WO2016076359A1 - イベルメクチン又はミルベマイシンdを有効成分として含む抗癌剤 - Google Patents
イベルメクチン又はミルベマイシンdを有効成分として含む抗癌剤 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2016076359A1 WO2016076359A1 PCT/JP2015/081741 JP2015081741W WO2016076359A1 WO 2016076359 A1 WO2016076359 A1 WO 2016076359A1 JP 2015081741 W JP2015081741 W JP 2015081741W WO 2016076359 A1 WO2016076359 A1 WO 2016076359A1
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- cancer
- milbemycin
- ivermectin
- yap1
- hippo pathway
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- A61K31/7048—Compounds having saccharide radicals and heterocyclic rings having oxygen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. leucoglucosan, hesperidin, erythromycin, nystatin, digitoxin or digoxin
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a preventive or therapeutic agent for cancer having an abnormality in the Hippo pathway.
- Hippo pathway is a kinase pathway involved in organ size and cancer onset / progression control.
- the downstream transcriptional coupling factor YAP1 YES-related protein 1
- TAZ transcriptional coupling factor having a PDZ-binding motif that is a paralog of YAP1
- TEAD TEAD domain family
- the Hippo pathway when activated by cell adhesion or stress stimulation, it phosphorylates YAP1 / TAZ through two kinase cascades, MST kinase (mammalian Ste20-like kinase) and LATS kinase (large tumor suppressor kinase). As a result, it is excluded from the nucleus and leads to protein breakdown, thereby negatively controlling cell proliferation.
- MST kinase mammalian Ste20-like kinase
- LATS kinase large tumor suppressor kinase
- Non-Patent Document 2 Hippo pathway genetically engineered mice develop cancer, and human cancer patients frequently have decreased expression of Hippo pathway molecules and gene mutations, and are known to correlate with cancer malignancy (non-patented) Document 1, Non-Patent Document 2).
- hepatocyte-specific YAP1 deficiency suppresses the decrease in hepatocytes and bile duct cells and the development of liver cancer.
- YAP1 is overexpressed in mouse keratinocytes, the number of epidermal stem cells / progenitor cells and keratinocytes increase and differentiation disorder, and squamous cell carcinoma develops.
- mice that were completely defective in LAB kinase adapter molecule and core component MOB1 (Mps1 binder 1) of the Hippo pathway became embryonically lethal, and mice that were partially defective in MOB1 in all cases were external skin root sheaths. It has been reported that onset of cancer and loss of expression of MOB1 and activation of YAP1 are also observed in human outer hair root sheath cancer (Non-patent Document 3).
- the Hippo pathway is attracting attention as a new cancer suppression pathway.
- anticancer agents that act on the Hippo pathway have not been obtained so far.
- Ivermectin is a chemical derivative of avermectin, a 16-membered macrolide produced by the actinomycete Streptomyces avermitilis, from a mixture of ivermectin B1a (22,23-dihydroavermectin B1a) and ivermectin B1b (22,23-dihydroavermectin B1b) (Patent Document 1). Ivermectin has been clinically used as an anthelmintic agent for human intestinal fecal nematosis, “Stromectol (registered trademark)”.
- Milbemycin D is a 16-membered macrolide produced by the actinomycete Streptomyces hygroscopicus subsp. Aureolacrimosus, and is known to be usable as an anthelmintic agent (Patent Document 2).
- Ivermectin and milbemycin D are known to interact with glutamatergic chloride channels and ⁇ -aminobutyric acid receptors present in invertebrate nerve and muscle cells.
- the present invention relates to providing an anticancer agent that acts on the Hippo pathway.
- ivermectin and milbemycin D which are known as anthelmintic agents, exhibit an excellent anticancer effect against cancers having an abnormality in the Hippo pathway.
- the present invention is as follows. [1] An agent for preventing or treating cancer having an abnormality in the Hippo pathway, comprising ivermectin or milbemycin D as an active ingredient. [2] The preventive or therapeutic agent for cancer having an abnormality in the Hippo pathway according to [1], comprising milbemycin D as an active ingredient. [3] The preventive or therapeutic agent for cancer according to [1] or [2] above, which acts on the Hippo pathway and suppresses the activity of YAP1 / TAZ.
- Cancers with abnormalities in the Hippo pathway are liver cancer, bile duct cancer, malignant mesothelioma, salivary gland cancer, esophageal cancer, oral cancer, stomach cancer, pancreatic cancer, cervical cancer, endometrial cancer, uterine sarcoma, bladder cancer, brain tumor
- the cancer preventive or therapeutic agent according to any one of [1] to [3] above, which is malignant bone tumor, myofibrosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, non-melanoma skin cancer, or outer root sheath cancer.
- an anticancer agent based on a new cancer inhibitory action, and not only an anticancer effect by a single agent therapy and a combination therapy with an existing anticancer agent but also a sufficient therapeutic effect can be obtained with an existing anticancer agent. Anticancer effects can also be expected for cases that did not exist.
- Ivermectin is a diagram showing a chemical formula of (ivermectin B 1a and ivermectin B 1b) and milbemycin D. It is a figure which shows the result of having detected the YAP1 protein (YAP1) and phosphorylated YAP1 protein (pYAP1) in the H1299 cell line treated with ivermectin or milbemycin D by Western blotting. It is a figure which shows the result of having detected the total amount of YAP1 protein (YAP1) in the H1299 cell strain treated with ivermectin or milbemycin D by immunofluorescence staining.
