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WO2014076434A1 - Turbofan nacelle having a lock engaging with a member for locking the closing thereof - Google Patents

Turbofan nacelle having a lock engaging with a member for locking the closing thereof Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2014076434A1
WO2014076434A1 PCT/FR2013/052761 FR2013052761W WO2014076434A1 WO 2014076434 A1 WO2014076434 A1 WO 2014076434A1 FR 2013052761 W FR2013052761 W FR 2013052761W WO 2014076434 A1 WO2014076434 A1 WO 2014076434A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
lever
lock
handle
annular
locking member
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/FR2013/052761
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Cédric RENAULT
Original Assignee
Aircelle
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Aircelle filed Critical Aircelle
Priority to CN201380060037.7A priority Critical patent/CN104797496A/en
Priority to RU2015123634A priority patent/RU2015123634A/en
Priority to CA2890504A priority patent/CA2890504A1/en
Priority to BR112015011218A priority patent/BR112015011218A2/en
Priority to EP13801677.9A priority patent/EP2920077A1/en
Publication of WO2014076434A1 publication Critical patent/WO2014076434A1/en
Priority to US14/704,297 priority patent/US9452845B2/en

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Classifications

    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B64AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
    • B64DEQUIPMENT FOR FITTING IN OR TO AIRCRAFT; FLIGHT SUITS; PARACHUTES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF POWER PLANTS OR PROPULSION TRANSMISSIONS IN AIRCRAFT
    • B64D29/00Power-plant nacelles, fairings or cowlings
    • B64D29/08Inspection panels for power plants
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B64AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
    • B64DEQUIPMENT FOR FITTING IN OR TO AIRCRAFT; FLIGHT SUITS; PARACHUTES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF POWER PLANTS OR PROPULSION TRANSMISSIONS IN AIRCRAFT
    • B64D29/00Power-plant nacelles, fairings or cowlings
    • B64D29/06Attaching of nacelles, fairings or cowlings
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E05LOCKS; KEYS; WINDOW OR DOOR FITTINGS; SAFES
    • E05CBOLTS OR FASTENING DEVICES FOR WINGS, SPECIALLY FOR DOORS OR WINDOWS
    • E05C19/00Other devices specially designed for securing wings, e.g. with suction cups
    • E05C19/10Hook fastenings; Fastenings in which a link engages a fixed hook-like member
    • E05C19/12Hook fastenings; Fastenings in which a link engages a fixed hook-like member pivotally mounted around an axis
    • E05C19/14Hook fastenings; Fastenings in which a link engages a fixed hook-like member pivotally mounted around an axis with toggle action
    • E05C19/145Hook fastenings; Fastenings in which a link engages a fixed hook-like member pivotally mounted around an axis with toggle action flush
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01DNON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
    • F01D25/00Component parts, details, or accessories, not provided for in, or of interest apart from, other groups
    • F01D25/24Casings; Casing parts, e.g. diaphragms, casing fastenings
    • F01D25/243Flange connections; Bolting arrangements
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E05LOCKS; KEYS; WINDOW OR DOOR FITTINGS; SAFES
    • E05BLOCKS; ACCESSORIES THEREFOR; HANDCUFFS
    • E05B15/00Other details of locks; Parts for engagement by bolts of fastening devices
    • E05B15/0086Toggle levers
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E05LOCKS; KEYS; WINDOW OR DOOR FITTINGS; SAFES
    • E05BLOCKS; ACCESSORIES THEREFOR; HANDCUFFS
    • E05B65/00Locks or fastenings for special use
    • E05B65/08Locks or fastenings for special use for sliding wings
    • E05B65/0811Locks or fastenings for special use for sliding wings the bolts pivoting about an axis perpendicular to the wings
    • E05B65/0817Locks or fastenings for special use for sliding wings the bolts pivoting about an axis perpendicular to the wings with additional movement, e.g. toggle, overcenter, excentric

