WO2007010678A1 - 適応ディジタルフィルタ、fm受信機、信号処理方法、およびプログラム - Google Patents
適応ディジタルフィルタ、fm受信機、信号処理方法、およびプログラム Download PDFInfo
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- WO2007010678A1 WO2007010678A1 PCT/JP2006/311058 JP2006311058W WO2007010678A1 WO 2007010678 A1 WO2007010678 A1 WO 2007010678A1 JP 2006311058 W JP2006311058 W JP 2006311058W WO 2007010678 A1 WO2007010678 A1 WO 2007010678A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03H—IMPEDANCE NETWORKS, e.g. RESONANT CIRCUITS; RESONATORS
- H03H17/00—Networks using digital techniques
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03H—IMPEDANCE NETWORKS, e.g. RESONANT CIRCUITS; RESONATORS
- H03H21/00—Adaptive networks
- H03H21/0012—Digital adaptive filters
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B3/00—Line transmission systems
- H04B3/02—Details
- H04B3/04—Control of transmission; Equalising
- H04B3/06—Control of transmission; Equalising by the transmitted signal
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
- H04B7/005—Control of transmission; Equalising
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03H—IMPEDANCE NETWORKS, e.g. RESONANT CIRCUITS; RESONATORS
- H03H2218/00—Indexing scheme relating to details of digital filters
- H03H2218/04—In-phase and quadrature [I/Q] signals
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an adaptive digital filter, and more particularly to an adaptive digital filter that is suitably used for a multinos equalizer of an FM (Frequency Modulation) receiver.
- FM Frequency Modulation
- FM modulated waves which are widely used in FM radio broadcasts and television broadcasts, are signals obtained by phase-modulating a sine wave carrier signal with a musical sound signal. It can be transmitted with low distortion.
- a multipath equalizer compensates for multipath effects in a received signal by passing the received signal through a filter having an inverse characteristic of a multinos propagation path, that is, an inverse filter. Since the characteristics of the multipath propagation path vary depending on the environment, it is necessary to optimize the characteristics of the inverse filter according to the situation at that time. For this reason, an adaptive digital filter is generally used as an inverse filter.
- An adaptive digital filter is a filter having a function of automatically updating filter coefficients according to environmental changes.
- the algorithm that calculates the filter coefficients at each time point is called an adaptive algorithm, and a typical one is the LMS (Least Mean Square) algorithm.
- the LMS algorithm is a method that minimizes the mean square error based on the steepest descent method, and has the advantages of being stable and requiring a small amount of computation.
- a conventional equalizer realized using an adaptive digital filter requires a reference signal (training signal) for the adaptation, and communication efficiency is reduced due to communication interruption or redundant reference signals.
- an equalizer called a blind equalizer developed in recent years does not require a reference signal for adaptation and performs signal restoration equalization only from a received signal.
- Such an algorithm suitable for blind equalization is called a blind algorithm.
- a typical example is CMA (Constant Modulus Algorithm).
- the CMA uses the statistics related to the output signal such as the envelope of the filter output and higher-order statistics as an index, and updates the filter coefficient so that this index approaches the target value. It refers to the algorithm in general.
- the filter output envelope that is, the amplitude is used as an index, and the filter is used.
- the filter coefficient is updated so that the error between the envelope value of the signal after passing through and the target value is minimized. As a result, the distortion of the phase is corrected along with the correction of the envelope distortion, and the influence of the reflected wave of the multipath propagation path is removed.
- CMA is a concept different from the adaptive algorithm.
- An adaptive algorithm such as the LMS algorithm described above is used as an adaptive algorithm for calculating the filter coefficients at each time point in the CMA.
- a typical method is complex signal processing.
- a real signal 12 whose phase is delayed by 90 degrees ( ⁇ / 2) with respect to a certain real signal fl is generated by a Hilbert transformer or the like, fl is a real part, and 12 is an imaginary part.
- Generate a complex signal commonly called an analytic signal). In this way, the value of the envelope of this real signal is It can be obtained instantaneously by calculating the sum of squares of the real and imaginary parts of the elementary signal.
- FIG. 1 shows the configuration of an adaptive digital filter using the first conventional technique.
- the input signal X (k) is converted into a complex signal by a Hilbert transformer (not shown).
- the complex filter coefficient W (k) is convolved to obtain the complex signal output signal y (k).
