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WO2010057487A1 - Système squid à fonction de transfert flux-tension accrue - Google Patents

Système squid à fonction de transfert flux-tension accrue Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2010057487A1
WO2010057487A1 PCT/DE2009/001655 DE2009001655W WO2010057487A1 WO 2010057487 A1 WO2010057487 A1 WO 2010057487A1 DE 2009001655 W DE2009001655 W DE 2009001655W WO 2010057487 A1 WO2010057487 A1 WO 2010057487A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
squid
sqif
voltage
flux
feedback
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/DE2009/001655
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Vyacheslav Zakosarenko
Ronny Stolz
Hans-Georg Mayer
Original Assignee
Institut Für Photonische Technologien E.V.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Institut Für Photonische Technologien E.V. filed Critical Institut Für Photonische Technologien E.V.
Priority to EP09804231A priority Critical patent/EP2356478B1/fr
Priority to US13/130,100 priority patent/US8680853B2/en
Priority to DE112009003385T priority patent/DE112009003385A5/de
Publication of WO2010057487A1 publication Critical patent/WO2010057487A1/fr

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R33/00—Arrangements or instruments for measuring magnetic variables
    • G01R33/02—Measuring direction or magnitude of magnetic fields or magnetic flux
    • G01R33/035—Measuring direction or magnitude of magnetic fields or magnetic flux using superconductive devices

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a SQUID system with increased flux-voltage transfer function.
  • the present invention relates to a Superconducting Quantum Interference Device (SQUID), which is one of very sensitive measurement of magnetic flux and other physical quantities that can be converted into magnetic flux (such as magnetic field, magnetic field gradient, electric current, etc.) ) serves.
  • SQUID Superconducting Quantum Interference Device
  • Superconducting quantum interference (SQUID) detectors are currently the most sensitive magnetic flux detectors. Their function is based on two physical phenomena, quantization of the magnetic flux in a superconducting ring and the Josephson effect of two weakly coupled ones superconductors.
  • a SQUID is a superconducting ring interrupted by one or more Josephson junctions.
  • Two basic types of SQUIDs are known [cf. A. Barone, G. Paterno: "Physics and Application of the Josephson Effect" A Wiley-Interscience Publication, John Wiley & Sons, New York (1982)], rf SQUID and de SQUID.
  • a superconducting ring with only one Josephson junction is called rf SQUID.
  • the present invention relates to the use of a de SQUID as a sensitive element.
  • the critical current of the Josephson junction is a periodic function of the phase difference of the wave function of the charge carriers passing through the contacts over the contact.
  • the ring passing magnetic flux determines the phase difference.
  • the SQUID is operated with a direct current, the voltage across the Josephson junctions is also a periodic function of the magnetic flux passing through the ring (see Fig. 1c). Therefore, the SQUID is a flux-voltage converter.
  • the typical voltage swing of currently available SQUIDs is about 50 ⁇ V and the maximum value of the transfer function is about 200 ⁇ V / ⁇ 0 .
  • changes in the magnetic flux of far less than a flux quantum ⁇ o can be measured.
  • the intrinsic SQUID noise can in the order of 10 "6 O 0 ZHZ 172 be [T. Ryotronen, H. Sep Georg, R. llomoniemi and J. Knuutila" SQUID magnetometer fro Low-Frequency Applications "J. Low Temp Physics. , 76, pp. 287-386 (1989)].
  • a SQUID sensor In order to use a SQUID sensor, it is necessary to linearize the periodic flux-voltage characteristic.
  • the standard method for doing this is to use the SQUID as the zero detector.
  • a flux change to be measured is compensated via a current through a coil (feedback coil or feedback coil), which is inductively coupled to the SQUID.
  • a SQUID is shown schematically together with the readout electronics, the so-called feedback electronics or control loop.
  • the feedback electronics 5 takes the voltage (V) from the SQUID 1, compares them with a reference voltage (V ref ) and amplifies the difference.
