WO2010018847A1 - 遺伝子組換えプロテインs組成物 - Google Patents
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- WO2010018847A1 WO2010018847A1 PCT/JP2009/064256 JP2009064256W WO2010018847A1 WO 2010018847 A1 WO2010018847 A1 WO 2010018847A1 JP 2009064256 W JP2009064256 W JP 2009064256W WO 2010018847 A1 WO2010018847 A1 WO 2010018847A1
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- protein
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- fucose
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Images
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
- C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
- C07K14/745—Blood coagulation or fibrinolysis factors
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
- A61P1/16—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system for liver or gallbladder disorders, e.g. hepatoprotective agents, cholagogues, litholytics
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
- A61P31/04—Antibacterial agents
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P7/00—Drugs for disorders of the blood or the extracellular fluid
- A61P7/02—Antithrombotic agents; Anticoagulants; Platelet aggregation inhibitors
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
- C12P21/00—Preparation of peptides or proteins
- C12P21/005—Glycopeptides, glycoproteins
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
Definitions
- the present invention is a composition comprising a recombinant protein S molecule having an N-glycoside-linked complex sugar chain, and compared with natural protein S present in healthy human blood, a glycated protein receptor (RAGE; Compared to natural protein S present in healthy human blood, N-glycoside-linked complex-type glycans are highly binding to Receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (hereinafter referred to as RAGE)
- RAGE glycated protein receptor
- the present invention relates to a protein S composition having a high proportion of sugar chains to which fucose is not bound and a therapeutic use using the composition.
- Protein S is a glycoprotein having a molecular weight of about 80,000 daltons, which is isolated from human plasma and has anticoagulant activity in plasma (Non-patent Document 1, Patent Document 1). Protein S mRNA is expressed in the liver, vascular endothelium, megakaryocytes, testis, and brain, but it is known that the main protein-producing organ is the liver (Non-patent Document 2). The protein portion of mature protein S secreted into plasma is a multidomain single-chain polypeptide composed of 635 amino acid residues () and containing 17 disulfide bonds in the molecule. Protein S is classified into the vitamin K-dependent protein family, as is blood coagulation factor VII, factor IX, prothrombin, protein C and the like.
- Natural protein S has four types of domain structures in its molecule. From the amino-terminal side, ⁇ -carboxylglutamic acid (Gla) domain, thrombin sensitive region, four consecutive epidermal growth factor (EGF) ) -Like domains and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) -like domains are known to exist.
- Ga ⁇ -carboxylglutamic acid
- EGF epidermal growth factor
- SHBG sex hormone binding globulin
- protein S The main physiological action of protein S is by binding to activated protein C (APC), a kind of serine protease present in human plasma, and functioning as a cofactor that enhances the activity of this enzyme about 20 times. It is known that APC promotes the degradation of blood coagulation factors and suppresses blood coagulation. This activity of protein S is called APC cofactor activity. Protein S has phospholipid binding activity (Non-Patent Document 5), prothrombinase formation inhibitory activity (Non-Patent Documents 6 and 7), tennase formation inhibitory activity, complement C4BP binding activity (Non-Patent Documents 8 and 9).
- APC activated protein C
- Protein S has phospholipid binding activity (Non-Patent Document 5), prothrombinase formation inhibitory activity (Non-Patent Documents 6 and 7), tennase formation inhibitory activity, complement C4BP binding activity (Non-Patent Documents 8 and 9).
- TFPI Tissue factor pathway inhibitor
- Non-patent document 10 Tissue factor pathway inhibitor
- Non-patent document 11 macrophage surface receptor Axl / Mer / Tyro binding activity
- Non-patent document 11 Tissue factor pathway inhibitor
- APC cofactor activity and phospholipid binding activity the presence or absence of ⁇ -carboxylation (Gla) of glutamic acid, which is one of the post-translational modifications that occur in protein S molecules in vivo, and calcium ions in the Gla domain. It is known that changes in the Gla domain conformation due to coordination directly affect these activities.
- the relationship between the sugar chain structure of protein S and the various biological reactions in which protein S is involved is hardly known except for the above-described examples of the Heerlen mutant.
- RAGE Receptor for advanced glycation endproducts
- AGEs receptor for glycated proteins
- soluble RAGE a soluble protein
- soluble RAGE a soluble protein
- membrane-type RAGE a soluble protein
- Soluble RAGE specifically binds to a certain integrin molecule (Mac-1) expressed on the surface of lymphocytes, and as a result, activates lymphocytes, tumor necrosis factor ⁇ (TNF ⁇ ) and interleukins.
- Non-patent Document 14 Recently, it has been clarified to have an activity of promoting secretion of inflammatory cytokines such as 6 (IL-6) (Non-patent Document 14). Furthermore, it has been shown that the survival rate of mice is significantly improved by administering an anti-RAGE neutralizing antibody in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) -administered mouse sepsis model (Non-patent Document 15).
- LPS lipopolysaccharide
- soluble RAGE is recognized as a mediator molecule of inflammation and is considered to be one of target molecules in the development of therapeutic methods for inflammatory diseases.
- One membrane type RAGE not only functions as a receptor for glycated proteins (AGEs), but also soluble inflammation such as High mobility group box chromosomal protein (HMGB) protein family and S100 (soluble in 100% saturated ammonium sulfate) peptide family It is also known to have a function as a receptor for mediator molecules (Non-patent Document 16).
- HMGB High mobility group box chromosomal protein
- S100 soluble in 100% saturated ammonium sulfate
- Non-Patent Documents 17 and 18 By binding HMGB and S100 to cells expressing membrane RAGE, various inflammatory cytokine secretion from cells, increased expression of adhesion molecules such as ICAM and VCAM, and increased inflammation such as cell chemotaxis It is known that an event is triggered (Non-Patent Documents 17 and 18).
- Another object of the present invention is to provide a protein S preparation having a remarkably high anti-inflammatory action.
- the present invention relates to the following (1) to (25).
- a composition consisting of a recombinant protein S molecule having an N-glycoside-linked complex sugar chain, compared to natural protein S present in human blood of healthy individuals, RAGE; Receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (hereinafter referred to as RAGE) and fucose in the N-glycoside-linked complex sugar chain that binds to protein S compared to natural protein S present in the blood of healthy humans
- RAGE Receptor for advanced glycation endproducts
- composition comprising a recombinant protein S molecule having an N-glycoside-linked complex sugar chain, wherein the N-glycoside-bonded complex sugar chain has fucose in N-acetylglucosamine at the reducing end of the sugar chain.
- the protein S composition according to (1) which is a sugar chain that is not bonded.
- the N-glycoside-linked complex type sugar chain is a sugar chain that binds to at least one asparagine residue among the asparagine residues located at the 458th, 468th, and 489th positions from the N-terminus of protein S.
- the side chain of at least one glutamic acid residue contained in the amino acid sequence is an amino acid sequence subjected to ⁇ -carboxylation (1
- a protein comprising an amino sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 8 human wild type protein S
- protein S is a protein encoded by a DNA selected from the following (a) or (b): (a) DNA comprising a base sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 7 (human wild type protein S); (b) a DNA that hybridizes with a DNA comprising the base sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 7 under a stringent condition and encodes a protein having a binding activity to RAGE.
- the cell according to (8), wherein the cell is a cell whose genome has been modified so as to lack the activity of an enzyme involved in the synthesis of intracellular sugar nucleotide GDP-fucose.
- the enzyme involved in the synthesis of intracellular sugar nucleotide GDP-fucose consists of GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase and GDP-4-keto-6-deoxy-D-mannose-3,5-epimerase
- (11) A cell whose genome has been altered so that the activity of the enzyme involved in the sugar chain modification in which fucose is ⁇ -linked to N-acetylglucosamine at the N-glycoside-linked complex sugar chain reducing end is deleted.
- the cell according to (8) The cell according to (8).
- the cell is resistant to a lectin that recognizes a sugar chain structure in which the N-acetylglucosamine 6-position of the N-glycoside-linked complex sugar chain reducing terminal and the 1-position of fucose are ⁇ -linked (8 ).
- the enzyme involved in the synthesis of intracellular sugar nucleotide GDP-fucose consists of GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase and GDP-4-keto-6-deoxy-D-mannose-3,5-epimerase
- the cells according to (8) to (14) are cultured in a medium, and the protein S composition according to any one of (1) to (7) is produced and accumulated in the culture,
- the method for producing a protein S composition according to any one of (1) to (7), wherein the protein S composition is collected from The transgenic animal according to (15) to (19) is bred, and the protein S composition according to any one of (1) to (7) is produced and accumulated in the milk of the transgenic animal.
- the method for producing a protein S composition according to any one of (1) to (7), wherein the protein S composition is collected from the milk that has been milked.
- a medicament comprising the protein S composition according to any one of (1) to (7) as an active ingredient.
- An anti-inflammatory agent comprising the protein S composition according to any one of (1) to (7) as an active ingredient.
- a therapeutic agent for sepsis comprising the protein S composition according to any one of (1) to (7) as an active ingredient.
- a prophylactic and therapeutic agent for thrombosis comprising the protein S composition according to any one of (1) to (7) as an active ingredient.
- a composition comprising a recombinant protein S molecule having an N-glycoside-linked complex type sugar chain, which is bound to protein S compared to natural protein S present in human blood of healthy persons Compared to natural protein S present in healthy human blood, the proportion of sugar chains in which fucose is not bound to N-glycoside-linked complex sugar chains is high, and glycated protein receptors (RAGE; Receptor for advanced glycation endproducts
- RAGE glycated protein receptors
- the protein S composition is characterized by high binding activity to RAGE), and therapeutic use using the composition is provided.
- LCA lentil lectin
- the horizontal axis represents time (seconds), and the vertical axis represents the binding activity of LCA to glycoprotein on the BIAcore T100 sensor chip.
- Each sensorgram shows values when flowing LCA of 50000, 25000, 12500, 6250, 3125 and 0 ng / mL concentration in order from the top.
- the upper row shows the binding of human plasma protein S and LCA, and the lower row shows the binding of human plasma antithrombin III and LCA.
- the construction flow of vector pCR4-PS containing the gene for human protein S is shown.
- the construction flow of human protein S expression vector pKAN-PS is shown.
- the refined product analysis result of the recombinant protein S is shown.
- the MSPS and KCPS samples obtained by purification were subjected to SDS-polyacrylamide electrophoresis and stained with Coomassie Brilliand Blue (CBB) on the left.
- CBB Coomassie Brilliand Blue
- the results of Western blotting are shown on the right side.
- Human serum-derived protein S was used as a positive control.
- the horizontal axis represents time (seconds), and the vertical axis represents the binding activity of RAGE to protein S on the BIAcore T100 sensor chip.
- Each sensorgram shows values when flowing 50000, 25000, 12500, 6250, 3125 and 0 ng / mL RAGE in order from the top.
- the horizontal axis represents time (seconds), and the vertical axis represents the binding activity of RAGE to SHBG on the BIAcore T100 sensor chip.
- the sensorgram shows values when flowing 50000, 25000, 12500, 6250, 3125, and 0 ng / mL RAGE in order from the top.
- the analysis of the anti-human protein S antibody (C-17) binding activity with respect to protein S by the surface plasmon resonance method is shown.
- the horizontal axis represents time (seconds), and the vertical axis represents the binding activity of the C-17 antibody to each protein S on the BIAcore T100 sensor chip.
- Each sensorgram shows the value when flowing 50000, 25000, 12500, 6250, 3125, 1562, and 0 ng / mL C-17 in order from the top.
- the upper panel shows human plasma protein S
- the middle panel shows MSPS
- the lower panel shows binding of C-17 antibody to KCPS. Analysis of RAGE binding to protein S by surface plasmon resonance.
- the horizontal axis represents time (seconds), and the vertical axis represents the binding activity between RAGE and each protein S on the BIAcoreBT100 sensor chip.
- Sensorgrams show RAGE concentrations of 50000, 25000, 12500, 6250, 3125, 1562 and 0 ng / mL from the top.
- the upper panel shows human plasma protein S
- the middle panel shows KCPS
- the lower panel shows RAGE binding to MSPS.
- action of recombinant protein S (MSPS, KCPS) in RAGE (5000 ng / mL) and HMGB-1 or Mac-1 binding reaction using the surface plasmon resonance method is shown.
- the horizontal axis indicates the protein S concentration ( ⁇ g / mL).
- the vertical axis shows the relative response value (%) when the response value immediately after injecting the analyte (RAGE) in the absence of protein S is taken as 100%.
- the upper panel shows RAGE-HMGB-1 binding
- the lower panel shows the concentration-dependent neutralizing action of recombinant protein S in the RAGE-Mac-1 binding reaction.
- the inhibitory effect of inflammatory cytokine production from activated vascular endothelium by the recombinant protein S is shown.
- White column indicates no LPS induction
- black column indicates LPS induction.
- the vertical axis represents the amount of interleukin-8 produced
- the horizontal axis represents added protein S. 1 shows the inhibitory effect of protein S on the adhesion between human vascular endothelial cell line HUVEC and human monocyte cell line (U-937).
- the horizontal axis indicates the type of protein S added to U-937 cells, and the vertical axis indicates the number of U-937 cells adhered to HUVEC.
- the white column shows HUVEC TNF ⁇ stimulation, and the black column shows HUVEC TNF ⁇ stimulation.
- the upper panel shows the neutralizing effect of protein S on the adhesion between TNF ⁇ -stimulated U-937 and HUVEC, and the lower panel shows the neutralizing action of protein S on the adhesion between U-937 and HUVEC stimulated with HMGB-1.
- Each data represents the mean and standard deviation of 3 wells.
- a composition comprising a recombinant protein S molecule having an N-glycoside-linked complex type sugar chain according to the present invention, which is compared with natural protein S present in human blood of a healthy person, compared to a glycated protein receptor (RAGE; Receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (hereinafter referred to as RAGE) and fucose in the N-glycoside-linked complex sugar chain that binds to protein S compared to natural protein S present in human blood
- RAGE glycated protein receptor
- fucose in the N-glycoside-linked complex sugar chain that binds to protein S compared to natural protein S present in human blood
- a protein S composition having a high proportion of sugar chains to which no sugar is bound hereinafter sometimes referred to as “protein S composition without fucose” is natural protein S present in the blood of healthy humans.
- pattern recognition receptor family such as RAGE
- PRR family pattern recognition receptor
- Rotein S any composition as long as the ratio of a sugar chain in which fucose to N- glycoside-linked complex type sugar chain attached to the protein S is not bound high protein S compositions are also encompassed.
- natural protein S is a single chain belonging to the vitamin K-dependent protein family that is present in the blood of healthy humans and is responsible for the activated protein C (Activated Protein C: APC) cofactor activity in the blood.
- Any protein S is included as long as it is a glycoprotein and has a low proportion of sugar chains to which fucose is not bound, as compared to the protein S composition of the present invention.
- natural protein S is produced in a cell as a precursor protein S protein (SEQ ID NO: 2) to which a secretory signal peptide is added, and then the secretory signal peptide is cleaved in the endoplasmic reticulum, and then in the Golgi.
- SEQ ID NO: 6 the propeptide located on the N-terminal side of the precursor protein S protein (SEQ ID NO: 6) is cleaved to be synthesized and secreted as mature protein S (SEQ ID NO: 8).
- Natural protein S has 4 types of domain structures in its molecule, and from the N-terminal side, ⁇ -carboxyl glutamate (Gla) domain, thrombin sensitive region, 4 consecutive epidermal growth factors (Epidermalpigrowth factor: EGF) -like domain and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) -like domain are included.
- Protein S has a ⁇ -carboxyl glutamate modification to the glutamic acid residue of the Gla domain, a ⁇ -hydroxylation modification to the asparagine and aspartic acid residues of the EGF-like domain, and an asparagine-linked complex sugar chain to the SHBG-like domain. Receive post-translational modifications.
- the protein S composition of the present invention is a composition comprising a genetically modified protein S molecule having an N-glycoside-linked complex sugar chain, and compared to natural protein S present in healthy human blood, Examples thereof include a protein S composition having a high proportion of sugar chains in which fucose is not bound to S-linked N-glycoside-bonded complex sugar chains.
- protein S has a higher glycated protein receptor (RAGE) binding activity than natural protein S, and a ⁇ -carboxylglutamic acid-modified Gla domain and an N-glycoside-linked complex sugar chain. Any glycoprotein that has an added SHBG-like domain and in which fucose is not bound to N-acetylglucosamine at the reducing end of the sugar chain is included.
- the Gla domain modified with ⁇ -carboxyl glutamate is the first to 45th amino acid sequence from the N-terminal of the amino acid sequence of protein S, and the side chain of at least one glutamic acid residue in the amino acid sequence is A domain that has undergone ⁇ -carboxylation modification.
- the SHBG-like domain to which N-glycoside-linked complex type sugar chain is added is N-linked to the side chain of at least one asparagine residue at the 458th, 468th and 489th positions from the N-terminus of the protein S amino acid sequence.
- a domain to which a complex type sugar chain is added.
- protein S include proteins encoded by the following DNAs (a) and (b), and proteins (c), (d) and (e) below.
- the protein S composition includes any glycoprotein composition containing any protein S described in the previous paragraph as a main component.
- the DNA that hybridizes under stringent conditions refers to, for example, a colony hybridization method, a plaque using DNA such as DNA having a base sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 7 or a partial fragment thereof as a probe.
- 0.7 to 1.0 M sodium chloride is present using a filter on which colony or plaque-derived DNA is immobilized.
- 0.1 to 2 fold concentration of SSC solution composition of 1 fold concentration of SSC solution consists of 150 mM sodium chloride and 15 mM sodium citrate
- DNA that can be identified by washing the filter can be raised.
- the DNA capable of hybridizing is DNA having at least 60% homology with the base sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 7, preferably 70% or more, more preferably 80% or more, and still more preferably 90%. As mentioned above, DNA having homology of 95% or more, most preferably 98% or more is particularly preferable.
- a protein having an amino acid sequence in which one or more amino acids are deleted, substituted, inserted and / or added in the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 8 and having binding activity to RAGE is molecular cloning. Second Edition, Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Nucleic Acids Research, 10 , 6487 (1982), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA, 79 , 6409 (1982), Gene, 34 , 315 (1985), Nucleic Acids Research, 13 , 4431 (1985), Proc. Natl. Acad.
- SEQ ID NO: 8 It means a protein that can be obtained by introducing a site-specific mutation into DNA encoding a protein having the amino acid sequence represented.
- the number of amino acids to be deleted, substituted, inserted and / or added is one or more, and the number is not particularly limited. However, deletion, substitution or addition may be performed by a known technique such as the above-described site-directed mutagenesis. For example, it is 1 to several tens, preferably 1 to 20, more preferably 1 to 10, and further preferably 1 to 5.
- a protein having 80% or more homology with the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 8 and having binding activity to RAGE is BLAST [J. Mol. Biol., 215 , 403 ( 1990)] and FASTA [Methods in Enzymology, 183 , 63 (1990)], etc., and at least 80%, preferably 85% of the protein having the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 8. More preferably, it is a protein that is 90% or more, more preferably 95% or more, particularly preferably 97% or more, and most preferably 99% or more.
- the protein S composition of the present invention is preferably a composition comprising a genetically modified protein S molecule having an N-glycoside-linked complex sugar chain, as compared with natural protein S present in healthy human blood, Compared to natural protein S, which has high RAGE binding activity and is present in the blood of healthy humans, the proportion of sugar chains in which fucose is not bound to N-glycosidic complex sugar chains that are bound to protein S High protein S composition.
- the protein S composition of the present invention is more preferably a composition comprising a recombinant protein S molecule having an N-glycoside-bonded complex sugar chain, wherein the N-glycoside-bonded complex sugar chain is the sugar chain.
- a protein S composition which is a sugar chain in which fucose is not bound to N-acetylglucosamine at the reducing end.
- N-glycoside-linked sugar chains bound to protein S have various structures, but in any case, they have a common core structure represented by the following structural formula (I). Structural formula (I)
- N-glycoside-linked sugar chains are classified into the following three types based on their structural characteristics.
- Gal-GlcNAc lactosamine structure formed of galactose-N-acetylglucosamine
- the protein S molecule constituting the protein S composition has at least three additional sequences of N-glycoside-linked sugar chains, and at least one of these is bound by an N-glycoside-linked sugar chain.
- Specific examples of the binding site of the N-glycoside-linked complex sugar chain include the 458th, 468th and 489th asparagine residues from the N-terminus of the protein S amino acid sequence.
- the N-glycoside-bonded sugar chain that binds to the protein S molecule contained in the protein S composition of the present invention is specifically the above-mentioned N-glycoside-bonded complex sugar chain, preferably the sugar chain non-reducing end side.
- a complex type sugar chain in which sialic acid is bound to galactose is a sugar chain in which the 2-position of sialic acid is ⁇ -bonded to the 6-position of galactose, and the 2-position of sialic acid is ⁇ -bonded to the 3-position of galactose.
- the N-glycoside-bonded complex sugar chain that binds to the protein S molecule includes any sugar chain containing the core structure represented by the structural formula (I), and therefore there are many combinations of sugar chains. Become. Therefore, the protein S composition of the present invention has a higher RAGE binding activity than natural protein S, and N-binding to protein S compared to natural protein S present in healthy human blood.
- the protein S molecules contained in the composition are separated from protein S molecules having a single sugar chain structure. It may be composed of protein S molecules having a plurality of different sugar chain structures.
- N-glycoside-bonded complex sugar chain N-acetylglucosamine at the reducing end is a sugar chain in which fucose is not bound to N-acetylglucosamine in the N-glycoside-bonded complex sugar chain. Anything is included, and there may be diversity in the structure of the sugar chain at the non-reducing end.
- sugar chains that are not ⁇ -bonded at the 3-position sugar chains that are not ⁇ -bonded at the 3-position.
- Protein S composition having a higher proportion of sugar chains in which fucose is not bound to N-glycoside-bonded complex-type sugar chains that are bound to protein S, compared to natural protein S that is present in the blood of healthy humans of the present invention
- the product is an N-free fucose present in the composition as compared to the proportion of natural protein S having an N-glycoside-linked complex sugar chain that is not bound to fucose present in the blood of a healthy person.
- -It means that the ratio of protein S having glycoside-linked complex type sugar chains is high.
- the proportion of protein S that is not bound to fucose present in healthy human blood is less than about 70%
- the proportion of protein S without fucose in the protein S composition of the present invention is 70% or more.
- Analysis of the sugar chain structure in a composition comprising protein S molecules having N-glycoside-linked complex sugar chains can be performed by a known method such as hydrazine degradation or enzymatic digestion from protein S molecules [Biochemical Experimental Method 23-Glycoprotein Sugar Using the Chain Research Method (Academic Publishing Center) Takahashi Etsuko (1989)], sugar chains are released, the released sugar chains are fluorescently labeled or isotope labeled, and the labeled sugar chains are separated by chromatography. Can be determined by It can also be determined by analyzing the released sugar chain by the HPAED-PAD method [J. Liq. Chromatogr., 6 , 1577 (1983)].
- the sugar chain in which fucose is not bound to N-acetylglucosamine at the sugar chain reducing end means that fucose is not substantially bound to the sugar chain, and preferably the fucose content is 0%. It means that.
- the fact that fucose is not substantially bound specifically means that fucose cannot be substantially detected in the sugar chain analysis described in 4 below. “Substantially undetectable” means below the detection limit of measurement.
- the protein S composition of the present invention is a protein in which fucose is bound to N-acetylglucosamine at the reducing end of an N-glycoside-linked complex type sugar chain, such as a conventionally known human plasma-derived or recombinant protein S Compared to S, it has a high affinity for pattern-recognition receptor families such as glycated protein receptor (RAGE) and suppresses inflammatory cytokine secretion from lymphocytes and vascular endothelial cells, and has a high anti-inflammatory effect By demonstrating.
- RAGE glycated protein receptor
- a glycated protein receptor (Receptor for advanced glycation endproducts; RAGE) is a protein belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily, also known as AGER (Advanced glycosylation endproduct-specific receptor) isolated by Stern et al. Yes (J Biol Chem 267, 14998 (1992)), Advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs), High mobility group box chromosomal protein (HMGB) protein, S100 (soluble in 100% saturated ammonium sulfate) peptide (Calgranulin) family, Any protein having binding activity to amphoterin, ⁇ -amyloid, carboxymethyllysine modified protein, and the like is included.
- AGER Advanced glycosylation endproduct-specific receptor
- RAGE belongs to the pattern recognition receptor family (PRR family) as well as Toll-like receptor, and single combs directly with innate immunity and acquired immunity in cooperation with other PRR families. Are involved in and / or indirectly.
- Specific examples of RAGE include the following proteins (a), (b), (c), and (d).
- the fucose-free protein S composition of the present invention is more suitable for CD14 (Science 239, 497-500, 1988, NCBI reference sequence: NP_000582.1) than natural protein S present in blood of healthy humans. High binding activity.
- CD14 Lipopolysaccharide / LPS binding protein-receptor; LPS / LBP-R
- LPS / LBP-R belongs to the PRR family like RAGE and Toll-like receptor, and is a single transmembrane glycoprotein composed of 356 amino acids.
- CD14 is expressed on the surface of vascular endothelium, monocytes, neutrophils and dendritic cells activated under inflammatory conditions and is known as a monocyte differentiation antigen (NCBI reference sequence: NP_000582.1) .
- CD14 is also known to significantly increase the concentration of soluble CD14 in patient plasma when inflammation is excessively increased in humans and multiple organ failure occurs.
- LPS Lipopolysaccharide
- LPS binding protein complex which is a ligand
- the cells that produce the protein S composition of the present invention include any cells that can produce the protein S composition of the present invention. Specific examples include cells obtained by introducing DNA encoding a protein S molecule into host cells such as the following (a) to (c).