- the complex filter coefficient W (k) is updated by an adaptive algorithm extended so that the complex signal can be handled so that the envelope value of the output signal y (k) approaches the predefined target value.
- This adaptive digital filter algorithm is expressed as follows:
- W (k + l) W (k) — (I y (k) I p— yrelD) qy (k) XH (k) "-(1)
- W (k) [w0 (k), wl (k), ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ , wN-l (k)] T ⁇ ⁇ -(3)
- X (k) [x (k), x (k— 1),..., X (k-N + l)] T ⁇ -(4)
- W (k) is the filter coefficient vector
- X (k) is the complex signal vector
- k is the sample index
- N is the number of filter taps
- y (k) is the output signal
- yrefO is the envelope target value
- ⁇ represents complex conjugate transpose
- ⁇ represents transpose.
- the input signal Xr (k) is a real signal, and this real signal is input to convolve the real signal filter coefficient Wr (k) to obtain the real signal output signal yr (k).
- the filter coefficient Wr (k) is updated by an adaptive algorithm that handles real coefficients so that the envelope of the output signal yr (k) approaches the target value specified in advance.
- the algorithm of this adaptive digital filter is expressed as follows.
- Wr (k + 1) Wr (k)- ⁇ (Env [yr (k)]-yrelD) yr (k) Xr (k) ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ (5)
- Wr (k) is the real coefficient vector
- Xr (k) is the real signal vector
- Env [] is the operation for obtaining the approximate value of the envelope
- Re [] is the operation for extracting the real part of the complex number
- yr (k) Represents a real output signal.
- Non-Patent Document 1 C. Richard Johson, Jr., P. Schniter, T.J.Endres, J.D.Behm.D.R.Brown, Raul A. Casas, "Blind Equalization Using the Constant Modulus Criterio n:
- Non-Patent Document 2 J.R.Treichler, and B.G.Agee, "A New Approach to Multipath
- Non-Patent Document 3 Makoto Itami, Mitsutoshi Hatori, Norio Tsukamoto, Prototype of FM Multipath Strain Canceller, 1986, pp. 355-356
- the present invention has been proposed in view of such circumstances, and an object of the present invention is to provide an adaptive digital filter in which the sampling frequency is not limited and the amount of calculation can be reduced. is there.
- a first adaptive digital filter of the present invention includes a filter unit that takes a complex signal as an input signal, generates a complex signal output signal by convolution of the input signal and a filter coefficient of the real signal, and outputs the complex signal. And a coefficient control unit that controls the filter coefficient based on an error between the index value derived from the output signal force and the target signal.
- the second adaptive digital filter of the present invention is the first adaptive digital filter, wherein the filter unit generates one real signal force and outputs one of two signals whose phases are shifted from each other by 90 degrees. Further, the input signal is a complex signal having the other in the imaginary part.
- the third adaptive digital filter of the present invention is characterized in that, in the first adaptive digital filter, the coefficient control unit uses an envelope value of the output signal as the index value. .
- the coefficient control unit in the first adaptive digital filter, the coefficient control unit generates and outputs a real signal corresponding to an error between the index value and the target signal. And for each multiplier for the convolution operation in the filter unit An actual filter coefficient to be used in the next sampling period based on a real signal obtained from a complex signal input to the corresponding multiplier and the actual signal input from the common unit and the current actual filter coefficient And a plurality of individual parts for calculating the value.
- the FM receiver of the present invention includes a first adaptive digital filter and a Hilbert transform that inputs a complex signal generated by Hilbert transform of an FM modulated signal converted to an intermediate frequency and digitized into the adaptive digital filter. It is characterized by having ⁇ .
- the step (a) uses a complex signal as an input signal, and generates and outputs an output signal of the complex signal by convolution operation of the input signal and a filter coefficient of the real signal. And (b) controlling the filter coefficient based on an error between the index value derived from the output signal and the target signal.
- the second signal processing method of the present invention is the same as the first signal processing method, wherein in the step (a), one real signal force is generated and one of the two signals whose phases are shifted by 90 degrees is obtained.
- the input signal is a complex signal having the other in the imaginary part.
- a third signal processing method of the present invention is characterized in that, in the step (b), the envelope value of the output signal is used as the index value in the first signal processing method. is there.