Definitions

  • Turbojet engine nacelle with lock cooperating with a locking member of its closure
  • the present invention relates to a turbojet engine nacelle of the type comprising a hood in two halves enclosing a service structure containing services such as a thrust reverser.
  • a turbojet engine nacelle of the type comprising a hood in two halves enclosing a service structure containing services such as a thrust reverser.
  • Each half of the structure and the bonnet is articulated on an axis which, when the turbojet engine is installed on the aircraft, is in a substantially horizontal position, aligned on the central axis of the turbojet, and in the upper part of the nacelle which surrounds the turbojet.
  • the lock consists mainly of a strike mounted on the edge of a first half of the service structure and a movable bolt secured to the second half of the service structure, the bolt mobile being rotated on an axis integral with the second half.
  • a lever or lever on an integral axis of the second annular half of the service structure, carries the bolt and must be maneuvered by the maintenance operator before opening the structure service and before closing the hood in the other direction.
  • the maintenance operator has previously opened the nacelle of the turbojet engine, separated the two hood halves by rotating them about their articulation axis at 12 o'clock, and then both.
  • the maintenance operator then performs the turbojet engine maintenance operations themselves.
  • the maintenance operator draws the free edges of the two halves of the service structure and, by their contact, manipulates the lever or lever on which the movable bolt is mounted so that the bolt enters the striker.
  • the lock is in the closed state.
  • the bolt is mounted on a cam system which is profiled so as to perform at the end of pivoting of the lever or handle a lock of the bolt in the striker.
  • the present invention provides a remedy to this problem posed by the state of the art.
  • the present invention relates to a turbojet engine nacelle of the type comprising a hood containing a service structure and a turbojet engine proper, the hood and said structure of general shapes an nu the ires being articé les su r axes in halves respectively intended to be opened for maintenance and closed in operational condition, a first half of said structure carrying a strike and the second half carrying a movable bolt on a handle, so that the assembly constitutes a closure lock of the structure.
  • the invention is characterized in that the lever cooperates with a locking member of the libre edge of a bonnet half which is retracted when the handle is in its normal position of closure and otherwise active.
  • the present invention may include the following additional optional features:
  • the locking member comprises a lever aligned with the handle when the latter is in the closed position of the lock and forming with it a chisel for intercepting the free edge of an annular half of the cover so as to block the closing movement of it when the handle is not in the closed position of the lock;
  • the lever is articulated by a pivot on the handle;
  • one of the ends of the locking lever of the hood edge carries a pivot (10) sliding in a housing of a movable hook of the bolt articulated on the axis of rotation of the handle;
  • the locking member comprises a locking piece consisting of at least one cup, articulated on an axis mounted on the handle, the cup being biased by a return spring in a retracted position along the handle when the latter is in the closed position of the lock and being in a position protruding from the handle when the latter is in the open position of the lock, so as to intercept the free edge of an annular half of the cover so as to block the closing movement thereof when the handle is not in the closed position of the lock;
  • the locking piece comprises a symmetrical portion of the cup intended to come into contact with a surface on the fixed part of the bolt integral with the annular half of the service structure, configured to receive the part and rotate the locking member around its axis in retracted position or inactivity and for the return spring of the axis is reloaded.
  • Figures 1 to 4 are schematic sectional views of the part of a nacelle open in successive states of its closure with a lock according to the state of the art;
  • FIGS. 5 to 8 are schematic sectional views of the part of an open nacelle in successive states of its closure with a lock equipped with a locking member according to a first embodiment of the invention.
  • Figures 9 to 1 1 are schematic sectional views of the part of a nacelle open in successive states of its closure with a lock equipped with a locking member according to a second embodiment of the invention.
  • Figure 1 shows a partial view of a nacelle in its lower part 6H with a lock according to the state of the art. All other appended figures represent the same part of nacelle in various states and the same elements carry the same reference numbers without always be described again or even shown in the figure to simplify the drawing.
  • the nacelle comprises a cover in two annular halves 7 and 8 whose free edges are vis-a-vis when the cover is closed at the 6H position.
  • the service structure is also in two annular halves 3 and 4 which are vis-à-vis when the structure is closed on the position 6H. Both the hood and the service structure it contains have axes of articulation of their respective halves in the position 1 2 H, not shown for reasons of dimensions of the drawing. For a fuller description, see F-A-2,761,734.
  • the free edges facing the two annular halves 3 and 4 of the structure carry a locking lock consisting of a striker 1 integral with the annular half 3 and a bolt 2 integral with the annular half 4.
  • the bolt 2 has a hook-shaped portion 13 which, in the closed position, is hooked around a projecting portion 5 of the striker 1.
  • the hook-shaped portion 13 is articulated on a pivot 12 and a lever or lever 9.
  • the lever 9 has a housing 15 serving as a cam for receiving a pivot 1 1 follower of the cam 15.
  • the pivot 1 1 and allows 2, it will be described with reference to FIG. 2 that another pivot 10 is engaged in a housing 14 serving as a cam and which is formed on the hook-shaped part 13.
  • lever or lever 9 is also rotated about the axis 12 according to the movement 19 when the annular half 8 continues its closing movement 18 because of the interception 17 the free edge of 8 by the lever 9.
  • the invention provides a remedy for this defect by providing a locking member of the closing movement of the half-cover which is then possible only when the locking member is retracted or rendered inactive because the lever 9 has been correctly closed in the locking position.
  • FIGs 6 to 9 there is shown a first embodiment of the locking member according to the invention.
  • the lock with its locking member 20 in the retracted or inactive position.
  • Figure 6 shows the same state of closure of the nacelle as that of the Figure 1 and the lock is identical to that of Figures 1 -5, the locking member 20 near.
  • the nacelle is in the open state already shown for the state of the art in FIG. 2. If, forgetting to operate the lever or lever 9, the maintenance operator operates the first annular bonnet half. 8, in a closure movement 21, the free edge of the latter comes to intercept the lever 9 or the locking member 22.
  • the locking member of this first embodiment is constituted by an extension of the lever 16 (FIG. 3) of the lock of the state of the art (FIGS. 1-5) to form a portion 20 which affects with the lever or joystick 9 a form of scissors.
  • the lever 20 carries the two pivots 10 and 1 1 which were mounted on the lever 16 ( Figure 3).
  • the maintenance operator is then warned because he can not finish his closing movement. It must then reopen the half 8 of the hood, move the lock to the limit of the lock 9 and finally resume the normal sequence of closing the hood.
  • FIGS. 9 to 12 show a second embodiment of a locking member for the closing movement of the annular half of the bonnet or half-cover which is then only possible when the locking member is retracted or rendered inactive because the handle 9 has been properly closed in the lock position.
  • Figure 9 there is shown the lock with its locking member 20 in the retracted or inactive position.
  • Figure 9 shows the same state of closure of the nacelle as that of Figure 1 and the lock is identical to that of Figures 1 -5, the locking member 23 near.
  • the locking member of this second embodiment is constituted by a part consisting of an axis of rotation 24 biased by a spring correctly disposed in a retracted position when the lever or lever 9 has been correctly operated end of stroke lock by a maintenance operator.
  • Exhibit 23 then has two parts symmetrical about the axis 24, each symmetrical portion being cup-shaped or hollow, 25 or 26.
  • the nacelle is in the open state already shown for the state of the art in FIG. 2. If, forgetting to operate the lever or lever 9, the maintenance operator operates the first annular bonnet half. 8, in a closure movement 29, the free edge of the latter comes to intercept the lever or lever 9 at 30. It is noted that the return spring (not shown) associated with the axis 24 of the locking member 23, mounted on the lever or lever 9, allowed the rotation 28 of the two cups 25 and 26 mounted symmetrically on the axis 24. As a result, the locking member 23 is then in the active position protruding beyond the lever surface or lever 9.
  • the cup 26 meets a surface arranged for this purpose on the fixed part of the bolt 2 secured to the annular half 4 of the service structure.
  • the fixed surface is configured to receive the cup 26 and rotate the locking member 23 about its axis 24 in the retracted position or inactivity. It returns to the state shown in Figure 9. In the same movement, the return spring (not shown) of the axis 24 is reloaded.
  • the locking member makes it possible to prevent the end of the closing movement of the cover of the nacelle.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Aviation & Aerospace Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Superstructure Of Vehicle (AREA)
  • Forklifts And Lifting Vehicles (AREA)
  • Structures Of Non-Positive Displacement Pumps (AREA)

Abstract

The present invention relates to a turbofan nacelle of the type comprising a cowl in two halves (7, 8) containing a service structure (3, 4) containing services such as a thrust reverser and an actual turbofan, the cowl and said structure, which are generally annular, being hinged on axes in respective halves intended for being opened during maintenance and closed when operational, a first annular half (3) of said service structure supporting a strike (1) and the second annular half (4) of said annular structure supporting a mobile bolt (2, 13) on a lever (9), such that the assembly constitutes a lock for closing the service structure. The lever (9) engages with a locking member (20; 23) of the free edge of one half (8) of the cowl, which is retracted when the lever is in the normal closed position thereof and active otherwise.