- the genome was modified so that the activity of the enzyme involved in the sugar chain modification in which the 1-position of fucose was ⁇ -linked to the 6-position of N-acetylglucosamine at the N-glycoside-linked complex sugar chain reducing end was deleted.
- cell A cell whose genome has been modified such that the activity of a protein involved in the transport of intracellular sugar nucleotide GDP-fucose to the Golgi apparatus is lost.
- Enzymes involved in the synthesis of intracellular sugar nucleotide GDP-fucose include GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase (GMD), GDP-4-keto-6-deoxy-D-mannose-3,5-epimerase (FX) Etc.
- Examples of the enzyme involved in the sugar chain modification in which the 1-position of fucose is ⁇ -linked to the 6-position of N-acetylglucosamine at the N-glycoside-linked complex sugar chain reducing terminal include ⁇ 1,6-fucosyltransferase.
- proteins involved in the transport of intracellular sugar nucleotide GDP-fucose to the Golgi apparatus include the GDP-fucose transporter.
- the host cell is preferably a host cell in which a gene encoding ⁇ 1,6-fucosyltransferase in the host cell is knocked out (WO02 / 31140, WO03 / 85107).
- a host cell lacking the above-mentioned enzyme activity that is, an enzyme involved in the synthesis of intracellular sugar nucleotide GDP-fucose, N-acetylglucosamine at the 6th position of N-acetylglucosamine at the N-glycoside-linked complex sugar chain reducing terminal,
- a protein S molecule in a host cell whose genome has been altered so that the activity of the enzyme involved in the sugar chain modification to which ⁇ is linked or the protein involved in the transport of intracellular sugar nucleotide GDP-fucose to the Golgi apparatus is deleted
- an enzyme involved in the synthesis of intracellular sugar nucleotide GDP-fucose involved in sugar chain modification in which the 1-position of fucose is ⁇ -linked to the 6-position of N-acetylglucosamine at the N-glycoside-linked complex sugar chain reducing end
- the expression control region of the gene is deleted so that the expression of the enzyme is lost. It means introducing a mutation into the amino acid sequence of the gene so as to introduce a mutation or to eliminate the function of the enzyme.
- Introducing a mutation means modifying the nucleotide sequence such as deletion, substitution, insertion and / or addition to the nucleotide sequence on the genome, and knocking out the complete suppression of the expression or function of the modified genomic gene.
- a specific example of knocking out a genomic gene is an example in which all or part of the target gene has been deleted from the genome. Knockout can be achieved by removing the exon genomic region containing the start codon of the target gene from the chromosome.
- any method can be used as long as the target genome can be modified.
- A a gene disruption technique targeting an enzyme gene;
- B a method of introducing a dominant negative form of the gene of the enzyme;
- C a technique for introducing mutations for enzymes;
- D a technique for suppressing transcription or translation of an enzyme gene;
- E A method of selecting a strain resistant to a lectin that recognizes a sugar chain structure in which the 6-position of N-acetylglucosamine at the reducing end of N-glycoside-linked sugar chain and the 1-position of fucose are ⁇ -linked.
- any lectin can be used as long as it can recognize the sugar chain structure. But it can also be used.
- lentil lectin LCA Leaf Agglutinin derived from Lens Culinaris
- pea lectin PSA Pea Lectin derived from Pisum sativum
- broad bean lectin VFA Agglutinin derived from Vicia faba
- white bamboo lectin AAL Aleuria) aurantia- derived Lectin
- Aspergillus oryzae lectin AOL Lectin derived from Aspergillus oryzae
- a lectin-resistant cell refers to a cell whose growth is not inhibited even when an effective concentration of lectin is given.
- the effective concentration is not less than the concentration at which cells before the genome gene is modified (hereinafter also referred to as “parent cell”) cannot grow normally, preferably the concentration at which cells before the genome gene is modified cannot grow. , More preferably 2 to 5 times, still more preferably 10 times, and most preferably 20 times or more.
- the effective concentration of lectin that does not inhibit growth may be determined appropriately according to the cell line, but is usually 10 ⁇ g / mL to 10 mg / mL, preferably 0.5 mg / mL to 2.0 mg / mL.
- the transformant of the present invention may be any cell as long as it can express the composition of the present invention, and examples thereof include yeast, animal cells, insect cells, plant cells, and the like. As described in 2. below. The thing of description is mention
- animal cells include CHO cells derived from Chinese hamster ovary tissue, rat myeloma cell line YB2 / 3HL.P2.G11.16Ag.20 cell, mouse myeloma cell line NS0 cell, mouse myeloma cell line SP2 / 0-Ag14 Cells, Syrian hamster kidney tissue-derived BHK cells, human Burkitt lymphoma-derived Namalva cells, human retinoblastoma-derived PER.C6 cells, human embryonic kidney tissue-derived HEK293 cells, human myeloid leukemia-derived NM-F9 cells, embryonic stem cells And fertilized egg cells.
- a host cell for producing a recombinant glycoprotein pharmaceutical an embryonic stem cell or a fertilized egg cell used for producing a transgenic non-human animal producing the recombinant glycoprotein pharmaceutical, and a recombinant sugar Examples include plant cells used to produce transgenic plants that produce protein drugs.
- an enzyme involved in the synthesis of intracellular sugar nucleotide GDP-fucose, N-glycoside-linked complex type sugar chain reducing end N-acetylglucosamine 6-position N-acetylglucosamine to the sugar chain modification that the 1-position of fucose ⁇ -bond It includes cells prior to application of a technique for altering the genomic gene of a protein involved in transport of the enzyme involved or intracellular sugar nucleotide GDP-fucose to the Golgi apparatus. For example, the following cells are preferable.
- NS0 cell line (RCB0213) registered with RIKEN Cell Development Bank, or sub-strains obtained by acclimating these strains to various serum-free media.
- SP2 / 0-Ag14 cells As the parent cell line of SP2 / 0-Ag14 cells, Journal of Immunol (J. Immunol.), 126 , 317, (1981), Nature, 276 , 269, (1978), Human Antibody SP2 / 0-Ag14 cells described in the literature such as Human Antibodies and Hybridomas, 3 , 129, (1992).
- SP2 / 0-Ag14 cells ATCC CRL-1581 registered in ATCC or sub-strains (ATCC CRL-1581.1) in which these strains are conditioned to various serum-free media are also included.
- CHO-K1 strain ATCC CCL-61
- DUXB11 strain ATCC CRL-9096
- Pro-5 strain ATCC CRL-1781 registered in ATCC
- commercially available CHO-S strain manufactured by Lifetechnologies Cat # 11619
- a cell line established from Y3 / Ag1.2.3 cell As a parent cell of rat myeloma cell line YB2 / 3HL.P2.G11.16Ag.20 cell, a cell line established from Y3 / Ag1.2.3 cell (ATCC CRL-1631) is included. Specific examples thereof include YB2 / 3HL.P2.G11.16Ag.20 described in the literature such as J. Cell. Biol., 93 , 576 (1982), Methods Enzymol. 73B , 1 (1981). Cell. In addition, YB2 / 3HL.P2.G11.16Ag.20 cells (ATCC CRL-1662) registered in ATCC or sub-strains obtained by acclimating these strains to various serum-free media are also included.
- a cell producing the protein S composition of the present invention specifically, there is no transformant in which a gene encoding protein S is introduced into a CHO cell into which a gene encoding ⁇ 1,6-fucosyltransferase is knocked out.
- a strain conditioned to serum-free medium, a strain conditioned to a serum-free medium, or a transformed strain in which a gene encoding protein S is introduced into a CHO cell into which a gene encoding GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase has been knocked out, or GDP- Examples include a strain obtained by acclimating a transformant obtained by introducing a gene encoding protein S into a CHO cell into which a gene encoding a fucose transporter has been knocked out into a serum-free medium.
- the 1-position of fucose is ⁇ -linked to the 6-position of N-acetylglucosamine at the reducing end of the N-glycoside-linked complex type sugar chain, an enzyme involved in the synthesis of intracellular sugar nucleotide GDP-fucose.
- Examples thereof include transgenic animals in which genomic genes are altered so as to delete the activity of enzymes involved in sugar chain modification or proteins involved in transport of intracellular sugar nucleotides GDP-fucose to the Golgi apparatus.
- an animal in which a gene encoding protein S was introduced into a transgenic animal in which a gene encoding ⁇ 1,6-fucosyltransferase was knocked out, and a gene encoding GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase was knocked out examples include animals in which a gene encoding protein S is introduced into a transgenic animal, or animals in which a gene encoding protein S is introduced into a transgenic animal into which a gene encoding GDP-fucose transporter has been knocked out.
- the transformant of the present invention has a higher affinity for a glycated protein receptor (RAGE) and a higher anti-inflammatory effect than protein S composition obtained from a parent cell line.
- a composition can be produced.
- the anticoagulant activity, blood half-life, RAGE binding activity, and anti-inflammatory activity of protein S composition are already known in vitro tests or in vivo tests using model animals such as mice, rats, and rabbits.
- the host cells used to produce the protein S composition of the present invention can be produced by the technique described below.
- Gene disruption method targeting an enzyme gene The host cell used for the production of the protein S composition of the present invention is an enzyme involved in the synthesis of intracellular sugar nucleotide GDP-fucose, an N-glycoside binding complex type.
- N-acetylglucosamine at the sugar chain reducing end is an enzyme involved in sugar chain modification in which the 1-position of fucose is ⁇ -linked to the 6-position or a protein involved in the transport of intracellular sugar nucleotide GDP-fucose to the Golgi body (hereinafter, “ It can be produced by targeting a gene of “enzyme related to fucose modification”) and using a gene disruption method.
- enzymes involved in the synthesis of intracellular sugar nucleotide GDP-fucose include GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase (hereinafter referred to as “GMD”), GDP-4-keto-6-deoxy- And D-mannose-3,5-epimerase (hereinafter referred to as “Fx”).
- GMD GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase
- Fx GDP-4-keto-6-deoxy- And D-mannose-3,5-epimerase
- enzymes involved in sugar chain modification in which the 1-position of fucose is ⁇ -linked to the 6-position of N-acetylglucosamine at the N-glycoside-linked complex sugar chain reducing terminal include ⁇ 1,6-fucosyltransferase, ⁇ -L-fucosidase.
- the protein involved in transport of intracellular sugar nucleotide GDP-fucose to the Golgi apparatus includes GDP-fucose transporter and the
- the gene here includes DNA or RNA.
- any method can be used as long as it can destroy a gene of a target enzyme. Examples include the antisense method, ribozyme method, homologous recombination method, RNA-DNA oligonucleotide method (hereinafter referred to as “RDO method”), RNA interference method (hereinafter referred to as “RNAi method”). ), A method using a retrovirus, a method using a transposon, and the like. These will be specifically described below.
- RDO method RNA-DNA oligonucleotide method
- RNAi method RNA interference method
- a method using a retrovirus a method using a transposon, and the like.
- an antisense gene or ribozyme construct of an appropriate length including a DNA part encoding an enzyme related to fucose modification, a part of an untranslated region or an intron part is designed.
- a recombinant vector is prepared by inserting the prepared DNA fragment or full length downstream of the promoter of an appropriate expression vector.
- a transformant is obtained by introducing the recombinant vector into a host cell suitable for the expression vector.
- a host cell used for preparing the protein S composition of the present invention By selecting a transformant using the activity of an enzyme related to fucose modification as an index, a host cell used for preparing the protein S composition of the present invention can be obtained. It is also possible to obtain a host cell used for preparing the protein S composition of the present invention by selecting a transformant using the sugar chain structure of the glycoprotein on the cell membrane or the sugar chain structure of the produced glycoprotein molecule as an index. it can.
- Host cells used to prepare the protein S composition of the present invention include those having an enzyme gene related to target fucose modification, such as yeast, animal cells, insect cells, and plant cells. Any of them can be used. Specific examples include the host cell described in 3 below.
- As the expression vector an autonomous replication is possible in the above host cell, or integration into the chromosome is possible, and a designed antisense gene or a vector containing a promoter at a position where a ribozyme can be transcribed is used. . Specific examples include the expression vector described in 3 below.
- the method for introducing a gene into various host cells As a method for introducing a gene into various host cells, the method for introducing a recombinant vector suitable for various host cells described in 2 below can be used. Examples of a method for selecting a transformant using the activity of an enzyme related to fucose modification as an index include the following methods.
- Examples of a method for selecting a transformant using the sugar chain structure of a glycoprotein on a cell membrane as an index include the method described in 5 below. Examples of a method for selecting a transformant using the sugar chain structure of the produced glycoprotein molecule as an index include the method described in 5 below. Examples of a method for preparing cDNA encoding an enzyme related to fucose modification include the methods described below. Preparation method of cDNA Total RNA or mRNA is prepared from tissues or cells of various host cells. A cDNA library is prepared from the prepared total RNA or mRNA.
- a degenerative primer is prepared, and a gene fragment encoding the enzyme related to fucose modification is obtained by PCR using the prepared cDNA library as a template. Using the obtained gene fragment as a probe, a cDNA library can be screened to obtain DNA encoding an enzyme related to fucose modification.
- mRNA eg, Clontech
- Clontech may be used for human or non-human animal tissue or cell mRNA, or may be prepared from human or non-human animal tissue or cells as follows.
- Methods for preparing total RNA from human or non-human animal tissues or cells include guanidine thiocyanate-cesium trifluoroacetate method [Methods in Enzymology, 154 , 3 (1987)], Examples include acidic guanidine thiocyanate, phenol, chloroform (AGPC) method [Analytical Biochemistry, 162 , 156 (1987); experimental medicine, 9 , 1937 (1991)].
- Examples of a method for preparing mRNA from total RNA as poly (A) + RNA include an oligo (dT) -immobilized cellulose column method (Molecular Cloning 2nd Edition) and the like.
- mRNA can be prepared by using commercially available kits such as Fast Track mRNA Isolation Kit (Invitrogen) and Quick Prep mRNA Purification Kit (Pharmacia).
- a cDNA library is prepared from the prepared human or non-human animal tissue or cell mRNA.
- cDNA library preparation methods include Molecular Cloning 2nd Edition, Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, A Laboratory Manual, 2 nd Ed. (1989), etc., or commercially available kits such as SuperScript Plasmid System for cDNA Synthesis and Plasmid Cloning (Life Technologies), ZAP-cDNA Synthesis Kit (STRATAGENE), etc. .
- any phage vector or plasmid vector can be used as long as it can replicate autonomously in E. coli K12.
- ZAP Express [STRATAGENE, Strategies, 5 , 58 (1992)], pBluescript II SK (+) [Nucleic Acids Research, 17 , 9494 (1989)]
- ⁇ ZAP II (STRATAGENE), ⁇ gt10, ⁇ gt11 [DNA cloning, A Practical Approach, 1 , 49 (1985)], ⁇ TriplEx (Clontech), ⁇ ExCell (Pharmacia) ), PT7T318U (Pharmacia), pcD2 [Mole. Cell. Biol., 3 , 280 (1983)] and pUC18 [Gene, 33 , 103 (1985)] be able to.
- Escherichia coli is preferably used. Specifically, Escherichiacoli XL1-Blue MRF '[STRATAGENE, Strategies, 5 , 81 (1992)], Escherichiacoli C600 [Genetics, 39 , 440 (1954)], Escherichia coli Y1088 [ Science, 222 , 778 (1983)], Escherichia coli Y1090 [Science, 222 , 778 (1983)], Escherichia coli NM522 [Journal of Molecular Biology (J. Mol.
- This cDNA library may be used for subsequent analysis as it is, but the oligo cap method [Gene (Gene) developed by Kanno et al. ), 138 , 171 (1994); Gene, 200 , 149 (1997); Protein Nucleic Acid Enzyme, 41 , 603 (1996); Experimental Medicine, 11 , 2491 (1993); cDNA Cloning (Yodo) 1996); Preparation method of gene library (Yodosha) (1994)] may be used for the following analysis.
- the obtained gene fragment is a DNA encoding an enzyme related to fucose modification.
- Sanger et al.'S dideoxy method [Proceedings of the National Academy of -It can be confirmed by analyzing using a base sequence analyzer such as Science (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA), 74 , 5463 (1977)] or ABI PRISM377 DNA Sequencer (Applied Biosystems). .
- fucose from a cDNA or cDNA library synthesized from mRNA contained in tissues or cells of human or non-human animals using colony hybridization, plaque hybridization (Molecular Cloning 2nd edition), etc.
- the DNA of the enzyme related to the modification can be obtained.
- PCR using the primers used to obtain the gene fragment encoding the enzyme related to fucose modification, and cDNA or cDNA library synthesized from mRNA contained in tissues or cells of human or non-human animals as a template By amplifying using the method, cDNA of an enzyme related to fucose modification can be obtained.
- the base sequence of the obtained DNA encoding the enzyme related to the fucose modification can be determined by a conventional base sequence analysis method such as the dideoxy method of Sanger et al. [Proceedings of the National Academy of Science ( Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA), 74 , 5463 (1977)] or ABI PRISM377 DNA sequencer (Applied Biosystems) and other base sequence analyzers to determine the base sequence of the DNA. be able to.
- a homology search program such as BLAST is used to search base sequence databases such as Genbank, EMBL, and DDBJ. It can also be confirmed that the gene encodes an enzyme related to the modification.
- Examples of the base sequence of the gene encoding the enzyme involved in the synthesis of intracellular sugar nucleotide GDP-fucose obtained by the above method include, for example, GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase described in WO2005 / 035741 and GDP- An example is the base sequence of 4-keto-6-deoxy-D-mannose-3,5-epimerase.
- a base sequence of a gene encoding an enzyme involved in sugar chain modification in which the 1-position of fucose is ⁇ -bonded to the 6-position of N-acetylglucosamine at the N-glycoside-linked complex sugar chain reducing end obtained by the above method For example, the base sequence of ⁇ 1,6-fucosyltransferase described in US Pat.
- the protein involved in the transport of the intracellular sugar nucleotide GDP-fucose obtained by the above method to the Golgi apparatus include the base sequence of the GDP-fucose transporter described in US2004 / 0110282.
- the cDNA of the enzyme related to fucose modification can be obtained by chemical synthesis using a DNA synthesizer such as the DNA synthesizer model 392 (manufactured by Perkin Elmer) using the phosphoramidite method. It can also be acquired.
- a method for preparing genomic DNA of an enzyme related to fucose modification include the methods described below. Methods for preparing genomic DNA Examples of methods for preparing genomic DNA include known methods described in Molecular Cloning 2nd Edition, Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, and the like.
- genomic DNA of an enzyme related to fucose modification can be obtained by using a genomic DNA library screening system (Genome Systems), Universal Genome Walker TM Kits (CLONTECH), or the like.
- the base sequence of the obtained DNA encoding the enzyme related to the fucose modification can be determined by a conventional base sequence analysis method such as the dideoxy method of Sanger et al. [Proceedings of the National Academy of Science ( Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA), 74 , 5463 (1977)] or ABI PRISM377 DNA sequencer (Applied Biosystems) and other base sequence analyzers to determine the base sequence of the DNA. be able to.
- a homology search program such as BLAST is used to search a base sequence database such as Genbank, EMBL, and DDBJ. It can also be confirmed that the gene encodes an enzyme related to fucose modification. Genomic DNA of enzymes related to fucose modification by chemical synthesis using a DNA synthesizer such as DNA synthesizer model 392 (manufactured by Perkin Elmer) using the phosphoramidite method based on the determined DNA base sequence You can also get
- an antisense oligonucleotide or ribozyme designed based on the base sequence of an enzyme related to fucose modification is directly introduced into a host cell without using an expression vector. It is also possible to obtain host cells for use in Antisense oligonucleotides or ribozymes can be prepared by conventional methods or DNA synthesizers. Specifically, among the nucleotide sequences of cDNA and genomic DNA encoding an enzyme related to fucose modification, a sequence corresponding to continuous 5 to 150 bases, preferably 5 to 60 bases, more preferably 10 to 40 bases.
- the oligonucleotide (antisense oligonucleotide) corresponding to the sequence complementary to the oligonucleotide or a ribozyme containing the sequence of the oligonucleotide can be synthesized and prepared.
- oligonucleotide examples include oligo RNA and derivatives of the oligonucleotide (hereinafter referred to as oligonucleotide derivatives).
- Oligonucleotide derivatives include oligonucleotide derivatives in which phosphodiester bonds in oligonucleotides are converted to phosphorothioate bonds, and phosphodiester bonds in oligonucleotides are converted to N3′-P5 ′ phosphoramidate bonds.
- Oligonucleotide derivatives oligonucleotide derivatives in which the ribose and phosphodiester bonds in the oligonucleotide are converted to peptide nucleic acid bonds, oligonucleotide derivatives in which the uracil in the oligonucleotide is replaced with C-5 propynyl uracil, in the oligonucleotide Derivative oligonucleotide in which uracil is substituted with C-5 thiazole uracil, oligonucleotide derivative in which cytosine in oligonucleotide is substituted with C-5 propynylcytosine, cytos in oligonucleotide Derivatives substituted with phenoxazine-modified cytosine, oligonucleotide derivatives substituted with 2'-O-propylribose in the oligonucleotide, or ribose
- the host cell used for producing protein S composition of the present invention is an enzyme gene related to fucose modification.
- the target gene on the chromosome can be modified by homologous recombination method.
- a target vector for homologous recombination of a target gene to be modified (for example, a structural gene of an enzyme related to fucose modification or a promoter gene) is prepared.
- a host cell used for preparing the protein S composition of the present invention by introducing the prepared target vector into a host cell and selecting a cell that has undergone homologous recombination between the target gene on the chromosome and the target vector. Can be produced.
- any yeast cells, animal cells, insect cells, plant cells, etc. can be used as long as they have a gene for an enzyme related to the target fucose modification.
- Specific examples include host cells described in 2 below.
- Examples of a method for preparing genomic DNA of an enzyme related to fucose modification include the method for preparing genomic DNA described in this section 1 (a).
- Target vectors for homologous recombination of target genes on chromosomes are Gene Targeting, A Practical Approach, IRL Press at Oxford University Press (1993), biomanual series 8 gene targeting, and production of mutant mice using ES cells ( It can be produced according to the method described in Yodosha) (1995).
- the target vector can be used in either a replacement type or an insertion type.
- the method for introducing a recombinant vector suitable for various host cells described in 3 below can be used.
- Methods for efficiently selecting homologous recombinants include, for example, Gene Targeting, A Practical Approach, IRL Press at Oxford University Press (1993), Biomanual Series 8 Gene Targeting, Production of mutant mice using ES cells (sheep Methods such as positive selection, promoter selection, negative selection, and poly A selection described in Satosha) (1995) can be used.
- Methods for selecting the desired homologous recombinants from the selected cell lines include Southern hybridization to genomic DNA (Molecular Cloning 2nd edition) and PCR [PCR Protocols, Academic Press (1990)].
- the host cell used for preparing protein S composition of the present invention targets a gene of an enzyme related to fucose modification.
- it can be manufactured as follows using the RDO method.
- cDNA or genomic DNA of the enzyme related to fucose modification using the method described in this section 1 (a). Determine the nucleotide sequence of the prepared cDNA or genomic DNA. Based on the determined DNA sequence, an RDO construct of an appropriate length including a part encoding an enzyme related to fucose modification, a part of an untranslated region or an intron part is designed and synthesized. The synthesized RDO is introduced into a host cell, and a host cell for preparing the composition of the present invention is prepared by selecting a transformant in which a target enzyme, that is, an enzyme related to fucose modification is mutated. be able to.
- any yeast cells, animal cells, insect cells, plant cells, etc. can be used as long as they have a gene for an enzyme related to the target fucose modification.
- the host cell described in 3 below can be mentioned.
- the method for introducing recombinant vectors suitable for various host cells described in 3 below can be used.
- Examples of a method for preparing cDNA of an enzyme related to fucose modification include the method for preparing cDNA described in this section 1 (a).
- Examples of a method for preparing genomic DNA of an enzyme related to fucose modification include the method for preparing genomic DNA described in this section 1 (a).
- the DNA base sequence is cleaved with an appropriate restriction enzyme, and then subcloned into a plasmid such as pBluescript SK (-) (Stratagene), and a commonly used base sequence analysis method, for example, the dideoxy method of Sanger et al. [Procedures of the National Academy of Sciences (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA), 74 , 5463 (1977)] This can be confirmed by analysis using a base sequence analyzer such as PRISM377 DNA Sequencer (Applied Biosystems).
- RDO can be prepared by a conventional method or using a DNA synthesizer.
- a method of introducing RDO into host cells and selecting cells with mutations in the target enzyme or the gene of the enzyme related to fucose modification Molecular Cloning 2nd Edition, Current Protocols in Molecular.
- a method for directly detecting a mutation of a gene on a chromosome described in biology and the like can be mentioned.
- a method for selecting a transformant using as an index the activity of the enzyme related to the introduced fucose modification described above a method for selecting a transformant using the sugar chain structure of a glycoprotein on a cell membrane described below as an index
- a method for selecting a transformant using the sugar chain structure of the produced glycoprotein molecule described below as an index can also be used.
- the RDO construct is described in Science, 273 , 1386 (1996); Nature Medicine, 4 , 285 (1998); Hepatology, 25 , 1462 (1997); Gene Therapy. Therapy, 5 , 1960 (1999); Gene Therapy, 5 , 1960 (1999); Journal of Molecular Medicine (J. Mol. Med.), 75 , 829 (1997); Proceedings Of the National Academy of Sciences (Proc.
- RNAi method Preparation of host cell used for preparing protein S composition of the present invention by RNAi method
- the host cell used for preparing protein S composition of the present invention targets a gene of an enzyme related to fucose modification.