  • the former uses the method of flux modulation to obtain an AC signal of a DC powered de SQUID.
  • a transformer network provides for matching the impedances of the low-impedance SQUID to the high-impedance input of the first amplifier stage of the FLL electronics. After demodulation and integration, the signal is passed as current through the feedback coil. In this electronics, bandwidth and slew rate are limited by the modulation frequency, which is why it is not suitable for many applications.
  • the directly coupled electronics also potentially work at higher frequencies and burst rates.
  • the main disadvantage of this electronics is the lack of matching of the impedance between SQUID and the amplifier input. Therefore, the intrinsic noise of the electronics and drifting play an important role in the noise-limited resolution of the system. These problems occur especially at low frequencies, which in some cases limits the application.
  • increasing the SQU I D transfer function is one way to circumvent the problem of electronics noise. This is the reason why several attempts have been made to increase the flux-voltage transfer function.
  • One possible way to increase the transfer function is to use a multi-stage system in which the signal of the first stage SQUID is amplified by a second stage.
  • the second stage may be a single SQUID (see Fig. 3a) or an array of many in series and with respect to the geometric design and the electrical parameters of identical SQUIDs [see: RP Welty, JM Martinis: "Two- Stage integrated SQUID amplifier with series array output "IEEEE Trans. Applied Superconductivity, 3, pp. 2605-2608 (1993) and R. Cantor, LP Lee, A. Matlashov, V. Vinetskiy:” A Low-Noise, Two-Stage DC SQUID Amplifier with High Bandwidth and Dynamic Range ", IEEE Trans. Applied Supercond. 7, pp. 3033-3036 (1997)].
  • FIG. 3b The increase of the flux-voltage transfer function thus achievable according to the prior art is shown by way of example in FIG. 3b.
  • a disadvantage of such a two-stage system is also evident from FIG. 3b.
  • the resulting flux-voltage characteristic is very complicated due to the periodicities of the SQUID and SQUID arrays and leads to a multiplicity of stable operating points of the FLL, each with different transfer functions and noise properties.
  • SQIF Superconducting Quantum Interference Filter
  • the present invention has for its object to provide a circuit arrangement which provides an increased flux-voltage transfer function of a de SQL) ID, whereby the measurement sensitivity of the system noticeably increased and the required read-out electronics is simplified.
  • the use of a SQIF as a current sensor with a superconducting coil at the input as a second stage in a two-stage readout of the SQUID is proposed, the SQIF design according to the invention to undergo fundamental changes, which are detailed in the specific description.
  • the essence of the invention is that at least one SQIF is provided as an amplifier circuit, which is arranged downstream of the first de SQUID, wherein all of the loops of the SQIF is directly associated with the first SQUID coupling coil, for the purpose of inductive coupling, directly.
  • Fig. 1a a single de SQUID 1;
  • Fig. 1 b the current-voltage characteristic (I-V characteristic) of the de
  • Fig. 2a a de SQUID 1 with feedback electronics. If the
  • Fig. 2b the SQUID voltage as a function of the flux in the SQUID.
  • the feedback loop keeps the total flux in the SQUID constant near the operating points indicated by the circles, that is, close to zero for the voltage difference VV ref ;
  • FIG. 3a shows an arrangement of two de SQUIDs, in which a part I 1n of the operating current I 6 of the signal SQUID with the voltage V 1 flows through the coupling coil 3 of the second SQUID with the voltage V 2 .
  • the second SQUID works as an amplifier
  • FIG. 3b shows the resulting flux-voltage characteristic of the arrangement according to FIG. 3a;
  • Fig. 4 shows a two-stage SQUID system with internal
  • acids 1 to 4 represent the known prior art.
  • FIG. 5a shows a simplified, basic representation of a SQIF (4) with integrated coupling coil 3 according to the invention, which is intended to represent a SQIF in further illustrations;
  • Fig. 5b a SQIF arrangement with integrated coupling coil.
