixed at a duty of 0% (always off) for a period of 120 ° in electrical angle.
- the U-phase lower-stage switching control signal Su ⁇ is always in an ineffective state (low state “L”), and within a certain period (120 ° in electrical angle) ), The U-phase upper stage side switching control signal Su + is also maintained in the invalid state.
- the U-phase upper stage switching control signal Su + is always in an invalid state (L), and the U-phase lower stage switching control signal Su ⁇ is switching-controlled at a high frequency.
- the second carrier CR2 on the lower stage side has a frequency twice that of the first carrier CR1 on the upper stage side, and the frequency of the switching control signal of the second switching element 7 is the switching control signal of the first switching element 5.
- the frequency is twice as high as
- the frequency of the switching control signal of the second switching element 7 may be at least twice the frequency of the switching control signal of the first switching element 5, and is preferably about 4 to 8 times, for example. Therefore, in this example, the U-phase lower-stage switching control signal Su ⁇ is turned on / off at a frequency that is at least twice that of the U-phase upper-stage switching control signal Su +. The same control is performed for the V phase and the W phase.
- both of the large duty side fixed two-phase modulation method in the A region and the small duty side fixed two-phase modulation method in the B region are relatively low in switching loss and responsive in switching.
- the good second switching element 7 is mainly switched.
- the second switching element 7 is switched to the OFF state by a high frequency switching control signal, a current flows through the second diode 8 connected in parallel to the first switching element 5 of the same arm 9.
- the second diode 8 is an element having good reverse recovery characteristics. That is, in a phase (period) in which switching is performed at a high frequency, elements having good switching characteristics on both the upper and lower stages of each arm 9 operate, and elements having inferior switching characteristics on both the upper and lower stages of the arm 9. Does not work.
- an element having a good switching characteristic is often more expensive, an element having a good switching characteristic is arranged so as to operate only in a scene where high speed operation is required. An increase in cost associated with higher frequency can be suppressed.
- FIG. 9 shows a waveform diagram showing an example of the modulation of the three-phase modulation method executed in the C region.
- the three-phase modulation method is a control method in which all three phases are subjected to pulse width modulation. Specifically, during a period when the U-phase current is positive, the U-phase lower-stage switching control signal Su ⁇ is always in an invalid state (low state “L”), and the U-phase upper-stage switching control signal Su + is set to a predetermined value. Switching is controlled by frequency.
- the U-phase upper stage switching control signal Su + is always in an invalid state (L), and the U-phase lower stage switching control signal Su ⁇ is controlled to be switched at a predetermined frequency.
- the first carrier CR1 on the upper stage side and the second carrier CR2 on the lower stage side have the same frequency,
- the frequency of the switching control signal of the first switching element 5 and the frequency of the switching control signal of the second switching element 7 are set to the same value.
- the frequency of the switching control signal in the C region is lower than that in the A region and the B region.
- the C region is an operation region in which the absolute value of the torque is relatively low and the rotation speed is relatively low as compared to the A region and the B region. Therefore, even if both the first switching element 5 and the second switching element 7 are switched at a low switching frequency, the loss due to the ripple current or the like in the rotating electrical machine 80 is small compared to the A region and the B region. Therefore, in the present embodiment, the switching frequency of the second switching element 7 is set to the same low switching frequency as that of the first switching element 5. Also in this C region, the switching frequency of the second switching element 7 may be higher than the switching frequency of the first switching element 5.
- a forward current is applied to the free wheel diode 4 in each of the arms 9.
- the switching element 3 connected in parallel to the freewheel diode 4 is controlled to be always in an off state. 6, 8, and 9, the position indicated by the symbol “D”, that is, the timing at which the positive and negative AC currents (Iu, Iv, Iw) of the three phases are inverted (zero cross timing (Zero Crossing Timing)) only sets dead time.
- the rectangular wave control method executed in the D region is a method of controlling the inverter 10 by controlling the voltage phase of the AC power.
- the voltage phase of the AC power corresponds to the phase of the three-phase voltage command V * .