- the RNAi method can be used as follows.
- a cDNA is prepared using the method described in 1 above for an enzyme associated with fucose modification.
- the base sequence of the prepared cDNA is determined.
- an RNAi gene construct having an appropriate length including a part encoding an enzyme related to fucose modification or a part of an untranslated region is designed.
- a recombinant vector is prepared by inserting the prepared cDNA fragment or full length downstream of the promoter of an appropriate expression vector.
- a transformant is obtained by introducing the recombinant vector into a host cell suitable for the expression vector.
- To produce the protein S composition of the present invention by selecting a transformant using as an index the activity of the enzyme related to the introduced fucose modification, or the glycoprotein molecule of the produced glycoprotein molecule or the cell surface glycoprotein.
- the host cell used for can be obtained.
- any yeast cells, animal cells, insect cells, plant cells, etc. can be used as long as they have a gene for an enzyme related to the target fucose modification.
- the host cell described in 3 below can be mentioned.
- the expression vector a vector that can replicate autonomously in the above host cell or can be integrated into a chromosome and contains a promoter at a position where the designed RNAi gene can be transcribed is used. Specific examples include the expression vector described in 3 below.
- recombinant vector introduction methods suitable for various host cells described in 3 below can be used.
- Examples of the method for selecting a transformant using the activity of an enzyme related to fucose modification as an index include the method described in this item 1.
- Examples of a method for selecting a transformant using the sugar chain structure of a glycoprotein on a cell membrane as an index include the method described in this section 1 (a).
- Examples of the method for selecting a transformant using the sugar chain structure of the produced glycoprotein molecule as an index include the method 5 described below.
- Examples of a method for preparing cDNA of an enzyme related to fucose modification include the method for preparing cDNA described in this section 1 (a).
- a host cell used for producing the protein S composition of the present invention by directly introducing into the host cell an RNAi gene designed based on the base sequence of an enzyme related to fucose modification without using an expression vector. You can also get
- the RNAi gene can be prepared by a conventional method or using a DNA synthesizer.
- the RNAi gene construct is described in [Nature, 391 , 806 (1998); Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA], 95 , 15502 (1998). ); Nature, 395 , 854 (1998); Proceedings of the National Academy of Science (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA), 96 , 5049 (1999); Cell ), 95 , 1017 (1998); Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA), 96 , 1451 (1999); Proceedings of the National ⁇ Academy of Science (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
- the transposon system is a system that induces mutations by randomly inserting foreign genes onto the chromosome, and is usually used as a vector to induce mutations in foreign genes inserted into the transposon.
- a transposase expression vector for random insertion is simultaneously introduced into the cell. Any transposase may be used as long as it is suitable for the transposon sequence to be used.
- any gene can be used as long as it induces mutation in the DNA of the host cell.
- any yeast cells, animal cells, insect cells, plant cells, etc. can be used as long as they have a gene for an enzyme related to the target fucose modification. Specific examples include host cells described in 2 below.
- recombinant vector introduction methods suitable for various host cells described in 2 below can be used.
- Examples of the method for selecting a mutant using the activity of an enzyme related to fucose modification as an index include the method described in this section 1 (a). Examples of the method for selecting a mutant using the sugar chain structure of a glycoprotein on a cell membrane as an index include the method described in this section 1 (a). Examples of the method for selecting a mutant using the sugar chain structure of the produced glycoprotein molecule as an index include the method described in 5 below.
- (2) Method for Introducing a Dominant Negative Form of Enzyme Gene A host cell used for preparing the protein S composition of the present invention targets an enzyme gene related to fucose modification, and the dominant negative form of the enzyme is selected. It can be manufactured by using the introduced technique.
- enzymes involved in the synthesis of intracellular sugar nucleotide GDP-fucose include GMD and Fx.
- enzymes involved in sugar chain modification in which the 1-position of fucose is ⁇ -linked to the 6-position of N-acetylglucosamine at the N-glycoside-linked complex sugar chain reducing terminal include ⁇ 1,6-fucosyltransferase, ⁇ -L-fucosidase.
- proteins involved in the transport of GDP-fucose to the Golgi apparatus include the GDP-fucose transporter.
- These enzymes or proteins are enzymes and proteins that catalyze a specific reaction with substrate specificity, and by destroying the active center of such enzymes and proteins that have catalytic activity with substrate specificity.
- a dominant negative form of these enzymes can be prepared.
- GMD is taken as an example, and its production in a dominant negative form is specifically described below.
- a dominant negative form can be prepared by substituting the 1 st glutamic acid, the 179 th tyrosine, and the 183 th lysine with another amino acid. Genes with such amino acid substitutions can be prepared using site-directed mutagenesis described in Molecular Cloning 2nd edition, Current Protocols in Molecular Biology and the like.
- the host cell used to produce the protein S composition of the present invention uses a gene encoding a dominant negative form of the target enzyme produced as described above (hereinafter abbreviated as dominant negative form gene), molecular cloning.
- dominant negative form gene a gene encoding a dominant negative form of the target enzyme produced as described above
- it can be prepared as follows.
- a dominant negative gene of an enzyme related to fucose modification is prepared. Based on the prepared full length DNA of the dominant negative body gene, if necessary, a DNA fragment having an appropriate length containing a portion encoding the protein is prepared. A recombinant vector is prepared by inserting the DNA fragment or full-length DNA downstream of the promoter of an appropriate expression vector.
- a transformant is obtained by introducing the recombinant vector into a host cell suitable for the expression vector.
- Host used for preparing the protein S composition of the present invention by selecting a transformant using as an index the activity of an enzyme related to fucose modification, or the sugar chain structure of the produced glycoprotein molecule or glycoprotein on the cell membrane Cells can be made.
- any yeast cells, animal cells, insect cells, plant cells, etc. can be used as long as they have a gene for an enzyme related to the target fucose modification.
- the host cell described in 3 below can be mentioned.
- the expression vector a vector that can replicate autonomously in the host cell or can be integrated into the chromosome and contains a promoter at a position where the DNA encoding the target dominant negative body can be transcribed is used.
- the expression vector described in 2 below can be mentioned.
- recombinant vector introduction methods suitable for various host cells described in 3 below can be used.
- Examples of the method for selecting a transformant using the activity of an enzyme related to fucose modification as an index include the methods described above.
- Examples of the method for selecting a transformant using the sugar chain structure of a glycoprotein on a cell membrane as an index include the method described in (1) below.
- Examples of the method for selecting a transformant using the sugar chain structure of the produced glycoprotein molecule as an index include the method described in 4 below.
- (3) Method of introducing mutation into enzyme The host cell used for producing the protein S composition of the present invention introduces a mutation into the gene of the enzyme related to fucose modification, and mutates the enzyme. It can be produced by using a method for selecting a desired cell line.
- enzymes involved in the synthesis of intracellular sugar nucleotide GDP-fucose include GMD and Fx.
- enzymes involved in the sugar chain modification in which the 1-position of fucose is ⁇ -linked to the 6-position of N-acetylglucosamine at the N-glycoside-linked complex sugar chain reducing terminal include ⁇ 1,6-fucosyltransferase, ⁇ -L-fucosidase.
- proteins involved in the transport of intracellular sugar nucleotide GDP-fucose to the Golgi apparatus include the GDP-fucose transporter.
- a method for introducing a mutation into an enzyme related to fucose modification 1) activity of an enzyme related to fucose modification from a mutant obtained by treating the parent strain by mutagenesis treatment or a naturally occurring mutant. 2) A method of selecting a desired cell line using as an index, 2) Desired using a sugar chain structure of a production glycoprotein molecule as an index from a mutant obtained by treating a parent strain by mutagenesis treatment or a naturally occurring mutant. 3) Desirable from a mutant obtained by treating a parent strain by mutagenesis treatment or a spontaneously generated mutant, using the sugar chain structure of a glycoprotein on the cell membrane of the cell as an index And a method for selecting the cell line.
- any treatment can be used as long as it induces point mutation, deletion or frameshift mutation in the DNA of the parent cell line.
- Specific examples include treatment with ethyl nitrosourea, nitrosoguanidine, benzopyrene, acridine dye, irradiation with radiation, and the like.
- Various alkylating agents and carcinogens can also be used as mutagens. Examples of methods for causing a mutagen to act on cells include, for example, tissue culture technology, third edition (Asakura Shoten), Japanese Society for Tissue Culture (1996), Nature Genetics (Nature Genetics, 24 , 314, (2000) ) And the like.
- Spontaneously generated mutants can include mutants that occur spontaneously by continuing subculture under normal cell culture conditions without any special mutagenesis treatment.
- Examples of the method for measuring the activity of the enzyme related to fucose modification include the method described in this section 1 (a).
- Examples of the method for identifying the sugar chain structure of the produced glycoprotein molecule include the method described in 5 below.
- Examples of a method for identifying the sugar chain structure of a glycoprotein on a cell membrane include the method described in 1 (5) of this section.
- Host cells used to produce the protein S composition of the present invention target enzyme genes related to fucose modification, and use antisense RNA / DNA technology [ Bioscience and industry, 50 , 322 (1992), Chemistry, 46 , 681 (1991), Biotechnology, 9 , 358 (1992), Trends in Biotechnology, 10 , 87 (1992), Trends in Biotechnology, 10 , 152 (1992) ), Cell engineering, 16 , 1463 (1997)], triple helix technology [Trends in Biotechnology, 10 , 132 (1992)], etc., and can be produced by suppressing transcription or translation of the target gene. it can.
- enzymes involved in the synthesis of intracellular sugar nucleotide GDP-fucose include GMD and Fx.
- enzymes involved in the sugar chain modification in which the 1-position of fucose is ⁇ -linked to the 6-position of N-acetylglucosamine at the N-glycoside-linked complex sugar chain reducing terminal include ⁇ 1,6-fucosyltransferase, ⁇ -L-fucosidase.
- Method for selecting a strain resistant to a lectin that recognizes a sugar chain structure in which the 6-position of N-acetylglucosamine at the reducing end of N-glycoside-linked sugar chain and the 1-position of fucose are ⁇ -linked The host cell used to produce the product is a strain that is resistant to a lectin that recognizes a sugar chain structure in which the N-acetylglucosamine 6-position of the N-glycoside-linked sugar chain reducing end and the 1-position of fucose are ⁇ -linked. It can produce by using the technique to do.
- any lectin can be used as long as it recognizes a sugar chain structure in which the 6-position of N-acetylglucosamine at the reducing end of the N-glycoside-linked sugar chain and the 1-position of fucose are ⁇ -linked.
- lentil lectin LCA Lid Agglutinin derived from LensCulinaris
- pea lectin PSA Pea Lectin derived from Pisum sativum
- broad bean lectin VFA Agglutinin derived from Vicia faba
- white bamboo lectin AAL Lectin from Aleuriaaurantia
- the cells are cultured in a medium containing the above-mentioned lectin at a concentration of 1 ⁇ g / mL to 1 mg / mL for 1 to 2 weeks, preferably 1 to 1 week, and the surviving cells are subcultured or colonized.
- a sugar chain structure in which the N-acetylglucosamine 6-position of the N-glycoside-linked sugar chain reducing end and the 1-position of fucose are ⁇ -linked by continuing the culture in a medium containing lectin after being picked up and transferred.
- a strain resistant to a lectin that recognizes can be selected. 2.
- transgenic non-human animal or plant of the present invention or their progeny Transgenic non-human animal or plant whose genomic gene has been altered so that the activity of the enzyme involved in the sugar chain modification of the protein S molecule of the present invention is controlled Alternatively, these progeny are used for enzyme modification involved in the synthesis of intracellular sugar nucleotide GDP-fucose or N-glycoside-linked complex type sugar chain reducing terminal N-acetylglucosamine at the 6-position of sugar chain modification where the 1-position of fucose is ⁇ -linked.
- the target non-human animal for example, embryonic stem cells such as cow, sheep, goat, pig, horse, mouse, rat, chicken, monkey, rabbit, etc.
- the activity of the enzyme involved in the synthesis of the intracellular sugar nucleotide GDP-fucose, the 1-position of fucose to the 6-position of N-acetylglucosamine at the N-glycosidic complex type sugar chain reducing end is ⁇
- the embryonic stem cell of the present invention in which the activity of the enzyme involved in the modification of the sugar chain to be bound or the protein involved in the transport of the intracellular sugar nucleotide GDP-fucose to the Golgi apparatus can be produced (Nature Biotechnology, vol. .21, 157-162 (2003), Nature Biotechnology, vol. 174, 56-461 (1999), Glycobiology, vol.14, 51-64 (2004)).
- the activity of the enzyme involved in the synthesis of the intracellular sugar nucleotide GDP-fucose on the chromosome the 1-position of fucose is ⁇ -linked to the 6-position of N-acetylglucosamine at the reducing end of the N-glycoside-linked complex sugar chain
- Methods for homologous recombination of genes encoding enzymes involved in sugar chain modification or proteins involved in transport of intracellular sugar nucleotides GDP-fucose to the Golgi apparatus [for example, Nature, 326 , 6110, 295 (1987) , Cell, 51 , 3, 503 (1987) etc.] to produce mutant clones inactivated or substituted with any sequence.
- a chimera consisting of an embryonic stem cell clone and normal cells using the prepared embryonic stem cell (for example, the mutant clone) and using a method such as an injection chimera method or an assemblage chimera method of an animal fertilized egg to a blastcyst Individuals can be prepared.
- fertilized egg cells such as target non-human animals such as cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, horses, mice, rats, chickens, monkeys, rabbits, etc.
- the activity of the enzyme involved in the synthesis of the intracellular sugar nucleotide GDP-fucose, and N-acetylglucosamine at the 6-position of N-acetylglucosamine at the N-glycoside-bonded sugar chain reducing end are used.
- the fertilized egg cell of the present invention can be produced in which the activity of an enzyme involved in sugar chain modification in which the 1-position is ⁇ -linked or a protein involved in transport of intracellular sugar nucleotide GDP-fucose to the Golgi apparatus is reduced.
- Intracellular sugar nucleotide GDP-fucose is produced by transplanting the produced fertilized egg cell into the oviduct or uterus of a pseudopregnant female using the embryo transfer method described in Manipulating Mouse Embryo 2nd edition, etc.
- a transgenic non-human animal in which the activity of a protein involved in transport of fucose to the Golgi body is reduced can be produced.
- the target plant callus or cell is subjected to 1.
- the activity of the enzyme involved in the synthesis of the intracellular sugar nucleotide GDP-fucose, and N-acetylglucosamine at the 6-position of N-acetylglucosamine at the N-glycoside-linked reducing end of the sugar chain The callus of the present invention can be produced in which the activity of an enzyme involved in sugar chain modification in which the 1-position is ⁇ -linked or a protein involved in transport of intracellular sugar nucleotide GDP-fucose to the Golgi apparatus is reduced.
- the prepared callus was prepared by a known method [tissue culture, 20 (1994); tissue culture, 21 (1995); According to Trends in Biotechnology, 15 , 45 (1997)], it is redifferentiated by culturing in a medium containing auxin and cytokinin, and is involved in the synthesis of intracellular sugar nucleotide GDP-fucose Activity of the N-glycoside-linked complex sugar chain at the reducing end of N-acetylglucosamine, the enzyme involved in sugar chain modification in which the 1-position of fucose is ⁇ -linked to the 6-position or the intracellular sugar nucleotide GDP-fucose to the Golgi apparatus A transgenic plant in which the activity of a protein involved in transport is reduced can be produced.
- the protein S composition of the present invention is produced by Molecular Cloning 2nd Edition, Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Antibodies, A Laboratory manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1988. (Hereinafter abbreviated as “antibodies”), Monoclonal Antibodies: principles and practice, Third Edition, Acad. Press, 1993 (hereinafter abbreviated as “monoclonal antibodies”), Antibody Engineering, A Practical Approach, IRL Press at Oxford University Press, Using a method described in 1996 (hereinafter, abbreviated as antibody engineering) or the like, for example, it can be obtained by expressing in a host cell as follows.
- a full-length cDNA of protein S molecule is prepared, and a DNA fragment having an appropriate length containing a portion encoding the protein S molecule is prepared.
- a recombinant vector is prepared by inserting the DNA fragment or full-length cDNA downstream of the promoter of an appropriate expression vector.
- a transformant producing a protein S molecule can be obtained by introducing the recombinant vector into a host cell suitable for the expression vector.
- any yeast cell, animal cell, insect cell, plant cell or the like that can express the target gene can be used.
- Select an enzyme related to the modification of the N-glycoside-linked sugar chain that binds to the protein S molecule that is, a cell deficient in the activity of the enzyme related to fucose modification, or by various artificial techniques as described in 1 above.
- the obtained cells can also be used as host cells.
- a vector that can replicate autonomously in the host cell or can be integrated into the chromosome and contains a promoter at a position where the DNA encoding the target protein S molecule can be transcribed is used.
- cDNA can be prepared from a human or non-human animal tissue or cell using a probe or primer specific for the target protein S molecule according to the cDNA preparation method described in 1 (a) above. .
- yeast When yeast is used as a host cell, examples of expression vectors include YEP13 (ATCC37115), YEp24 (ATCC37051), YCp50 (ATCC37419) and the like.
- the promoter any promoter can be used as long as it can be expressed in a yeast strain. 1 promoter, gal 10 promoter, heat shock protein promoter, MF ⁇ 1 promoter, CUP 1 promoter and the like.
- the host cell Saccharomyces, Schizosaccharomyces genus Kluyveromyces genus Trichosporon, Schwanniomyces genus, a microorganism belonging to the genus Pichia such as, for example, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Schizosaccharomycespombe, Kluyveromyces lactis , Trichosporon pullulans, Schwanniomycesalluvius, Pichia pastoris Etc.
- any method for introducing DNA into yeast can be used as a method for introducing a recombinant vector.
- electroporation method Methods in Enzymol., Methods 194 , 182] (1990)
- the spheroplast method [Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci . USA), 84, 1929 (1978)]
- the lithium acetate method [journal Of Bacteriology, 153 , 163 (1983)]
- Proc. Of the National Academy of Science Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA), 75 , 1929 (1978) And the like.
- expression vectors include, for example, pcDNAI, pcDM8 (commercially available from Funakoshi), pAGE107 [JP 3-22979; Cytotechnology, 3 , 133, (1990)], pAS3 -3 [Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2-227075], pCDM8 [Nature, 329 , 840, (1987)], pcDNAI / Amp (Invitrogen), pREP4 (Invitrogen), pAGE103 [Journal of Biochemistry (J Biochemistry), 101 , 1307 (1987)], pAGE210 and the like.
- CMV cytomegalovirus
- SV40 early promoter SV40 early promoter
- retrovirus promoter metallothionein
- metallothionein examples include promoters, heat shock promoters, SR ⁇ promoters and the like.
- an IE gene enhancer of human CMV may be used together with a promoter.
- human cells As host cells, human cells, Namalwa cells, monkey cells, COS cells, Chinese hamster cells, CHO cells, HBT5637 (Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 63-299), rat myeloma cells, mouse myeloma Examples include cells, Syrian hamster kidney-derived cells, embryonic stem cells, fertilized egg cells, and the like.
- any method can be used as long as it is a method for introducing DNA into animal cells. For example, electroporation [Cytotechnology, 3 , 133 (1990)], calcium phosphate method [JP-A-2-27075], lipofection method [Procedure of the National Academy of Science (Proc. Natl.
- the composition of the present invention can be expressed. That is, after the recombinant gene transfer vector and baculovirus are co-introduced into insect cells to obtain the recombinant virus in the insect cell culture supernatant, the recombinant virus is further infected with the insect cells, and the protein S composition of the present invention Product can be expressed.
- Examples of the gene transfer vector used in the method include pVL1392, pVL1393, pBlueBacIII (both from Invitrogen).
- baculovirus for example, Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus, which is a virus that infects the night stealing insects, can be used.
- Insect cells are Spodopterafrugiperda ovarian cells Sf9, Sf21 [Current Protocols in Molecular Biology Baculovirus Expression Vectors, A Laboratory Manual, WH Freeman and Company, New York (1992)], Trichoplusiani ovarian cells High 5 (Invitrogen) or the like can be used.
- Examples of a method for co-introducing the recombinant gene introduction vector and the baculovirus into insect cells for preparing a recombinant virus include, for example, the calcium phosphate method (JP-A-2-27075), the lipofection method [Proceedings of The National Academy of Sciences (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA), 84 , 7413 (1987)].
- expression vectors include Ti plasmids and tobacco mosaic virus vectors. Any promoter can be used as long as it can be expressed in plant cells, and examples thereof include cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter, rice actin 1 promoter and the like.
- CaMV cauliflower mosaic virus
- Examples of the host cell include plant cells such as tobacco, potato, tomato, carrot, soybean, rape, alfalfa, rice, wheat and barley.
- any method can be used as long as it is a method for introducing DNA into a plant cell.
- electroporation method Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 60-251887
- method using particle gun (gene gun) Japanese Patent No. 2517813
- Japanese Patent No. 2517813 Japanese Patent No. 2517813
- the transformant obtained as described above is cultured in a medium, the protein S composition of the present invention is produced and accumulated in the culture, and the composition is collected from the culture to obtain the protein S of the present invention.
- a composition can be produced.
- the method of culturing the transformant in the medium can be performed according to a usual method used for culturing host cells.
- a medium for culturing a transformant obtained by using a eukaryote such as yeast as a host it contains a carbon source, a nitrogen source, inorganic salts, etc. that can be assimilated by the organism, so that the transformant can be cultured efficiently.
- a natural medium or a synthetic medium may be used.
- yeast generally used as a production host for recombinant proteins is known to completely lack the activity to ⁇ -carboxylate glutamic acid residues present on the amino terminal side of protein S protein. Yes.
- the carbon source may be anything that can be assimilated by the organism, such as glucose, fructose, sucrose, molasses containing these, carbohydrates such as starch or starch hydrolysate, organic acids such as acetic acid and propionic acid, ethanol, Alcohols such as propanol can be used.
- Nitrogen sources include ammonia, ammonium chloride, ammonium sulfate, ammonium acetate, ammonium salts of organic acids such as ammonium phosphate, other nitrogen-containing compounds, peptone, meat extract, yeast extract, corn steep liquor, casein A hydrolyzate, soybean meal, soybean meal hydrolyzate, various fermented cells, digested products thereof, and the like can be used.
- inorganic salts examples include monopotassium phosphate, dipotassium phosphate, magnesium phosphate, magnesium sulfate, sodium chloride, ferrous sulfate, man cancer sulfate, copper sulfate, and calcium carbonate.
- the culture is usually carried out under aerobic conditions such as shaking culture or deep aeration stirring culture.
- the culture temperature is preferably 15 to 40 ° C., and the culture time is usually 16 hours to 17 days.
- the pH is maintained at 3.0 to 9.0.
- the pH is adjusted using an inorganic or organic acid, an alkaline solution, urea, calcium carbonate, ammonia or the like.
- antibiotics such as an ampicillin and a tetracycline
- an inducer may be added to the medium as necessary.
- an inducer may be added to the medium as necessary.
- a medium for culturing a transformant obtained using an animal cell as a host a commonly used RPMI1640 medium [The Journal of the American Medical Association], 199 , 519 (1967)], Eagle's MEM medium [Science, 122 , 501 (1952)], Dulbecco's modified MEM medium [Virology, 8 , 396 (1959)], 199 medium [Procedure Of the Society for the Biological Medicine (Proceeding of the Society for the Biological Medicine), 73 , 1 (1950)], Whitten Medium [Genetic Engineering Experiment Manual-How to Make Transgenic Mice (Kodansha) Motoya Katsuki (1987)] or a medium obtained by adding fetal calf serum or the like to these mediums can be used.
- the culture is usually carried out for 1 to 7 days under conditions such as pH 6 to 8, 30 to 40 ° C., and the presence of 5% CO 2 .
- Culture media for transformants obtained using insect cells as hosts include commonly used TNM-FH media (Pharmingen), Sf-900 II SFM media (Life Technologies), ExCell400, and ExCell405 (all JRH Biosciences), Grace's Insect Medium [Nature, 195 , 788 (1962)] and the like can be used.
- Cultivation is usually carried out for 1 to 5 days under conditions of pH 6-7, 25-30 ° C., etc.
- antibiotics such as a gentamicin
- a transformant obtained using a plant cell as a host can be cultured as a cell or differentiated into a plant cell or organ.
- a medium for cultivating the transformant a generally used Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium, a White medium, or a medium in which a plant hormone such as auxin or cytokinin is added to these mediums or the like is used. be able to.
- MS Murashige and Skoog
- a White medium or a medium in which a plant hormone such as auxin or cytokinin is added to these mediums or the like is used.
- plants generally used as recombinant protein production hosts are known to completely lack the activity of ⁇ -carboxylating glutamic acid residues present on the amino terminal side of protein S protein. Yes.
- Cultivation is usually carried out for 3 to 60 days under conditions of pH 5 to 9 and 20 to 40 ° C. Moreover, you may add antibiotics, such as kanamycin and a hygromycin, to a culture medium as needed during culture
- antibiotics such as kanamycin and a hygromycin
- the protein S composition of the present invention can be produced by producing and accumulating products and collecting the protein S composition from the culture.
- the protein S composition can be produced in a host cell, secreted outside the host cell, or produced on the host cell membrane.
- the method can be selected by changing the structure.
- the protein S composition can be actively secreted outside the host cell.
- DNA encoding a protein S molecule and DNA encoding a signal peptide appropriate for expression of the protein S molecule are inserted into an expression vector, and the expression vector is introduced into a host cell. After that, by expressing the protein S molecule, the target protein S molecule can be actively secreted outside the host cell. Further, according to the method described in JP-A-2-27075, the production amount can be increased by using a gene amplification system using a dihydrofolate reductase gene or the like.