  • the SQUIF (4) consists of several de SQUIDs. Each de SQUID is formed in this example as a gradiometer of two interconnected loops. All inductors U ... L n of these SQUIDs are different.
  • the coupling coil 3 generates a flow in all SQUIDs of the SQIFs, each with different negative feedback M-
  • Fig. 5c an experimentally recorded input current-voltage characteristic of an SQIF, consisting of 56 serially connected different SQUID.
  • Fig. 6a schematically shows a first arrangement of SQUID and SQIF proposed in the present invention
  • Fig. 6b the flux-voltage characteristic of the arrangement according to Fig. 6a without feedback, ie the switch (fb) is open, ie in the "OFF"position;
  • FIG. 7 shows a further schematic circuit example of an arrangement of SQUID 1 and SQIF 4 with internal feedback.
  • SQIFs were interconnected in this example, so that the SQIFs are connected in parallel and their coupling-in coils 3 are connected in series;
  • FIG. 8 shows an experimentally measured flux-voltage characteristic of an arrangement of a magnetometer SQUID and an SQIF, which in the example consists of 56 serially connected SQUIDs.
  • the vertical axis designates: voltage V 2 with 1 mV / div .; the horizontal axis: magnetic field in arbitrary units and
  • Fig. 9 shows a plot of the flux-voltage characteristic of the internal feedback SQUID-SQIF system of Fig. 7.
  • the vertical axis designates voltage V 2 at 0.2 mV / div; the horizontal axis: magnetic field in arbitrary units.
  • the arrows represent the jumps in the characteristic curve at which a magnetic flux quantum leaves or is added to the magnetometer SQUID.
  • FIG. 1a first shows a single de SQUID 1 and FIG Current-voltage characteristic curve (IV characteristic curve) of the de SQUID for the two extreme values of the flux ( ⁇ ) in the SQUID, where ⁇ o stands for a flux quantum.
  • Fig. 1c shows the associated flux-voltage characteristic ( ⁇ -V characteristic) of the SQUID when it is fed with an operating current I B.
  • Fig. 2a shows a de SQUID 1 with conventional feedback electronics.
  • FIG. 2b shows the associated SQUID voltage as a function of flux in the SQUID.
  • the feedback loop keeps the total flow in the SQUID constant close to the Operating points, which are characterized by the circles in Fig. 2b, that is for the voltage difference VV ref is close to zero.
  • Figure 3a shows a basic second circuit possibility according to the prior art, which has already been mentioned at the beginning, namely an arrangement consisting of two de SQUIDs 1, in which a part l in the operating current I B of the signal SQUIDs with the voltage V 1 through the Einkoppelspule 3 of the second SQUIDs with the voltage V 2 flows.
  • the second SQUID (right in the picture) works as an amplifier.
  • the resulting in such a circuit disadvantages are clearly apparent from Fig. 3b, which reproduces the resulting flux-voltage characteristic of the arrangement in the right part of the image.
  • FIG. 4 represents a further circuit variant known from the prior art.
  • a two-stage SQUID system with internal feedback.
  • a part I n of the operating current ⁇ B2 of the second SQUID flows through the feedback coil 2 of the signal SQUID and thus generates a feedback in the first SQUID. 1
  • FIG. 5a shows a simplified, basic representation of a SQIF 4 with inventively integrated coupling coil 3, which is to represent the SQIF 4 in further figures, no matter how it is further developed in particular.
  • the coupling coil generates a flux in all SQUIDs of the SQIF, each with different negative feedback M-
  • the arrangement shown here can also be used in the circuit arrangements according to FIGS. 6a and 7 which are shown further, even if use is only made of the principle illustration according to FIG. 5a for reasons of clarity.
  • a SQIF was built, which consists of 56 gradiometer-dc SQUIDs. The two loops of each gradiometer SQUID were connected in series. On each loop, a coupling coil is integrated.