Description

Nacelle de turboréacteur avec serrure coopérant avec un organe de blocage de sa fermeture  Turbojet engine nacelle with lock cooperating with a locking member of its closure
La présente invention concerne une nacelle de turboréacteur du type comportant un capot en deux moitiés enfermant une structure de service contenant des services comme un inverseur de poussée. Chaque moitié de la structure et du capot est articulée sur un axe qui, lorsque le turboréacteur est installé sur l'avion, se trouve dans une position sensiblement horizontale, aligné sur l'axe central du turboréacteur, et dans la partie supérieure de la nacelle qui entoure le turboréacteur. Dans cette position, l'axe d'articulation des deux moitiés de capot et l'axe d'articulation des deux moitiés de la structure de services se trouvent dans une position d ite 1 2H , tandis que, lorsque les différentes moitiés sont ferm ées parce q ue l e tu rboréacteu r est en fonctionnement, elles sont jointives par leurs bords respectifs en regard qui sont alors en position 6H. The present invention relates to a turbojet engine nacelle of the type comprising a hood in two halves enclosing a service structure containing services such as a thrust reverser. Each half of the structure and the bonnet is articulated on an axis which, when the turbojet engine is installed on the aircraft, is in a substantially horizontal position, aligned on the central axis of the turbojet, and in the upper part of the nacelle which surrounds the turbojet. In this position, the axis of articulation of the two hood halves and the hinge axis of the two halves of the service structure are in a position dite 1 2H, while, when the different halves are closed because the rboreactor is in operation, they are joined by their respective edges opposite which are then in position 6H.
Il est connu de disposer une serrure solidaire des deux moitiés de la structure de services. La serrure coopère avec les deux bords en regard des deux moitiés annulaires de la structure de services de façon à les solidariser l'un à l'autre. Une telle disposition est par exemple connue du document FR-A- 2.761 .734. On s'y référera pour une description de la nacelle de turboréacteur. Ce document décrit une serrure de solidarisation des deux moitiés annulaires de la structure de services différente de celle concernée par l'invention.  It is known to have a lock integral with the two halves of the service structure. The lock cooperates with the two edges facing the two annular halves of the service structure so as to secure them to one another. Such an arrangement is for example known from FR-A-2,761,734. We will refer to it for a description of the turbojet nacelle. This document describes a locking lock of the two annular halves of the service structure different from that concerned by the invention.
Dans un autre état de la technique, la serrure est composée principalement d'une gâche montée sur le bord d'une première moitié de la structure de service et d'un pêne mobile solidaire de la seconde moitié de la structure de services, le pêne mobile étant entraîné en rotation sur un axe solidaire de la seconde moitié. Ainsi qu'il sera exposé aux Figures 1 à 4, sur un axe solidaire de la seconde moitié annulaire de la structure de services, un levier ou manette porte le pêne et doit être manœuvré par l'opérateur de maintenance avant d'ouvrir la structure de services et avant d'avoir refermé le capot dans l'autre sens. Ainsi qu'il sera exposé aux Figures 1 à 4, l'opérateur de maintenance a ouvert préalablement la nacelle du turboréacteur, a séparé les deux moitiés de capot en les faisant tourner autour de leur axe d'articulation à 12 H, puis les deux moitiés de structure de services autour de leur propre axe d'articulation à 1 2 H . L'opérateur de maintenance exécute ensu ite les opérations de maintenance du turboréacteur proprement dites. A la fin de celles-ci, l'opérateur de maintenance rapproche les bords libres des deux moitiés de la structure de service et, à leur contact, manipule le levier ou manette sur laquelle le pêne mobile est monté de sorte que le pêne pénètre dans la gâche. La serrure est à l'état fermé. Mais pour sécuriser la fermeture des deux moitiés, le pêne est monté sur un système de cames qui sont profilées de manière à exécuter à la fin du pivotement du levier ou manette un verrouillage du pêne dans la gâche. In another state of the art, the lock consists mainly of a strike mounted on the edge of a first half of the service structure and a movable bolt secured to the second half of the service structure, the bolt mobile being rotated on an axis integral with the second half. As will be shown in Figures 1 to 4, on an integral axis of the second annular half of the service structure, a lever or lever carries the bolt and must be maneuvered by the maintenance operator before opening the structure service and before closing the hood in the other direction. As will be shown in FIGS. 1 to 4, the maintenance operator has previously opened the nacelle of the turbojet engine, separated the two hood halves by rotating them about their articulation axis at 12 o'clock, and then both. Service structure halves around their own hinge axis at 1 2H. The maintenance operator then performs the turbojet engine maintenance operations themselves. At the end of these, the maintenance operator draws the free edges of the two halves of the service structure and, by their contact, manipulates the lever or lever on which the movable bolt is mounted so that the bolt enters the striker. The lock is in the closed state. But to secure the closure of the two halves, the bolt is mounted on a cam system which is profiled so as to perform at the end of pivoting of the lever or handle a lock of the bolt in the striker.
Le problème apparaît lorsque l'opérateur ne repousse pas complètement le levier ou manette, ou plus encore, s'il termine la rotation du levier ou manette en s'aidant du bord du demi-capot lorsqu'il referme celui-ci. La nacelle peut alors être considérée comme refermée et la fermeture verrouillée alors que ce n'est pas le cas. Or, une inspection visuelle ultérieure ne révèle rien d'anormal parce que la serrure et son levier ou manette sont masquées par le capot refermé.  The problem occurs when the operator does not fully push the lever or lever, or even more, if it completes the rotation of the lever or lever with the help of the edge of the half-cover when it closes it. The nacelle can then be considered closed and the closure locked when it is not the case. However, a subsequent visual inspection reveals nothing abnormal because the lock and its lever or lever are hidden by the closed hood.