- an animal individual transgenic non-human animal or plant individual (transgenic plant) into which the gene has been introduced is created, and protein is produced using these individuals.
- S compositions can also be produced.
- the transformant is an animal individual or a plant individual, it is bred or cultivated according to a usual method, a protein S composition is produced and accumulated, and the protein S composition is collected from the animal individual or plant individual, The protein S composition can be produced.
- a transgenic non-human animal introduced with DNA encoding a protein S molecule is bred, a protein S composition is produced and accumulated in the animal, and a protein S composition is obtained from the animal. By collecting, a protein S composition can be produced.
- the production / accumulation place in the animal include milk of the animal (Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 63-309192), eggs and the like.
- Any promoter can be used as long as it can be expressed in animals.
- a protein promoter or the like is preferably used.
- a transgenic plant introduced with DNA encoding a protein S molecule is known [tissue culture, 20 (1994); tissue culture, 21 (1995) Cultivated according to Trends in Biotechnology, 15 , 45 (1997)], and a protein S composition is produced and accumulated in the plant, and the protein S composition is produced from the plant.
- a method of producing a protein S composition by collecting is mentioned.
- the protein S composition is expressed in a dissolved state in a cell
- the protein S composition produced by a transformant introduced with a gene encoding a protein S molecule is centrifuged after completion of the culture. Then, after suspending in an aqueous buffer solution, the cells are crushed with an ultrasonic crusher, a French press, a Manton Gaurin homogenizer, a dyno mill or the like to obtain a cell-free extract.
- an ordinary enzyme isolation and purification method that is, a solvent extraction method, a salting-out method using ammonium sulfate, a desalting method, a precipitation method using an organic solvent, diethylamino Anion exchange chromatography using resin such as ethyl (DEAE) -Sepharose, DIAION HPA-75 (Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation), cation exchange chromatography using resin such as S-Sepharose FF (Pharmacia) Methods such as electrophoresis, hydrophobic chromatography using resins such as butyl sepharose and phenyl sepharose, gel filtration using molecular sieves, affinity chromatography, chromatofocusing, isoelectric focusing etc.
- a solvent extraction method ethyl (DEAE) -Sepharose, DIAION HPA-75 (Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation)
- cation exchange chromatography using resin such as S-Sepharose FF (Pharmacia) Method
- a purified preparation of the protein S composition can be obtained by using alone or in combination. Specifically, a method using immobilized heparin affinity chromatography developed by Miller-Anderson et al. In 1974 can be mentioned (Thromb. Res. 5 , 439, 1974; Secondary Biochemistry Laboratory Course 8 , Blood Volume 2 (Japan Biochemical Society) pp.569-574., Tokyo Chemical Doujin, 1985).
- the cells are similarly collected and then crushed and centrifuged to collect the insoluble form of the protein S composition as a precipitate fraction. To do.
- the recovered insoluble material of the protein S composition is solubilized with a protein denaturant. By diluting or dialyzing the solubilized solution, the protein S composition is returned to a normal three-dimensional structure, and then a purified preparation of the protein S composition can be obtained by the same isolation and purification method as described above. .
- the protein S composition or a derivative thereof can be recovered in the culture supernatant. That is, the culture supernatant is obtained by treating the culture by a method such as centrifugation as described above, and the protein S composition is obtained from the culture supernatant by using the same isolation and purification method as described above. The purified sample can be obtained.
- the host cell already has the ability to express a protein S molecule
- the cell is cultured, and the culture From the above, the protein S composition of the present invention can be produced by purifying the target protein S composition. 4).
- the biological activity of the purified protein S composition can be measured using various known methods. Specifically, protein S APC cofactor activity, prothrombinase (tennase) inhibitory activity, RAGE binding activity, cytokine suppressive activity, sepsis, acute lung injury, infertility and thrombosis model animals were used In vivo studies are described in the literature [JBC 256, 11128 (1981), JBC 270, 27852 (1995), JBC 272, 20678 (1997), JBC 261, 12022 (1986), Thromb Haemost 85, 761 (2001), JBC 268 , 2872 (1993), PNAS 91, 2728 (1994), Blood 86, 1062 (1995), Thromb Haemost 80, 930 (1998), Thromb Haemost 82, 80 (1999), Eur J Immunol 38, 809 (2008), Arthritis Rheumatism 54, 3898 (2006),
- the blood half-life of the protein S composition can be measured by conducting an in vivo test using the purified protein S composition by a known method (Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 25, 2209 (2005)). . Specific examples are shown below.
- RAGE glycated protein receptor
- RAGE recombinant recombinant glycated protein receptor
- PBS bovine serum albumin
- 1% BSA-PBS 1% BSA-PBS
- each well was washed several times with 0.01% Tween-PBS to remove protein S that did not bind to the plate, and a commercially available HRP-labeled anti-protein S antibody dissolved in 1% BSA-PBS ( Dispense 100 ⁇ L / well.
- each well was washed several times with 0.01% Tween-PBS to remove the anti-protein S antibody that did not bind to the plate, and 100 ⁇ L / well of 3,3 ′, 5,5 was added to each well.
- TMB '-tetramethylbenzidine
- the magnification can be determined and the titer can be determined.
- surface plasmon resonance using BIAcore T100 (Biacore) etc. according to the literature [Eur J Immunol 38, 809 (2008)].
- the method (hereinafter abbreviated as SPR method) can also be used.
- SPR method Inflammatory Cytokine Inhibitory Activity Measurement Method
- the purified protein S composition has an inhibitory activity against inflammatory cytokines such as Pullerits et al.
- protein S can be determined by measuring the activity of suppressing inflammatory cytokine secretion from lymphocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Specifically, a purified protein S composition as a test substance and human plasma-derived protein S having a known concentration as a standard product are serially diluted with 1% BSA-PBS or the like.
- LPS Lipopolysaccharide
- HMGB-1 protein vascular endothelial cells
- S100 peptide etc.
- the inflammatory cytokine inhibitory activity of protein S can be measured.
- (3) In vivo tests using sepsis model animals The anti-coagulant action and anti-inflammatory action of the purified protein S composition were observed in the in vivo tests using hypercoagulation model animals and sepsis model animals. It can be analyzed by examining the prolongation of blood coagulation time, the concentration of inflammatory cytokines in the blood, and the like.
- hypercoagulable model animals include a model in which disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome (DIC) is induced by continuous intravenous administration of tissue thromboplastin 15 mg / kg over 5 hours to rabbits.
- DIC disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome
- test substance protein S is continuously administered intravenously from 15 minutes before the administration of tissue thromboplastin until the end of the administration. Also, measure blood coagulation parameters (platelet count, fibrinogen content, APTT) and fibrinolytic parameters (fibrin degradation product (FDP), PAI-1 activity) by collecting blood before and after DIC induction. Can do.
- tissue thromboplastin the auricular vein can be punctured to measure the bleeding time, and at the end of the experiment, the kidney can be removed to observe fibrin deposition on the glomeruli.
- test substance protein S is continuously administered intravenously, for example, from 60 minutes before LPS administration to 60 minutes after administration.
- each dose of the protein S composition can be set, for example, between 1 ⁇ g / 1 head and 100 ⁇ g / 1 head.
- Protein S is present in the plasma of healthy individuals at an almost constant concentration of 25-30 ⁇ g / mL (300-350 nM in molar concentration). It has been known. This plasma protein S is divided into two types depending on the form of its existence. They are C4BP-binding protein S and free body protein S. C4BP is a type of complement inhibitory factor present in the plasma of healthy individuals at a concentration of about 150 ⁇ g / mL (molar concentration of 260 nM).
- Protein S has a high affinity for the ⁇ chain of this C4BP (KD value: 0.1 to 0.6 nM). From this, it is said that all plasma C4BP is couple
- Measurement of the blood half-life using a purified recombinant protein S composition or the like can be carried out using a model animal such as a rat.
- a test substance prepared in 0.25% rat serum albumin or a placebo without test substance (PBS containing 0.25% rat serum albumin) was administered to the rat once by intravenous injection or subcutaneous injection using a carotid artery cannula. Administer.
- each dose of the protein S composition can be set, for example, between 1 ⁇ g / kg and 50 mg / kg.
- 300 ⁇ L of blood is collected, and the test substance concentration in rat blood is measured by an ELISA method capable of specifically detecting and quantifying human protein S.
- the obtained data is used to measure the pharmacokinetic parameters of each rat using, for example, PCNONLIN nonlinear regression analysis (Statistical Consultants, 1992).
- the clearance test of protein S composition can also be evaluated using animal species models such as rodents other than rats, such as mice, and primates more closely related to humans than rats, such as cynomolgus monkeys. 5).
- Analysis of sugar chain of protein S composition The sugar chain structure of protein S molecule expressed in various cells can be performed according to the analysis of the sugar chain structure of normal glycoprotein.
- sugar chains bound to protein S molecules are composed of neutral sugars such as galactose and mannose, amino sugars such as N-acetylglucosamine, and acidic sugars such as sialic acid.
- composition analysis of the sugar chain of protein S molecule is carried out by acid hydrolysis of the sugar chain with trifluoroacetic acid or the like to release neutral sugars or amino sugars.
- the composition ratio can be analyzed.
- BioLC is a device that analyzes sugar composition by HPAEC-PAD (high performance anion-exchange chromatography-pulsed amperometric detection) [J. Liq. Chromatogr., 6 , 1577 (1983)]. It is.
- the composition ratio can also be analyzed by fluorescence labeling with 2-aminopyridine. Specifically, a sample obtained by acid hydrolysis according to a known method [Agric. Biol. Chem., 55 (1) , 283-284 (1991)] It is possible to calculate the composition ratio by labeling with fluorescence and HPLC analysis.
- the protein S composition is hydrazine-degraded to release sugar chains from protein S molecules, and fluorescent labeling of sugar chains with 2-aminopyridine (hereinafter abbreviated as “PA”) [Journal of Biochemistry (J. Biochem.), 95 , 197 (1984)], followed by gel filtration to separate sugar chains from excess PA reagent and perform reverse phase chromatography. Next, normal phase chromatography is performed on each peak of the separated sugar chain. Based on these results, a plot is made on a two-dimensional glycan map, and the glycan standard (manufactured by TaKaRa) and the literature [Analytical Biochemistry, 171 , 73 (1988)].
- the sugar chain structure can be estimated from spot comparison.
- the protein S composition of the present invention is composed of protein S molecules having different sugar chain structures.
- fucose is not bound to N-acetylglucosamine at the N-glycoside-linked complex type sugar chain reducing terminal.
- a lectin that recognizes the sugar chain structure of the protein S molecule constituting the protein S composition is labeled, and the labeled lectin is reacted with the sample protein S composition. Next, the amount of the complex of labeled lectin and protein S molecule is measured.
- lectins used for identifying the sugar chain structure of protein S molecule include WGA (T. vulgaris-derived wheat-germ agglutinin), ConA (C. ensiformis-derived concanavalin A), RIC (R. communis-derived toxin). ), L-PHA (leukoagglutinin from P. vulgaris), LCA (lentil agglutinin from L.
- PSA Pea lectin from P. sativum
- AAL Aleuria aurantia Lectin
- ACL Amaranthus caudatus Lectin
- BPL Bauhinia purpurea Lectin
- DSL Datura stramonium Lectin
- DBA Dolichos biflorus Agglutinin
- EBL Elderberry Balk Lectin
- ECL Erythrina cristagalli Lectin
- EEL Euonymus europaeus Lectin
- GNL Galanthus nivalis Lectin
- HPA Helix pomatia Agglutinin
- HHL Hippeastrum Hybrid Lectin
- Jacalin LTL (Lotus tetragonolobus Lectin)
- LEL Lycopersicon esculentum Lectin
- a lectin that specifically recognizes a sugar chain structure in which fucose is bound to N-acetylglucosamine at the N-glycoside-linked complex type sugar chain reducing end.
- Specific examples include lentil lectin LCA (Lentil Agglutinin derived from Lens Culinaris) pea lectin PSA (Pea Lectin derived from Pisum sativum), broad bean lectin VFA (Agglutinin derived from Vicia faba), and white pea lectin AAL (Aleuria aurantia) Lectin). 7).
- the protein S composition of the present invention comprises N-acetyl at the reducing end of an N-glycoside-linked complex type sugar chain, such as human plasma-derived or recombinant protein S, which has been conventionally known.
- an N-glycoside-linked complex type sugar chain such as human plasma-derived or recombinant protein S
- RAGE glycated protein receptor
- the dose and number of administrations can be reduced, the physical and economic burden on patients and medical sites can be reduced, and side effects such as increased blood pressure and the appearance of anti-protein S antibodies can be reduced. it can.
- Examples of the various diseases using the protein S composition as a therapeutic agent include inflammatory diseases that exhibit a decrease in blood protein S concentration and hypercoagulable diseases. Therefore, the protein S composition of the present invention can be used for any diseases as long as they are inflammatory diseases and hypercoagulable diseases caused by a decrease in the protein S concentration in the blood. Examples of diseases that cause a decrease in blood protein S concentration include protein S deficiency, and specifically include congenital protein S deficiency and acquired protein S deficiency.
- Congenital protein S deficiency also called congenital protein S deficiency, is known as one of human genetic diseases and exhibits venous thromboembolism (VTE).
- VTE includes two diseases, deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE).
- Examples of the disease that develops with acquired protein S deficiency include habitual miscarriage (infertility).
- liver diseases nephrotic syndrome, HIV infection, disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome (DIC), sepsis, acute lung injury, rheumatoid arthritis, L-asparaginase preparations, warfarin preparations, oral contraceptives, etc.
- blood protein S-related hypercoagulable diseases include systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), thrombosis caused by other pathologies, VTE including the above-mentioned DVT and PE Etc.
- SIRS systemic inflammatory response syndrome
- thrombosis caused by other pathologies
- VTE including the above-mentioned DVT and PE Etc.
- the method for using the protein S composition includes inflammatory diseases and blood coagulation diseases associated with protein S deficiency as described above.
- it can be used for acute thrombosis during or immediately after the treatment, or for prophylactic use to suppress the occurrence of thrombosis by administering Protein S before surgery.
- the medicament containing the protein S composition of the present invention can be administered alone as a prophylactic or therapeutic agent, but usually together with one or more pharmacologically acceptable carriers. And is preferably provided as a pharmaceutical preparation produced by any method well known in the pharmaceutical arts. It is desirable to use the administration route that is most effective in treatment, and oral administration or parenteral administration such as buccal, respiratory tract, rectal, subcutaneous, intramuscular and intravenous, etc. can be mentioned. In the case of the S preparation, intravenous administration can be preferably mentioned.
- Examples of the dosage form include sprays, capsules, tablets, granules, syrups, emulsions, suppositories, injections, ointments, tapes and the like.
- Suitable formulations for oral administration include emulsions, syrups, capsules, tablets, powders, granules and the like.
- Liquid preparations such as emulsions and syrups include sugars such as water, sucrose, sorbitol and fructose, glycols such as polyethylene glycol and propylene glycol, oils such as sesame oil, olive oil and soybean oil, p-hydroxybenzoic acid
- Preservatives such as esters, and flavors such as strawberry flavor and peppermint can be used as additives.
- Capsules, tablets, powders, granules, etc. are excipients such as lactose, glucose, sucrose, mannitol, disintegrants such as starch and sodium alginate, lubricants such as magnesium stearate and talc, polyvinyl alcohol, hydroxy A binder such as propylcellulose and gelatin, a surfactant such as fatty acid ester, a plasticizer such as glycerin and the like can be used as additives.
- Formulations suitable for parenteral administration include injections, suppositories, sprays and the like.
- the injection is prepared using a carrier comprising a salt solution, a glucose solution, or a mixture of both.
- a powder injection can be prepared by lyophilizing the protein S composition according to a conventional method and adding sodium chloride thereto.
- Suppositories are prepared using a carrier such as cacao butter, hydrogenated fat or carboxylic acid.
- the spray is prepared using a protein S composition itself or a carrier that does not irritate the recipient's oral cavity and airway mucosa, and that facilitates absorption by dispersing the protein S composition as fine particles.
- a carrier include lactose and glycerin.
- formulations such as aerosols and dry powders are possible.
- the components exemplified as additives for oral preparations can also be added.
- the dose or frequency of administration varies depending on the intended therapeutic effect, administration method, treatment period, age, weight, etc., but the amount of active ingredient is usually 5 ⁇ g / kg to 5 mg / kg per day for an adult.
- methods for analyzing biological activities such as glycated protein receptor (RAGE) binding activity of protein S compositions include APC cofactor activity, prothrombinase (tennase) inhibitory activity, RAGE binding activity, and cytokine suppressive activity. And in vitro tests using pathological model animals such as sepsis and thrombosis.
- sialic acid was fluorescently labeled with 1,2-diamino-4,5-methylenedioxybenzene (DMB) using a reagent kit for fluorescent labeling of sialic acid (manufactured by Takara Bio Inc.) and then reverse phase column (PALPAK Type R; Quantification was performed by HPLC analysis using Takara Bio.
- N-glycoside-linked glycan profiling analysis was performed using a matrix-assisted laser desorption / ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometer (MALDI-TOF MS) according to the method of Kanda et al. (Glycobiology 17, 104 (2007)). .
- MALDI-TOF MS matrix-assisted laser desorption / ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometer
- the composition ratio of each monosaccharide calculated with a mannose composition ratio of 3.00 is 0.26 for fucose, 4.53 for N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), and 2.80 for galactose
- the sialic acid was 2.11.
- all of the detected sugar chains are complex-type sugar chains, and the main complex-type sugar chains are two-antenna branched-type sugars having sialic acid at the non-reducing end.
- Human plasma-derived antithrombin III is a glycoprotein having four asparagine-linked sugar chains, but it is known that the sugar chain does not have a core ⁇ 1,6-fucose (WO2005 / 035563).
- the amount of ligand protein immobilized on each flow cell was in the range of 2000 to 30002000resonance unit (hereinafter referred to as RU).
- LCA lectin manufactured by Vector Laboratories
- diluted to a constant concentration (50000, 25000, 12500, 6250, 3125, 1562 ng / mL) using HBS-EP + buffer (Biacore) was used as the analyte
- the cells were allowed to bind to a flow cell in which the ligand was immobilized under the conditions of a temperature of 25 ° C., a flow rate of 5 ⁇ L / min, a binding time of 140 seconds, and a dissociation time of 240 seconds.
- the chip was regenerated by flowing a glycine aqueous solution of pH 1.5 (Biacore) for 60 seconds.
- FUT8 ⁇ 1,6-fucosyltransferase
- FUT8 gene double knockout cell line producing recombinant human protein S It was produced by the method shown.
- PCR Polymerase chain reaction
- Two types of primers (sequences) containing recognition sequences for two restriction enzymes BsiWI or BamHI at the 5 'end of the human protein S gene sequence (UniGene: Hs.64016 SEQ ID NO: 1) No. 3 and SEQ ID No. 4) were prepared, and the following PCR was performed.
- reaction mixture containing human liver cDNA (manufactured by Invitrogen) as a template [KOD plus polymerase (Toyobo), KOD plus buffer, 0.2 mM dNTP mixture, 2.5 mM MgSO 4 , 0.5 ⁇ M No. 3 and SEQ ID NO: 4)], and after heating at 94 ° C. for 2 minutes, a reaction consisting of 94 ° C. for 15 seconds, 64 ° C. for 30 seconds and 68 ° C. for 2 minutes is defined as 35 cycles. PCR was performed under conditions.
- Plasmid DNA is prepared from the transformant using QIAprep (R) Spin Miniprep Kit (QIAGEN), BigDye Terminator Cycle Sequencing FS Ready Reaction Kit (Applied Biosystems) and DNA sequencer ABI PRISM 377 (Applied Biosystems) ) was used to analyze the nucleotide sequence.
- a plasmid clone containing the human protein S cDNA sequence was named pCR4-PS (FIG. 2).
- Preparation of plasmid pKAN-PS 3 ⁇ g of pCR4-PS prepared in the previous section 2 was dissolved in 17.5 ⁇ L of water.
- plasmid pKANTEX93 (WO1997 / 10354) is dissolved in 17.5 ⁇ L of water, BsiWI (New England Biolabs) and 2 ⁇ L of NEBuffer 3 are added to prepare 20 ⁇ L of reaction solution, and digested at 55 ° C. for 16 hours. Reaction was performed. Further, 10 units of BamHI (manufactured by New England Biolabs) was added to the reaction solution to prepare 20 ⁇ L of the reaction solution, which was digested at 37 ° C. for 16 hours.
- the pCR4-PS fragment (BsiWI-BamHI) and pKANTEX93 fragment (BsiWI-BamHI) obtained above were subjected to 1.5% (w / v) agarose gel electrophoresis to recover about 2.1 kbp and 9.3 kbp DNA fragments, respectively.
- the product was purified using QIAquick Gel Extraction Kit (manufactured by QIAGEN).
- the purified pCR4-PS fragment (BsiWI-BamHI) and the purified pKANTEX93 fragment (BsiWI-BamHI) fragment were ligated using Ligation High (manufactured by Toyobo Co., Ltd.), and the resulting recombinant plasmid DNA was used for Escherichia coli DH5 ⁇ strain ( Toyobo Co., Ltd.) was transformed. Plasmid DNA was prepared from each transformant, and the nucleotide sequence was analyzed using BigDye Terminator Cycle Sequencing FS Ready Reaction Kit (Applied Biosystems) and DNA sequencer ABI PRISM 377 (Applied Biosystems).
- a plasmid pKAN-PS containing the human protein S gene sequence (SEQ ID NO: 1) was obtained (FIG. 3).
- SEQ ID NO: 1 human protein S gene sequence
- the plasmid pKAN-PS prepared in the previous section was introduced into the CHO / DG44 cell line (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 77 , 4216 (1980)).
- Plasmid linearization was performed by preparing 600 ⁇ L of a reaction solution consisting of 100 ⁇ g of plasmid pKAN-PS, 60 ⁇ L of NEBuffer 3 (New England Biolabs) and 120 units of restriction enzyme MluI (New England Biolabs) at 37 ° C. The digestion reaction was performed for 5 hours. After the reaction, the linearized plasmid was purified and recovered from the reaction solution by phenol / chloroform extraction treatment and ethanol precipitation.
- FUT8 gene double knockout CHO / DG44 cells were suspended in K-PBS buffer (137 mM KCl, 2.7 mM NaCl, 8.1 mM Na 2 HPO 4 , 1.5 mM KH 2 PO 4 , 4.0 mM MgCl 2 ). ⁇ 10 7 cells / mL.
- the total amount of the cell-DNA mixture is Gene Pulser Cuvette (distance between electrodes: 2 mm) (BIO-RAD)
- Gene Pulser manufactured by BIO-RAD
- gene transfer was performed using an electroporation apparatus Gene Pulser (manufactured by BIO-RAD) under the conditions of a pulse voltage of 350 V and an electric capacity of 250 ⁇ F.
- the cell suspension was suspended in 120 mL of IMDM medium (Life Technologies) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Life Technologies) and 50 ⁇ g / mL gentamicin (Nacalai Tesque).
- MTX methotrexate
- the culture was performed for 9 days while repeating this medium exchange operation every 3 to 4 days.
- IMDM medium supplemented with 10% final concentration dialyzed fetal bovine serum, 50 ⁇ g / mL gentamicin and 200 nM MTX
- the medium was similarly repeated every 3 to 4 days, and cultured for 18 days, and finally formed.
- the resulting colonies were expanded and cultured on a 24-well plate (manufactured by Sigma).
- medium exchange using IMDM medium supplemented with 10% final concentration fetal bovine serum, 50 ⁇ g / mL gentamicin and 500 nM MTX was repeated every 3 to 4 days, and cultured for about 3 weeks while expanding. An nM MTX resistant pool strain was obtained. 6.
- each 1.0 ⁇ 10 6 cells were dialyzed into 10 mL of 10% final concentration fetal bovine fetus The suspension was suspended in IMDM medium supplemented with serum, 50 ⁇ g / mL gentamicin and 500 nM MTX, and seeded in a T25 flask for culture. After 3 days of culture, the culture supernatant was collected, and the amount of recombinant human protein S contained in the supernatant was measured by ELISA using the Matched Pair Antibody Set for human protein S antigen (Affinity Biological).
- PBS Phosphate Buffered Saline
- Tween 20 1% bovine serum albumin with 0.1% Tween 20 added to the sample dilution buffer
- TMB 3, 3 ', 5, 5'-tetramethyl benzidine
- 1 MH 2 SO 4 3 ', 5, 5'-tetramethyl benzidine
- Human plasma-derived protein S manufactured by Calbiochem was used as a standard product. This analysis confirmed that recombinant human protein S was expressed at a concentration of 1 ⁇ g / mL or more in the culture supernatant of a plurality of 500 nM MTX resistant pool strains.
- the culture supernatant containing the genetically modified protein S obtained in the previous section was subjected to a diafiltration method using an ultrafiltration membrane (fractionated molecular weight 10,000, manufactured by polyethersulfone: manufactured by Millipore), and a buffer solution was obtained. Replaced with PBS. EDTA was added to the obtained sample (about 110 mL) so that the final concentration was 5 mM.
- the sample was subjected to calcium elution anion exchange chromatography purification.
- a Q sepharose FF column (1.0 mL, manufactured by GE Healthcare) was used as a purification column.
- the column was equilibrated with an equilibration buffer consisting of 150 mM NaCl, 5 mM EDTA, 20 mM tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane (Tris) (pH 7.4).