- the first switching element 5 and the second switching element 7 of the inverter 10 are turned on and off once per cycle of the electrical angle of the rotating electrical machine 80, and the electrical angle for each phase. This is rotation synchronous control in which one pulse is output per cycle.
- the rectangular wave control is performed together with the field weakening control.
- the upper switching element 31 is the first switching element 5
- the upper freewheel diode 41 is the second diode 8
- the lower switching The embodiment in which the element 32 is the second switching element 7 and the lower freewheel diode 42 is the first diode 6 has been described as an example.
- the structure of the upper switch unit 21 and the lower switch unit 22 may be reversed. That is, the upper switching element 31 is the second switching element 7, the upper freewheel diode 41 is the first diode 6, the lower switching element 32 is the first switching element 5, and the lower freewheel diode 42 is the second diode 8. There may be.
- each arm 9 is configured by the parallel connection of the first switching element 5 and the second diode 8 in which one of the upper-stage switch section 21 and the lower-stage switch section 22 is connected.
- the other switch part 2 should just be comprised by the parallel connection of the 2nd switching element 7 and the 1st diode 6.
- each arm 9 is configured as shown in FIG. 10, the frequencies of the first carrier CR1 and the second carrier CR2 shown in FIGS. 5 and 6 are reversed. And thereby, the frequency of the switching control signal of each phase is also reversed.
- the switching control signals (Su ⁇ , Sv ⁇ , Sw ⁇ ) of the lower switching element 32 are more effective than the switching control signals (Su +, Sv +, Sw +) of the upper switching element 31. High frequency.
- the switching control signal (Su +, Sv +, Sw +) of the upper switching element 31 is more suitable for the switching control signal of the lower switching element 32 ( (Su-, Sv-, Sw-).
- the A region where the torque is “positive” so as to mainly switch the second switching element 7 with relatively little loss during switching and good responsiveness during switching.
- the B region where the torque is “negative” the small duty side fixed two-phase modulation method is executed in the A region, and the large duty side fixed two-phase modulation method is executed in the B region. Since the other description can be easily understood from the above description with reference to FIGS. 3 to 6, the detailed description is omitted.
- the frequency of the switching control signal is set according to the speed and torque of the rotating electrical machine 80 driven via the power conversion device 1, the modulation rate between direct current and alternating current, and the like. . That is, the frequency of the switching control signal is preferably set according to at least one of the speed of the rotating electrical machine 80, the torque (required torque) of the rotating electrical machine 80, and the modulation rate from direct current to alternating current.
- the frequency of the switching control signal is set so that the torque (required torque) of the rotating electrical machine 80 decreases as it increases.
- the frequency of the switching control signal is set so as to increase as the speed of the rotating electrical machine 80 increases.
- the frequency of the switching control signal is set so as to decrease as the modulation rate increases.
- the mode of driving the rotary electric machine 80 serving as the driving force source of the hybrid vehicle or the electric vehicle is illustrated.
- the rotary electric machine 80 may drive a compressor of an air conditioner or an oil pump. .
- the frequency of the switching control signal is the same as the frequency of the carrier has been described as an example.
- the configuration of the power conversion device 1 is not limited to this, and the frequency of the switching control signal may be different from the carrier frequency.
- a configuration in which a natural fraction of the carrier frequency is set to the frequency of the switching control signal is also suitable.
- the first carrier CR1 of the first switching element 5 and the second carrier CR2 of the second switching element 7 are made common (same frequency), and the frequency of the switching control signal of the first switching element 5 is set to the common carrier.
- the frequency can be 1 / N (N is a natural number), and the frequency of the switching control signal of the second switching element 7 can be 1 / M of the common carrier frequency (M is a natural number, where M ⁇ N).
- M is a natural number, where M ⁇ N.
- the power conversion device (1) has, as one aspect, An arm (9) for one phase in which two switch parts (2) that are conductive in an on state and non-conductive in an off state are connected in series is between a positive electrode (P) and a negative electrode (N) of a direct current.