- YAP1 protein YAP1 protein
- pYAP1 protein phosphorylated YAP1 protein
- FIG. 4A It is a figure which shows the result of having detected the expression level of the YAP1 target gene (CTGF) in the H1299 cell line processed with ivermectin (FIG. 4A) or milbemycin D (FIG. 4B) by quantitative RT-PCR. It is a figure which shows the result of having processed the cell line which has abnormality in a Hippo pathway with ivermectin (FIG. 5A) or milbemycin D (FIG. 5B), and counting the number of cells. It is a figure which shows the result of a liver macroscopic analysis (A), histological analysis (B), and weight measurement (C) which administers ivermectin to the cancer model mouse which has abnormality in a Hippo path
- CTGF YAP1 target gene
- FIG. 7A shows the grade (%) of YAP1 activation in cHC-CC, ICC, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), non-tumor healthy human bile duct cells (NT-Chol) and hepatocytes (NT-Hep).
- FIG. 7B shows a typical example of each grade.
- FIG. 7C shows YAP1 staining of mixed liver cancer (cHC-CC) (grade 3), intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) (grade 3), hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) (grade 2) and non-tumor part (grade 0).
- cHC-CC mixed liver cancer
- ICC intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma
- HCC hepatocellular carcinoma
- non-tumor part grade 0.
- HE hematoxylin and eosin
- the present invention is a preventive or therapeutic agent for cancer comprising ivermectin or milbemycin D as an active ingredient.
- Ivermectin is a chemical derivative of avermectin, a 16-membered ring macrolide produced by the actinomycete Streptomyces avermitilis, ivermectin B 1a (22,23-dihydroavermectin B 1a , C 48 H 74 O 14 ) and ivermectin B 1b (22 , 23-dihydroavermectin B 1b , C 47 H 72 O 14 ).
- Milbemycin D (C 33 H 48 O 7 ) is a 16-membered macrolide produced by the actinomycetes Streptomyces hygroscopicus subsp. Aureolacrimosus.
- ivermectin B 1a and ivermectin B 1b The chemical formulas of ivermectin (ivermectin B 1a and ivermectin B 1b ) and milbemycin D are shown in FIG.
- ivermectin and milbemycin D include salts or solvates of ivermectin and milbemycin D.
- the salt preferably include a pharmaceutically acceptable salt that can be used as a medicine, including both salt hydrates and salt anhydrides, and salts with inorganic bases such as sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, and aluminum; methyl Examples thereof include salts with organic bases such as amine, ethylamine and ethanolamine; salts with basic amino acids such as lysine and ornithine and ammonium salts.
- the salt may be an acid addition salt.
- Such a salt include mineral acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, hydroiodic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid; formic acid, Organic acids such as acetic acid, propionic acid, oxalic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, lactic acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, methanesulfonic acid and ethanesulfonic acid; acidic amino acids such as aspartic acid and glutamic acid And acid addition salts thereof.
- mineral acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, hydroiodic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid
- formic acid Organic acids such as acetic acid, propionic acid, oxalic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, lactic acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, methanesulfonic acid and ethanes
- ivermectin and milbemycin D include various pharmaceutically acceptable solvates, crystal polymorphs, and the like such as hydrates of ivermectin and milbemycin D.
- MST1 / 2 mammalian STE20-like protein 1/2
- LATS1 / 2 large tumor suppressor homolog 1/2
- Adapter molecules SAV1 (Salvador Homolog 1), MOB1 (Mps One Binder Kinase Activator 1), core core upstream molecule FAT4 (FAT tumor suppressor homolog 4), DCHS1 / 2 (Dachsous1 / 2), NF2 (neurofibromin -2), FRMD6 (FERM domain-containing 6), WWC1 (WW and C2 domain-containing 1; KIBRA) and RASSF1 / 5 (Ras association family member 1/5), and YAP1 ( Yes-Associated Protein 1) / TAZ (transcriptional co-activator with PDZ binding binding) and TEAD1-4 (TEA domain domain 1-4).
- the cancer is a cancer having an abnormality in the Hippo pathway is the above-mentioned MST1 / 2 kinase, LATS1 / 2 kinase and their adapter molecules SAV1, MOB1, and molecules upstream of the core component in cancer cells. This can be determined by checking whether there is an abnormality in FAT4, DCHS1 / 2, NF2, FRMD6, WWC1, RASSF1 / 5, and the like. Confirmation of abnormality of these molecules can be performed by measuring the expression level and activity of these molecules. For example, the expressed protein may be quantified by a method such as ELISA, the phosphorylation may be quantified by a Western method, or the gene transcription amount may be measured by a PCR method.
- Cancers with abnormalities in the Hippo pathway include liver cancer, bile duct cancer, malignant mesothelioma, salivary gland cancer, esophageal cancer, oral cancer, stomach cancer, pancreatic cancer, cervical cancer, endometrial cancer, uterine sarcoma, bladder cancer, brain tumor, malignant bone Tumors, myofibrosarcomas, rhabdomyosarcomas, non-melanoma skin cancers, outer root sheath cancers, etc., and a preventive or therapeutic agent for cancer containing ivermectin or milbemycin D as an active ingredient is a prophylactic or therapeutic agent for these cancers Can be used as
- the cancers to be prevented or treated by the cancer preventive or therapeutic agent containing ivermectin or milbemycin D of the present invention include colon cancer, rectal cancer, lung cancer, glioblastoma, melanoma, urothelial cancer, prostate cancer Breast cancer, ovarian cancer, and
- the cancer preventive or therapeutic agent containing ivermectin or milbemycin D of the present invention as an active ingredient may contain a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.
- Carriers include, but are not limited to, physiological saline, phosphate buffered saline, phosphate buffered saline glucose solution, buffered saline, and the like.
- the administration route includes oral administration or parenteral administration such as intraoral, intratracheal, intrathoracic, intrarectal, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, intramuscular and intravenous. Desirable is oral administration.
- parenteral administration such as intraoral, intratracheal, intrathoracic, intrarectal, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, intramuscular and intravenous. Desirable is oral administration.