- a fourth signal processing method of the present invention is the first signal processing method, wherein the step (b) includes a common process for generating an actual signal according to an error between the index value and the target signal.
- the signal obtained by converting the complex signal input to the corresponding multiplier into a real number, the real signal generated by the common processing, and the current actual value are performed for each multiplier for the convolution calculation in the step (a).
- the filter coefficient is a complex signal in which the force input signal, which is a real signal, has one of two signals whose phases are shifted from each other by 90 degrees and the other is an imaginary part. Therefore, the output signal generated by the convolution operation of the input signal and the filter coefficient is also a complex signal having one of two signals whose phases are shifted by 90 degrees in the real part and the other in the imaginary part. Therefore, as in the first prior art, the envelope value of the output signal can be obtained instantaneously and accurately.
- the sampling frequency is not limited as in the second prior art.
- the filter coefficient is a real number, the amount of calculation can be greatly reduced.
- the real part and imaginary part of the complex signal which is the input signal
- the reason for this is to make it possible to instantaneously calculate index values such as the envelope value of the output signal. Therefore, the filter performance as an adaptive digital filter is higher than that of the first conventional technique that handles the real part and imaginary part of the input signal and the second conventional technique that handles only the real part (or imaginary part) of the input signal. There is no deterioration.
- FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing a configuration of an adaptive digital filter according to a first conventional technique.
- FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing a configuration of an adaptive digital filter according to a second prior art.
- FIG. 3 is a block diagram showing a configuration of an adaptive digital filter according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 4 is a flowchart explaining the operation of the adaptive digital filter according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 5 is a block diagram showing a configuration of an FM receiver according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 6 is a block diagram showing a configuration of a modified example of the adaptive digital filter according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 7 is a block diagram showing a configuration of a modified example of the adaptive digital filter according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 8 is a block diagram showing a configuration of a modified example of the adaptive digital filter according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- the adaptive digital filter performs a convolution operation of a complex signal (complex input signal) applied to input terminal 301 and a filter coefficient (real filter coefficient) of a real signal.
- a filter unit that generates a complex signal output signal (complex output signal) and outputs it to the output terminal 302, and an index value derived from the complex output signal force (in this embodiment,
- a coefficient control unit for controlling the filter coefficient based on an error between the envelope value) and the target signal.
- the block (common part 318 described later) and N blocks (discrete parts 319 to 319 described later) constitute the coefficient control part, and the other parts constitute the filter part.
- the complex input signal is a complex signal generated from one real signal and having one of two signals whose phases are shifted by 90 degrees as a real part and the other as an imaginary part.
- the filter unit has an FIR (Finite Impulse with N taps, that is, N filter coefficients.
- This filter unit has a delay line with a sampling time of N—one delay unit 330-330 that gives a delay of one sampling period, and a complex input signal.
- the coefficient control unit uses LMS as an adaptive algorithm, and common unit 318 common to control of all filter coefficients, and individual units 319 to 319 for each control of filter coefficients,
- the common unit 318 receives the complex output signal that is the output of the filter unit, calculates the value of the envelope of the complex output signal by the square sum of the real part and the imaginary part, and outputs the absolute value circuit 308.
- the envelope target value generation circuit 305 that generates the envelope target value, and the value obtained by subtracting the envelope target value from the value of the envelope obtained by the absolute value circuit 308.
- the filter coefficient is not a complex number but a real number. Therefore, the step size generated by the step size generation circuit 303 is equal to the step size when the complex filter coefficient is used. It is set to about 4 times. As a result, the convergence speed can be made equal to the case where complex filter coefficients are used.
- Each of the individual units 319 to 319 includes a complex input signal or a pair on a tapped delay line. Input the output signal of the corresponding delay unit 330 to 330 and extract only the real part of the complex signal
- Real part extraction circuits 335 to 335 output from the common part 318 and the signal inputted from the common part 318 and real part extraction
- Multipliers 331 to 33 that output the result of multiplying the real part extracted in the output circuits 335 to 335
- Adder 3 outputs the filter coefficient to be used in the next sampling cycle by adding the outputs of N-1 0 N-1 and the output of this calorimeter 333-333 for one sampling cycle Just delay
- Delay units 334 to 334 output to the multipliers 336 to 336.