- the sample was adsorbed onto the Q sepharose FF column by feeding 20 mL at a flow rate of 1.0 mL / min. Washing was carried out by feeding 15 column volumes (CV) of equilibration buffer and further sending 15 CV of buffer consisting of 150 mM NaCl and 20 mM Tris (pH 7.4). Elution was performed by feeding 10 CV of an elution buffer consisting of 150 mM NaCl, 20 mM CaCl 2 and 20 mM Tris (pH 7.4).
- the elution fractions were mixed, and 150 mM NaCl and 20 mM Tris (pH 7.4) were obtained by diafiltration using an ultrafiltration membrane (fractionated molecular weight 10,000, manufactured by polyethersulfone: manufactured by Millipore). Buffer exchange and concentration to 1.8 mL was performed. Further, EDTA was added so that the final concentration was 25 mM.
- Elution is 15 CV of elution buffer consisting of 320 M NaCl, 20 M Tris (pH7.4), 15 CV of elution buffer consisting of 400 NaCl, 20 M Tris (pH7.4), 500 M NaCl, 20 M Tris This was carried out by feeding an elution buffer of 15 CV consisting of pH 7.4). The column was washed and regenerated by feeding 5 CV with a buffer solution consisting of 1 M NaCl, 20 mM Tris (pH 7.4). The chromatograph was an AKTA® purifier system (GE Healthcare), the pump flow rate was 1.0 mL / min, and the elution fraction was fractionated every 15 mL.
- AKTA® purifier system GE Healthcare
- the eluted substance was detected by measuring the absorbance at 280 nm, 260 nm, and 320 nm. Subsequently, the elution fractions were mixed, and the diafiltration method using an ultrafiltration membrane (fractionated molecular weight 10,000, manufactured by Polyethersulfone: manufactured by Millipore) to 150 ⁇ mM NaCl, 20 ⁇ mM Tris® (pH 7.4). Buffer exchange and concentration to 1.0 mL was performed.
- MSPS The purified product of recombinant human protein S obtained from FUT8 knockout CHO / DG44 cells
- KCPS the purified product of recombinant human protein S obtained from CHO / DG44 cells
- MSPS and KCPS contain ⁇ -carboxylated glutamic acid (Gla) in the amino-terminal Gla domain, similar to human plasma-derived protein S (Table 1). 1) The amino terminal amino acid sequence was shown to be identical to human plasma-derived protein S.
- Binding analysis of human plasma-derived protein S to glycated protein receptor (RAGE) (surface plasmon resonance method) Using an amine coupling kit (Biacore), human plasma-derived protein S (CALBIOCHEM), human plasma-derived complement C4 binding protein (C4BP; manufactured by BioMed), human plasma-derived complement C1 inhibitor formulation belinate P (CSL Behring) was immobilized on each flow cell of a CM5 sensor chip (Biacore). The amount of ligand protein immobilized on each flow cell was set in the range of 2400 to 3600 resonance unit (hereinafter referred to as RU). Complement C4 binding protein and complement C1 inhibitor are known as plasma glycoproteins having anti-inflammatory action.
- recombinant human RAGE-Fc fusion protein (R & D systems) diluted to a constant concentration (50000, 25000, 12500, 6250, 3125, 1562 ng / mL) using HBS-EP + buffer (Biacore) ) was used as an analyte and flowed through a flow cell in which a ligand was immobilized under the conditions of a temperature of 25 ° C., a flow rate of 5 ⁇ L / min, a binding time of 140 seconds, and a dissociation time of 240 seconds.
- the chip was regenerated by flowing a glycine aqueous solution of pH 1.5 (Biacore) for 60 seconds.
- recombinant human RAGE-Fc fusion protein (R & D systems) diluted to a constant concentration (50000, 25000, 12500, 6250, 3125, 1562 ng / mL) using HBS-EP + buffer (Biacore) ) was used as an analyte, and flowed through a flow cell on which a ligand was immobilized under the conditions of a temperature of 25 ° C., a flow rate of 5 ⁇ L / min, a binding time of 140 seconds, and a dissociation time of 240 seconds.
- the chip was regenerated by flowing a glycine aqueous solution of pH 1.5 (Biacore) for 60 seconds.
- anti-human protein S antibody C-17 (manufactured by SantaCruz) diluted to a constant concentration (50000, 25000, 12500, 6250, 3125, 1562 ng / mL) using HBS-EP + buffer (manufactured by Biacore) ( Figure 7)
- ligand is immobilized under the conditions of a human plasma-derived complement C4 binding protein (BioMed) as an analyte, temperature 25 ° C, flow rate 5 ⁇ L / min, binding time 140 seconds, dissociation time 240 seconds. It was made to flow and bind to the flow cell.
- both anti-human protein S antibody C-17 (FIG. 7) and human plasma-derived complement C4 binding protein show equivalent binding properties to the three types of protein S proteins immobilized on the chip. It was confirmed.
- recombinant human RAGE-Fc fusion protein (R & D systems) diluted to a constant concentration (50000, 25000, 12500, 6250, 3125, 1562 ng / mL) using HBS-EP + buffer (Biacore) ) was used as an analyte and allowed to flow through a flow cell in which the ligand was immobilized under the conditions of a temperature of 25 ° C., a flow rate of 5 ⁇ L / min, a binding time of 140 seconds, and a dissociation time of 240 seconds (FIG. 8).
- the chip was regenerated by flowing a pH 1.5 aqueous glycine solution (manufactured by Biacore) for 60 seconds.
- Table 3 shows the binding parameters obtained by kinetic analysis of the acquired data using BIAcore T100 evaluation software ver 1.1 (Biacore).
- the measurement was performed in the same manner as in Example 5 except that the recombinant human RAGE-Fc fusion protein (R & D systems) diluted to 50000, 5000 or 500 ng / mL was used as the analyte.
- R & D systems recombinant human RAGE-Fc fusion protein
- MSPS has an activity (RAGE neutralization activity) that inhibits the binding between RAGE and HMGB-1, Mac-1 or S100A8 / A9 by specifically binding to RAGE. It became clear.
- FIG. 9 shows the relationship between relative reactivity (%) and protein S concentration when the Biacore reactivity (RU; resonance units) is 100% when no protein S is added. From this result, it was shown that the RAGE inhibitory activity of MSPS is stronger than the RAGE inhibitory activity of KCPS.
- CD14 is a single-transmembrane glycoprotein that belongs to the pattern recognition receptor family, similar to RAGE.
- Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) -LPS binding protein (LPS binding protein) is a ligand. When bound, a signal causing an inflammatory response reaction is transmitted into the cell, and HMGB-1 production and the like are enhanced. For this reason, CD14 is known as one of inflammatory mediators in sepsis and the like, like RAGE. Therefore, in order to confirm the binding activity between protein S and CD14, an experiment was conducted using Biacore T100 as described above.
- the human plasma-derived protein S which is the recombinant human protein S protein prepared in Example 3 was applied on each flow cell of the Series S C1 sensor chip (Biacore) at 700-800RU. It was fixed with.
- recombinant human CD14 protein R & D systems
- HBS-EP + buffer Biacore
- MSPS showed higher binding to CD14 than KCPS and human plasma-derived protein S.
- IL-8 Human interleukin 8
- DIC disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome
- VTE Is thrombosis
- LPS Salmonella-derived lipopolysaccharide
- the background value without LPS was 23.4 ⁇ pg / mL in wells without protein S, 18.9 ⁇ pg / mL in wells with protein S derived from human plasma, and 16.6 ⁇ pg / mL in wells with MSPS added.
- IL-8 concentration in wells added with LPS was 133.2 ⁇ pg / mL in wells without protein S and 123.2 ⁇ pg / mL in wells with protein S derived from human plasma, compared with 68.7 in wells with MSPS added. pg / mL. From these results, it was suggested that the recombinant protein S composition without fucose has an inhibitory activity on IL-8 production from vascular endothelial cells and may have an anti-inflammatory effect.
- human monocyte-derived cell line U-937 cells (ATCC CRL-1593) cultured in RPMI1640 medium (Invitrogen) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum at a volume ratio of fluorescent dye PKH67 (Sigma) Labeling).
- Fluorescently labeled U-937 cells were suspended in RPMI1640 medium (Invitrogen; containing bovine serum albumin at a final concentration of 0.1%) supplemented with protein S at a final concentration of 50 ⁇ g / mL, and cultured at 37 ° C. for 1 hour.
- the number of U-937 cells adhering to HUVEC was quantified by measuring the fluorescence intensity (excitation: 490 nm, emission; 535 nm) in the well with a fluorescence plate reader ARVO (Perkin Elmer) (FIG. 11). .
- the composition is composed of a recombinant protein S molecule having an N-glycoside-linked complex type sugar chain, and the proportion of sugar chains in which fucose is not bound to the N-glycoside-linked complex type sugar chain is A high protein S composition can be provided.
- SEQ ID NO: 3 human protein S 5'-primer
- SEQ ID NO: 4 human protein S 3'-primer
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Abstract
Description
血漿中に分泌された成熟型プロテインSの蛋白質部分は635アミノ酸残基()で構成され、分子内に17個のジスルフィド結合を含むマルチドメイン型一本鎖ポリペプチドである。プロテインSは、血液凝固第VII因子、第IX因子、プロトロンビン、プロテインCなどと同じく、ビタミンK依存性蛋白質ファミリーに分類される。天然型プロテインSはその分子内に4種類のドメイン構造を有しており、アミノ末端側から、γ-カルボキシルグルタミン酸(以下、Gla)ドメイン、トロンビン感受性領域、4つの連続した上皮細胞成長因子(EGF)様ドメインおよび性ホルモン結合グロブリン(SHBG)様ドメインが、存在することが知られている。
また、プロテインSは、リン脂質結合活性(非特許文献5)、プロトロンビナーゼ形成阻害活性(非特許文献6、7)、テンナーゼ形成阻害活性、補体C4BP結合活性(非特許文献8、9)、Tissue factor pathway inhibitor(TFPI)コファクター活性(非特許文献10)、マクロファージ表面受容体Axl/Mer/Tyro結合活性(非特許文献11)、などの多様な生物活性を有することが知られている。このうち、APCコファクター活性とリン脂質結合活性については、生体内でプロテインS分子に生じる翻訳後修飾のひとつであるグルタミン酸のγ-カルボキシル化(Gla化)の有無と、Glaドメインにカルシウムイオンが配位されることによるGlaドメイン立体構造の変化が、これらの活性に直接影響を与えることが知られている。しかし、プロテインSが有する糖鎖の構造と、プロテインSが関与する種々の生物反応との関連性は、上述のHeerlen変異体の例を除いては殆ど知られていない。
糖化蛋白質受容体(Receptor for advanced glycation endproducts;以下RAGEと略記する)は、糖尿病患者の血中で増加する糖化蛋白質(AGEs)の受容体として古くから知られる膜局在型蛋白質であり、主に血管内皮表面上に発現していることが知られている。興味深いことに最近、敗血症患者やDIC患者の末梢血中において、RAGE蛋白質が可溶型蛋白質(以下、可溶型RAGEと記載する)として検出され、その血中濃度が予後の悪化に伴い上昇していることが明らかとなっている(非特許文献12)。この可溶型RAGEは、膜に発現しているRAGE(以下、膜型RAGEと記載する)の切断により生じるだけでなく、可溶型RAGEとしても細胞外に分泌されることが知られている(非特許文献13)。可溶型RAGEは、リンパ球表面上に発現しているある種のインテグリン分子(Mac-1)に特異的に結合した結果、リンパ球を活性化させ、腫瘍壊死因子α(TNFα)やインターロイキン6(IL-6)といった炎症性サイトカインの分泌を促進する活性を有することが、最近明らかにされた(非特許文献14)。更に、リポ多糖(LPS)投与マウス敗血症モデルにおいて、抗RAGE中和抗体を投与することによってマウスの生存率が有意に改善することが示されている(非特許文献15)。
(1)N-グリコシド結合複合型糖鎖を有する遺伝子組換えプロテインS分子からなる組成物であって、健常人ヒト血液中に存在する天然プロテインSと比べて、糖化蛋白質受容体(RAGE; Receptor for advanced glycation endproducts、以下RAGEと記載する)に対する結合活性が高く、かつ健常人ヒト血液中に存在する天然プロテインSと比べて、プロテインSに結合しているN-グリコシド結合複合型糖鎖にフコースが結合していない糖鎖の割合が高いプロテインS組成物。
(2)N-グリコシド結合複合型糖鎖を有する遺伝子組換えプロテインS分子からなる組成物であって、N-グリコシド結合複合型糖鎖が該糖鎖の還元末端のN-アセチルグルコサミンにフコースが結合していない糖鎖である、(1)に記載のプロテインS組成物。
(3)N-グリコシド結合複合型糖鎖が、該糖鎖非還元末端のガラクトースにシアル酸が結合した糖鎖である、(1)または(2)に記載のプロテインS組成物。
(4)N-グリコシド結合複合型糖鎖が、プロテインSのN末端から458番目、468番目、489番目に位置するアスパラギン残基のうち少なくとも1箇所のアスパラギン残基に結合する糖鎖である、(1)~(3)のいずれか1項に記載のプロテインS組成物。
(5)プロテインSのN末端から1番目~45番目のアミノ酸配列のうち、該アミノ酸配列に含まれる少なくとも1つのグルタミン酸残基の側鎖がγ-カルボキシル化を受けたアミノ酸配列である、(1)~(4)のいずれか1項に記載のプロテインS組成物。
(6)プロテインSが、以下の(a)、(b)および(c)からなる群から選ばれる蛋白質である、(1)~(5)のいずれか1項に記載のプロテインS組成物。
(a)配列番号8(ヒト野生型プロテインS)で表されるアミノ配列からなる蛋白質;
(b)配列番号8で表されるアミノ酸配列において、1個以上のアミノ酸残基が欠失、置換、挿入および/または付加されたアミノ酸配列からなり、かつRAGEに対する結合活性を有する蛋白質;
(c)配列番号8で表されるアミノ酸配列と80%以上の相同性を有するアミノ酸配列からなり、かつRAGEに対する結合活性を有する蛋白質。
(7)プロテインSが、以下の(a)または(b)から選ばれるDNAがコードする蛋白質である、(1)~(6)のいずれか1項に記載のプロテインS組成物。
(a)配列番号7(ヒト野生型プロテインS)で表される塩基配列からなるDNA;
(b)配列番号7で表される塩基配列からなるDNAとストリンジェントな条件でハイブリダイズし、かつRAGEに対する結合活性を有する蛋白質をコードするDNA。
(8)(1)~(7)のいずれか1項に記載のプロテインSを生産する細胞。
(9)細胞が、細胞内糖ヌクレオチドGDP-フコースの合成に関与する酵素の活性が欠損するようにゲノムが改変された細胞である、(8)に記載の細胞。
(10)細胞内糖ヌクレオチドGDP-フコースの合成に関与する酵素が、GDP-マンノース 4,6-デヒドラターゼ、及び、GDP-4-ケト-6-デオキシ-D-マンノース-3,5-エピメラーゼからなる群から選ばれる酵素である、(9)に記載の細胞。
(11)細胞が、N-グリコシド結合複合型糖鎖還元末端のN-アセチルグルコサミンにフコースがα結合する糖鎖修飾に関与する酵素の活性が欠失するようにゲノムが改変された細胞である、(8)に記載の細胞。
(12)N-グリコシド結合複合型糖鎖還元末端のN-アセチルグルコサミンにフコースがα結合する糖鎖修飾に関与する酵素が、α1,6-フコシルトランスフェラーゼである、(11)に記載の細胞。
(13)N-グリコシド結合複合型糖鎖還元末端のN-アセチルグルコサミンにフコースがα結合する糖鎖修飾に関与する酵素が、α1,3-フコシルトランスフェラーゼである、(11)に記載の細胞。
(14)細胞が、N-グリコシド結合複合型糖鎖還元末端のN-アセチルグルコサミンの6位とフコースの1位がα結合した糖鎖構造を認識するレクチンに耐性を有する細胞である、(8)に記載の細胞。
(15)(1)~(7)に記載のプロテインSを生産するトランスジェニック動物。
(16)トランスジェニック動物が、細胞内糖ヌクレオチドGDP-フコースの合成に関与する酵素の活性が欠損するようにゲノムが改変された動物である、(15)に記載のトランスジェニック動物。
(17)細胞内糖ヌクレオチドGDP-フコースの合成に関与する酵素が、GDP-マンノース 4,6-デヒドラターゼ、及び、GDP-4-ケト-6-デオキシ-D-マンノース-3,5-エピメラーゼからなる群から選ばれる酵素である、(15)に記載のトランスジェニック動物。
(18)トランスジェニック動物が、N-グリコシド結合複合型糖鎖還元末端のN-アセチルグルコサミンにフコースがα結合する糖鎖修飾に関与する酵素の活性が欠失するようにゲノムが改変された動物である、(15)に記載のトランスジェニック動物。
(19)N-グリコシド結合複合型糖鎖還元末端のN-アセチルグルコサミンにフコースがα結合する糖鎖修飾に関与する酵素が、α1,6-フコシルトランスフェラーゼである、(15)に記載のトランスジェニック動物。
(20)(8)~(14)に記載の細胞を培地に培養し、培養物中に(1)~(7)のいずれか1項に記載のプロテインS組成物を生成蓄積させ、培養物から該プロテインS組成物を採取することを特徴とする(1)~(7)のいずれか1項に記載のプロテインS組成物を製造する方法。
(21)(15)~(19)に記載のトランスジェニック動物を飼育し、該トランスジェニック動物の乳汁中に(1)~(7)のいずれか1項に記載のプロテインS組成物を生成蓄積させ、搾乳された乳汁から該プロテインS組成物を採取することを特徴とする(1)~(7)のいずれか1項に記載のプロテインS組成物を製造する方法。
(22)(1)~(7)のいずれかに記載のプロテインS組成物を有効成分として含有する医薬。
(23)(1)~(7)のいずれかに記載のプロテインS組成物を有効成分として含有する抗炎症剤。
(24)(1)~(7)のいずれかに記載のプロテインS組成物を有効成分として含有する敗血症治療剤。
(25)(1)~(7)のいずれかに記載のプロテインS組成物を有効成分として含有する血栓症の予防剤および治療剤。
本発明において、プロテインSとは、天然プロテインSより高い糖化蛋白質受容体(RAGE)に対する結合活性を有し、かつγ-カルボキシルグルタミン酸修飾を受けたGlaドメインとN-グリコシド結合型複合型糖鎖が付加されたSHBG様ドメインを有し、該糖鎖の還元末端のN-アセチルグルコサミンにフコースが結合していない糖蛋白質であればいかなるものも包含される。
N-グリコシド結合複合型糖鎖が付加されたSHBG様ドメインとは、プロテインSのアミノ酸配列のN末端から458番目、468番目および489番目の少なくとも1つのアスパラギン残基の側鎖に、N-結合複合型糖鎖が付加されているドメインをいう。