- a parallel connection according to the number of AC phases of a plurality of phases, and a connection point between the two switch sections (2) in each arm (9) is used as an AC input / output of each phase.
- Power conversion between Each of the switch sections (2) includes a switching element (3) and a free wheel diode (P) connected in parallel to the switching element (3) with a direction from the negative electrode (N) toward the positive electrode (P) as a forward direction.
- the switching element (3) is a first switching element (5) or a second switching element (7) having a switching response between an off state and an on state higher than that of the first switching element (5).
- the freewheel diode (4) is the first rectifier element (6) or the second rectifier element (8) having a shorter reverse recovery time than the first rectifier element (6),
- Each of the arms (9) includes either an upper switch unit (21) connected to the positive electrode (P) side or a lower switch unit (22) connected to the negative electrode (N) side.
- One of the switch parts (2) is constituted by a parallel connection of the first switching element (5) and the second rectifying element (8), and the other switch part (2) is the second switching element.
- An element (7) and the first rectifying element (6) are connected in parallel.
- the switching element (3 (31)) when the alternating current of any phase is positive with respect to the amplitude center, the switching element (3 (31)) is turned on in the upper switch unit (21) of the arm (9) corresponding to the phase current. In this case, a current in the reverse direction flows when viewed from the free wheel diode (4 (41)) connected in parallel to the switching element (3 (31)). Therefore, no current flows through the free wheel diode (4 (41)).
- the switching element (31)) of the upper stage switch section (21) When the switching element (31)) of the upper stage switch section (21) is in the OFF state, no current flows through the upper stage switch section (21). Therefore, when the alternating current is positive, the lower switch unit (22) of the arm (9) has a lower switch unit (22) when the switching element (3 (31)) of the upper switch unit (21) is off.
- the switching element (3 (31)) of the upper stage side switch part (21) is in the ON state, no current flows through the lower stage side switch part (22).
- the alternating current is The loss of the power conversion device (1) in the positive phase can be reduced.
- the alternating current is in a negative phase and the power converter (1 ) Loss can be reduced.
- the reverse recovery time of the free wheel diode (4) is short, the loss generation time is also shortened, so that the loss is reduced.
- any one of the phases is “positive”.
- any one of the plural phases is “negative” during one electrical angle cycle of the alternating current. Accordingly, by adopting either one of the combination focused on when the alternating current is “positive” or the combination focused on when “alternating”, the inverter circuit (10) has an entire period of one electrical angle. Loss can be reduced.
- the modulation frequency of the AC voltage of multiple phases is determined by the line voltage. Therefore, by adopting either one of the combinations focused on when the alternating current is “positive” or the combination focused on when “negative”, the modulation is suppressed while suppressing an increase in loss due to an increase in the number of switching.
- the frequency can be increased.
- the modulation frequency increases, the AC waveform becomes more stable and pulsation and distortion are reduced. Further, the amplitude of the DC side pulsation component is also reduced. Therefore, even if the reduction of the loss in the power converter (1) is offset by the adoption of the low-loss switching element (3) and the increase in the switching frequency, the power converter (1) itself, There is a possibility that loss caused in other circuits connected to the conversion device (1) can be reduced.
- any one of the switch unit (2) of the upper switch unit (21) and the lower switch unit (22) includes the first switching element (5) and the second rectifier element (8).
- the other switch unit (2) is configured by a parallel connection of the second switching element (7) and the first rectifying element (6).
- the upper switching element (33)) and the lower free wheel diode (4 (42)) serve as the second switching element (7) and the second rectifying element (8).
- the loss generated in the power conversion device (1) itself and other circuits connected to the power conversion device (1) is reduced.
- the efficiency of the power conversion device (1) including the arm (2) including the switching elements (3) of different types on the upper side and the lower side is improved and noise is reduced. Therefore, even if the upper stage side and the lower stage side are switched at different switching frequencies, the loss of the power conversion device (1) including the freewheel diode (4) can be reduced.