- the dosage form it can be administered in various forms such as capsules, tablets, granules, syrups, fine granules, sprays, emulsions, suppositories, injections, ointments, tapes. Agents and the like.
- Liquid preparations such as emulsions and syrups include saccharides such as water, sucrose, sorbitol and fructose; glycols such as polyethylene glycol and propylene glycol; oils such as sesame oil, olive oil and soybean oil; p-hydroxybenzoic acid Preservatives such as esters; flavors such as strawberry flavor and peppermint can be used as additives.
- excipients such as lactose, glucose, sucrose and mannitol; disintegrants such as starch and sodium alginate; lubricants such as magnesium stearate and talc; It can be produced using a binder such as polyvinyl alcohol, hydroxypropyl cellulose, gelatin; a surfactant such as a fatty acid ester; a plasticizer such as glycerin as an additive.
- Injections include sugars such as water, sucrose, sorbitol, xylose, trehalose, and fructose; sugar alcohols such as mannitol, xylitol, and sorbitol; buffers such as phosphate buffer, citrate buffer, and glutamate buffer; fatty acid esters A surfactant such as can be used as an additive.
- the cancer preventive or therapeutic agent of the present invention may further contain a pH adjuster, antioxidant, stabilizer, preservative, thickener, chelating agent, humectant, colorant, isotonic agent, and the like. Good.
- the dosage of the preventive or therapeutic agent for cancer of the present invention is not limited, but the properties such as the effectiveness of the components contained, the dosage form, the administration route, the type of disease, the weight of the patient to be administered, the age, the medical condition, or the like It is appropriately selected according to the judgment of the doctor. For example, it is in the range of about 0.01 ⁇ g to about 100 mg, preferably about 0.1 ⁇ g to about 1 mg, per 1 kg body weight of the patient.
- the dose can be divided into 1 to several times a day, and may be intermittently administered once every several days or weeks.
- Example 1 High-throughput screening of compounds that inhibit the transcriptional activity of the Hippo pathway Carcinogenesis due to Hippo pathway disruption increases the activity of the downstream transcriptional coupling factor YAP1 / TAZ and the transcription factor TEAD to which YAP1 / TAZ binds. It is caused by activation of transcription of the target gene. Therefore, inhibitors of YAP1 / TAZ were selected by high-throughput screening.
- the TEAD-binding sequence of the connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), which is the target gene of the transcription factor TEAD to which YAP1 / TAZ binds, is subjected to repetitive / base addition, and luciferase A linked reporter gene was constructed.
- CGF connective tissue growth factor
- ivermectin and milbemycin D were obtained as compounds that inhibit the function of YAP1 / TAZ.
- Example 2 Inhibition of YAP1 / TAZ activity The inhibitory effect of YAP1 / TAZ activity by the compound obtained in Example 1 was examined using Western blotting, immunofluorescence staining, and quantitative RT-PCR.
- H1299 cell line a human non-small cell lung cancer cell line
- ivermectin final concentration 10 ⁇ M
- milbemycin D final concentration 10 ⁇ M
- anti-YAP1 protein antibody and anti-phosphorylated YAP1 protein antibody CST Japan
- HRP horseradish peroxidase
- Immunofluorescence staining was performed according to a conventional method.
- the H1299 cell line was seeded on a coverslip, treated with ivermectin (final concentration 10 ⁇ M) or milbemycin D (final concentration 10 ⁇ M) for 24 hours, added with 4% paraformaldehyde, and fixed at room temperature for 5 minutes.
- Anti-YAP1 antibody was used as the primary antibody, and immunostaining was performed using a fluorescently labeled secondary antibody to detect the total amount of YAP1 protein (FIG. 3).
- Cell nuclei were stained with DAPI. As shown in FIG. 3, the expression level of YAP1 protein decreased by ivermectin or milbemycin D treatment.
- Quantitative RT-PCR was performed according to a standard method. H1299 cell line was treated with ivermectin (final concentration 10 ⁇ M) or milbemycin D (final concentration 10 ⁇ M) for 24 hours, RNA was extracted from the cells using RNAiso (Takara Bio Inc.), purified, and transcripter ⁇ ⁇ first strand cDNA synthesis A reverse transcription reaction of 1 ⁇ g of total RNA was performed using a kit (Roche Diagnostics Inc.). Quantitative RT-PCR analysis was performed using the primers shown in Table 1, and the expression level of the target gene CTGF (connective tissue growth factor) downstream of YAP1 was detected (FIG. 4). As shown in FIG. 4, transcription of CTGF was suppressed by ivermectin or milbemycin D treatment.
- CTGF connective tissue growth factor
- Dasatinib (final concentration 5 ⁇ M) is an inhibitor of SRC family kinase YES and is known to inhibit the activity of YAP1 by controlling phosphorylation, and was used as a positive control.
- Treatment with ivermectin or milbemycin D resulted in a decrease in the amount of YAP1 protein and an increase in the amount of inactivated phosphorylated YAP1 protein, and the transcription of CTGF, a target gene downstream of the YAP1 protein, was suppressed.
- ivermectin and milbemycin D act on the Hippo pathway and inhibit the function of YAP1 / TAZ.
- Example 3 Cell growth inhibition The cell growth inhibition effect of the compound obtained in Example 1 was examined by counting the number of cells.
- MOB1 is a core component of the Hippo pathway and strongly promotes the activity of LATS kinase as an adapter of LATS kinase. From the analysis of MOB1-deficient mice, it is known that cancer develops due to MOB1-deficiency.