(a)配列番号7で表される塩基配列からなるDNA;
(b)配列番号7で表される塩基配列からなるDNAとストリンジェントな条件でハイブリダイズし、かつRAGEに対する結合活性を有する蛋白質をコードするDNA;
(c)配列番号8で表されるアミノ配列からなる蛋白質;
(d)配列番号8で表されるアミノ酸配列において、1以上のアミノ酸が欠失、置換、挿入および/または付加されたアミノ酸配列からなり、かつRAGEに対する結合活性を有する蛋白質;
(e)配列番号8で表されるアミノ酸配列と80%以上の相同性を有するアミノ酸配列からなり、かつRAGEに対する結合活性を有する蛋白質;
本発明において、プロテインS組成物とは、前段落に記載したいずれかのプロテインSを主成分として含有する糖蛋白質組成物であればいかなるものも包含される。
本発明において、プロテインSに結合しているN-グリコシド結合糖鎖は、様々な構造を有しているが、いずれの場合にも以下の構造式(I)に示す共通のコア構造を有する。
構造式(I)
糖鎖非還元末端側のガラクトースとシアル酸の結合としては、シアル酸の2位がガラクトースの6位にα結合している糖鎖、シアル酸の2位がガラクトースの3位にα結合している糖鎖等があげられる。
従って、本発明のプロテインS組成物は、天然プロテインSと比べて、RAGEに対する結合活性が高く、かつ健常人ヒト血液中に存在する天然プロテインSと比べて、プロテインSに結合しているN-グリコシド結合複合型糖鎖にフコースが結合していない糖鎖の割合が高いプロテインS組成物であれば、該組成物に含まれるプロテインS分子が、単一の糖鎖構造を有するプロテインS分子から構成されていてもよいし、複数の異なる糖鎖構造を有するプロテインS分子から構成されていてもよい。
N-グリコシド結合複合型糖鎖を有するプロテインS分子からなる組成物中の糖鎖構造の解析は、プロテインS分子からヒドラジン分解や酵素消化などの公知の方法[生物化学実験法23―糖タンパク質糖鎖研究法(学会出版センター)高橋禮子編(1989)]を用い、糖鎖を遊離させ、遊離させた糖鎖を蛍光標識又は同位元素標識し、標識した糖鎖をクロマトグラフィー法にて分離することによって決定することができる。また、遊離させた糖鎖をHPAED-PAD法[ジャーナル・オブ・リキッド・クロマトグラフィー(J. Liq. Chromatogr.), 6, 1577 (1983)]によって分析することで決定することもできる。
(a)細胞外領域にイムノグロブリン様V型ドメインと2つのC型ドメイン、膜貫通ドメイン、および細胞内ドメインを有する完全長の膜型RAGE;
(b) 細胞外領域にイムノグロブリン様V型ドメインと2つのC型ドメイン、および膜貫通ドメインを有し、細胞内ドメインを欠くDominant negative RAGE(dnRAGE);
(c) 細胞外領域にイムノグロブリン様V型ドメインと2つのC型ドメインを有し、膜貫通ドメインと細胞内ドメインを欠く分泌型(可溶型)RAGE(esRAGE);
(d) 細胞外領域に2つのイムノグロブリン様C型ドメイン、膜貫通ドメイン、および細胞内ドメインを有し、細胞外のV型ドメインを欠くアミノ末端欠失型RAGE(ntRAGE)。
本発明において、CD14(Lipopolysaccharide/LPS binding protein-receptor; LPS/LBP-R)とは、RAGEやToll-like receptorと同じくPRRファミリーに属し、356アミノ酸で構成される1回膜貫通型の糖蛋白質であり、炎症条件下で活性化した血管内皮、単球、好中球や樹状細胞の表面上に発現しており、単球分化抗原として知られている(NCBI reference sequence : NP_000582.1)。また、CD14は、ヒトにおいて炎症が過剰亢進し多臓器不全を生じた場合に、患者血漿中の可溶型CD14濃度が有意に上昇することも知られている。更に、CD14に、リガンドであるリポ多糖(Lipopolysaccharide; LPS)-LPS結合蛋白(LPS binding protein)複合体が結合すると、細胞内に炎症応答反応を引き起こすシグナルが伝達され、HMGB-1産生などが亢進することが知られている。これらのことから、CD14はRAGEと同様に、敗血症などの炎症性疾患における炎症メディエーターのひとつとして知られている。
(a) 細胞内糖ヌクレオチドGDP-フコースの合成に関与する酵素の活性が欠失するようにゲノムが改変された細胞;
(b) N-グリコシド結合複合型糖鎖還元末端のN-アセチルグルコサミンの6位にフコースの1位がα結合する糖鎖修飾に関与する酵素の活性が欠失するようにゲノムが改変された細胞。
(c) 細胞内糖ヌクレオチドGDP-フコースのゴルジ体への輸送に関与する蛋白質の活性が欠失するようにゲノムが改変された細胞。
また、上述の酵素活性が欠失した宿主細胞、すなわち細胞内糖ヌクレオチドGDP-フコースの合成に関与する酵素、N-グリコシド結合複合型糖鎖還元末端のN-アセチルグルコサミンの6位にフコースの1位がα結合する糖鎖修飾に関与する酵素または細胞内糖ヌクレオチドGDP-フコースのゴルジ体への輸送に関与する蛋白質の活性が欠失するようにゲノムが改変された宿主細胞に、プロテインS分子をコードするDNAを導入することによって、本発明のプロテインS組成物を生産する細胞を得ることができる。
(a)酵素の遺伝子を標的した遺伝子破壊の手法;
(b)酵素の遺伝子のドミナントネガティブ体を導入する手法;
(c)酵素についての突然変異を導入する手法;
(d)酵素の遺伝子の転写又は翻訳を抑制する手法;
(e)N-グリコシド結合糖鎖還元末端のN-アセチルグルコサミンの6位とフコースの1位がα結合した糖鎖構造を認識するレクチンに耐性である株を選択する手法などがあげられる。
本発明の形質転換体としては、本発明の組成物を発現できる細胞であればいかなる細胞でもよいが、酵母、動物細胞、昆虫細胞、植物細胞などがあげられ、これらの細胞の具体的な例としては、後述の2.に記載のものがあげられる。動物細胞の具体例としては、チャイニーズハムスター卵巣組織由来のCHO細胞、ラットミエローマ細胞株YB2/3HL.P2.G11.16Ag.20細胞、マウスミエローマ細胞株NS0細胞、マウスミエローマ細胞株SP2/0-Ag14細胞、シリアンハムスター腎臓組織由来BHK細胞、ヒトバーキットリンパ腫由来ナマルバ細胞、ヒト網膜芽腫由来PER.C6細胞、ヒト胚性腎臓組織由来HEK293細胞、ヒト骨髄性白血病由来NM-F9細胞、胚性幹細胞、および受精卵細胞などがあげられる。好ましくは、遺伝子組換え糖蛋白質医薬品を製造するための宿主細胞、遺伝子組換え糖蛋白質医薬品を生産するヒト以外のトランスジェニック動物を製造するために用いる胚性幹細胞または受精卵細胞、ならびに遺伝子組換え糖蛋白質医薬品を生産するトランスジェニック植物を製造するために用いる植物細胞などがあげられる。
プロテインS組成物の血液凝固阻害活性、血中半減期、RAGEに対する結合活性、抗炎症作用は、既に公知のin vitro試験あるいはマウスやラット、ウサギなどのモデル動物を用いたin vivo試験あるいはヒトを用いた臨床試験などを用いて測定することができる[JBC 256, 11128 (1981)、JBC 270, 27852 (1995)、JBC 272, 20678 (1997)、JBC 261, 12022 (1986)、Thromb Haemost 85, 761 (2001)、JBC 268, 2872 (1993)、PNAS 91, 2728 (1994)、Blood 86, 1062 (1995)、Thromb Haemost 80, 930 (1998)、Thromb Haemost 82, 80 (1999)、Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 25, 2209 (2005)、Eur J Immunol 38, 809 (2008)、Arthritis Rheumatism 54、 3898 (2006)、Critical Care 11, R122 (2007)、Blood 86, 2642 (1995)、J Clin Invest 95, 1987 (1995)、Thromb Haemost 90, 227 (2003)]。
1.本発明のプロテインS組成物を生産するために用いる宿主細胞の作製
本発明のプロテインS組成物を生産するために用いる宿主細胞は、以下に述べる手法により作製することができる。
(1)酵素の遺伝子を標的とした遺伝子破壊の手法
本発明のプロテインS組成物作製のために用いる宿主細胞は、細胞内糖ヌクレオチドGDP-フコースの合成に関与する酵素、N-グリコシド結合複合型糖鎖還元末端のN-アセチルグルコサミンの6位にフコースの1位がα結合する糖鎖修飾に関与する酵素または細胞内糖ヌクレオチドGDP-フコースのゴルジ体への輸送に関与する蛋白質(以下、「フコース修飾に関連する酵素」と表記する)の遺伝子を標的とし、遺伝子破壊の方法を用いることにより作製することができる。細胞内糖ヌクレオチドGDP-フコースの合成に関与する酵素としては、具体的には、GDP-マンノース 4,6-デヒドラターゼ(以下、「GMD」と表記する)、GDP-4-ケト-6-デオキシ-D-マンノース-3,5-エピメラーゼ(以下、「Fx」と表記する)などがあげられる。N-グリコシド結合複合型糖鎖還元末端のN-アセチルグルコサミンの6位にフコースの1位がα結合する糖鎖修飾に関与する酵素としては、具体的には、α1,6-フコシルトランスフェラーゼ、α-L-フコシダーゼなどがあげられる。または細胞内糖ヌクレオチドGDP-フコースのゴルジ体への輸送に関与する蛋白質としては、GDP-フコーストランスポーターなどがあげられる。
遺伝子破壊の方法としては、標的とする酵素の遺伝子を破壊することができる方法であればいかなる方法も包含される。その例としては、アンチセンス法、リボザイム法、相同組換え法、RNA-DNA オリゴヌクレオチド法(以下、「RDO法」と表記する)、RNAインターフェアレンス法(以下、「RNAi法」と表記する)、レトロウイルスを用いた方法、トランスポゾンを用いた方法等があげられる。以下これらを具体的に説明する。
(a)アンチセンス法又はリボザイム法による本発明のプロテインS組成物を作製するための宿主細胞の作製
本発明のプロテインS組成物作製のために用いる宿主細胞は、フコース修飾に関連する酵素遺伝子を標的とし、細胞工学, 12, 239 (1993)、バイオ/テクノロジー(BIO/TECHNOLOGY), 17, 1097 (1999)、ヒューマン・モレキュラー・ジェネティクス(Hum. Mol. Genet.), 5, 1083 (1995)、細胞工学, 13, 255 (1994)、プロシーディングス・オブ・ザ・ナショナル・アカデミー・オブ・サイエンス(Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.), 96, 1886 (1999)等に記載されたアンチセンス法またはリボザイム法を用いて、例えば、以下のように作製することができる。フコース修飾に関連する酵素をコードするcDNAあるいはゲノムDNAを調製する。調製したcDNAあるいはゲノムDNAの塩基配列を決定する。決定したDNAの配列に基づき、フコース修飾に関連する酵素をコードするDNA部分、非翻訳領域の部分あるいはイントロン部分を含む適当な長さのアンチセンス遺伝子またはリボザイムのコンストラクトを設計する。該アンチセンス遺伝子、またはリボザイムを細胞内で発現させるために、調製したDNAの断片、または全長を適当な発現ベクターのプロモーターの下流に挿入することにより、組換えベクターを作製する。該組換えベクターを、該発現ベクターに適合した宿主細胞に導入することにより形質転換体を得る。
発現ベクターとしては、上記宿主細胞において自立複製が可能であるか、ないしは染色体中への組み込みが可能で、設計したアンチセンス遺伝子、またはリボザイムを転写できる位置にプロモーターを含有しているものが用いられる。具体的には、後述3に記載の発現ベクターがあげられる。
フコース修飾に関連する酵素の活性を指標として形質転換体を選択する方法としては、例えば、以下の方法があげられる。
形質転換体を選択する方法
フコース修飾に関連する酵素の活性が欠失した細胞を選択する方法としては、文献[新生化学実験講座3―糖質I,糖タンパク質(東京化学同人)日本生化学会編(1988)]、文献[細胞工学, 別冊, 実験プロトコールシリーズ,グライコバイオロジー実験プロトコール,糖タンパク質・糖脂質・プロテオグリカン(秀潤社製)谷口直之・鈴木明美・古川清・菅原一幸監修(1996)]、モレキュラー・クローニング第2版、カレント・プロトコールズ・イン・モレキュラー・バイオロジー等に記載された生化学的な方法あるいは遺伝子工学的な方法などを用いて、フコース修飾に関連する酵素の活性を測定する方法があげられる。生化学的な方法としては、例えば、酵素特異的な基質を用いて酵素活性を評価する方法があげられる。遺伝子工学的な方法としては、例えば、酵素遺伝子のmRNA量を測定するノーザン解析やRT-PCR法等があげられる。
フコース修飾に関連する酵素をコードするcDNAを調製する方法としては、例えば、下記に記載の方法があげられる。
cDNAの調製方法
各種宿主細胞の組織又は細胞から全RNA又はmRNAを調製する。調製した全RNA又はmRNAからcDNAライブラリーを作製する。フコース修飾に関連する酵素のアミノ酸配列に基づいて、デジェネレイティブプライマーを作製し、作製したcDNAライブラリーを鋳型としてPCR法でフコース修飾に関連する酵素をコードする遺伝子断片を取得する。取得した遺伝子断片をプローブとして用い、cDNAライブラリーをスクリーニングし、フコース修飾に関連する酵素をコードするDNAを取得することができる。ヒト又は非ヒト動物の組織又は細胞のmRNAは市販のもの(例えばClontech社)を用いてもよいし、以下のようにしてヒト又は非ヒト動物の組織又は細胞から調製してもよい。
次に、調製したヒト又は非ヒト動物の組織又は細胞mRNAからcDNAライブラリーを作製する。cDNAライブラリー作製法としては、モレキュラー・クローニング第2版、カレント・プロトコールズ・イン・モレキュラー・バイオロジー、A Laboratory Manual, 2 nd Ed.(1989)等に記載された方法、あるいは市販のキット、例えばSuperScript Plasmid System for cDNA Synthesis and Plasmid Cloning(Life Technologies社)、ZAP-cDNA Synthesis Kit(STRATAGENE社)を用いる方法などがあげられる。
また、フコース修飾に関連する酵素をコードする遺伝子断片を取得するために用いたプライマーを用い、ヒト又は非ヒト動物の組織又は細胞に含まれるmRNAから合成したcDNAあるいはcDNAライブラリーを鋳型として、PCR法を用いて増幅することにより、フコース修飾に関連する酵素のcDNAを取得することもできる。
上記の方法で得られる細胞内糖ヌクレオチドGDP-フコースの合成に関与する酵素をコードする遺伝子の塩基配列としては、例えば、WO2005/035741に記載のGDP-マンノース 4,6-デヒドラターゼ、及び、GDP-4-ケト-6-デオキシ-D-マンノース-3,5-エピメラーゼの塩基配列があげられる。
上記の方法で得られる細胞内糖ヌクレオチドGDP-フコースのゴルジ体への輸送に関与する蛋白質としては、例えば、US2004/0110282に記載のGDP-フコーストランスポーターの塩基配列があげられる。
フコース修飾に関連する酵素のゲノムDNAを調製する方法としては、例えば、以下に記載の方法があげられる。
ゲノムDNAの調製方法
ゲノムDNAを調製する方法としては、モレキュラー・クローニング第2版やカレント・プロトコールズ・イン・モレキュラー・バイオロジー等に記載された公知の方法があげられる。また、ゲノムDNAライブラリースクリーニングシステム(Genome Systems社)やUniversal GenomeWalkerTM Kits(CLONTECH社)などを用いることにより、フコース修飾に関連する酵素のゲノムDNAを取得することもできる。取得したフコース修飾に関連する酵素をコードするDNAの塩基配列は、通常用いられる塩基配列解析方法、例えばサンガー(Sanger)らのジデオキシ法[プロシーディングス・オブ・ザ・ナショナル・アカデミー・オブ・サイエンス(Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.), 74, 5463 (1977)]あるいはABI PRISM377DNAシークエンサー(Applied Biosystems社製)等の塩基配列分析装置を用いて分析することにより、該DNAの塩基配列を決定することができる。
決定されたDNAの塩基配列に基づいて、フォスフォアミダイト法を利用したDNA合成機model 392(Perkin Elmer社製)等のDNA合成機で化学合成することにより、フコース修飾に関連する酵素のゲノムDNAを取得することもできる。
オリゴヌクレオチド誘導体としては、オリゴヌクレオチド中のリン酸ジエステル結合がホスフォロチオエート結合に変換されたオリゴヌクレオチド誘導体、オリゴヌクレオチド中のリン酸ジエステル結合がN3'-P5'ホスフォアミデート結合に変換されたオリゴヌクレオチド誘導体、オリゴヌクレオチド中のリボースとリン酸ジエステル結合がペプチド核酸結合に変換されたオリゴヌクレオチド誘導体、オリゴヌクレオチド中のウラシルがC-5プロピニルウラシルで置換されたオリゴヌクレオチド誘導体、オリゴヌクレオチド中のウラシルがC-5チアゾールウラシルで置換された誘導体オリゴヌクレオチド、オリゴヌクレオチド中のシトシンがC-5プロピニルシトシンで置換されたオリゴヌクレオチド誘導体、オリゴヌクレオチド中のシトシンがフェノキサジン修飾シトシン(phenoxazine-modified cytosine)で置換されたオリゴヌクレオチド誘導体、オリゴヌクレオチド中のリボースが2'-O-プロピルリボースで置換されたオリゴヌクレオチド誘導体、あるいはオリゴヌクレオチド中のリボースが2'-メトキシエトキシリボースで置換されたオリゴヌクレオチド誘導体等があげられる[細胞工学, 16, 1463 (1997)]。
(b)相同組換え法による本発明のプロテインS組成物を作製するために用いる宿主細胞の作製
本発明のプロテインS組成物を作製するために用いる宿主細胞は、フコース修飾に関連する酵素の遺伝子を標的とし、染色体上の標的遺伝子を相同組換え法を用いて改変することによって作製することができる。
ゲノムDNAの塩基配列にも基づき、改変する標的遺伝子(例えば、フコース修飾に関連する酵素の構造遺伝子、あるいはプロモーター遺伝子)を相同組換えするためのターゲットベクターを作製する。
作製したターゲットベクターを宿主細胞に導入し、染色体上の標的遺伝子とターゲットベクターの間で相同組換えを起こした細胞を選択することにより、本発明のプロテインS組成物を作製するために用いる宿主細胞を作製することができる。
フコース修飾に関連する酵素のゲノムDNAを調製する方法としては、本項1(a)に記載のゲノムDNAの調製方法などがあげられる。
相同組換え体を効率的に選別する方法として、例えば、Gene Targeting, A Practical Approach, IRL Press at Oxford University Press (1993)、バイオマニュアルシリーズ8 ジーンターゲッティング, ES細胞を用いた変異マウスの作製(羊土社)(1995)等に記載のポジティブ選択、プロモーター選択、ネガティブ選択、ポリA選択などの方法を用いることができる。選別した細胞株の中から目的とする相同組換え体を選択する方法としては、ゲノムDNAに対するサザンハイブリダイゼーション法(モレキュラー・クローニング第2版)やPCR法[ピーシーアール・プロトコールズ(PCR Protocols), Academic Press (1990)]等があげられる。
(c) RDO方法による本発明のプロテインS組成物を作製するために用いる宿主細胞の作製
本発明のプロテインS組成物を作製するために用いる宿主細胞は、フコース修飾に関連する酵素の遺伝子を標的とし、RDO法を用い、例えば、以下のように作製することができる。
各種宿主細胞へのRDOの導入には、後述3に記載の各種宿主細胞に適した組換えベクターの導入方法を用いることができる。
フコース修飾に関連する酵素のゲノムDNAを調製する方法としては、例えば、本項1(a)に記載のゲノムDNAの調製方法などがあげられる。
DNAの塩基配列は、適当な制限酵素などで切断後、pBluescript SK(-)(Stratagene社製)等のプラスミドにサブクローニングし、通常用いられる塩基配列解析方法、例えば、サンガー(Sanger)らのジデオキシ法[プロシーディングス・オブ・ザ・ナショナル・アカデミー・オブ・サイエンス(Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.,U.S.A.), 74, 5463 (1977)]等の反応を行い、塩基配列自動分析装置、例えば、ABI PRISM377DNAシークエンサー(Applied Biosystems社製)等の塩基配列分析装置を用いて分析することにより、確認することができる。
RDOを宿主細胞に導入し、標的とした酵素、フコース修飾に関連する酵素の遺伝子に変異が生じた細胞を選択する方法としては、モレキュラー・クローニング第2版、カレント・プロトコールズ・イン・モレキュラー・バイオロジー等に記載された染色体上の遺伝子の変異を直接検出する方法があげられる。
RDOのコンストラクトは、サイエンス(Science), 273, 1386 (1996); ネイチャー・メディシン(Nature Medicine), 4, 285 (1998); へパトロジー(Hepatology), 25, 1462 (1997); ジーン・セラピー(Gene Therapy), 5, 1960 (1999); ジーン・セラピー(Gene Therapy), 5, 1960 (1999); ジャーナル・オブ・モレキュラー・メディシン(J. Mol. Med.), 75, 829 (1997); プロシーディングス・オブ・ザ・ナショナル・アカデミー・オブ・サイエンス(Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA), 96, 8774 (1999); プロシーディングス・オブ・ザ・ナショナル・アカデミー・オブ・サイエンス(Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA), 96, 8768 (1999); ヌクレイック・アシッド・リサーチ(Nuc. Acids. Res.), 27, 1323 (1999); インベスティゲーション・オブ・ダーマトロジー(Invest. Dematol.), 111, 1172 (1998); ネイチャー・バイオテクノロジー(Nature Biotech.), 16, 1343 (1998); ネイチャー・バイオテクノロジー(Nature Biotech.), 18, 43 (2000); ネイチャー・バイオテクノロジー(Nature Biotech.), 18, 555 (2000)等の記載に従って設計することができる。
(d)RNAi法による本発明のプロテインS組成物を作製するために用いる宿主細胞の作製
本発明のプロテインS組成物を作製するために用いる宿主細胞は、フコース修飾に関連する酵素の遺伝子を標的とし、RNAi法を用い、例えば、以下のように作製することができる。
該RNAi遺伝子を細胞内で発現させるために、調製したcDNAの断片、または全長を適当な発現ベクターのプロモーターの下流に挿入することにより、組換えベクターを作製する。
導入したフコース修飾に関連する酵素の活性、あるいは産生糖蛋白質分子または細胞表面上の糖蛋白質の糖鎖構造を指標に形質転換体を選択することで、本発明のプロテインS組成物を作製するために用いる宿主細胞を得ることができる。
発現ベクターとしては、上記宿主細胞において自立複製可能ないしは染色体への組み込みが可能で、設計したRNAi遺伝子を転写できる位置にプロモーターを含有しているものが用いられる。具体的には、後述3に記載の発現ベクターがあげられる。
フコース修飾に関連する酵素の活性を指標として形質転換体を選択する方法としては、例えば、本項1に記載の方法があげられる。
細胞膜上の糖蛋白質の糖鎖構造を指標として形質転換体を選択する方法としては、例えば、本項1(a)に記載の方法があげられる。産生糖蛋白質分子の糖鎖構造を指標として形質転換体を選択する方法としては、例えば、後述5の方法があげられる。
また、発現ベクターを用いず、フコース修飾に関連する酵素の塩基配列に基づいて設計したRNAi遺伝子を、直接宿主細胞に導入することで、本発明のプロテインS組成物を作製するために用いる宿主細胞を得ることもできる。
(e)トランスポゾンを用いた方法による、本発明のプロテインS組成物を作製するために用いる宿主細胞の作製
本発明のプロテインS組成物を作製するために用いる宿主細胞は、ネイチャー・ジェネティク(Nature Genetics,25, 35 (2000)等に記載のトランスポゾンのシステムを用い、フコース修飾に関連する酵素の活性、あるいは産生糖蛋白質分子または細胞膜上の糖蛋白質の糖鎖構造を指標に突然変異体を選択することで、本発明のプロテインS組成物を作製するために用いる宿主細胞を作製することができる。
トランスポゼースは、用いるトランスポゾンの配列に適したものであればいかなるものも用いることができる。
宿主細胞としては、酵母、動物細胞、昆虫細胞、植物細胞等、標的とするフコース修飾に関連する酵素の遺伝子を有しているものであればいずれも用いることができる。具体的には、後述2に記載の宿主細胞があげられる。各種宿主細胞への遺伝子の導入には、後述2に記載の各種宿主細胞に適した組み換えベクターの導入方法を用いることができる。
細胞膜上の糖蛋白質の糖鎖構造を指標として突然変異体を選択する方法としては、例えば、本項1(a)に記載の方法があげられる。産生糖蛋白質分子の糖鎖構造を指標として突然変異体を選択する方法としては、例えば、後述5に記載の方法があげられる。
(2)酵素の遺伝子のドミナントネガティブ体を導入する手法
本発明のプロテインS組成物を作製するために用いる宿主細胞は、フコース修飾に関連する酵素の遺伝子を標的とし、該酵素のドミナントネガティブ体を導入する手法を用いることにより作製することができる。細胞内糖ヌクレオチドGDP-フコースの合成に関与する酵素としては、具体的には、GMD、Fxなどがあげられる。N-グリコシド結合複合型糖鎖還元末端のN-アセチルグルコサミンの6位にフコースの1位がα結合する糖鎖修飾に関与する酵素としては、具体的には、α1,6-フコシルトランスフェラーゼ、α-L-フコシダーゼなどがあげられる。GDP-フコースのゴルジ体への輸送に関与する蛋白質としては、具体的には、GDP-フコーストランスポーターなどがあげられる。
調製したドミナントネガティブ体遺伝子の全長DNAをもとにして、必要に応じて、該蛋白質をコードする部分を含む適当な長さのDNA断片を調製する。
該DNA断片、または全長DNAを適当な発現ベクターのプロモーターの下流に挿入することにより、組換えベクターを作製する。
フコース修飾に関連する酵素の活性、あるいは産生糖蛋白質分子または細胞膜上の糖蛋白質の糖鎖構造を指標に形質転換体を選択することで、本発明のプロテインS組成物を作製するために用いる宿主細胞を作製することができる。
発現ベクターとしては、上記宿主細胞において自立複製可能ないしは染色体中への組み込みが可能で、目的とするドミナントネガティブ体をコードするDNAを転写できる位置にプロモーターを含有しているものが用いられる。具体的には、後述2に記載の発現ベクターがあげられる。
フコース修飾に関連する酵素の活性を指標として形質転換体を選択する方法としては、例えば、前述の方法があげられる。
細胞膜上の糖蛋白質の糖鎖構造を指標として形質転換体を選択する方法としては、例えば、後述1の(5)に記載の方法があげられる。産生糖蛋白質分子の糖鎖構造を指標として形質転換体を選択する方法としては、例えば、後述4に記載の方法があげられる。
(3)酵素に突然変異を導入する手法
本発明のプロテインS組成物を作製するために用いる宿主細胞は、フコース修飾に関連する酵素の遺伝子に突然変異を導入し、該酵素に突然変異を生じた所望の細胞株を選択する手法を用いることにより作製できる。
具体的には、エチルニトロソウレア、ニトロソグアニジン、ベンゾピレン、アクリジン色素による処理、放射線の照射などがあげられる。また、種々のアルキル化剤や発癌物質も突然変異誘発物質として用いることができる。突然変異誘発物質を細胞に作用させる方法としては、例えば、組織培養の技術 第三版(朝倉書店)日本組織培養学会編(1996)、ネイチャー・ジェネティクス(Nature Genetics, 24, 314, (2000))等に記載の方法を挙げることができる。
フコース修飾に関連する酵素の活性を測定する方法としては、例えば、本項1(a)に記載の方法があげられる。産生糖蛋白質分子の糖鎖構造を識別する方法としては、例えば、後述5に記載の方法があげられる。細胞膜上の糖蛋白質の糖鎖構造を識別する方法としては、例えば、本項の1の(5)に記載の方法があげられる。
(4)酵素の遺伝子の転写又は翻訳を抑制する手法
本発明のプロテインS組成物を作製するために用いる宿主細胞は、フコース修飾に関連する酵素の遺伝子を標的とし、アンチセンスRNA/DNA技術[バイオサイエンスとインダストリー, 50, 322 (1992)、化学, 46, 681 (1991)、Biotechnology,9, 358 (1992)、Trends in Biotechnology,10, 87 (1992)、Trends in Biotechnology,10, 152 (1992)、細胞工学, 16, 1463 (1997)]、トリプル・ヘリックス技術[Trends in Biotechnology,10, 132 (1992)]等を用い、標的とする遺伝子の転写または翻訳を抑制することで作製することができる。