- the second switching element (7) is an element having a higher switching response than the first switching element (5). Since the second rectifying element (8) is an element having a shorter reverse recovery time than the first rectifying element (6), the responsiveness is high. If the second switching element (7) and the second rectifying element (8) are both highly responsive elements, the switching frequency of the power converter (1) can be increased, and the pulsation and distortion of the AC waveform can be reduced. Can be reduced. Thereby, when a power converter device (1) is connected to AC equipment, loss in the AC equipment can be reduced and efficiency can be improved. Also, the pulsation amplitude can be reduced on the DC side. For example, when a smoothing capacitor is provided between the direct current positive electrode (P) and the negative electrode (N), a reduction in the capacitance can be expected.
- P direct current positive electrode
- N negative electrode
- the power conversion device (1) includes a drive control unit (20) that outputs a switching control signal for switching control of each of the switch units (2), and in each of the arms (9).
- the frequency of the switching control signal of the second switching element (7) is preferably higher than the frequency of the switching control signal of the first switching element (5).
- the loss of the combination of the upper switching element (3) and the lower freewheel diode (4) is reduced, or the lower switching element (3) and the upper freewheel are reduced.
- the second switching element (7) and the second rectifying element (8) are arranged so that the loss of the combination with the diode (4) is reduced. Therefore, in the operating state in which the frequency of the switching control signal of the second switching element (7) having a relatively small loss is higher than the frequency of the switching control signal of the first switching element (5), the loss is increased.
- the modulation frequency can be increased while suppressing.
- the power conversion device (1) includes a drive control unit (20) that outputs a switching control signal for switching control of each of the switch units (2), and the arm (9)
- the switching control signal of the switching element (3) connected in parallel to the freewheel diode (4) is in an invalid state. Is preferred.
- the alternating current when the alternating current is in a positive phase and the current flows to the lower stage side of the arm (9) corresponding to each phase current, the order is viewed from the lower freewheel diode (4 (42)).
- Directional current flows. That is, when the alternating current is positive, the lower switching element (3 (32)) of the arm (9) corresponding to each phase current is complementary to the upper switching element (3 (31)). Even if it does not switch, it can supply with an appropriate timing through the freewheel diode (4 (42)) of a lower stage.
- the alternating current when the alternating current is in a negative phase and the current flows to the upper stage side of the arm (9) corresponding to each phase current, the forward current as viewed from the upper freewheel diode (4 (41)). Flows.
- the switching control signal of the switching element (3) that does not need to be switched is a period during which no switching is required (a period in which a forward current flows through the freewheel diode (4) connected in parallel to the switching element (3)). ) Can be disabled. Thereby, the switching loss which arises in the said switching element (3) can be reduced.
- both switch units (21, 22) are both turned off.
- the opportunity to consider the dead time to be controlled is reduced. Since the time for considering the dead time in one cycle of the electrical angle is reduced, switching opportunities can be increased, and the switching frequency can be increased.
- the frequency of the switching control signal of the first switching element (5) is a fixed value
- the frequency of the switching control signal of the second switching element (7) is a variable value.
- the increase in loss is suppressed by making the frequency of the switching control signal of the second switching element (7) with relatively small loss higher than the frequency of the switching control signal of the first switching element (5).
- the modulation frequency can be increased. If the frequency of the switching control signals of both the first switching element (5) and the second switching element (7) is variable, the control by the drive control unit (20) may be complicated. Increasing the modulation frequency can be achieved by increasing the switching frequency of the second switching element (7). By realizing only the frequency of the switching control signal of the second switching element (7) as a variable value, it is possible to increase the modulation frequency while suppressing the control by the drive control unit (20) from becoming complicated. Can do.
- both the frequency of the switching control signal of the first switching element (5) and the frequency of the switching control signal of the second switching element (7) are preferably variable values.