- tamoxifen (Tamo) -inducible immortalized hepatic cell line (imMob1DKOLP) and NF2-deficient pleural mesothelioma cell line (NCI) in which YAP1 is constantly activated -H290), seed 1.5 ⁇ 10 4 cells per well in a 24-well plate, treat each cell with ivermectin or milbemycin D (both at a final concentration of 10 ⁇ M) for 3 days, and then add a 24-well plate per well. Cell proliferation was examined by seeding 1.5 ⁇ 10 4 cells and counting the number of cells. Tamoxifen was added 5 days before treatment with ivermectin or milbemycin D. Dasatinib (final concentration 0.5 ⁇ M) was used as a positive control. The results are shown in FIG.
- Example 4 Anticancer effect by in vivo administration The anticancer effect of the compound obtained in Example 1 was examined using a cancer model mouse having an abnormality in the Hippo pathway.
- mice deficient in Mob1 specifically were intraperitoneally administered with 2 mg / kg ivermectin or DMSO as a control for 5 days (4 to 8 days after birth).
- Analysis FIG. 6A
- histological analysis by hematoxylin and eosin staining FIG. 6B
- weight measurement FIG. 6C
- mice administered with ivermectin the size and weight of the liver decreased as shown in FIGS. 6A and 6C, and proliferation of undifferentiated cholangiocyte-like cells around and inside the portal vein was suppressed as shown in FIG. 6B. It was.
- the weight was calculated as a ratio of liver weight to mouse body weight.
- ivermectin By administering ivermectin to a cancer model mouse having an abnormality in the Hippo pathway, hyperplasia of the liver and bile duct, which are precancerous lesions, was suppressed.
- Reference example 1 Surgically excised mixed liver cancer (cHC-CC), intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tissues were fixed with formalin and stained with anti-YAP1 antibody (Sigma) in a conventional manner .
- the grade of activation of YAP1 was determined according to the criteria in Table 2. The results are shown in FIG.
- YAP1 activation above grade 2 was 62%, 51% and 26 for mixed liver cancer (cHC-CC), intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), respectively. It was 14% and 6% for non-tumor healthy human bile duct cells and hepatocytes, respectively. That is, YAP1 was remarkably activated in mixed liver cancer (cHC-CC) and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC).
- Comparative Example 1 Hippo pathway transcription inhibitory activity by other milbemycins
- Other milbemycins milbemycin A 1 , milbemycin A 3 and nemadectin
- nemadectin which are analogs of milbemycin D
- milbemycin A 1 , milbemycin A 3 and nemadectin did not show strong inhibitory activity like milbemycin D obtained in the present invention.
- milbemycin D exhibits the strongest inhibitory activity, even though the analogs have different effects on the Hippo pathway.