II existe alors un risque sérieux sur le turboréacteur.  There is then a serious risk on the turbojet engine.
La présente invention apporte remède à ce problème posé par l'état de la technique.  The present invention provides a remedy to this problem posed by the state of the art.
A cette fin , l a présente invention concerne une nacelle de turboréacteur du genre comportant un capot contenant une structure de services et un turboréacteur proprement dit, le capot et ladite structure de formes générales an nu la ires étant articu lés su r des axes en moitiés respectives destinées à être ouvertes en maintenance et fermées en état opérationnel, une première moitié de ladite structure portant une gâche et la seconde moitié portant un pêne mobile sur une manette, de sorte que l'ensemble constitue une serrure de fermeture de la structure.  To this end, the present invention relates to a turbojet engine nacelle of the type comprising a hood containing a service structure and a turbojet engine proper, the hood and said structure of general shapes an nu the ires being articé les su r axes in halves respectively intended to be opened for maintenance and closed in operational condition, a first half of said structure carrying a strike and the second half carrying a movable bolt on a handle, so that the assembly constitutes a closure lock of the structure.
L'invention se caractérise en ce que la manette coopère avec un organe de blocage du bord l ibre d'une moitié de capot qui est escamoté lorsque la manette est dans sa position normale de fermeture et actif sinon.  The invention is characterized in that the lever cooperates with a locking member of the libre edge of a bonnet half which is retracted when the handle is in its normal position of closure and otherwise active.
Selon d'autres caractéristiques, la présente invention peut comporter les caractéristiques optionnelles additionnelles suivantes :  According to other features, the present invention may include the following additional optional features:
l'organe de blocage comporte un levier aligné avec la manette lorsque cette dernière est en position de fermeture de la serrure et formant avec elle un ciseau destiné à intercepter le bord libre d'une moitié annulaire de capot de façon à bloquer le mouvement de fermeture de celle-ci quand la manette n'est pas en position de fermeture de la serrure ; the locking member comprises a lever aligned with the handle when the latter is in the closed position of the lock and forming with it a chisel for intercepting the free edge of an annular half of the cover so as to block the closing movement of it when the handle is not in the closed position of the lock;
le levier est articulé par un pivot sur la manette ; l'une des extrémités du levier de blocage du bord de capot porte un pivot (10) glissant dans un logement d'un crochet mobile du pêne articulé sur l'axe de rotation de la manette ; the lever is articulated by a pivot on the handle; one of the ends of the locking lever of the hood edge carries a pivot (10) sliding in a housing of a movable hook of the bolt articulated on the axis of rotation of the handle;
l'organe de blocage comporte une pièce de blocage composée d'au moins une coupelle, articulée sur un axe monté sur la manette, la coupelle étant rappelée par un ressort de rappel dans une position escamotée le long de la manette lorsque celle-ci est en position de fermeture de la serrure et étant dans une position en saillie de la manette lorsque celle-ci est en position d'ouverture de la serrure, de façon à intercepter le bord libre d'une moitié annulaire de capot de façon à bloquer le mouvement de fermeture de celle-ci quand la manette n'est pas en position de fermeture de la serrure ; the locking member comprises a locking piece consisting of at least one cup, articulated on an axis mounted on the handle, the cup being biased by a return spring in a retracted position along the handle when the latter is in the closed position of the lock and being in a position protruding from the handle when the latter is in the open position of the lock, so as to intercept the free edge of an annular half of the cover so as to block the closing movement thereof when the handle is not in the closed position of the lock;
la pièce de blocage comporte une partie symétrique de la coupelle destinée à venir en contact avec une surface sur la partie fixe du pêne solidaire de la moitié annulaire de la structure de services, configurée pour recevoir la partie et faire tourner l'organe de blocage autour de son axe en position d'escamotage ou d'inactivité et pour que le ressort de rappel de l'axe soit rechargé. the locking piece comprises a symmetrical portion of the cup intended to come into contact with a surface on the fixed part of the bolt integral with the annular half of the service structure, configured to receive the part and rotate the locking member around its axis in retracted position or inactivity and for the return spring of the axis is reloaded.
D'autres caractéristiques et avantages de la présente invention seront mieux compris à l'aide de la description et des Figures annexées parmi lesquelles :  Other features and advantages of the present invention will be better understood with the aid of the description and the appended figures among which:
les Figures 1 à 4 sont des vues en coupe schématique de la partie d'une nacelle ouverte dans des états successifs de sa fermeture avec une serrure selon l'état de la technique ;  Figures 1 to 4 are schematic sectional views of the part of a nacelle open in successive states of its closure with a lock according to the state of the art;
- les Figures 5 à 8 sont des vues en coupe schématique de la partie d'une nacelle ouverte dans des états successifs de sa fermeture avec une serrure équipée d'un organe de blocage selon un prem ier mode de réalisation de l'invention ; et - Figures 5 to 8 are schematic sectional views of the part of an open nacelle in successive states of its closure with a lock equipped with a locking member according to a first embodiment of the invention; and