- the control by the drive control unit (20) is slightly complicated, the frequency of the switching control signal of the first switching element (5) and the switching control of the second switching element (7) are obtained. Both the frequency of the signal can be appropriately set according to the operating state of the power converter at each time point. Thereby, the system loss of a power converter device (1) can be reduced further.
- the power conversion device (1) is provided between an AC rotating electrical machine (80) and a DC power supply (11), and the frequency of the switching control signal is set to the rotating electrical machine (80). It is preferable to set according to at least one of the following speed, the torque of the rotating electric machine (80), and the modulation factor from DC to AC. As the frequency of the switching control signal is higher, the waveform of the generated alternating current is closer to a sine wave and becomes a waveform with less pulsation and distortion. How much pulsation or distortion is in the allowable range varies depending on the form and condition in which the power conversion device (1) is used. Therefore, it is preferable that the frequency of the switching control signal is set according to the speed and torque of the rotating electrical machine (80) driven via the power converter (1), the modulation rate between direct current and alternating current, and the like. is there.
- the first switching element (5) is a Si-IGBT or a Si-MOSFET
- the second switching element (7) is a SiC-MOSFET, a GaN-MOSFET, or a SiC-IGBT. It is preferable.
- SiC silicon carbide
- GaN gallium nitride
- SiC-IGBT IGBTs made of Si
- SiC-IGBT SiC-IGBT
- MOSEFT SiC-MOSFET
- SiC-MOSFET MOSEFT
- the first rectifier element (6) is a fast recovery diode and the second rectifier element (8) is a SiC-Schottky barrier diode.
- the fast recovery diode is a diode in which the forward current continues to flow (reverse recovery time) after switching from the on state to which the forward voltage is applied to the off state. Therefore, the fast recovery diode is suitable as the free wheel diode (4) of the inverter circuit (10). Since the Schottky barrier diode has no reverse recovery time in terms of operation principle, it can operate at a higher speed than the fast recovery diode.
- the Schottky barrier diode is suitable as the second rectifier element (8) having a shorter reverse recovery time than the first rectifier element (6).