- ivermectin and milbemycin D are useful as a preventive or therapeutic agent for cancers having an abnormality in the Hippo pathway.
- Ivermectin and milbemycin D can be used as a preventive or therapeutic agent for cancers having an abnormality in the Hippo pathway.
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Abstract
Hippo経路に作用する抗癌剤の提供。 イベルメクチン又はミルベマイシンDを有効成分とする、Hippo経路に異常を有する癌の予防又は治療剤。
Description
本発明は、Hippo経路に異常を有する癌の予防剤又は治療剤に関する。
Hippo経路は、器官サイズや癌の発症・進展制御に関わるキナーゼ経路である。Hippo経路の非活性化状態では、下流の転写共役因子YAP1(YES関連タンパク質1)/TAZ(YAP1のパラログであるPDZ結合モチーフを有する転写共役因子)が主に転写因子TEAD(TEAドメインファミリー)と結合し、細胞増殖や細胞分裂に係わる標的遺伝子の発現を誘導することにより細胞増殖を促進する。一方、細胞接着やストレス刺激によりHippo経路が活性化されると、MSTキナーゼ(哺乳類Ste20様キナーゼ)とLATSキナーゼ(大腫瘍抑制キナーゼ)の二つのキナーゼカスケードを介して、YAP1/TAZをリン酸化することにより、これを核外に排除するとともに、タンパク質崩壊に導き、細胞増殖を負に制御する。
Hippo経路の遺伝子改変マウスはがんを発症し、ヒトがん患者では高頻度にHippo経路分子の発現低下や遺伝子変異を認め、がんの悪性度と相関することが知られている(非特許文献1、非特許文献2)。
例えば、マウスの肝細胞でYAP1を過剰発現させると肝細胞や未熟胆管細胞の過形成によって肝臓が腫大し、肝癌を発症する。一方、肝細胞特異的なYAP1の欠損は、肝細胞や胆管細胞の減少と肝癌の発症が抑制される。また、マウスの角化細胞でYAP1を過剰発現させると表皮幹細胞・前駆細胞数及び角化細胞の増加や分化障害を呈し、扁平上皮癌を発症する。さらに、本発明者らは、LATSキナーゼのアダプター分子でありHippo経路のコアコンポーネントMOB1(Mps1バインダー1)の全身完全欠損マウスが胎生致死となり、MOB1の全身部分欠損マウスが全例に皮膚外毛根鞘癌を発症すること、ヒト皮膚外毛根鞘癌においてもMOB1の発現消失やYAP1の活性化を認めることを報告した(非特許文献3)。
すなわち、Hippo経路は新しい癌抑制経路として注目されている。しかしながら、Hippo経路に作用する抗癌剤はこれまで得られていなかった。
イベルメクチンは、放線菌Streptomyces avermitilisが産生する16員環マクロライドであるアベルメクチンの化学誘導体であり、イベルメクチンB1a(22,23-ジヒドロアベルメクチンB1a)及びイベルメクチンB1b(22,23-ジヒドロアベルメクチンB1b)の混合物から成る(特許文献1)。イベルメクチンはヒト腸管糞線虫症の駆虫剤「ストロメクトール(登録商標)」として臨床使用されている。
ミルベマイシンDは、放線菌Streptomyces hygroscopicus subsp. aureolacrimosusが産生する16員環マクロライド類であり、駆虫剤として使用できることが知られている(特許文献2)。
イベルメクチン及びミルベマイシンDは、無脊椎動物の神経及び筋細胞に存在するグルタミン酸作動性クロライドチャネルやγ-アミノ酪酸受容体と相互作用することが知られている。
Nature Reviews Cancer、(米国)、2013年、第13巻、第4号、P.246-257
Cancer Science、2013年、第104巻、第10号、P.1271-1277
The Journal of Clinical Investigation、(米国)、2012年、第122巻、第12号、p.4505-4518
本発明は、Hippo経路に作用する抗癌剤を提供することに関する。
本発明者らは、鋭意研究した結果、駆虫剤として知られているイベルメクチン及びミルベマイシンDが、Hippo経路に異常を有する癌に対して優れた抗癌効果を示すことを見出した。
すなわち、本発明は以下のとおりである。
〔1〕イベルメクチン又はミルベマイシンDを有効成分として含む、Hippo経路に異常を有する癌の予防又は治療剤。
〔2〕ミルベマイシンDを有効成分として含む、〔1〕のHippo経路に異常を有する癌の予防又は治療剤。
〔3〕Hippo経路に作用し、YAP1/TAZの活性を抑制する、上記〔1〕又は〔2〕に記載の癌の予防又は治療剤。
〔4〕Hippo経路に異常を有する癌が、肝癌、胆管癌、悪性中皮腫、唾液腺癌、食道癌、口腔癌、胃癌、膵癌、子宮頚癌、子宮体癌、子宮肉腫、膀胱癌、脳腫瘍、悪性骨腫瘍、筋線維肉腫、横紋筋肉腫、非メラノーマ皮膚癌又は外毛根鞘癌である、上記〔1〕~〔3〕のいずれかに記載の癌の予防又は治療剤。
〔1〕イベルメクチン又はミルベマイシンDを有効成分として含む、Hippo経路に異常を有する癌の予防又は治療剤。
〔2〕ミルベマイシンDを有効成分として含む、〔1〕のHippo経路に異常を有する癌の予防又は治療剤。
〔3〕Hippo経路に作用し、YAP1/TAZの活性を抑制する、上記〔1〕又は〔2〕に記載の癌の予防又は治療剤。
〔4〕Hippo経路に異常を有する癌が、肝癌、胆管癌、悪性中皮腫、唾液腺癌、食道癌、口腔癌、胃癌、膵癌、子宮頚癌、子宮体癌、子宮肉腫、膀胱癌、脳腫瘍、悪性骨腫瘍、筋線維肉腫、横紋筋肉腫、非メラノーマ皮膚癌又は外毛根鞘癌である、上記〔1〕~〔3〕のいずれかに記載の癌の予防又は治療剤。
本明細書は本願の優先権の基礎となる日本国特許出願番号2014-228901号の開示内容を包含する。
本発明によれば、新しい癌抑制作用に基づく抗癌剤を提供することができ、単剤療法及び既存の抗癌剤との併用療法による抗癌効果のみならず、既存の抗癌剤で十分な治療効果が得られなかった症例に対する抗癌効果も期待できる。
以下、本発明を詳細に説明する。