les Figures 9 à 1 1 sont des vues en coupe schématique de la partie d'une nacelle ouverte dans des états successifs de sa fermeture avec une serrure équipée d'un organe de blocage selon un second mode de réalisation de l'invention.  Figures 9 to 1 1 are schematic sectional views of the part of a nacelle open in successive states of its closure with a lock equipped with a locking member according to a second embodiment of the invention.
La Figure 1 représente une vue partielle d'une nacelle dans sa partie inférieure 6H avec une serrure selon l'état de la technique. Toutes les autres figures annexées représentent la même partie de nacelle dans divers états et les mêmes éléments portent les mêmes numéros de référence sans être toujours à nouveau décrits ou même reportés sur la Figure pour simplifier le dessin. Figure 1 shows a partial view of a nacelle in its lower part 6H with a lock according to the state of the art. All other appended figures represent the same part of nacelle in various states and the same elements carry the same reference numbers without always be described again or even shown in the figure to simplify the drawing.
Ainsi qu'on l'a présenté plus haut, la nacelle comporte un capot en deux moitiés annulaires 7 et 8 dont les bords libres se font vis-à-vis lorsque le capot est refermé sur la position 6H. La structure de services est elle aussi en deux moitiés annulaires 3 et 4 qui se font vis-à-vis lorsque la structure est refermée sur la position 6H . Tant le capot que la structure de services qu'il contient portent des axes d'articulation de leurs moitiés respectives dans la position 1 2 H, non représentée pour des raisons de dimensions du dessin. On peut se reporter pour une description pl us com plète au document F R-A- 2.761 .734.  As described above, the nacelle comprises a cover in two annular halves 7 and 8 whose free edges are vis-a-vis when the cover is closed at the 6H position. The service structure is also in two annular halves 3 and 4 which are vis-à-vis when the structure is closed on the position 6H. Both the hood and the service structure it contains have axes of articulation of their respective halves in the position 1 2 H, not shown for reasons of dimensions of the drawing. For a fuller description, see F-A-2,761,734.
Ainsi qu'il a été rappelé plus haut, les bords libres en regard des deux moitiés annulaires 3 et 4 de la structure portent une serrure de solidarisation composée d'une gâche 1 solidaire de la moitié annulaire 3 et d'un pêne 2 solidaire de la moitié annulaire 4. Le pêne 2 présente une partie 13 en forme de crochet qui, en position fermée, s'accroche autour d'une partie en saillie 5 de la gâche 1 .  As has been recalled above, the free edges facing the two annular halves 3 and 4 of the structure carry a locking lock consisting of a striker 1 integral with the annular half 3 and a bolt 2 integral with the annular half 4. The bolt 2 has a hook-shaped portion 13 which, in the closed position, is hooked around a projecting portion 5 of the striker 1.
La partie en forme de crochet 13 est articulée sur un pivot 12 ainsi qu'un levier ou manette 9. Le levier 9 présente un logement 15 servant de came pour recevoir un pivot 1 1 suiveur de la came 15. Le pivot 1 1 permet ainsi qu'il sera décrit à l'aide de la Figure 2, de mobil iser un autre pivot 1 0 qu i pénètre dans un logement 14 servant de came et qui est pratiqué sur la partie en forme de crochet 13.  The hook-shaped portion 13 is articulated on a pivot 12 and a lever or lever 9. The lever 9 has a housing 15 serving as a cam for receiving a pivot 1 1 follower of the cam 15. The pivot 1 1 and allows 2, it will be described with reference to FIG. 2 that another pivot 10 is engaged in a housing 14 serving as a cam and which is formed on the hook-shaped part 13.
Ainsi qu'il est représenté à la Figure 1 , lorsque le levier ou manette 9 est complètement repoussé, non seulement le crochet 13 est en place sur l'élément en saillie 5, mais, grâce à la géométrie des cames 14 et 1 5 et des pivots 1 0, et 1 1 et 1 2, un effet de verrouillage de la manette 9 est assuré de sorte que la solidarisation des deux moitiés annulaires 3 et 4 de la structure de services est maintenue malgré des efforts exercés lors du fonctionnement de la nacelle et de son turboréacteur.  As shown in FIG. 1, when the lever or lever 9 is completely pushed back, not only is the hook 13 in place on the projecting element 5, but thanks to the geometry of the cams 14 and 15 and pivots 1 0, and 1 1 and 1 2, a locking effect of the lever 9 is ensured so that the joining of the two annular halves 3 and 4 of the service structure is maintained despite the forces exerted during the operation of the nacelle and its turbojet.
Or, la fermeture du capot par ses deux moitiés annulaires 7 et 8 doit laisser un jeu X entre le capot 7, 8 et la manette 9 de façon à éviter de transmettre des vibrations et des efforts ne fonctionnement. On remarque enfin que les deux bords libres des moitiés annulaires de capot 7 et 8 masquent presque complètement la manette 9. A la Figure 2, on a représenté la serrure de l'état de la technique de la Figure 1 , lorsque le capot 7, 8 est en cours de fermeture et la structure de services 3, 4 a été fermé par l'opérateur de maintenance a omis de manœuvrer la manette 9 pour fermer et verrouiller la serrure 1 , 2 comme représenté à la Figure 1 . However, the closure of the cover by its two annular halves 7 and 8 must leave a clearance X between the cover 7, 8 and the lever 9 so as to avoid transmitting vibrations and efforts not functioning. Finally, it should be noted that the two free edges of the annular hood halves 7 and 8 almost completely mask the lever 9. In Figure 2, there is shown the lock of the state of the art of Figure 1, when the cover 7, 8 is being closed and the service structure 3, 4 has been closed by the maintenance operator has failed to operate the handle 9 to close and lock the lock 1, 2 as shown in Figure 1.