- the Schottky barrier diode based on Si has a problem in withstand voltage, but the Schottky barrier diode based on SiC realizes high breakdown voltage. Therefore, it is preferable to apply the SiC-shot barrier diode to the second rectifier element (8).
- the fast recovery diode of the first rectifying element (6) may be an element based on Si or an element based on SiC.
- Power converter 2 Switch part 3: Switching element 4: Freewheel diode 5: 1st switching element 6: 1st diode (1st rectifier element) 7: Second switching element 8: Second diode (second rectifying element) 9: Arm 10: Inverter (inverter circuit) 11: DC power supply 20: Drive control unit 21: Upper stage switch unit 22: Lower stage switch unit 80: Rotating electric machine N: Negative electrode P: Positive electrode
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Abstract
Description
オン状態で導通しオフ状態で非導通となるスイッチ部が2つ直列接続された1相分のアームが、直流の正極と負極との間に、複数相の交流の相数に応じて並列接続され、各アームにおける2つの前記スイッチ部の接続点を各相の交流入出力として、直流電力と複数相の交流電力との間で電力変換するものであって、
前記スイッチ部のそれぞれは、スイッチング素子と、前記負極から前記正極へ向かう方向を順方向として前記スイッチング素子に並列接続されたフリーホイールダイオードとを備え、
前記スイッチング素子は、第1スイッチング素子、又は、オフ状態とオン状態との間でのスイッチング応答性が前記第1スイッチング素子よりも高い第2スイッチング素子であり、
前記フリーホイールダイオードは、第1整流素子、又は、前記第1整流素子よりも逆回復時間が短い第2整流素子であり、
前記アームのそれぞれは、前記正極の側に接続された上段側スイッチ部と、前記負極の側に接続された下段側スイッチ部との何れか一方の前記スイッチ部が、前記第1スイッチング素子と前記第2整流素子との並列接続により構成され、他方の前記スイッチ部が、前記第2スイッチング素子と前記第1整流素子との並列接続により構成されている。
以下、電力変換装置1の第1の実施形態を図面に基づいて説明する。図1のブロック図は、電力変換装置1のシステム構成を模式的に示している。電力変換装置1は、直流電源11と、交流の回転電機80との間に備えられ、直流と交流との間で電力を変換する。回転電機80は、本実施形態では、例えばハイブリッド自動車や電気自動車等の車両の駆動力源となる回転電機である。回転電機80は、複数相の交流(ここでは3相交流)により動作する回転電機であり、電動機としても発電機としても機能することができる。回転電機80は、インバータ10(インバータ回路)を介して直流電源11からの電力を動力に変換する(力行)。或いは、回転電機80は、例えば不図示の内燃機関や車輪から伝達される回転駆動力を電力に変換し、インバータ10を介して直流電源11を充電する(回生)。
次に、電力変換装置1の第2の実施形態について説明する。本実施形態では、図7に示すように、4つの異なる動作領域A~Dが設定され、それぞれの動作領域において異なる変調方式が採用されている点で、上記第1の実施形態とは異なる。また、本実施形態では、第1スイッチング素子5のスイッチング制御信号の周波数と、第2スイッチング素子7のスイッチング制御信号の周波数と、の双方が可変値である点でも、上記第1の実施形態とは異なる。これらの相違点により、本実施形態の電力変換装置1は、上記第1の実施形態よりもさらにシステム損失を低減できる構成となっている。尚、本実施形態でも、相対的にスイッチングの際の損失が少なくスイッチングの際の応答性も良い第2スイッチング素子7(SiC-MOSFET)が下段側スイッチング素子32である。以下では、本実施形態に係る電力変換装置1について、上記第1の実施形態との相違点を中心として説明する。特に説明しない点については、上記第1の実施形態と同様とすることができる。
(1)上記の各実施形態においては、図4に示したように、上段側スイッチング素子31が第1スイッチング素子5、上段側フリーホイールダイオード41が第2ダイオード8、下段側スイッチング素子32が第2スイッチング素子7、下段側フリーホイールダイオード42が第1ダイオード6である形態を例として説明した。しかし、図10に示すように、上段側スイッチ部21と下段側スイッチ部22との構造が逆であってもよい。つまり、上段側スイッチング素子31が第2スイッチング素子7、上段側フリーホイールダイオード41が第1ダイオード6、下段側スイッチング素子32が第1スイッチング素子5、下段側フリーホイールダイオード42が第2ダイオード8であってもよい。換言すれば、それぞれのアーム9は、上段側スイッチ部21と下段側スイッチ部22との何れか一方のスイッチ部2が、第1スイッチング素子5と第2ダイオード8との並列接続により構成され、他方のスイッチ部2が、第2スイッチング素子7と第1ダイオード6との並列接続により構成されていればよい。