(5)N-グリコシド結合糖鎖還元末端のN-アセチルグルコサミンの6位とフコースの1位がα結合した糖鎖構造を認識するレクチンに耐性である株を選択する手法
本発明のプロテインS組成物を作製するために用いる宿主細胞は、N-グリコシド結合糖鎖還元末端のN-アセチルグルコサミンの6位とフコースの1位がα結合した糖鎖構造を認識するレクチンに耐性である株を選択する手法を用いることにより作製することができる。
レクチンとしては、N-グリコシド結合糖鎖還元末端のN-アセチルグルコサミンの6位とフコースの1位がα結合した糖鎖構造を認識するレクチンであればいずれのレクチンでも用いることができるが、その具体的な例としては、レンズマメレクチンLCA(LensCulinaris由来のLentil Agglutinin)エンドウマメレクチンPSA(Pisum sativum由来のPea Lectin)、ソラマメレクチンVFA(Vicia faba由来のAgglutinin)、ヒイロチャワンタケレクチンAAL(Aleuriaaurantia由来のLectin)等を挙げることができる。
2.本発明のトランスジェニック非ヒト動物あるいは植物またはそれら子孫の作製
本発明のプロテインS分子の糖鎖の修飾に係わる酵素の活性が制御されるようにゲノム遺伝子が改変されたトランスジェニック非ヒト動物あるいは植物またはそれら子孫は、細胞内糖ヌクレオチドGDP-フコースの合成に関与する酵素またはN-グリコシド結合複合型糖鎖還元末端のN-アセチルグルコサミンの6位にフコースの1位がα結合する糖鎖修飾に関与する酵素の遺伝子または細胞内糖ヌクレオチドGDP-フコースのゴルジ体への輸送に関与する蛋白質を標的として、前記1を用いて作製した本発明の胚性幹細胞、受精卵細胞、植物カルス細胞より、例えば以下のように作製することができる。
トレンズ・イン・バイオテクノロジー(Trends in Biotechnology), 15, 45 (1997)]に準じてオーキシン及びサイトカイニンを含む培地で培養することで再分化させ、細胞内糖ヌクレオチドGDP-フコースの合成に関与する酵素の活性、N-グリコシド結合複合型糖鎖還元末端のN-アセチルグルコサミンの6位にフコースの1位がα結合する糖鎖修飾に関与する酵素または細胞内糖ヌクレオチドGDP-フコースのゴルジ体への輸送に関与する蛋白質の活性が低下したトランスジェニック植物を作製することができる。
3.本発明のプロテインS組成物の製造方法
本発明のプロテインS組成物は、モレキュラー・クローニング第2版、カレント・プロトコールズ・イン・モレキュラー・バイオロジー、Antibodies, A Laboratory manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1988(以下、アンチボディズと略す)、Monoclonal Antibodies: principles and practice, Third Edition, Acad. Press, 1993(以下、モノクローナルアンチボディズと略す)、Antibody Engineering, A Practical Approach, IRL Press at Oxford University Press, 1996(以下、アンチボディエンジニアリングと略す)等に記載された方法を用い、例えば、以下のように宿主細胞中で発現させて取得することができる。
該DNA断片、または全長cDNAを適当な発現ベクターのプロモーターの下流に挿入することにより、組換えベクターを作製する。
該組換えベクターを、該発現ベクターに適合した宿主細胞に導入することにより、プロテインS分子を生産する形質転換体を得ることができる。
プロテインS分子に結合するN-グリコシド結合糖鎖の修飾に係わる酵素、すなわちフコース修飾に関連する酵素の活性が欠失した細胞を選択するか、または前述1に示された種々の人為的手法により得られた細胞を宿主細胞として用いることもできる。
cDNAは、前記1(a)に記載のcDNAの調製方法に従い、ヒト又は非ヒト動物の組織又は細胞より、目的とするプロテインS分子に特異的なプローブやプライマー等を用いて調製することができる。
プロモーターとしては、酵母菌株中で発現できるものであればいずれのものを用いてもよく、例えば、ヘキソースキナーゼ等の解糖系の遺伝子のプロモーター、PHO5プロモーター、PGKプロモーター、GAPプロモーター、ADHプロモーター、gal 1プロモーター、gal 10プロモーター、ヒートショックタンパク質プロモーター、MFα1 プロモーター、CUP 1プロモーター等をあげることができる。
組換えベクターの導入方法としては、酵母にDNAを導入する方法であればいずれも用いることができ、例えば、エレクトロポレーション法[メソッズ・イン・エンザイモロジー(Methods. Enzymol.),194, 182 (1990)]、スフェロプラスト法[プロシーディングス・オブ・ザ・ナショナル・アカデミー・オブ・サイエンス(Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A), 84, 1929 (1978)]、酢酸リチウム法[ジャーナル・オブ・バクテリオロジー(J. Bacteriology),153, 163 (1983)]、プロシーディングス・オブ・ザ・ナショナル・アカデミー・オブ・サイエンス(Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A), 75, 1929 (1978)]に記載の方法等をあげることができる。
組換えベクターの導入方法としては、動物細胞にDNAを導入する方法であればいずれも用いることができ、例えば、エレクトロポレーション法[サイトテクノロジー(Cytotechnology), 3, 133 (1990)]、リン酸カルシウム法[特開平2-227075]、リポフェクション法[プロシーディングス・オブ・ザ・ナショナル・アカデミー・オブ・サイエンス(Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.), 84, 7413 (1987)]、インジェクション法[マニピュレイティング・ザ・マウス・エンブリオ・ア・ラボラトリー・マニュアル]、パーティクルガン(遺伝子銃)を用いる方法[特許第2606856、特許第2517813]、DEAE-デキストラン法[バイオマニュアルシリーズ4―遺伝子導入と発現・解析法(羊土社)横田崇・新井賢一編(1994)]、ウイルスベクター法[マニピュレーティング・マウス・エンブリオ第2版]等をあげることができる。
即ち、組換え遺伝子導入ベクターおよびバキュロウイルスを昆虫細胞に共導入して昆虫細胞培養上清中に組換えウイルスを得た後、さらに組換えウイルスを昆虫細胞に感染させ、本発明のプロテインS組成物を発現させることができる。
バキュロウイルスとしては、例えば、夜盗蛾科昆虫に感染するウイルスであるアウトグラファ・カリフォルニカ・ヌクレアー・ポリヘドロシス・ウイルス(Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus)等を用いることができる。
組換えウイルスを調製するための、昆虫細胞への上記組換え遺伝子導入ベクターと上記バキュロウイルスの共導入方法としては、例えば、リン酸カルシウム法(特開平2-227075)、リポフェクション法[プロシーディングス・オブ・ザ・ナショナル・アカデミー・オブ・サイエンス(Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.), 84, 7413 (1987)]等をあげることができる。
プロモーターとしては、植物細胞中で発現できるものであればいずれのものを用いてもよく、例えば、カリフラワーモザイクウイルス(CaMV)の35Sプロモーター、イネアクチン1プロモーター等をあげることができる。
組換えベクターの導入方法としては、植物細胞にDNAを導入する方法であればいずれも用いることができ、例えば、アグロバクテリウム(Agrobacterium)[特開昭59-140885、特開昭60-70080、WO94/00977]、エレクトロポレーション法[特開昭60-251887]、パーティクルガン(遺伝子銃)を用いる方法[日本特許第2606856、日本特許第2517813]等をあげることができる。
糖鎖の合成に関与する遺伝子を導入した、酵母、動物細胞、昆虫細胞または植物細胞により発現させた場合には、導入した遺伝子によって糖あるいは糖鎖が付加されたプロテインS分子を得ることができる。
酵母等の真核生物を宿主として得られた形質転換体を培養する培地としては、該生物が資化し得る炭素源、窒素源、無機塩類等を含有し、形質転換体の培養を効率的に行える培地であれば天然培地、合成培地のいずれを用いてもよい。但し、組換え蛋白質の生産用宿主として一般的に使用される酵母は、プロテインS蛋白質のアミノ末端側に存在するグルタミン酸残基をγ-カルボキシル化する活性を完全に欠いていることが知られている。
窒素源としては、アンモニア、塩化アンモニウム、硫酸アンモニウム、酢酸アンモニウム、リン酸アンモニウム等の無機酸もしくは有機酸のアンモニウム塩、その他の含窒素化合物、ならびに、ペプトン、肉エキス、酵母エキス、コーンスチープリカー、カゼイン加水分解物、大豆粕および大豆粕加水分解物、各種発酵菌体およびその消化物等を用いることができる。
培養は、通常振盪培養または深部通気攪拌培養などの好気的条件下で行う。培養温度は15~40℃がよく、培養時間は、通常16時間~17日間である。培養中のpHは3.0~9.0に保持する。pHの調整は、無機または有機の酸、アルカリ溶液、尿素、炭酸カルシウム、アンモニアなどを用いて行う。
プロモーターとして誘導性のプロモーターを用いた組換えベクターで形質転換した微生物を培養するときには、必要に応じてインデューサーを培地に添加してもよい。例えば、lacプロモーターを用いた組換えベクターで形質転換した微生物を培養するときにはイソプロピル-β-D-チオガラクトピラノシド等を、trpプロモーターを用いた組換えベクターで形質転換した微生物を培養するときにはインドールアクリル酸等を培地に添加してもよい。
また、培養中必要に応じて、カナマイシン、ペニシリン等の抗生物質を培地に添加してもよい。
昆虫細胞を宿主として得られた形質転換体を培養する培地としては、一般に使用されているTNM-FH培地(Pharmingen社)、Sf-900 II SFM培地(Life Technologies社)、ExCell400、ExCell405(いずれもJRH Biosciences社)、Grace's Insect Medium[ネイチャー(Nature), 195, 788 (1962)]等を用いることができる。
植物細胞を宿主として得られた形質転換体は、細胞として、または植物の細胞や器官に分化させて培養することができる。該形質転換体を培養する培地としては、一般に使用されているムラシゲ・アンド・スクーグ(MS)培地、ホワイト(White)培地、またはこれら培地にオーキシン、サイトカイニン等、植物ホルモンを添加した培地等を用いることができる。但し、組換え蛋白質の生産用宿主として一般的に使用される植物は、プロテインS蛋白質のアミノ末端側に存在するグルタミン酸残基をγ-カルボキシル化する活性を完全に欠いていることが知られている。
プロテインS組成物が宿主細胞内あるいは宿主細胞外膜上に生産される場合、ポールソンらの方法[ジャーナル・オブ・バイオロジカル・ケミストリー(J. Biol. Chem.),264, 17619 (1989)]、ロウらの方法[プロシーディングス・オブ・ザ・ナショナル・アカデミー・オブ・サイエンス(Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.), 86, 8227 (1989); ジーン・デベロップメント(Genes Develop.), 4, 1288(1990)]、または特開平05-336963、特開平06-823021等に記載の方法を準用することにより、該プロテインS組成物を宿主細胞外に積極的に分泌させることができる。
また、特開平2-227075に記載されている方法に準じて、ジヒドロ葉酸還元酵素遺伝子等を用いた遺伝子増幅系を利用して生産量を上昇させることもできる。
形質転換体が動物個体または植物個体の場合は、通常の方法に従って、飼育または栽培し、プロテインS組成物を生成蓄積させ、該動物個体または植物個体より該プロテインS組成物を採取することにより、該プロテインS組成物を製造することができる。
すでに宿主細胞がプロテインS分子を発現する能力を有する場合には、上記1に記載した方法を用いてプロテインS分子を発現する能力を有する細胞を調製した後に、該細胞を培養し、該培養物から目的とするプロテインS組成物を精製することにより、本発明のプロテインS組成物を製造することができる。
4.プロテインS組成物の活性評価
精製されたプロテインS組成物のAPCコファクター活性やRAGEに対する結合活性をはじめとする生物活性は、既に公知の各種方法を用いて測定することができる。具体的には、プロテインSのAPCコファクター活性、プロトロンビナーゼ(テンナーゼ)阻害活性、RAGEに対する結合活性、サイトカイン抑制活性、敗血症、急性肺障害、不育症や血栓症の病態モデル動物を用いたin vivo試験は、文献[JBC 256, 11128 (1981)、JBC 270, 27852 (1995)、JBC 272, 20678 (1997)、JBC 261, 12022 (1986)、Thromb Haemost 85, 761 (2001)、JBC 268, 2872 (1993)、PNAS 91, 2728 (1994)、Blood 86, 1062 (1995)、Thromb Haemost 80, 930 (1998)、Thromb Haemost 82, 80 (1999)、Eur J Immunol 38, 809 (2008)、Arthritis Rheumatism 54、 3898 (2006)、Critical Care 11, R122 (2007)、Blood 86, 2642 (1995)、J Clin Invest 95, 1987 (1995)、J Immunol 165, 2950 (2000)、Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis 27, 99 (2001)、Thromb Haemost 90, 227 (2003)]等記載の公知の方法に従って行うことができる。また、既に公知の方法により精製プロテインS組成物を用いてin vivo試験を行うことで、プロテインS組成物の血中半減期を測定することができる(Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 25, 2209 (2005))。以下に、その具体的な例を示す。
(1)糖化蛋白質受容体(RAGE)結合活性測定法
被検物質として精製したプロテインS組成物を、標準品として濃度及び比活性既知の市販プロテインSを、体積比1%でウシ血清アルブミンを含有するダルベッコリン酸緩衝液pH7.0(Journal of Experimental Medicine 98, 167 (1954)、以下、PBSと称す)を用いてそれぞれ段階希釈する。また、市販の遺伝子組換え可溶型糖化蛋白質受容体(RAGE)-ヒトIgG1 Fcキメラ蛋白質(R&D systems社製)を濃度100 ng/mLでPBSに溶解後、96穴平底ELISA用プレートに100μL/ウェルで分注し4時間室温することにより、RAGEが固相化されたプレートを作製する。このプレートを体積比1%でウシ血清アルブミン(以下、BSAと記載することもある。)を含有するPBS(以下、1%BSA-PBSと記載する。)を用いてブロッキング後、上記段階希釈した被検物質及び標準品を100μL/ウェルで分注し、室温にて1時間インキュベートする。体積比0.01%でTween20を含有するPBS(以下、0.01%Tween-PBSと記載する。)で各ウェルを数回洗浄しプレートに結合しなかったRAGE-Fcを除去後、1%BSA-PBSに溶解したプロテインSを、100μL/ウェルで分注する。室温にて1時間インキュベート後、0.01%Tween-PBSで各ウェルを数回洗浄しプレートに結合しなかったプロテインSを除去し、1%BSA-PBSに溶解した市販HRP標識化抗プロテインS抗体(DAKO社製)を、100μL/ウェルで分注する。室温にて1時間インキュベート後、0.01%Tween-PBSで各ウェルを数回洗浄しプレートに結合しなかった抗プロテインS抗体を除去し、各ウェルに100μL/ウェルの3,3’,5,5’-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) liquid substrate(Sigma社製)を添加し室温にて数分間発色させる。適当な発色が得られた時点で0.5規定の硫酸を加えて反応を停止させる。その後、反応液中の吸光度を波長450nmで測定し、被検物質であるプロテインSを加えていない対照反応溶液の吸光度から各希釈段階の被検物質あるいは標準品を加えた反応溶液の吸光度を差し引いた値を得る。この値をRAGEに結合したプロテインS量として縦軸に、被検物質あるいは標準品の希釈率を横軸にして片対数グラフにプロットする。プロットした測定値よりRAGEに結合したプロテインS量と希釈率の関係を直線近似し、被検物質と標準品の測定の結果得られた近似式を比較することで、被検物質の標準品に対する倍率を求めることができ、その力価を決定することができる。また、プロテインSとRAGEとの結合親和性を測定するための手段として、文献[Eur J Immunol 38, 809 (2008)]などに準じて、BIAcore T100(ビアコア社)等を用いた表面プラスモン共鳴法(以下、SPR法と略記する)も用いることができる。
(2)炎症性サイトカイン抑制活性測定法
精製したプロテインS組成物の炎症性サイトカイン抑制活性は、Pulleritsらの方法(Arthritis and Rheumatism. 54, 3898 (2006))やTreutigerらの方法(J Internal Medicine 254, 375 (2003))に順じ、プロテインSがリンパ球や血管内皮細胞からの炎症性サイトカイン分泌を抑制する活性を測定することで、求めることができる。具体的には、被検物質として精製したプロテインS組成物を、また、標準品として濃度既知のヒト血漿由来プロテインSを、1%BSA-PBS等を用いてそれぞれ段階希釈する。次に、組織培養用96穴プレートで培養しておいたヒト由来のリンパ球や血管内皮細胞に対して、上記のプロテインS段階希釈液を各ウエルに添加し、つづいて、炎症惹起物質、たとえば、リポ多糖(以下、LPSと略記する。)やHMGB-1蛋白質、S100ペプチドなどを添加する。一定時間培養した後に培養上清を採取し、培養上清に含まれる炎症性サイトカイン、たとえばインターロイキン6、インターロイキン8、腫瘍壊死因子α(TNFα)などの濃度を市販のELISAキット等を用いて測定することで、プロテインSの炎症性サイトカイン抑制活性を測定することができる。
(3)敗血症モデル動物を用いたin vivo試験
精製したプロテインS組成物の抗凝固作用および抗炎症作用は、凝固亢進モデル動物や敗血症モデル動物を用いたin vivo試験において、凝固系パラメーターの変動や血液凝固時間の延長、血中炎症性サイトカイン濃度等を調べることで解析できる。凝固亢進モデル動物としては、ウサギに組織トロンボプラスチン15 mg/kg を5 時間かけて静脈内持続投与することによって播種性血管内凝固症候群(DIC) を惹起するモデル等が挙げられる。この系において被験物質プロテインSは、たとえば、組織トロンボプラスチン投与15 分前から投与終了まで静脈内持続投与される。また、DIC惹起前および惹起後経時的に採血することにより、凝固系パラメーター(血小板数、フィブリノゲン量、APTT)と線溶系パラメーター(フィブリン分解産物(FDP)、PAI-1 活性)等を測定することができる。また組織トロンボプラスチン投与終了時に耳介静脈に刺針し、出血時間を測定すると共に、実験終了時に腎臓を摘出して糸球体へのフィブリン沈着を観察することができる。また、敗血症モデル動物としては、LPSなどのエンドトキシンを腹腔投与する腹膜炎モデルや盲腸穿孔によって腹膜炎を惹起させるモデルなどが挙げられる。この系において被験物質プロテインSは、たとえば、LPS投与60分前から投与60分後まで静脈内持続投与される。たとえばモデル動物にマウスを用いる場合には、プロテインS組成物の毎回の投与量は、たとえば1μg/1頭~100μg/1頭の間で設定することができる。眼窩後方などから採血することによって毎週2回、各マウス末梢血中の炎症性サイトカイン濃度や各種炎症マーカーの濃度を測定することができる。また、試験終了後、マウス個体から肝臓や腎臓などの組織を採取し、被検物質の投与による炎症抑制や凝固抑制、臓器不全抑制の効果を解析することができる。
(4)モデル動物を用いたプロテインS血中半減期の測定
プロテインSは健常人の血漿中に25~30μg/mL(モル濃度で300~350 nM)というほぼ一定の濃度で存在していることが知られている。この血漿プロテインSはその存在形態により2つのタイプに分けられる。それは、C4BP結合型プロテインSとフリー体プロテインSである。C4BPとは、健常人の血漿中に約150 μg/mL(モル濃度で260 nM)の濃度で存在する補体抑制因子の一種で、プロテインSはこのC4BPのβ鎖に高いアフィニティー(KD値:0.1~0.6 nM)で結合する。このことから、血漿C4BPは全てプロテインSに結合しているといわれている(Biochemistry 36, 3745 (1997);Arch Pathol Lab Med 126, 1349 (2002))。従って、フリー体プロテインSの血漿中濃度は、全プロテインS濃度とC4BP結合型の濃度の差に相当し、約10 μg/mL(モル濃度で130 nM)といわれている(PNAS 78, 2512 (1981)、Blood 79, 3203 (1992))。
5.プロテインS組成物の糖鎖の分析
各種細胞で発現させたプロテインS分子の糖鎖構造は、通常の糖タンパク質の糖鎖構造の解析に準じて行うことができる。例えば、プロテインS分子に結合している糖鎖はガラクトース、マンノースなどの中性糖、N-アセチルグルコサミンなどのアミノ糖、シアル酸などの酸性糖から構成されており、糖組成分析および二次元糖鎖マップ法などを用いた糖鎖構造解析等の手法を用いて行うことができる。
(1)中性糖・アミノ糖組成分析
プロテインS分子の糖鎖の組成分析は、トリフルオロ酢酸等で、糖鎖の酸加水分解を行うことにより、中性糖またはアミノ糖を遊離し、その組成比を分析することができる。
また、2-アミノピリジンによる蛍光標識化法でも組成比を分析することができる。具体的には、公知の方法[アグリカルチュラル・アンド・バイオロジカル・ケミストリー(Agric.Biol.Chem.), 55(1), 283-284 (1991)]に従って酸加水分解した試料を2-アミノピリジル化で蛍光ラベル化し、HPLC分析して組成比を算出することができる。
(2)糖鎖構造解析
プロテインS分子の糖鎖の構造解析は、2次元糖鎖マップ法[アナリティカル・バイオケミストリー(Anal. Biochem.), 171, 73 (1988)、生物化学実験法23-糖タンパク質糖鎖研究法(学会出版センター)高橋禮子編(1989年)]により行うことができる。2次元糖鎖マップ法は、例えば、X軸には逆相クロマトグラフィーによる糖鎖の保持時間または溶出位置を、Y軸には順相クロマトグラフィーによる糖鎖の保持時間または溶出位置を、それぞれプロットし、既知糖鎖のそれらの結果と比較することにより、糖鎖構造を推定する方法である。
6.プロテインS分子の糖鎖構造を識別する免疫学的定量方法
本発明のプロテインS組成物は、糖鎖構造が異なったプロテインS分子から構成されている。本発明のプロテインS組成物は、N-グリコシド結合複合型糖鎖還元末端のN-アセチルグルコサミンにフコースが結合しておらず、このようなプロテインS組成物は、上記5.に記載のプロテインS分子の糖鎖構造の分析法を用いることにより識別できる。また、レクチンを用いた免疫学的定量方法を用いることによっても識別できる。
プロテインS分子の糖鎖構造を識別に用いられるレクチンとしては、例えば、WGA (T. vulgaris由来のwheat-germ agglutinin)、ConA (C. ensiformis由来のconcanavalin A)、RIC (R. communis由来の毒素)、L-PHA (P.vulgaris由来のleukoagglutinin)、LCA (L. culinaris由来のlentil agglutinin)、PSA (P. sativum由来のPea lectin)、AAL (Aleuria aurantia Lectin)、ACL (Amaranthus caudatus Lectin)、BPL (Bauhinia purpurea Lectin)、DSL (Datura stramonium Lectin)、DBA (Dolichos biflorus Agglutinin)、EBL (Elderberry Balk Lectin)、ECL (Erythrina cristagalli Lectin)、EEL (Euonymus europaeus Lectin)、GNL (Galanthus nivalis Lectin)、GSL (Griffonia simplicifolia Lectin)、HPA (Helix pomatia Agglutinin)、HHL (Hippeastrum Hybrid Lectin)、Jacalin、LTL (Lotus tetragonolobus Lectin)、LEL (Lycopersicon esculentum Lectin)、MAL (Maackia amurensis Lectin)、MPL (Maclura pomifera Lectin)、NPL (Narcissus pseudonarcissus Lectin)、PNA (Peanut Agglutinin)、E-PHA (Phaseolus vulgaris Erythroagglutinin)、PTL (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus Lectin)、RCA (Ricinus communis Agglutinin)、STL (Solanum tuberosum Lectin)、SJA (Sophora japonica Agglutinin)、SBA (Soybean Agglutinin)、UEA (Ulex europaeus Agglutinin)、VVL (Vicia villosa Lectin)、WFA (Wisteria floribunda Agglutinin)があげられる。
7.本発明のプロテインS組成物の使用
本発明のプロテインS組成物は、従来から知られているヒト血漿由来または遺伝子組換え体プロテインSなどのN-グリコシド結合複合型糖鎖還元末端のN-アセチルグルコサミンにフコースが結合しているプロテインSに比べて、糖化蛋白質受容体(RAGE)に対する高い親和性を有することから、プロテインS欠損または欠乏に伴う炎症性疾患、血栓症において、高い治療効果が期待される。また、投与量、投与回数を軽減できることから、患者や医療現場での身体的および経済的な負担を軽減するとともに、投与した患者の血圧上昇、抗プロテインS抗体の出現といった副作用も軽減することができる。
血中のプロテインS濃度の低下を呈する疾患としては、プロテインS欠損症があげられ、具体的には先天性プロテインS欠損症、後天性プロテインS欠損症などがあげられる。
後天性プロテインS欠損症に伴って発症する疾患としては、習慣性流産(不育症)があげられる。更に、肝疾患、ネフローゼ症候群、HIV感染、播種性血管内凝固症候群(DIC)、敗血症、急性肺障害、関節リウマチなどの疾患、L-アスパラギナーゼ製剤、ワーファリン製剤、経口避妊薬などの投薬、および妊娠中期から後期にかけての血漿中プロテインSの低下などによっても、後天性プロテインS欠損症は発症することが知られており(Br J Ophthalmol 81, 810 (1997)、Thromb Haemost 93, 853 (2005)、血栓止血誌 12, 235 (2001))、本発明のプロテインS組成物は、これらの後天性プロテインS欠損症に対して用いることができる。
本発明において、プロテインS組成物の使用方法としては、上述のようなプロテインSの欠損に伴う炎症性疾患および血液凝固性疾患があげられるが、プロテインS欠損症患者が、外科手術や妊娠出産などの最中あるいは直後の、急性的な血栓症に対して使用する場合や、術前にプロテインSを投与して血栓症の発生を抑える予防的使用もあげられる。
投与経路は、治療に際して最も効果的なものを使用するのが望ましく、経口投与、または口腔内、気道内、直腸内、皮下、筋肉内および静脈内等の非経口投与をあげることができ、プロテインS製剤の場合、望ましくは静脈内投与をあげることができる。
経口投与に適当な製剤としては、乳剤、シロップ剤、カプセル剤、錠剤、散剤、顆粒剤等があげられる。
乳剤およびシロップ剤のような液体調製物は、水、ショ糖、ソルビトール、果糖等の糖類、ポリエチレングリコール、プロピレングリコール等のグリコール類、ごま油、オリーブ油、大豆油等の油類、p-ヒドロキシ安息香酸エステル類等の防腐剤、ストロベリーフレーバー、ペパーミント等のフレーバー類等を添加剤として用いて製造できる。
注射剤は、塩溶液、ブドウ糖溶液、あるいは両者の混合物からなる担体等を用いて調製される。または、プロテインS組成物を常法に従って凍結乾燥し、これに塩化ナトリウムを加えることによって粉末注射剤を調製することもできる。