Si l'opérateur de maintenance referme la moitié annulaire de capot 8, le bord l ibre de celle-ci vient intercepter en 17 selon le mouvement 18 la manette 9. Repoussant le pivot 1 1 dans la came 15, un levier intermédiaire16 portant le pivot 1 1 entraîne le pivot 10 qui y est fixé. Etant engagé dans le logement 14 dans le crochet 13, le pivot 1 0 entraîne le crochet 13 en rotation autour du pivot 12 vers l'élément en saillie 5 de la gâche 1 .  If the maintenance operator closes the annular half of the cover 8, the libre edge thereof is intercepted at 17 according to the movement 18 the lever 9. Pushing the pivot 1 1 in the cam 15, an intermediate lever 16 carrying the pivot 1 1 drives the pivot 10 attached thereto. Being engaged in the housing 14 in the hook 13, the pivot 1 0 drives the hook 13 in rotation around the pivot 12 towards the projecting element 5 of the striker 1.
Dans le même temps, à la Figure 3, le levier ou manette 9 est lui aussi entraîné en rotation autour de l'axe 12 selon le mouvement 19 quand la moitié annulaire 8 poursu it son mouvement de fermeture 18 à cause de l'interception 17 du bord libre de 8 par la manette 9.  At the same time, in Figure 3, the lever or lever 9 is also rotated about the axis 12 according to the movement 19 when the annular half 8 continues its closing movement 18 because of the interception 17 the free edge of 8 by the lever 9.
A la Figure 4, l'opérateur de maintenance complète la fermeture du capot en redescendant la seconde moitié 7 qui vient à son tour intercepter le bout de la manette 9. Du fait du jeu calculé, la manette 9 reste au contact (X=0) de la moitié annulaire 7 du capot et n'est pas parvenue en bout de course de sorte que le levier ou manette 9 n'a pas dépassé la position de verrouillage assurée par la disposition des pivots 10-12 et des cames 14 et 1 5. La situation est alors représentée à la Figure 5.  In Figure 4, the maintenance operator completes the closing of the hood down the second half 7 which in turn intercept the tip of the lever 9. Due to the calculated game, the joystick 9 remains in contact (X = 0 ) of the annular half 7 of the cover and has not reached the end of travel so that the lever or lever 9 has not exceeded the locking position provided by the arrangement of the pivots 10-12 and cams 14 and 1 5. The situation is then represented in Figure 5.
Or, le capot étant refermé, ni l'opérateur de maintenance qui avait omis de manœuvrer lui-même la manette 9, ni un inspecteur de la nacelle ne peuvent apercevoir que la manette n'a pas été verrouillée. De plus, le jeu X n'étant pas escamoté, la manette 9 non verrouillée est en contact avec la moitié annulaire de capot 7. Il existe alors une situation dangereuse lors du fonctionnement du turboréacteur.  However, the hood being closed, nor the maintenance operator who had failed to maneuver the lever 9, nor a bucket inspector can not see that the controller has not been locked. In addition, the game X is not retracted, the unlatched lever 9 is in contact with the annular half hood 7. There is then a dangerous situation during operation of the turbojet engine.
L'invention apporte un remède à ce défaut en disposant un organe de blocage du mouvement de fermeture du demi-capot qui n'est alors possible que lorsque l'organe de blocage est escamoté ou rendu inactif parce que la manette 9 a été correctement fermée en position de verrouillage.  The invention provides a remedy for this defect by providing a locking member of the closing movement of the half-cover which is then possible only when the locking member is retracted or rendered inactive because the lever 9 has been correctly closed in the locking position.
Aux Figures 6 à 9, on a représenté un premier mode de réalisation de l'organe de blocage selon l'invention . A la Figure 6, on a représenté la serrure avec son organe de blocage 20 en position escamotée ou inactive. La Figure 6 représente le même état de fermeture de la nacelle que celui de la Figure 1 et la serrure est identique à celle des Figures 1 -5, à l'organe de blocage 20 près. In Figures 6 to 9, there is shown a first embodiment of the locking member according to the invention. In Figure 6, there is shown the lock with its locking member 20 in the retracted or inactive position. Figure 6 shows the same state of closure of the nacelle as that of the Figure 1 and the lock is identical to that of Figures 1 -5, the locking member 20 near.
A la Figure 7, la nacelle est dans l'état ouvert déjà représenté pour l'état de la technique à la Figure 2. Si, oubliant de manœuvrer le levier ou manette 9, l'opérateur de maintenance manoeuvre la première moitié annulaire de capot 8, dans un mouvement 21 de fermeture, le bord libre de cette dernière vient intercepter la manette 9 ou l'organe de blocage en 22.  In FIG. 7, the nacelle is in the open state already shown for the state of the art in FIG. 2. If, forgetting to operate the lever or lever 9, the maintenance operator operates the first annular bonnet half. 8, in a closure movement 21, the free edge of the latter comes to intercept the lever 9 or the locking member 22.
L'organe de blocage de ce premier mode de réalisation est constitué par une extension du levier 16 (figure 3) de la serrure de l'état de la technique (Figures 1 -5) pour former une partie 20 qui affecte avec le levier ou manette 9 une forme de ciseaux. Le levier 20 porte les deux pivots 10 et 1 1 qui étaient montés sur le levier 16 (Figure 3).  The locking member of this first embodiment is constituted by an extension of the lever 16 (FIG. 3) of the lock of the state of the art (FIGS. 1-5) to form a portion 20 which affects with the lever or joystick 9 a form of scissors. The lever 20 carries the two pivots 10 and 1 1 which were mounted on the lever 16 (Figure 3).
A la Figure 8, le mouvement 21 est poursuivi de sorte que le levier ou manette 9 poursuit sa rotation autour de l'axe 12 jusqu'à un point d'équilibre où le bord libre de la première moitié 8 de capot parvient dans le dièdre formé par l'intersection des leviers 9 et 20. Le mouvement de fermeture 21 de la moitié annulaire 8 du capot est alors bloqué.  In Figure 8, the movement 21 is continued so that the lever or lever 9 continues its rotation about the axis 12 to a point of equilibrium where the free edge of the first half 8 hood reaches the dihedron formed by the intersection of the levers 9 and 20. The closing movement 21 of the annular half 8 of the cover is then blocked.