以下、上記において説明した電力変換装置(1)の概要について簡単に説明する。
オン状態で導通しオフ状態で非導通となるスイッチ部(2)が2つ直列接続された1相分のアーム(9)が、直流の正極(P)と負極(N)との間に、複数相の交流の相数に応じて並列接続され、各アーム(9)における2つの前記スイッチ部(2)の接続点を各相の交流入出力として、直流電力と複数相の交流電力との間で電力変換するものであって、
前記スイッチ部(2)のそれぞれは、スイッチング素子(3)と、前記負極(N)から前記正極(P)へ向かう方向を順方向として前記スイッチング素子(3)に並列接続されたフリーホイールダイオード(4)とを備え、
前記スイッチング素子(3)は、第1スイッチング素子(5)、又は、オフ状態とオン状態との間でのスイッチング応答性が前記第1スイッチング素子(5)よりも高い第2スイッチング素子(7)であり、
前記フリーホイールダイオード(4)は、第1整流素子(6)、又は、前記第1整流素子(6)よりも逆回復時間が短い第2整流素子(8)であり、
前記アーム(9)のそれぞれは、前記正極(P)の側に接続された上段側スイッチ部(21)と、前記負極(N)の側に接続された下段側スイッチ部(22)との何れか一方の前記スイッチ部(2)が、前記第1スイッチング素子(5)と前記第2整流素子(8)との並列接続により構成され、他方の前記スイッチ部(2)が、前記第2スイッチング素子(7)と前記第1整流素子(6)との並列接続により構成されている。
2 :スイッチ部
3 :スイッチング素子
4 :フリーホイールダイオード
5 :第1スイッチング素子
6 :第1ダイオード(第1整流素子)
7 :第2スイッチング素子
8 :第2ダイオード(第2整流素子)
9 :アーム
10 :インバータ(インバータ回路)
11 :直流電源
20 :駆動制御部
21 :上段側スイッチ部
22 :下段側スイッチ部
80 :回転電機
N :負極
P :正極
Claims (8)
- オン状態で導通しオフ状態で非導通となるスイッチ部が2つ直列接続された1相分のアームが、直流の正極と負極との間に、複数相の交流の相数に応じて並列接続され、各アームにおける2つの前記スイッチ部の接続点を各相の交流入出力として、直流電力と複数相の交流電力との間で電力変換する電力変換装置であって、
前記スイッチ部のそれぞれは、スイッチング素子と、前記負極から前記正極へ向かう方向を順方向として前記スイッチング素子に並列接続されたフリーホイールダイオードとを備え、
前記スイッチング素子は、第1スイッチング素子、又は、オフ状態とオン状態との間でのスイッチング応答性が前記第1スイッチング素子よりも高い第2スイッチング素子であり、
前記フリーホイールダイオードは、第1整流素子、又は、前記第1整流素子よりも逆回復時間が短い第2整流素子であり、
前記アームのそれぞれは、前記正極の側に接続された上段側スイッチ部と、前記負極の側に接続された下段側スイッチ部との何れか一方の前記スイッチ部が、前記第1スイッチング素子と前記第2整流素子との並列接続により構成され、他方の前記スイッチ部が、前記第2スイッチング素子と前記第1整流素子との並列接続により構成されている、電力変換装置。 - 前記スイッチ部のそれぞれをスイッチング制御するためのスイッチング制御信号を出力する駆動制御部を備え、
前記アームのそれぞれにおいて、前記第2スイッチング素子の前記スイッチング制御信号の周波数は、前記第1スイッチング素子の前記スイッチング制御信号の周波数よりも高い周波数である動作状態を有する請求項1に記載の電力変換装置。 - 前記スイッチ部のそれぞれをスイッチング制御するためのスイッチング制御信号を出力する駆動制御部を備え、
前記アームのそれぞれにおいて、前記フリーホイールダイオードに順方向電流が流れる期間では、当該前記フリーホイールダイオードに並列接続された前記スイッチング素子の前記スイッチング制御信号が非有効状態である請求項1又は2に記載の電力変換装置。 - 前記第1スイッチング素子の前記スイッチング制御信号の周波数は固定値であり、前記第2スイッチング素子の前記スイッチング制御信号の周波数は可変値である請求項2又は3に記載の電力変換装置。
- 前記第1スイッチング素子の前記スイッチング制御信号の周波数と、前記第2スイッチング素子の前記スイッチング制御信号の周波数と、の双方が可変値である請求項2又は3に記載の電力変換装置。
- 交流の回転電機と、直流電源との間に備えられ、
前記スイッチング制御信号の周波数が、前記回転電機の速度、前記回転電機のトルク、直流から交流への変調率の少なくとも1つに応じて設定される請求項2から5の何れか一項に記載の電力変換装置。 - 前記第1スイッチング素子は、Si-IGBT又はSi-MOSFETであり、前記第2スイッチング素子は、SiC-MOSFET、GaN-MOSFET、又はSiC-IGBTである、請求項1から6の何れか一項に記載の電力変換装置。
- 前記第1整流素子は、ファストリカバリーダイオードであり、前記第2整流素子はSiC-ショットキーバリアダイオードである、請求項1から7の何れか一項に記載の電力変換装置。
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