本発明はイベルメクチン又はミルベマイシンDを有効成分として含む癌の予防又は治療剤である。
イベルメクチンは、放線菌Streptomyces avermitilisが産生する16員環マクロライドであるアベルメクチンの化学誘導体であり、イベルメクチンB1a(22,23-ジヒドロアベルメクチンB1a、C48H74O14)及びイベルメクチンB1b(22,23-ジヒドロアベルメクチンB1b、C47H72O14)の混合物からなる。
ミルベマイシンD(C33H48O7)は、放線菌Streptomyces hygroscopicus subsp. aureolacrimosusが産生する16員環マクロライド類である。
イベルメクチン(イベルメクチンB1a及びイベルメクチンB1b)及びミルベマイシンDの化学式を図1に示す。
本発明において、イベルメクチン及びミルベマイシンDは、イベルメクチン及びミルベマイシンDの塩又は溶媒和物も含む。塩としては、好ましくは医薬として使用され得る医薬として許容される塩が挙げられ、塩水和物も塩無水物も含まれ、ナトリウム、カリウム、マグネシウム、カルシウム、アルミニウム等の無機塩基との塩;メチルアミン、エチルアミン、エタノールアミン等の有機塩基との塩;リジン、オルニチン等の塩基性アミノ酸との塩及びアンモニウム塩が挙げられる。当該塩は、酸付加塩であってもよく、このような塩としては、具体的には、塩酸、臭化水素酸、ヨウ化水素酸、硫酸、硝酸、リン酸等の鉱酸;ギ酸、酢酸、プロピオン酸、シュウ酸、マロン酸、コハク酸、フマル酸、マレイン酸、乳酸、リンゴ酸、酒石酸、クエン酸、メタンスルホン酸、エタンスルホン酸等の有機酸;アスパラギン酸、グルタミン酸等の酸性アミノ酸との酸付加塩が挙げられる。
さらに、本発明において、イベルメクチン及びミルベマイシンDは、イベルメクチン及びミルベマイシンDの水和物等の医薬として許容し得る各種溶媒和物や結晶多形等も含む。
哺乳類Hippo経路に関わる分子の具体例としては、Hippo経路のコアコンポーネントであるMST1/2(mammalian STE20-like protein 1/2)キナーゼ、LATS1/2(large tumor suppressor homolog 1/2)キナーゼ及びそれらのアダプター分子であるSAV1(Salvador Homolog 1)、MOB1(Mps One Binder Kinase Activator 1)、当該コアコンポーネント上流の分子であるFAT4(FAT tumor suppressor homolog 4)、DCHS1/2(Dachsous1/2)、NF2(neurofibromin-2)、FRMD6(FERM domain-containing 6)、 WWC1(WW and C2 domain-containing 1; 別名KIBRA)及びRASSF1/5(Ras association family member 1/5)、並びに当該コンポーネント下流の分子であるYAP1(Yes-Associated Protein 1)/TAZ(transcriptional co-activator with PDZ binding motif)及びTEAD1-4(TEA domain family 1-4)等が挙げられる。
癌がHippo経路に異常を有する癌であるか否かは、癌細胞において上記のMST1/2キナーゼ、LATS1/2キナーゼ及びそれらのアダプター分子であるSAV1、MOB1、並びに当該コアコンポーネント上流の分子であるFAT4、DCHS1/2、NF2、FRMD6、WWC1及びRASSF1/5等に異常があるか否かを確認することにより決定することができる。これらの分子の異常の確認は、これらの分子の発現量や活性を測定することにより行うことができる。例えば、ELISA等の方法により発現タンパク質を定量したり、ウエスタン法でリン酸化を定量したり、PCR法により遺伝子の転写量を測定すればよい。
Hippo経路に異常を有する癌として、肝癌、胆管癌、悪性中皮腫、唾液腺癌、食道癌、口腔癌、胃癌、膵癌、子宮頚癌、子宮体癌、子宮肉腫、膀胱癌、脳腫瘍、悪性骨腫瘍、筋線維肉腫、横紋筋肉腫、非メラノーマ皮膚癌及び外毛根鞘癌等が挙げられ、イベルメクチン又はミルベマイシンDを有効成分として含む癌の予防又は治療剤は、これらの癌の予防又は治療剤として用いることができる。本発明のイベルメクチン又はミルベマイシンDを有効成分として含む癌の予防又は治療剤が予防又は治療対象とする癌からは、大腸癌、直腸癌、肺癌、膠芽腫、メラノーマ、尿路上皮癌、前立腺癌、乳癌、卵巣癌、NF2異常神経鞘腫は除かれる。
本発明のイベルメクチン又はミルベマイシンDを有効成分として含む癌の予防又は治療剤は、製薬上許容される担体や希釈剤等を含んでいてもよい。担体としては、限定されないが、生理的食塩水、リン酸緩衝生理食塩水、リン酸緩衝生理食塩水グルコース液、及び緩衝生理食塩水等が上げられる。
投与経路は、経口投与、又は口腔内、気道内、胸腔内、直腸内、腹腔内、皮下、筋肉内及び静脈内などの非経口投与が挙げられる。望ましくは経口投与である。投与形態としては、種々の形態で投与することができ、それらの形態としては、カプセル剤、錠剤、顆粒剤、シロップ剤、細粒剤、噴霧剤、乳剤、座剤、注射剤、軟膏、テープ剤等が挙げられる。
乳剤及びシロップ剤のような液体調製物は、水、ショ糖、ソルビトール、果糖などの糖類;ポリエチレングリコール、プロピレングリコールなどのグリコール類;ごま油、オリーブ油、大豆油などの油類;p-ヒドロキシ安息香酸エステル類などの防腐剤;ストロベリーフレーバー、ペパーミントなどのフレーバー類などを添加剤として用いて製造できる。
カプセル剤、錠剤、散剤、顆粒剤、細粒剤などは、乳糖、ブドウ糖、ショ糖、マンニトールなどの賦形剤;デンプン、アルギン酸ナトリウムなどの崩壊剤;ステアリン酸マグネシウム、タルクなどの滑沢剤;ポリビニルアルコール、ヒドロキシプロピルセルロース、ゼラチンなどの結合剤;脂肪酸エステルなどの界面活性剤;グリセリンなどの可塑剤などを添加剤として用いて製造できる。
注射剤は、水、ショ糖、ソルビトール、キシロース、トレハロース、果糖などの糖類;マンニトール、キシリトール、ソルビトールなどの糖アルコール;リン酸緩衝液、クエン酸緩衝液、グルタミン酸緩衝液などの緩衝液;脂肪酸エステルなどの界面活性剤などを添加剤として用いることができる。
本発明の癌の予防又は治療剤は、さらにpH調整剤、抗酸化剤、安定化剤、保存剤、増粘剤、キレート化剤、保湿剤、着色剤、等張剤等を含んでいてもよい。