- Wr (k) is the real coefficient vector
- X (k) is the complex signal vector
- Re [] is the operation to extract the real part of the complex number
- y (k) is the complex output signal
- k is the sample index
- yrefO is the envelope
- the line target value, ⁇ is a parameter that determines the amount of filter coefficient update.
- FIG. 4 is a flowchart for explaining the operation of the adaptive digital filter of the present embodiment.
- adaptive equalization processing S2 is a process based on the equation (11)
- parameter update process S4 is a process based on the equation (10). Each operation is described in detail below.
- the complex input signal input to the input terminal 301 includes a multiplier 336 and a real part extraction circuit 33.
- Delay unit 330 ⁇ 330 which generates a delay of 1 sampling period
- the delay signal 334 is also supplied to the complex signal input from the input terminal 301.
- the complex signal supplied from the corresponding delay unit 330 to 330 is added to the corresponding delay signal.
- Multiplier 334 to 334 Force is also multiplied by the supplied real filter coefficient, and the result is added to 337 to 3
- Adders 337 to 337 are complex signals that have also received the power of multipliers 336 to 336.
- the absolute value circuit 308 receives the complex output signal, calculates the absolute value thereof, and transmits the result to the subtractor 307 as an envelope value.
- the envelope target value generator 305 generates an envelope target value and transmits it to the subtractor 307.
- the subtractor 307 subtracts the signal power received from the absolute value circuit 308 from the envelope target value received from the envelope target value generator 305, and transmits the result to the multiplier 310.
- the real part extraction circuit 309 receives the complex output signal, extracts only the real part, and transmits the result to the multiplier 310.
- Multiplier 310 multiplies the signal received from subtractor 307 by the signal received from real part extraction circuit 309 and transmits the result to multiplier 311.
- a step size generation circuit 303 generates a step size that is a parameter for determining the amount of filter coefficient update in the filter unit, and supplies the step size to the multiplier 311.
- Multiplier 311 multiplies the signal received from multiplier 310 by the step size supplied from step size generation circuit 303 and transmits the result to individual units 319 to 319.
- Each of the real part extraction circuits 335 to 335 has a corresponding delay.
- Multipliers 331 to 331 are supported
- the supplied real signal is multiplied and the result is transmitted to the corresponding adders 333 to 333.
- Adders 333 to 333 are real signals that also receive the corresponding multipliers 331 to 331.
- the real filter coefficients supplied from the corresponding delay units 334 to 334 are added to
- the result is transmitted to the corresponding delay units 334 to 334 as the filter coefficient of the next sample.
- Each of the delay units 334 to 334 is a real number that also receives the corresponding adder 333 to 333 force.
- the signal is transmitted to the corresponding adders 333 to 333.
- Multiplication between complex numbers is equivalent to four multiplications between real numbers and two additions between real numbers, whereas multiplication between complex numbers and real numbers is two multiplications between real numbers, and there is no force. Furthermore, in the case of multiplication between real numbers, the multiplication between real numbers is not equivalent to force.
- the envelope value of the output signal that is, the amplitude
- the envelope value of the output signal is obtained instantaneously and accurately as the output signal of the absolute value circuit 308 in FIG. It is done. Therefore, according to this embodiment, as in the second prior art. There are no restrictions on the sampling frequency.
- the FM receiver includes an antenna 101, a radio frequency intermediate frequency shift ⁇ 102, an analog digital shift 103, an automatic gain controller 104, and a Hilbert shift 105. And a multipath scancera 106 and a demodulator 107. Further, as the multipath scan cell 106, the adaptive digital filter of the first embodiment is used.
- the FM modulated wave received by the antenna 101 is converted into a signal in the intermediate frequency band by the radio frequency intermediate frequency converter 102 and transmitted to the analog / digital converter 103.
- the analog-digital converter 103 samples the analog signal transmitted from the radio frequency intermediate frequency converter 102 at an appropriate sampling frequency, converts it to a digital signal, and transmits it to the automatic gain controller 104.
- the automatic gain controller 104 multiplies the result obtained by multiplying the Hilbert variable by a gain such that the amplitude of the output signal is within a certain range within a range that does not adversely affect the CMA algorithm using the envelope value as an index. Communicate to transliteration 105.
- the Hilbert transformer 105 converts the signal transmitted from the automatic gain controller 104 into an analysis signal, that is, a complex signal having one of two signals whose phases are shifted from each other by 90 degrees as a real part and the other as an imaginary part. It is converted into an elementary signal and transmitted to the multinoscancer 106.