L'opérateur de maintenance est alors prévenu parce qu'il ne peut finir son mouvement de fermeture. Il doit alors rouvrir la moitié 8 de capot, manoeuvrer jusqu'au bout de course en verrouillage la manette 9 et reprendre enfin la séquence normale de fermeture de capot.  The maintenance operator is then warned because he can not finish his closing movement. It must then reopen the half 8 of the hood, move the lock to the limit of the lock 9 and finally resume the normal sequence of closing the hood.
Aux Figures 9 à 12, on a représenté un deuxième mode de réalisation d'un organe de blocage du mouvement de fermeture de la moitié annulaire de capot ou demi-capot qui n'est alors possible que lorsque l'organe de blocage est escamoté ou rendu inactif parce que la manette 9 a été correctement fermée en position de verrouillage.  FIGS. 9 to 12 show a second embodiment of a locking member for the closing movement of the annular half of the bonnet or half-cover which is then only possible when the locking member is retracted or rendered inactive because the handle 9 has been properly closed in the lock position.
A la Figure 9, on a représenté la serrure avec son organe de blocage 20 en position escamotée ou inactive. La Figure 9 représente le même état de fermeture de la nacelle que celui de la Figure 1 et la serrure est identique à celle des Figures 1 -5, à l'organe de blocage 23 près.  In Figure 9, there is shown the lock with its locking member 20 in the retracted or inactive position. Figure 9 shows the same state of closure of the nacelle as that of Figure 1 and the lock is identical to that of Figures 1 -5, the locking member 23 near.
L'organe de blocage de ce deuxième mode de réalisation est constitué par une pièce composée d'un axe de rotation 24 rappelé par un ressort correctement disposé dans une position escamotée lorsque le levier ou manette 9 a été correctement manœuvré en bout de course en verrouillage par un opérateur de maintenance. La pièce 23 comporte ensuite deux parties symétriques autour de l'axe 24, chaque partie symétrique étant en forme de coupelle ou forme creuse, 25 ou 26. The locking member of this second embodiment is constituted by a part consisting of an axis of rotation 24 biased by a spring correctly disposed in a retracted position when the lever or lever 9 has been correctly operated end of stroke lock by a maintenance operator. Exhibit 23 then has two parts symmetrical about the axis 24, each symmetrical portion being cup-shaped or hollow, 25 or 26.
A la Figure 10, la nacelle est dans l'état ouvert déjà représenté pour l'état de la technique à la Figure 2. Si, oubliant de manœuvrer le levier ou manette 9, l'opérateur de maintenance manoeuvre la première moitié annulaire de capot 8, dans un mouvement 29 de fermeture, le bord libre de cette dernière vient intercepter le levier ou manette 9 en 30. On remarque que le ressort de rappel (non représenté) associé à l'axe 24 de l'organe de blocage 23, monté sur le levier ou manette 9, a permis la rotation 28 des deux coupelles 25 et 26 montées symétriquement sur l'axe 24. Il en résulte que l'organe de blocage 23 est alors en position active en faisant saillie au-delà de la surface du levier ou manette 9.  In FIG. 10, the nacelle is in the open state already shown for the state of the art in FIG. 2. If, forgetting to operate the lever or lever 9, the maintenance operator operates the first annular bonnet half. 8, in a closure movement 29, the free edge of the latter comes to intercept the lever or lever 9 at 30. It is noted that the return spring (not shown) associated with the axis 24 of the locking member 23, mounted on the lever or lever 9, allowed the rotation 28 of the two cups 25 and 26 mounted symmetrically on the axis 24. As a result, the locking member 23 is then in the active position protruding beyond the lever surface or lever 9.
Lorsque le mouvement 29 de la moitié annulaire 8 du capot est poursuivi par l'opérateur de maintenance, le levier ou manette 9 est repoussé vers sa position de fermeture tandis que le bord libre de la moitié annulaire 8 du capot glisse en 30 le long du levier 9 (voir Figure 1 1 ).  When the movement 29 of the annular half 8 of the hood is continued by the maintenance operator, the lever or handle 9 is pushed towards its closed position while the free edge of the annular half 8 of the hood slides 30 along the lever 9 (see Figure 1 1).
A la Figure 12, le bord libre de la moitié annulaire 8 du capot termine son glissement en 30 le long du levier 9 lorsqu'il pénètre dans la coupelle 25 de l'organe de blocage 23. Il en résulte que la fermeture du capot est impossible ce qui avertit l'opérateur de maintenance.  In FIG. 12, the free edge of the annular half 8 of the cover terminates its sliding along the lever 9 as it enters the cup 25 of the locking member 23. As a result, the closing of the cover is impossible which warns the maintenance operator.
Lorsque l'opérateur de maintenance a remonté le demi-capot bloqué, il peut manœuvrer le levier 9 jusqu'à sa position de verrouillage. Dans le mouvement, la coupelle 26 rencontre une surface disposée à cet effet sur la partie fixe du pêne 2 solidaire de la moitié annulaire 4 de la structure de services. La surface fixe est configurée pour recevoir la coupelle 26 et faire tourner l'organe de blocage 23 autour de son axe 24 en position d'escamotage ou d'inactivité. On revient à l'état représenté à la Figure 9. Dans le même mouvement, le ressort de rappel (non représenté) de l'axe 24 est rechargé.  When the maintenance operator has reassembled the half-cover blocked, he can move the lever 9 to its locking position. In the movement, the cup 26 meets a surface arranged for this purpose on the fixed part of the bolt 2 secured to the annular half 4 of the service structure. The fixed surface is configured to receive the cup 26 and rotate the locking member 23 about its axis 24 in the retracted position or inactivity. It returns to the state shown in Figure 9. In the same movement, the return spring (not shown) of the axis 24 is reloaded.
D'autres dispositions sont possibles, et notamment d'autres types de serrures sont possibles. L'organe de blocage permet d'empêcher la fin du mouvement de fermeture du capot de la nacelle.  Other arrangements are possible, and in particular other types of locks are possible. The locking member makes it possible to prevent the end of the closing movement of the cover of the nacelle.