本発明の癌の予防又は治療剤の投与量は、限定されないが、含有される成分の有効性、投与形態、投与経路、疾患の種類、投与する患者の体重、年齢、病状等の特性、あるいは医師の判断等に応じて適宜選択される。例えば患者の体重1kgあたり約0.01μg~約100mg、好ましくは約0.1μg~約1mg程度の範囲である。投与量は1日1~数回に分けて投与することができ、数日又は数週間に1回の割合で間欠的に投与してもよい。
本発明を以下の実施例によって具体的に説明するが、本発明はこれらの実施例によって限定されるものではない。
実施例1:Hippo経路の転写活性を阻害する化合物のハイスループット・スクリーニング
Hippo経路の破綻による発癌は、下流の転写共役因子YAP1/TAZの活性が増大し、YAP1/TAZが結合する転写因子TEADの標的遺伝子の転写が活性化することによって引き起こされる。そこで、YAP1/TAZの阻害剤をハイスループット・スクリーニングにより選別した。
Hippo経路の破綻による発癌は、下流の転写共役因子YAP1/TAZの活性が増大し、YAP1/TAZが結合する転写因子TEADの標的遺伝子の転写が活性化することによって引き起こされる。そこで、YAP1/TAZの阻害剤をハイスループット・スクリーニングにより選別した。
Hippo経路の転写活性を高感度に検出できるレポーター遺伝子として、YAP1/TAZが結合する転写因子TEADの標的遺伝子である結合組織増殖因子(CTGF)のTEAD結合配列に反復・塩基付加を施し、ルシフェラーゼを連結させたレポーター遺伝子を構築した。当該レポーター遺伝子をヒト非小細胞肺癌細胞株H1299及びヒト乳腺上皮細胞株MCF10Aに導入したヒト安定細胞株を樹立し、384ウェルマイクロプレートに1ウェル当たり1,000細胞を播き、CO2インキュベーターで一晩培養した。次に、独立行政法人産業技術総合研究所が保有する1,282種の単離天然化合物ライブラリ及び10,240種の合成化合物ライブラリの化合物を最終濃度が各々10μM及び25μMとなるように当該マイクロプレートに分注し、24時間処理した後、ピッカジーン(登録商標)ブリリアンスターLT発光試薬キット(メーカーコード:207-15373、東洋ビーネット株式会社)及びCell Counting Kit‐8(メーカーコード:CK04、株式会社同人化学研究所)を用いて、レポーター遺伝子導入細胞のルシフェラーゼ活性及び細胞生存率/細胞毒性を各々測定した。レポーター遺伝子導入細胞のルシフェラーゼ活性を顕著に抑制し、細胞毒性を示さない化合物をハイスループット・スクリーニングのヒット化合物とした。
その結果、YAP1/TAZの機能を阻害する化合物として、イベルメクチン及びミルベマイシンDを得た。
実施例2:YAP1/TAZの活性抑制
実施例1で得られた化合物によるYAP1/TAZの活性抑制効果について、ウェスタンブロッティング、免疫蛍光染色及び定量的RT-PCRを用いて検討した。
実施例1で得られた化合物によるYAP1/TAZの活性抑制効果について、ウェスタンブロッティング、免疫蛍光染色及び定量的RT-PCRを用いて検討した。
ヒト非小細胞肺癌細胞株であるH1299細胞株をイベルメクチン(終濃度10μM)又はミルベマイシンD(終濃度10μM)で24時間処理し、一次抗体として抗YAP1タンパク質抗体及び抗リン酸化YAP1タンパク質抗体(CSTジャパン株式会社)を使用し、二次抗体として西洋ワサビ由来ペルオキシダーゼ(HRP)標識抗体を使用して、ウェスタンブロッティングによりYAP1タンパク質量(YAP1)及びリン酸化YAP1タンパク質量(pYAP1)を検出した(図2)。抗β-アクチン抗体(シグマアルドリッチ)によるβ‐アクチンの検出をローディングコントロールとして使用した。図2に示すようにイベルメクチン又はミルベマイシンD処理によりYAP1タンパク質量の減少及び不活性化型であるリン酸化YAP1タンパク質量の増加が認められた。
免疫蛍光染色は定法に従って行った。H1299細胞株をカバースリップに播き、イベルメクチン(終濃度10μM)又はミルベマイシンD(終濃度10μM)で24時間処理し、4%パラホルムアルデヒドを加え、室温において5分間固定した。一次抗体として抗YAP1抗体を使用し、蛍光標識二次抗体を用いて免疫染色を行って、YAP1タンパク質の全量を検出した(図3)。細胞核はDAPIを用いて染色した。図3に示すように、イベルメクチン又はミルベマイシンD処理によりYAP1タンパク質の発現量が減少した。
定量的RT-PCRは定法に従って行った。H1299細胞株をイベルメクチン(終濃度10μM)又はミルベマイシンD(終濃度10μM)で24時間処理し、RNAiso(タカラバイオ株式会社)を用いて細胞から全量RNAを抽出・精製し、トランスクリプター ファーストストランドcDNA合成キット(ロシュ・ダイアグノスティックス株式会社)を用いて全量RNA1μgの逆転写反応を行った。表1に示すプライマーを用いて、定量的RT-PCR解析を行い、YAP1下流の標的遺伝子CTGF(connective tissue growth factor; 結合組織増殖因子)の発現量を検出した(図4)。図4に示すようにイベルメクチン又はミルベマイシンD処理によりCTGFの転写が抑制された。
ダサチニブ(終濃度5μM)はSRCファミリーキナーゼYESの阻害剤であり、リン酸化制御によってYAP1の活性を阻害することが知られていることから、ポジティブコントロールとして用いた。
イベルメクチン又はミルベマイシンDで処理することにより、YAP1タンパク質量の減少及び不活性化型であるリン酸化YAP1タンパク質量の増加が見られ、YAP1タンパク質下流の標的遺伝子であるCTGFの転写が抑制された。
イベルメクチン及びミルベマイシンDは、Hippo経路に作用して、YAP1/TAZの機能を阻害することが示唆された。
実施例3:細胞増殖抑制
実施例1で得られた化合物の細胞増殖抑制効果について、細胞数をカウントして検討した。
実施例1で得られた化合物の細胞増殖抑制効果について、細胞数をカウントして検討した。
MOB1はHippo経路のコアコンポーネントであり、LATSキナーゼのアダプターとしてLATSキナーゼの活性を強力に促進する。MOB1欠損マウスの解析から、MOB1の欠損によって癌を発症することが知られている。