  • An example of an experimentally measured voltage-injection current characteristic of the SQIF current sensor is shown in FIG. 5c. Vertical: voltage with 0.2 mV / div and horizontally the input current with 10 ⁇ A / div (see Fig. 5c). It should be noted that the measurement was made without magnetic shielding. This means that the SQIF was exposed to the Earth's magnetic field.
  • the presently modified SQIF sensors are suitable for use in the inventively proposed two-stage SQUID readout with SQIF.
  • a first SQUID-SQIF system is shown schematically as a more detailed part of the overall circuit.
  • the SQIF 4 is represented by the series connection of a number of different SQUIDs, which is indicated by the broken line between the different SQUIDs of the SQIF (see also FIG.
  • the Coupling coil 3 is inductively coupled to each SQUID of the SQIF with the negative feedback inductance M 1 to M n .
  • SQIF voltage V 2 from the Einkoppelstrom l in a sharp minimum, as shown in Fig. 6b.
  • the voltage V 1 to the first SQUID 1 generated across the resistor R into a stream 4.
  • a current 'FL U X through the coupling coil of the SQIF generates a flow in the SQIF.
  • the flow in the SQIF 4 is therefore the sum of the signal from the first SQUID 1 V 1 ZRi n and the offset flux through the current I FL ux of an additional current source (not shown in Fig. 6a).
  • the periodic voltage modulation of the first SQUID 1 due to the flux change ( ⁇ ) in the SQUID 1 produces a current modulation of I in and thus a varying SQIF voltage V 2 .
  • the amplitude of the offset current I FL ux must be set so that the modulation of the current I 1n takes place at the steepest point of the SQIF characteristic. It is clear that due to the shape of the characteristic only two such operating points exist. The result is a flux ( ⁇ ) -SQIF voltage (V 2 ) characteristic, which looks like the flux-voltage characteristic of a single SQUID but with a significantly greater amplitude modulation of the voltage (see Fig. 6b, right). Similar to a single SQUID, there are periodic operating points (circles in FIG. 6b on the right) around which the characteristic can again be linearized with an FLL (compare also FIG. 2b).
  • the SQIF voltage V 2 can be amplified, for example, by the FLL or even a simpler amplifier circuit 5, which generates the feedback signal which is coupled by the feedback coil 2 to the first SQUID 1 when the switch fb is in the "ON" position
  • the characteristic curve can otherwise be linearized in a way that is appropriate for a single SQUID.
  • each SQIF can only drive a limited current without losing the amplitude of the voltage peak, it is further proposed according to the invention to connect a predefinable number of SQIFs 4 in parallel in order to allow a larger current through the coil 3 of the first SQUID 1.
  • a schematic structure of such a circuit formation is shown in FIG. One recognizes there an arrangement of SQUID and SQIF with internal feedback.
  • the SQIFs 4 were interconnected in the specific example, so that the SQIFs 4 are connected in parallel and their coupling-in coils 3 are connected in series.
  • a portion of the operating current of the SQUIDs l B i flows through the resistor R in and the coupling coils 3 of the SQIFs 4.
  • the optimum operating point for the SQIF can be adjusted by an additional offset current I FLUX .
  • the feedback is achieved by flowing a portion of the operating current of the SQIF (V 2 / R fb ) through the feedback coil 2 of the first SQUID 1, which can be implemented as a current sensor, magnetometer or gradiometer SQUID within the scope of the invention.
  • the system with internal feedback automatically finds a stable operating point and keeps the flow constant in the first SQUID 1. Any change by an external flux is compensated by a current I n , by the feedback coil 2, so that the output voltage V 2 is proportional to the change of the external flux.
  • the system loses the operating point and jumps to the next possible stable operating point, with a magnetic flux quantum ( ⁇ o ) leaving the SQUID 1. These jumps in the output voltage come from the ⁇ 0 periodicity of the SQUID characteristic.
  • the voltage of the magnetometer SQUID was converted with a resistor into a current flowing through the coupling coils of the SQIF, as shown in principle in FIG.