Claims

REVENDICATIONS
1 - Nacelle de turboréacteur du genre comportant un capot (7, 8) contenant une structure de services (3, 4) et un turboréacteur proprement dit, le capot et ladite structure de formes générales annulaires étant articulés sur des axes en moitiés respectives destinées à être ouvertes en maintenance et fermées en état opérationnel, une première moitié annulaire (3) de ladite structure de services portant une gâche (1 ) et la seconde moitié annulaire (4 de ladite structure annulaire portant un pêne mobile (2, 13) sur une manette (9), de sorte que l'ensemble constitue une serrure de fermeture de la structure de services, caractérisée en ce que la manette (9) coopère avec un organe de blocage (20 ; 23) du bord libre d'une moitié (8) de capot qui est escamoté lorsque la manette est dans sa position normale de fermeture et actif sinon.  1 - turbojet engine nacelle of the type comprising a cover (7, 8) containing a service structure (3, 4) and a turbojet engine proper, the cover and said structure of general annular shapes being hinged on respective halftone axes for being open for maintenance and closed in operational condition, a first annular half (3) of said service structure carrying a striker (1) and the second annular half (4 of said annular structure carrying a movable bolt (2, 13) on a lever (9), so that the assembly constitutes a closing lock of the service structure, characterized in that the handle (9) cooperates with a locking member (20; 23) of the free edge of a half ( 8) which is retracted when the joystick is in its normal closing position and active otherwise.
2 - Nacelle selon la revendication 1 , caractérisée en ce que l'organe de blocage comporte un levier (20) aligné avec la manette (9) lorsque cette dernière est en position de fermeture de la serrure et formant avec elle un ciseau destiné à intercepter (17) le bord libre d'une moitié annulaire de capot de façon à bloquer le mouvement de fermeture de celle-ci quand la manette (9) n'est pas en position de fermeture de la serrure.  2 - nacelle according to claim 1, characterized in that the locking member comprises a lever (20) aligned with the lever (9) when the latter is in the closed position of the lock and forming with it a chisel intended to intercept (17) the free edge of an annular half of the cover so as to block the closing movement thereof when the handle (9) is not in the closed position of the lock.
3 - Nacelle selon la revendication 2, caractérisée en ce que le levier (20) est articulé par un pivot (1 1 ) sur la manette (9).  3 - nacelle according to claim 2, characterized in that the lever (20) is articulated by a pivot (1 1) on the handle (9).
4 - Nacelle selon la revendication 3, caractérisée en ce que l'une des extrémités du levier (9) de blocage du bord de capot porte un pivot (10) glissant dans un logement (14) d'un crochet (13) mobile du pêne (2) articulé sur l'axe (12) de rotation de la manette (9).  4 - nacelle according to claim 3, characterized in that one end of the lever (9) for locking the hood edge carries a pivot (10) sliding in a housing (14) of a hook (13) movable from bolt (2) articulated on the axis (12) of rotation of the handle (9).
5 - Nacelle selon la revendication 1 , caractérisée en ce l'organe de blocage comporte une pièce de blocage (23) composée d'au moins une coupelle (25, 26), articulée sur un axe (24) monté sur la manette (9), la coupelle (25, 26) étant rappelée par un ressort de rappel dans une position escamotée le long de la manette (9) lorsque celle-ci est en position de fermeture de la serrure et étant dans une position en saillie de la manette (9) lorsque celle-ci est en position d'ouverture de la serrure, de façon à intercepter (30) le bord libre d'une moitié annulaire (8) de capot de façon à bloquer le mouvement de fermeture de celle-ci quand la manette (9) n'est pas en position de fermeture de la serrure.  5 - nacelle according to claim 1, characterized in that the locking member comprises a locking piece (23) consisting of at least one cup (25, 26) articulated on an axis (24) mounted on the handle (9). ), the cup (25, 26) being biased by a return spring in a retracted position along the handle (9) when the latter is in the closed position of the lock and being in a position protruding from the handle (9) when the latter is in the open position of the lock, so as to intercept (30) the free edge of an annular half (8) of the cover so as to block the closing movement thereof when the handle (9) is not in the closed position of the lock.
6 - Nacelle selon la revendication 5, caractérisée en ce que la pièce de blocage (23) comporte une partie (25) symétrique de la coupelle (26) destinée à venir en contact avec une surface sur la partie fixe du pêne (2) solidaire de la moitié annulaire (4) de la structure de services, configurée pour recevoir la partie (26) et faire tourner l'organe de blocage (23) autour de son axe (24) en position d'escamotage ou d'inactivité et pour que le ressort de rappel de l'axe (24) soit rechargé. 6 - nacelle according to claim 5, characterized in that the locking piece (23) comprises a portion (25) symmetrical of the cup (26) intended to come into contact with a surface on the fixed part of the bolt (2) secured to the annular half (4) of the service structure, configured to receive the part (26) and to rotate the locking member (23) around its axis (24) in retracted position or inactivity and for the return spring of the axis (24) is reloaded.
PCT/FR2013/052761 2012-11-19 2013-11-18 Turbofan nacelle having a lock engaging with a member for locking the closing thereof WO2014076434A1 (en)

Priority Applications (6)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CN201380060037.7A CN104797496A (en) 2012-11-19 2013-11-18 Turbofan nacelle having a lock engaging with a member for locking the closing thereof
RU2015123634A RU2015123634A (en) 2012-11-19 2013-11-18 TURBOREACTIVE ENGINE GONDOLA WITH LOCK INTERACTING WITH THE DEVICE FOR ITS LOCKING WHEN LOCKING
CA2890504A CA2890504A1 (en) 2012-11-19 2013-11-18 Turbofan nacelle having a lock engaging with a member for locking the closing thereof
BR112015011218A BR112015011218A2 (en) 2012-11-19 2013-11-18 turbojet engine nacelle of the type including a bonnet containing a service frame and a real turbojet engine
EP13801677.9A EP2920077A1 (en) 2012-11-19 2013-11-18 Turbofan nacelle having a lock engaging with a member for locking the closing thereof
US14/704,297 US9452845B2 (en) 2012-11-19 2015-05-05 Turbofan nacelle having a lock engaging with a member for locking the closing thereof

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

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FR1260995A FR2998266B1 (en) 2012-11-19 2012-11-19 TURBOJET NACELLE WITH LOCK COOPERATING WITH A CLOSURE BLOCKING MEMBER
FR12/60995 2012-11-19

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US14/704,297 Continuation US9452845B2 (en) 2012-11-19 2015-05-05 Turbofan nacelle having a lock engaging with a member for locking the closing thereof

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CN (1) CN104797496A (en)
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EP1336707A1 (en) * 2002-02-14 2003-08-20 Airbus France Closing system mounted between two elements

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP3000734A1 (en) * 2014-09-29 2016-03-30 Airbus Defence and Space, S.A. Alignment and safety device for the cowls of aircraft engine nacelles
CN105460224A (en) * 2014-09-29 2016-04-06 空中客车防务及航天股份有限公司 Alignment and safety device for cowls of aircraft engine nacelles
US9878797B2 (en) 2014-09-29 2018-01-30 Airbus Defence and Space S.A. Alignment and safety device for the cowls of aircraft engine nacelles
CN105133972A (en) * 2015-09-24 2015-12-09 江西洪都航空工业集团有限责任公司 Hook-type lock safety mechanism for aviation cockpit

Also Published As

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EP2920077A1 (en) 2015-09-23
CA2890504A1 (en) 2014-05-22
US9452845B2 (en) 2016-09-27
FR2998266B1 (en) 2015-01-02
US20150274308A1 (en) 2015-10-01
RU2015123634A (en) 2017-01-10
CN104797496A (en) 2015-07-22
FR2998266A1 (en) 2014-05-23
BR112015011218A2 (en) 2017-07-11

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