- the multipath scancer 106 receives the complex input signal transmitted from the Hilbert transformer 105, converts it to a signal with reduced influence of multiple reflections by the operation described with reference to FIG. 3, and demodulates it. Transmit to vessel 107. Note that a complex output signal is output from the output terminal 302 of the adaptive digital filter in FIG. 3, but only the real part is extracted and output to the demodulator 107, or only the imaginary part is extracted and the sign is inverted. And output to the demodulator 107.
- the demodulator 107 performs FM demodulation of the signal transmitted from the multipath canceller 106, and outputs a signal in the audio frequency band.
- the imaginary part extraction inversion circuit is the imaginary part of the input complex signal.
- the complex input signal applied to the input terminal 301 of the adaptive digital filter of the present embodiment is a complex signal generated from one real signal and having one of two signals whose phases are shifted by 90 degrees from each other as a real part and the other as an imaginary part. Therefore, even if an imaginary part extracting and inverting circuit is used, the same effect can be obtained.
- all the filter coefficients are real numbers, that is, scalar values.
- some filter coefficients can be complex numbers.
- the real extraction circuit 309 is moved to the output side of the multiplier 310 as shown in FIG. 7 or moved to the output side of the multiplier 311 as shown in FIG. It is also possible to perform operations with complex numbers.
- a force IIR type filter using an FIR type filter can be used as the filter unit.
- the power using the LMS algorithm is also used.
- Various adaptive algorithms such as (Affine Projection Algorithm) and gradient algorithm (Gradient Algorithm) can also be used. If the number of multiplications when updating the filter coefficients using these adaptive algorithms is larger than that of the LMS algorithm, the effect of reducing the amount of computation by making the filter coefficients real is even greater.
- Non-Patent Document 1 the configuration of the present invention can be applied to other constant amplitude modulation such as force PSK (Phase Shift Keying) for FM modulation. It is clear that multi-level CMA can also be applied to modulation schemes such as QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation). Further, it is clear that the constant modulus algorithm shown in Non-Patent Document 1 can also be applied to an output signal that is a complex number.
- PSK Phase Shift Keying
- QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
- the adaptive digital filter of the present invention realizes the functions of the digital filter in hardware using individual components, such as ASIC (Applicati on Specinc Integrated Circuit)-FPGA (Field Programmable uate Array). It can be realized with a computer such as DPS (Digital Signal Processor) and a program.
- the program is provided by being recorded on a recording medium such as a magnetic disk or semiconductor memory readable by a computer, read by the computer when the computer is started up, and the computer is controlled by controlling the operation of the computer. Function as an adaptive digital filter in the above-described embodiment.
- the adaptive digital filter according to the present invention is useful as an adaptive digital filter using the CMA algorithm, and is particularly suitable for use in a multipath equalizer of an FM receiver.
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- Signal Processing (AREA)
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- Cable Transmission Systems, Equalization Of Radio And Reduction Of Echo (AREA)
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JP2007525909A JP5029355B2 (ja) | 2005-07-15 | 2006-06-02 | 適応ディジタルフィルタ、fm受信機、信号処理方法、およびプログラム |
EP06747102A EP1906528A4 (en) | 2005-07-15 | 2006-06-02 | DIGITAL ADAPTIVE FILTER, FM RECEIVER, SIGNAL PROCESSING METHOD, AND PROGRAM |
CN2006800250763A CN101218744B (zh) | 2005-07-15 | 2006-06-02 | 自适应数字滤波器、fm接收机及信号处理方法 |
US11/922,042 US7978799B2 (en) | 2005-07-15 | 2006-06-02 | Adaptive digital filter, FM receiver, signal processing method, and program |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US20090285335A1 (en) | 2009-11-19 |
CN101218744A (zh) | 2008-07-09 |
US7978799B2 (en) | 2011-07-12 |
CN101218744B (zh) | 2010-05-26 |
KR20080016697A (ko) | 2008-02-21 |
JPWO2007010678A1 (ja) | 2009-01-29 |
EP1906528A4 (en) | 2012-11-28 |
JP5029355B2 (ja) | 2012-09-19 |
KR100911737B1 (ko) | 2009-08-10 |
EP1906528A1 (en) | 2008-04-02 |
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