  • the measured flux-voltage characteristic of this arrangement is shown in FIG.
  • the vertical axis designates: voltage V 2 with 0.2 mV / div .; the horizontal axis: magnetic field in arbitrary units.
  • the arrows in the graph represent the jumps in the characteristic curve at which a magnetic flux quantum leaves or is added to the magnetometer SQUID 1.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Condensed Matter Physics & Semiconductors (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Measuring Magnetic Variables (AREA)
  • Superconductor Devices And Manufacturing Methods Thereof (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un système SQUID à fonction de transfert flux-tension accrue. Le but est de fournir un circuit qui offre une fonction de transfert flux-tension accrue d'un système SQUID, ce qui augmente de manière notable la sensibilité de mesure du système et simplifie l'électronique de lecture nécessaire. Ce but est atteint du fait qu'il est prévu au moins un SQIF (4) qui est placé après le premier SQUID (1), une bobine d'alimentation (3) électriquement reliée au premier SQUID (1) étant directement associée à toutes les boucles du SQIF (4) à des fins de couplage inductif.
PCT/DE2009/001655 2008-11-19 2009-11-18 Système squid à fonction de transfert flux-tension accrue WO2010057487A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP09804231A EP2356478B1 (fr) 2008-11-19 2009-11-18 Système squid à fonction de transfert flux-tension accrue
US13/130,100 US8680853B2 (en) 2008-11-19 2009-11-18 SQUID-system having increased flux voltage transfer function
DE112009003385T DE112009003385A5 (de) 2008-11-19 2009-11-18 Squid-system mit erhöhter fluss-spannungs-transferfunktion

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102008058308 2008-11-19
DE102008058308.1 2008-11-19

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WO2013074067A1 (fr) * 2011-11-14 2013-05-23 Neocera, Llc Magnétomètre radiofréquence (rf) basé sur dispositif supraconducteur à interférence quantique (squid) cc fonctionnant à une largeur de bande de 200 mhz et supérieure
EP2780731B1 (fr) * 2011-11-14 2019-10-30 Neocera LLC Procédé et système de localisation de défauts ouverts dans des dispositifs électroniques ayant un magnétomètre radiofréquence (rf) basé sur dispositif supraconducteur à interférence quantique (squid) cc
US9880317B2 (en) * 2012-11-10 2018-01-30 Joe Foreman Superconducting acceleration sensor suitable for gravitational wave radiation detection
US9664751B1 (en) * 2012-11-28 2017-05-30 The United States Of America, As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy 2D arrays of diamond shaped cells having multiple josephson junctions
CN104198961B (zh) * 2014-07-18 2017-06-13 中国科学院上海微系统与信息技术研究所 采用单个运算放大器的超导量子干涉器磁传感器
GB2540146A (en) * 2015-07-06 2017-01-11 Univ Loughborough Superconducting magnetic sensor
JP2018078515A (ja) * 2016-11-11 2018-05-17 東京エレクトロン株式会社 フィルタ装置及びプラズマ処理装置
US10514429B2 (en) * 2018-05-03 2019-12-24 United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy SQUID array planar and axial gradiometer
WO2020068201A1 (fr) 2018-07-10 2020-04-02 PsiQuantum Corp. Circuit d'amplification supraconducteur
US10802086B2 (en) * 2019-03-06 2020-10-13 United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy Circuits and method for biasing magnetic flux through a superconducting quantum interference array
CN118339566A (zh) 2021-06-11 2024-07-12 西克公司 针对超导量子电路的通量偏置的系统和方法
US11630166B1 (en) 2021-08-30 2023-04-18 United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy Superconducting quantum interference array receiver and method for digitally controlling magnetic flux bias thereof

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DE112009003385A5 (de) 2012-05-16
EP2356478A1 (fr) 2011-08-17
US20110285393A1 (en) 2011-11-24
EP2356478B1 (fr) 2012-12-26
US8680853B2 (en) 2014-03-25

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