座剤はカカオ脂、水素化脂肪またはカルボン酸等の担体を用いて調製される。
担体として具体的には乳糖、グリセリン等が例示される。プロテインS組成物および用いる担体の性質により、エアロゾル、ドライパウダー等の製剤が可能である。また、これらの非経口剤においても経口剤で添加剤として例示した成分を添加することもできる。
また、プロテインS組成物の糖化蛋白質受容体(RAGE)結合活性をはじめとする生物活性を解析する方法は、APCコファクター活性、プロトロンビナーゼ(テンナーゼ)阻害活性、RAGEに対する結合活性、サイトカイン抑制活性などのインビトロ(in vitro)試験、あるいは、敗血症や血栓症の病態モデル動物を用いたインビボ(in vivo)試験等があげられる。
ヒト血漿より精製単離されたプロテインS蛋白質(CALBIOCHEM社製)を天然プロテインSとし、その中性糖・アミノ糖組成分析とシアル酸分析、およびN-グリコシド結合型糖鎖のプロファイリング解析を行った。中性糖・アミノ糖組成分析は、Shinkawaらの方法(Journal of Biological Chemistry 278, 3466 (2003))に従って実施した。シアル酸分析は、シアル酸蛍光標識用試薬キット(タカラバイオ社製)を用いてシアル酸を1,2-diamino-4,5-methylenedioxybenzene(DMB)で蛍光標識後に逆相カラム(PALPAK Type R;タカラバイオ社製)を用いてHPLC 分析することによって定量した。N-グリコシド結合型糖鎖のプロファイリング解析は、Kandaらの方法(Glycobiology 17, 104 (2007))に従い、マトリックス支援レーザー脱離イオン化飛行時間型質量分析計(MALDI-TOF MS)を用いて実施した。
遺伝子組換えヒトプロテインSを生産するα1,6-fucosyltransferase(以下、FUT8と記す)遺伝子ダブルノックアウト細胞株を以下に示す方法で作製した。
1. ポリメラーゼ連鎖反応(PCR)
ヒトプロテインSの遺伝子配列(UniGene: Hs.64016 配列番号1)に対して、それぞれの5’末端に、2種の制限酵素BsiWIまたはBamHIの認識配列をぞれぞれ含む2種類のプライマー(配列番号3および配列番号4)を作製し、以下のPCRを行った。ヒト肝臓由来cDNA(インビトロジェン社製)をテンプレートとして含む20μLの反応液[KOD plus polymerase(東洋紡社製)、KOD plus buffer、0.2 mM dNTP mixture、2.5 mM MgSO4、0.5μMの2種類のプライマー(配列番号3および配列番号4)]を調製し、94℃で2分間の加熱の後、94℃で15秒間、64℃で30秒間、68℃で2分間からなる反応を1サイクルとして、35サイクルの条件でPCRを行った。PCR後、反応液を1.5%(w/v) アガロースゲル電気泳動に供し、2.1 kbpのヒトプロテインS遺伝子を含むDNA断片を確認し、QIAquick Gel Extraction Kit(QIAGEN社製)を用いて精製した。
2. プラスミドpCR4-PSの作製
前項で調製した精製ヒトプロテインS cDNA断片に対してZero Blunt TOPO(R) PCRクローニングキット(インビトロジェン社製) を用いたクローニングを行い、形質転換大腸菌を得た。形質転換株よりQIAprep(R)Spin Miniprep Kit (QIAGEN社製)を用いてプラスミドDNAを調製し、BigDye Terminator Cycle Sequencing FS Ready Reaction Kit (Applied Biosystems社製)とDNAシーケンサABI PRISM 377(Applied Biosystems社製)を用いて塩基配列を解析した。ヒトプロテインS cDNA配列を含むプラスミドクローンをpCR4-PSと名付けた(図2)。
3. プラスミドpKAN-PSの作製
前項2で作製したpCR4-PS 3μgを17.5μLの水に溶解した。該液に10単位のBsiWI(New England Biolabs社製)、2μLのNEBuffer 3を加えて20μLの反応液を調製し、55℃で16時間消化反応を行った。さらに該液に10単位のBamHI(New England Biolabs社製)を加えて20μLの反応液を調製し、37℃で16時間消化反応を行った。次に、プラスミドpKANTEX93(WO1997/10354)3μgを17.5μLの水に溶解し、BsiWI(New England Biolabs社製)、2μLのNEBuffer 3を加えて20μLの反応液を調製し、55℃で16時間消化反応を行った。さらに該反応液に10単位のBamHI(New England Biolabs社製)を加えて20μLの反応液を調製し、37℃で16時間消化反応を行った。上記で得られたpCR4-PS断片(BsiWI-BamHI)およびpKANTEX93断片(BsiWI-BamHI)を1.5%(w/v)アガロースゲル電気泳動に供してそれぞれ約2.1 kbp、9.3 kbpのDNA断片を回収し、QIAquick Gel Extraction Kit(QIAGEN社製)を用いて精製した。次いで、精製pCR4-PS断片(BsiWI-BamHI)と精製pKANTEX93断片(BsiWI-BamHI)断片をLigation High (東洋紡社製) を用いて連結し、得られた組換えプラスミドDNAを用いて大腸菌DH5α株(東洋紡績社製)を形質転換した。各形質転換株よりプラスミドDNAを調製し、BigDye Terminator Cycle Sequencing FS Ready Reaction Kit(Applied Biosystems社製)とDNAシーケンサABI PRISM 377(Applied Biosystems社製)を用いて塩基配列を解析した。この結果、ヒトプロテインS遺伝子配列(配列番号1)を含むプラスミドpKAN-PSを得た(図3)。
4. ゲノム上のFUT8遺伝子をダブルノックアウトしたCHO/DG44細胞株へのヒトプロテインS発現プラスミドの導入
α1,6-fucosyl transferase(FUT8)遺伝子をダブルノックアウトしたCHO/DG44細胞株(WO2002/31140)、およびCHO/DG44細胞株(Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 77, 4216 (1980))に対し、前項で作製したプラスミドpKAN-PSを遺伝子導入した。導入法は、文献[サイトテクノロジー (Cytotechnology), 3, 133 (1990)] に準じたエレクトロポレーション法で行った。プラスミドの線状化は、プラスミドpKAN-PS 100μg、NEBuffer 3 (New England Biolabs社製)60μL、120単位の制限酵素MluI(New England Biolabs社製) からなる600μLの反応液を調製し、37℃で5時間消化反応により行った。反応後、該反応液から、フェノール/クロロホルム抽出処理およびエタノール沈殿により、線状化したプラスミドの精製および回収を行った。次に、FUT8遺伝子ダブルノックアウトCHO/DG44細胞をK-PBS緩衝液(137 mM KCl、2.7 mM NaCl、8.1 mM Na2HPO4、1.5 mM KH2PO4、4.0 mM MgCl2)に懸濁して8×107細胞/mLとした。細胞懸濁液200μL (1.6×106細胞) と上記の線状化プラスミド9μg を混和した後、細胞-DNA混和液の全量をGene Pulser Cuvette (電極間距離2 mm) (BIO-RAD社製)へ移し、エレクトロポレーション装置Gene Pulser (BIO-RAD社製) を用いてパルス電圧350 V、電気容量250μFの条件で遺伝子導入を行った。細胞懸濁液を終濃度10% ウシ胎児血清 (Life Technologies社製)および50μg/mL gentamicin(ナカライテスク社製)を添加したIMDM培地(Life Technologies社製)120 mLに懸濁し、接着細胞培養96 well plate(グライナー社製)3枚へ、100μL/ウェルで播種した。培養は5%CO2、37℃の条件下で行った。
5. 500 nM メトトレキセート(MTX)耐性株の取得
前項で得たpKAN-PS導入細胞を6日間培養した後、培養上清を除去し、終濃度10%透析ウシ胎児血清、50μg/mL gentamicinおよび50 nM メトトレキセート(シグマ社製、以下、MTXと記載する。)を添加したIMDM培地を100μL/ウェルずつ添加した。この培地交換作業を3~4日毎に繰り返しながら9日間の培養を行った。次いで、終濃度10%透析ウシ胎児血清、50μg/mL gentamicin および200 nMのMTXを添加したIMDM培地を用いて、培地交換を同様に3~4日毎に繰り返しながら18日間培養し、最終的に形成されたコロニーを24 well plate(シグマ社製)に拡大培養を行った。更に、終濃度10%透析ウシ胎児血清、50μg/mL gentamicinおよび500 nMのMTXを添加したIMDM培地を用いた培地交換を3~4日毎に繰り返し、拡大しながら約3週間の培養を行い、500 nM MTX耐性プール株を取得した。
6. 培養上清中に分泌発現された遺伝子組換えヒトプロテインSの検出
前項で取得した複数の500 nM MTX耐性プール株より、各1.0×106細胞を5 mLの終濃度10%透析ウシ胎児血清、50μg/mL gentamicinおよび500 nMのMTXを添加したIMDM培地に懸濁し、T25フラスコへ播種して培養を行った。培養3日後に培養上清を回収し、上清中に含まれる遺伝子組換えヒトプロテインS量を、Mached- Pair Antibody Set for human Protein S antigen (Affinity Biological社製)を用いたELISAで測定した。洗浄用緩衝液に0.05% Tween20を添加したPhosphate Buffered Saline(PBS)、サンプル希釈緩衝液に1%ウシ血清アルブミン、0.1% Tween 20を添加した緩衝液、発色基質溶液に3,3’,5,5' -tetramethyl benzidine (TMB : シグマ社製)、発色停止液に1 M H2SO4を使用した。標準品にはヒト血漿由来プロテインS(カルビオケム社製)を用いた。この解析によって、複数の500 nM MTX耐性プール株の培養上清中に、濃度1μg/mL以上の濃度で、遺伝子組換えヒトプロテインSが発現していることが確認された。
1. 遺伝子組換えヒトプロテインS含有培養上清の取得
実施例2で得られた遺伝子組換えヒトプロテインS産生細胞株を10%透析ウシ胎児血清、50μg/mL gentamicinおよび500 nM MTXを添加したIMDM培地に懸濁し、組織培養用フラスコ(グライナー社製)に播種した。細胞は数日間培養を行い、コンフルエントまで増殖したことを確認し、各フラスコの上清を除去して細胞を10 mLのPBSで2回洗浄した。その後すぐに、細胞に、6 mM L-Glutamine、500 nM MTXを含むEX-CELL302培地(JRH社製)を30 mL加え、培養を行い、5日間の培養の後、培養上清を回収し、0.22μmボトルトップフィルター(IWAKI社製)でろ過した。その結果、遺伝子組換えヒトプロテインS含有培養上清を150 mL得た。
2. 遺伝子組換えプロテインSの精製
プロテインSの精製は、文献[Thromb Haemost.,91, 1105, 2004]および文献[Thromb Haemost.,77, 1156, 1997]に記載の方法を参考にして実施した。前項で得られた遺伝子組換えプロテインSを含有する培養上清を、限外ろ過膜(分画分子量10,000, ポリエーテルスルホン製:ミリポア社製)を用いたダイアフィルトレーション法により、緩衝液をPBSに置換した。得られたサンプル(約110 mL)に、終濃度が5 mMとなるようにEDTAを添加した。該サンプルに対して、カルシウム溶出陰イオン交換クロマトグラフィー精製を行った。精製用カラムには、Q sepharose FFカラム (1.0 mL、GEヘルスケア社製)を使用した。カラムの平衡化は、150 mM NaCl、5 mM EDTA、20 mM tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane (Tris) (pH7.4)からなる平衡化緩衝液で行った。Q sepharose FFカラムへのサンプルの吸着は、流速1.0 mL/分で20 mL送液することで行った。洗浄は、平衡化緩衝液15 カラム体積(CV)を送液し、さらに、150 mM NaCl、20 mM Tris (pH7.4)からなる緩衝液15 CVを送液することで行った。溶出は150 mM NaCl、20 mM CaCl2、20 mM Tris (pH7.4)からなる溶出緩衝液10 CVを送液することで行った。カラムの洗浄及び再生は、500 mM NaCl、20 mM Tris (pH7.4)からなる緩衝液5 CV、1 mM NaCl、20 mM Tris (pH7.4)からなる緩衝液で5 CVを送液することで行った。クロマト装置はAKTA purifierシステム(GEヘルスケア社製)を用い、サンプル吸着以外のポンプ流速は0.5 mL/分とし、溶出画分は250 μl毎に分画した。溶出物質の検出は280 nm、260 nm、320 nmの吸光度を測定することで行った。同様の操作を5回繰り返し、プロテインSの精製を行った。続いて溶出画分を混和し、限外ろ過膜(分画分子量10,000, ポリエーテルスルホン製:ミリポア社製)を用いたダイアフィルトレーション法による150 mM NaCl、20 mM Tris (pH7.4)へ緩衝液交換および1.8 mLへの濃縮を行った。更に、終濃度が25 mMとなるようにEDTAを添加した。
実施例1に記載の方法に従って、中性糖・アミノ糖組成分析とシアル酸分析を実施した。実施例3で調製したMSPSにおける、マンノースの組成比を3.00として算出された各単糖の組成比は、N-アセチルグルコサミン(GlcNAc)が4.92、ガラクトースが3.51、シアル酸が2.13、であった。フコースは検出されなかった。また、実施例3で調製したKCPSにおける、マンノースの組成比を3.00として算出された各単糖の組成比は、フコースが0.69、N-アセチルグルコサミン(GlcNAc)が4.34、ガラクトースが3.06、シアル酸が2.03、であった。分析結果のまとめを表1に示す。
**:プロテインS 1分子あたりのシアル酸付加数
糖鎖は、Fuc:フコース、GlcNAc:N-アセチルグルコサミン、Gal:ガラクトース、Man:マンノースを、アミノ酸修飾は、Gla:γ-カルボキシル化グルタミン酸を示す。
また、N-グリコシド結合型糖鎖のプロファイリング解析の結果、MSPS、KCPSともに、検出された糖鎖は全て複合型糖鎖であり、主要な糖鎖は非還元末端にシアル酸を有する2本アンテナ分岐型糖鎖(複合2本鎖型糖鎖;complex biantennary oligosaccharide)であることが示された。MSPS由来の糖鎖には、還元末端に位置するGlcNAcにフコースが付加した複合型糖鎖は検出されなかった。
アミンカップリングキット(ビアコア社製)を用いて、ヒト血漿由来プロテインS(CALBIOCHEM社製)、ヒト血漿由来補体C4結合蛋白質(C4BP;BioMed社製)、ヒト血漿由来補体C1インヒビター製剤ベリナートP(CSLベーリング社製)をCM5センサーチップ(ビアコア社製)の各フローセル上に固定化した。各フローセル上のリガンド蛋白質の固定化量は、2400~3600 resonance unit(以下、RUと記す)の範囲になるようにした。補体C4結合蛋白質と補体C1インヒビターは、抗炎症作用を有する血漿糖蛋白質として知られている。次に、HBS-EP+バッファー(ビアコア社製)を用いて一定の濃度(50000、25000、12500、6250、3125、1562 ng/mL)に希釈した組換えヒトRAGE-Fc融合蛋白質(R&D systems社製)をアナライトとし、温度25℃、流速5 μL/分、結合時間140秒間、解離時間240秒間、の条件でリガンドが固定化されているフローセルに流して結合させた。チップの再生は、pH1.5のグリシン水溶液(ビアコア社製)を60秒間流すことで行った。
アミンカップリングキット(ビアコア社製)を用いて、ヒト血漿由来プロテインS(CALBIOCHEM社製)、実施例4で調製した遺伝子組換えヒトプロテインS蛋白質であるMSPS、KCPSを、CM5センサーチップ(ビアコア社製)の各フローセル上に固定化した。各フローセル上のリガンド蛋白質の固定化量は、1500~2000 RUの範囲になるようにした。次に、HBS-EP+バッファー(ビアコア社製)を用いて一定の濃度(50000、25000、12500、6250、3125、1562 ng/mL)に希釈した抗ヒトプロテインS抗体C-17(SantaCruz社製)(図7)、あるいは、ヒト血漿由来補体C4結合蛋白質(BioMed社製)をアナライトとし、温度25℃、流速5μL/分、結合時間140秒間、解離時間240秒間、の条件でリガンドが固定化されているフローセルに流して結合させた。抗ヒトプロテインS抗体C-17とヒト血漿由来補体C4結合蛋白質は、プロテインSのカルボキシル末端側に存在する性ホルモン結合グロブリン様ドメイン(SHBGドメイン)に結合することが知られている。チップの再生は、pH1.5のグリシン水溶液(ビアコア社製)を60秒間流すことで行った。取得したデータをBIAcore T100 evaluation software ver 1.1(ビアコア社製)を用いて解析し求めた解離定数を表2に示した。
次に、HBS-EP+バッファー(ビアコア社製)を用いて一定の濃度(50000、25000、12500、6250、3125、1562 ng/mL)に希釈した組換えヒトRAGE-Fc融合蛋白質(R&D systems社製)をアナライトとし、温度25℃、流速5 μL/分、結合時間140秒間、解離時間240秒間、の条件でリガンドが固定化されているフローセルに流して結合させた(図8)。チップの再生は、pH1.5のグリシン水溶液(ビアコア社製)を60秒間流すことで行った。
以上の結果より、プロテインSが有するN-グリコシド結合複合型糖鎖の還元末端側のGlcNAcに結合したフコース残基は、プロテインSのRAGEに対する結合を顕著に阻害する因子であることが明らかとなった。
アミンカップリングキット(ビアコア社製)を用いて、組換えヒトHMGB-1(R&D systems社製)、組換えヒトMac-1へテロダイマー(αmβ2インテグリン、CD11b/CD18;R&D systems社製)、組換えヒトS100A8/A9(R&D systems社製)を、Series S C1センサーチップ(ビアコア社製)の各フローセル上に200RU、1200RU、400RUで固定化した。アナライトとして、50000、5000または500 ng/mLに希釈した組換えヒトRAGE-Fc融合蛋白質(R&D systems社製)を用いる以外は、実施例5と同様に測定を行った。その結果、HMGB-1、Mac-1およびS100A8/A9を固定化したフローセルのいずれも、RAGEの濃度依存的に有意な反応性の上昇が認められた。
この解析の結果、HMGB-1、Mac-1およびS100A8/A9を固定化したフローセルのいずれも、MSPSの濃度依存的にRAGE-Fc融合蛋白質の反応性が有意に低下した。また、上記と同じセンサーチップを用いて、MSPS(終濃度50000 μg/mL)とHMGB-1、Mac-1およびS100A8/A9それぞれに対する結合活性を確認したが、有意な結合活性は認められなかった。
アミンカップリングキット(ビアコア社製)を用いて、HMGB-1(和光純薬社製)、および組換えヒトMac-1へテロダイマー(αmβ2インテグリン、CD11b/CD18;R&D systems社製)を、Series S C1センサーチップ(ビアコア社製)の各フローセル上に160RU、620RUでそれぞれ固定化した。次に、実施例3で調製したMSPSおよびKCPS(終濃度100、10、1 μg/mL)を混合した組換えヒトRAGE-Fc融合蛋白質(5000 ng/mL)をアナライトとし、後は実施例5と同様にして実験を行った。
ヒトCD14は、RAGEと同じくパターン認識型受容体ファミリーに属する1回膜貫通型の糖蛋白質であり、リガンドであるリポ多糖(Lipopolysaccharide; LPS)-LPS結合蛋白(LPS binding protein; LBP)複合体が結合すると、細胞内に炎症応答反応を引き起こすシグナルが伝達され、HMGB-1産生などが亢進する。このことから、CD14はRAGEと同様に敗血症などにおける炎症メディエーターの1つとして知られている。このため、プロテインSとCD14の結合活性を確認するために、上述と同様ビアコアT100を用いて実験を行った。
ヒトインターロイキン8(IL-8)は、敗血症、播種性血管内凝固症候群(DIC)、およびVTEなどの血栓症において主に活性化血管内皮などから産生され、病態進行に関与する炎症メディエーターのひとつとして知られている。そこで、遺伝子組換えプロテインSが血管内皮細胞からのIL-8産生を抑制する効果を有するか、解析を実施した。血管内皮細胞専用低血清培地(クラボウ社製)で培養した正常ヒト臍帯静脈血管内皮細胞(HUVEC ; Lonza社製)を8.3×104細胞/ウェルの密度で96穴細胞培養プレート(ベクトンデッキンソン社製)に播種した。48時間培養後、培地を血管内皮細胞専用無血清培地に交換し、終濃度20μg/mLのプロテインSを添加して、37℃、2時間培養した。次に、終濃度1μg/mLのサルモネラ由来リポ多糖(LPS;Sigma社製)を添加し、37℃にて20時間培養した。翌日、各ウエルの培養上清180μLを回収し、ヒトIL-8特異的ELISAキット(Rbender medsystems社製)を用いて、キット添付のマニュアルに従って培養上清中のIL-8濃度(単位:pg/mL)を測定した(図10)。
ヒト敗血症や急性肺障害などで組織における炎症が亢進すると、末梢血中を循環していた単球をはじめとする各種白血球が血管内皮に結合、内皮表面上をローリングして接着し、最終的には組織内に浸潤して炎症を悪化させることが広く知られている。そこで、遺伝子組換えプロテインS組成物が、ヒト単球と活性化血管内皮との接着を抑制するかどうか検討した。
配列番号4:ヒトプロテインS 3’-プライマー
Claims (25)
- N-グリコシド結合複合型糖鎖を有する遺伝子組換えプロテインS分子からなる組成物であって、健常人ヒト血液中に存在する天然プロテインSと比べて、糖化蛋白質受容体(RAGE; Receptor for advanced glycation endproducts、以下RAGEと記載する)に対する結合活性が高く、かつ健常人ヒト血液中に存在する天然プロテインSと比べて、プロテインSに結合しているN-グリコシド結合複合型糖鎖にフコースが結合していない糖鎖の割合が高いプロテインS組成物。
- N-グリコシド結合複合型糖鎖を有する遺伝子組換えプロテインS分子からなる組成物であって、N-グリコシド結合複合型糖鎖が該糖鎖の還元末端のN-アセチルグルコサミンにフコースが結合していない糖鎖である、請求項1に記載のプロテインS組成物。
- N-グリコシド結合複合型糖鎖が、該糖鎖非還元末端のガラクトースにシアル酸が結合した糖鎖である、請求項1または2に記載のプロテインS組成物。
- N-グリコシド結合複合型糖鎖が、プロテインSのN末端から458番目、468番目、489番目に位置するアスパラギン残基のうち少なくとも1箇所のアスパラギン残基に結合する糖鎖である、請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載のプロテインS組成物。
- プロテインSのN末端から1番目~45番目のアミノ酸配列のうち、該アミノ酸配列に含まれる少なくとも1つのグルタミン酸残基の側鎖がγ-カルボキシル化を受けたアミノ酸配列である、請求項1~4のいずれか1項に記載のプロテインS組成物。
- プロテインSが、以下の(a)、(b)および(c)からなる群から選ばれる蛋白質である、請求項1~5のいずれか1項に記載のプロテインS組成物。
(a)配列番号8(ヒト野生型プロテインS)で表されるアミノ配列からなる蛋白質;
(b)配列番号8で表されるアミノ酸配列において、1個以上のアミノ酸残基が欠失、置換、挿入および/または付加されたアミノ酸配列からなり、かつRAGEに対する結合活性を有する蛋白質;
(c)配列番号8で表されるアミノ酸配列と80%以上の相同性を有するアミノ酸配列からなり、かつRAGEに対する結合活性を有する蛋白質。 - プロテインSが、以下の(a)または(b)から選ばれるDNAがコードする蛋白質である、請求項1~6のいずれか1項に記載のプロテインS組成物。
(a)配列番号7(ヒト野生型プロテインS)で表される塩基配列からなるDNA;
(b)配列番号7で表される塩基配列からなるDNAとストリンジェントな条件でハイブリダイズし、かつRAGEに対する結合活性を有する蛋白質をコードするDNA。 - 請求項1~7のいずれか1項に記載のプロテインSを生産する細胞。
- 細胞が、細胞内糖ヌクレオチドGDP-フコースの合成に関与する酵素の活性が欠損するようにゲノムが改変された細胞である、請求項8に記載の細胞。
- 細胞内糖ヌクレオチドGDP-フコースの合成に関与する酵素が、GDP-マンノース 4,6-デヒドラターゼ、及び、GDP-4-ケト-6-デオキシ-D-マンノース-3,5-エピメラーゼからなる群から選ばれる酵素である、請求項9に記載の細胞。
- 細胞が、N-グリコシド結合複合型糖鎖還元末端のN-アセチルグルコサミンにフコースがα結合する糖鎖修飾に関与する酵素の活性が欠失するようにゲノムが改変された細胞である、請求項8に記載の細胞。
- N-グリコシド結合複合型糖鎖還元末端のN-アセチルグルコサミンにフコースがα結合する糖鎖修飾に関与する酵素が、α1,6-フコシルトランスフェラーゼである、請求項11に記載の細胞。
- N-グリコシド結合複合型糖鎖還元末端のN-アセチルグルコサミンにフコースがα結合する糖鎖修飾に関与する酵素が、α1,3-フコシルトランスフェラーゼである、請求項11に記載の細胞。
- 細胞が、N-グリコシド結合複合型糖鎖還元末端のN-アセチルグルコサミンの6位とフコースの1位がα結合した糖鎖構造を認識するレクチンに耐性を有する細胞である、請求項8に記載の細胞。
- 請求項1~7に記載のプロテインSを生産するトランスジェニック動物。
- トランスジェニック動物が、細胞内糖ヌクレオチドGDP-フコースの合成に関与する酵素の活性が欠損するようにゲノムが改変された動物である、請求項15に記載のトランスジェニック動物。
- 細胞内糖ヌクレオチドGDP-フコースの合成に関与する酵素が、GDP-マンノース 4,6-デヒドラターゼ、及び、GDP-4-ケト-6-デオキシ-D-マンノース-3,5-エピメラーゼからなる群から選ばれる酵素である、請求項15に記載のトランスジェニック動物。
- トランスジェニック動物が、N-グリコシド結合複合型糖鎖還元末端のN-アセチルグルコサミンにフコースがα結合する糖鎖修飾に関与する酵素の活性が欠失するようにゲノムが改変された動物である、請求項15に記載のトランスジェニック動物。
- N-グリコシド結合複合型糖鎖還元末端のN-アセチルグルコサミンにフコースがα結合する糖鎖修飾に関与する酵素が、α1,6-フコシルトランスフェラーゼである、請求項15に記載のトランスジェニック動物。
- 請求項8~14に記載の細胞を培地に培養し、培養物中に請求項1~7のいずれか1項に記載のプロテインS組成物を生成蓄積させ、培養物から該プロテインS組成物を採取することを特徴とする請求項1~7のいずれか1項に記載のプロテインS組成物を製造する方法。
- 請求項15~19に記載のトランスジェニック動物を飼育し、該トランスジェニック動物の乳汁中に請求項1~7のいずれか1項に記載のプロテインS組成物を生成蓄積させ、搾乳された乳汁から該プロテインS組成物を採取することを特徴とする請求項1~7のいずれか1項に記載のプロテインS組成物を製造する方法。
- 請求項1~7のいずれかに記載のプロテインS組成物を有効成分として含有する医薬。
- 請求項1~7のいずれかに記載のプロテインS組成物を有効成分として含有する抗炎症剤。
- 請求項1~7のいずれかに記載のプロテインS組成物を有効成分として含有する敗血症治療剤。
- 請求項1~7のいずれかに記載のプロテインS組成物を有効成分として含有する血栓症の予防剤および治療剤。
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- 2009-08-12 JP JP2010524746A patent/JP5662149B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2009-08-13 US US12/540,501 patent/US8501914B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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JPWO2010018847A1 (ja) | 2012-01-26 |
JP5662149B2 (ja) | 2015-01-28 |
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US20100162418A1 (en) | 2010-06-24 |
US8501914B2 (en) | 2013-08-06 |
EP2311864A1 (en) | 2011-04-20 |
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