Hippo経路に変異を有する細胞株として、タモキシフェン(Tamo)誘導性にMob1を欠損させた不死化肝細胞株(imMob1DKOLP)及びYAP1が定常的に活性化しているNF2欠損胸膜中皮腫細胞株(NCI-H290)を用いて、24ウェルプレートに1ウェル当たり1.5×104細胞を播き、各細胞をイベルメクチン又はミルベマイシンD(いずれも終濃度10μM)で3日間処理した後、24ウェルプレートに1ウェル当たり1.5×104細胞を播き、細胞数をカウントすることで細胞増殖を検討した。タモキシフェンはイベルメクチン又はミルベマイシンDで処理する5日前に添加した。ダサチニブ(終濃度0.5μM)はポジティブコントロールとして用いた。結果を図5に示した。
図5に示すように、Hippo経路に異常を有する細胞株をイベルメクチン又はミルベマイシンDで処理することにより、当該細胞株の細胞増殖が抑制された。
実施例4:In vivo投与による抗癌効果
実施例1で得られた化合物の抗癌効果について、Hippo経路に異常を有する癌モデルマウスを用いて検討した。
実施例1で得られた化合物の抗癌効果について、Hippo経路に異常を有する癌モデルマウスを用いて検討した。
肝臓特異的にMob1を欠損したマウス(LDKO)に2mg/kgのイベルメクチン又はコントロールとしてDMSOを5日間(生後4~8日)腹腔内投与し、生後10日目のマウスから肝臓を摘出し、肉眼的解析(図6A)、ヘマトキシリン・エオジン染色による組織学的解析(図6B)及び重量測定(図6C)を行った。イベルメクチンを投与したマウスにおいて、図6A及び図6Cに示すように肝臓の大きさ及び重量は減少し、図6Bに示すように未分化胆管細胞様細胞の門脈周囲及び内部への増殖が抑制された。重量は、マウスの体重に対する肝臓重量の割合として算出した。
Hippo経路に異常を有する癌モデルマウスにイベルメクチンを投与することにより、前癌病変である肝臓及び胆管の過形成が抑制された。
参考例1
外科的に切除した混合型肝癌(cHC-CC)、肝内胆管癌(ICC)及び肝細胞癌(HCC)組織をホルマリンで固定し、抗YAP1抗体(Sigma社)を用いて常法で染色した。非腫瘍健常人胆管細胞(NT-Chol)及び肝細胞(NT-Hep)をコントロールとして用いた。YAP1の活性化のグレードは表2の基準により決定した。結果を図7に示す。
外科的に切除した混合型肝癌(cHC-CC)、肝内胆管癌(ICC)及び肝細胞癌(HCC)組織をホルマリンで固定し、抗YAP1抗体(Sigma社)を用いて常法で染色した。非腫瘍健常人胆管細胞(NT-Chol)及び肝細胞(NT-Hep)をコントロールとして用いた。YAP1の活性化のグレードは表2の基準により決定した。結果を図7に示す。
図7Aに示すように、グレード2を超えるYAP1活性化は、混合型肝癌(cHC-CC)、肝内胆管癌(ICC)及び肝細胞癌(HCC)で、それぞれ、62%、51%及び26%であり、非腫瘍健常人胆管細胞及び肝細胞では、それぞれ、14%及び6%であった。すなわち、混合型肝癌(cHC-CC)、肝内胆管癌(ICC)において、YAP1が顕著に活性化していた。この結果は、Hippo経路の下流の転写共役因子であるYAP1/TAZの活性を抑制することにより混合型肝癌(cHC-CC)及び肝内胆管癌(ICC)の発症を抑制し得ることを示す。
比較例1:他のミルベマイシン類によるHippo経路の転写阻害活性
ミルベマイシンDの類縁体である他のミルベマイシン類(ミルベマイシンA1、ミルベマイシンA3及びネマデクチン)について、実施例1と同様の方法を用いて、レポーター遺伝子導入細胞のルシフェラーゼ活性を指標として、Hippo経路の転写阻害活性を検討した(表3)。
ミルベマイシンDの類縁体である他のミルベマイシン類(ミルベマイシンA1、ミルベマイシンA3及びネマデクチン)について、実施例1と同様の方法を用いて、レポーター遺伝子導入細胞のルシフェラーゼ活性を指標として、Hippo経路の転写阻害活性を検討した(表3)。
その結果、ミルベマイシンA1、ミルベマイシンA3及びネマデクチンは、本発明で得られたミルベマイシンDのような強い阻害活性を示さなかった。驚くべきことに、類縁体であってもHippo経路に対する作用が異なり、ミルベマイシンDが最も強い阻害活性を示すことが明らかとなった。
以上の結果、イベルメクチン及びミルベマイシンDは、Hippo経路に異常を有する癌に対する予防剤又は治療剤として有用である。
イベルメクチン及びミルベマイシンDはHippo経路に異常を有する癌の予防又は治療剤として用い得る。
1~4 プライマー
本明細書で引用した全ての刊行物、特許及び特許出願はそのまま引用により本明細書に組み入れられるものとする。
Claims (4)
- イベルメクチン又はミルベマイシンDを有効成分として含む、Hippo経路に異常を有する癌の予防又は治療剤。
- ミルベマイシンDを有効成分として含む、請求項1記載のHippo経路に異常を有する癌の予防又は治療剤。
- Hippo経路に作用し、YAP1/TAZの活性を抑制する、請求項1又は2に記載の癌の予防又は治療剤。
- Hippo経路に異常を有する癌が、肝癌、胆管癌、悪性中皮腫、唾液腺癌、食道癌、口腔癌、胃癌、膵癌、子宮頚癌、子宮体癌、子宮肉腫、膀胱癌、脳腫瘍、悪性骨腫瘍、筋線維肉腫、横紋筋肉腫、非メラノーマ皮膚癌又は外毛根鞘癌である、請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載の癌の予防又は治療剤。
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WO2019235569A1 (ja) * | 2018-06-08 | 2019-12-12 | 日産化学株式会社 | キナーゼ阻害剤 |
JPWO2019235569A1 (ja) * | 2018-06-08 | 2021-07-08 | 日産化学株式会社 | キナーゼ阻害剤 |
CN110327328A (zh) * | 2019-07-16 | 2019-10-15 | 遵义市第一人民医院 | 25β-仲丁烯基-23β-异丁酰氧基米尔贝霉素衍生物在抗肿瘤中的应用 |
CN110327328B (zh) * | 2019-07-16 | 2022-07-12 | 遵义市第一人民医院 | 25β-仲丁烯基-23β-异丁酰氧基米尔贝霉素衍生物在抗肿瘤中的应用 |
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