WO2004040971A1 - Ganp遺伝子導入トランスジェニック哺乳動物及びその利用 - Google Patents
Ganp遺伝子導入トランスジェニック哺乳動物及びその利用 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2004040971A1 WO2004040971A1 PCT/JP2003/014221 JP0314221W WO2004040971A1 WO 2004040971 A1 WO2004040971 A1 WO 2004040971A1 JP 0314221 W JP0314221 W JP 0314221W WO 2004040971 A1 WO2004040971 A1 WO 2004040971A1
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a transgenic Lancemic mammal into which a GANP gene has been introduced and use thereof. More specifically, the present invention provides a transgenic mammal capable of highly expressing GANP and producing a high affinity antibody, a method of producing a high affinity antibody using the transgenic mammal, And use of the obtained high affinity antibody.
- the functions of the immune system are classified into functions based on cellular immune responses mainly on the effects of T cells and functions based on humoral immunity mainly on the effects of antibodies. In fact, these two functions cooperate to produce an immune response.
- the antibody is expressed as a cell surface receptor for B cells generated in bone marrow.
- the diversity of antigens recognized by the first antibody formed in the living body is said to be on the order of 10 9 to LOU pieces, and such an antibody (antigen reception) is considered to be any antigen determination that may exist in the environment. Recognize groups. However, although these diverse antigen receptors generally have a low ability to bind to an antigen and low affinity antibodies are often produced, this does not result in a sufficient immune response.
- Lymphocytes in particular B cells / immunoglobulins (antibodies), are used in various applications based on their immune reaction, for example, kits for detecting antigens such as pathogens, diagnostic agents, and therapeutic agents.
- kits for detecting antigens such as pathogens, diagnostic agents, and therapeutic agents.
- an antibody highly reactive to an antigen is used as an antibody in such an antigen detection agent or various disease therapeutic agents, the sensitivity to the antigen is excellent and the performance as a therapeutic agent at the same dose is excellent.
- no means have been known for enhancing the affinity of antibodies.
- the present invention relates to a high-affinity antibody that is effective as a diagnostic and therapeutic agent for various diseases, a lancing mice for producing the antibody, and the high-affinity antibody or high-affinity antibody-producing cells.
- the purpose is to provide a drug.
- the inventor of the present invention has produced a transgenic animal into which a GANP gene has been introduced, and when it is immunized with an antigen, the transgenic animal can produce high affinity antibodies.
- the present invention has been completed.
- the present invention is as follows.
- the introduced GANP gene can be expressed in B cells.
- the transgenic animal of the present invention or a progeny thereof can be generated from ES cells transfected with the GANP gene. Mammals include, for example, mice.
- a method for producing a high affinity antibody which comprises administering an antigen to the transgenic mammal or a progeny thereof, and collecting an antibody from the resulting animal or progeny.
- Antibodies of the present invention are those which affinity is represented by 1 X 10- 7 (M) or less.
- the antibody of the present invention may be a polyclonal antibody or a monoclonal antibody.
- a hybrid antibody or human antibody or fragment thereof comprising the V region of the antibody or fragment thereof.
- a pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one selected from the group consisting of the antibody or a fragment thereof and the humanized antibody or a human antibody or a fragment thereof.
- FIG. 1 shows the results of immunohistochemical analysis using anti-GANP monoclonal antibody and ALP-conjugated anti-rat Ig antibody.
- the scale bar is 100 111.
- FIG. 2 shows the appearance rate of GANP hi cells in the popliteal lymph nodes of female NZB mice. Scale bar is 100 m.
- FIG. 3 shows the appearance rate of GANPW cells in the spleen of female NZB mice.
- the scale bar is 100.
- FIG. 4 shows the results of staining of spleen sections from multiple strains of mice with anti-GANP monoclonal antibody. : RP; red pulp, F; follicle. Scale bar is 100 m.
- FIG. 5 shows the identification of GANPW cells in the red pulp of the spleen.
- FIG. 6 shows the identification of plasma cell markers in GANPW cells. Scale bar is 100 m.
- FIG. 7 shows the expression of GANP hi cells in the red pulp area of the spleen of C57BL / 6 mice by TD-Ag immunization.
- the scale is 100 m.
- Figures 8A-C show somatic mutations of transfectants stably expressing murine GANP in Daudi cells.
- FIGS 9A-C outline the generation of transgenic mice overexpressing GANP in B cells.
- FIG. 10 shows the results of analysis of somatic mutations in GANP overexpressing transgenic (Tg) mice or wild type mice.
- FIGS 11A-E show an overview of the generation of B cell specific GANP deficient mice (B_GANP).
- B_GANP B cell specific GANP deficient mice
- FIG. 12 shows the results (flow cytometry 1) of cell surface staining using B cell specific GANP deficient mice (B-GANP ⁇ ).
- FIG. 13 shows the results of B cell proliferation assay. Although there was almost no difference, only the growth by anti-CD40 antibody stimulation was reduced to about 1/2.
- FIG. 14 shows antibody titers in sera of non-immunized Cre-flox / + mice and B-GANP + mice. There was no difference in the antibody titers of the various isotypes.
- FIG. 15 shows the results of measurement of antibody production in B-GANP ⁇ / ⁇ mice.
- FIG. 16 shows the results of staining of GC with peanut agglutinin.
- FIG. 19 shows the results of flow cytometry of GC-B cells.
- FIG 20A ⁇ F is, Cre-flox / + a V H 186.2 was amplified by PCR, and (following the order F from A) the Sequence Analysis row one are shown the results.
- FIG 20G ⁇ L is, Cre-flox / + a V H 186.2 was amplified by PCR, and (following the order from G to L) shows the results of one row of the Sequence analysis.
- FIG. 21 shows the frequency of IgG1 mutations in Cre-flox / + and B-GANP mice.
- FIG. 22 shows the frequency of mutation when the 33rd W of VH 186.2 is mutated to L.
- FIG. 23 shows the results of measurement of activation-induced cell death (AICD) and the results of suppression of apoptosis.
- AICD activation-induced cell death
- FIG. 24 shows the results of measurement of the apoptosis sensitivity of cells to anti-CD40 and anti-CD95 stimulation.
- FIG. 25 shows the results of detection of apoptotic cells by TUNEL assay.
- FIG. 26 shows the results of detection of apoptotic cells by TUNEL assay.
- FIG. 27 shows UNA expression levels of Bcl-2 family involved in suppression of apoptosis.
- FIG. 29 shows the results of high affinity antibody production using hybridoma clones derived from GANP transgenic mice.
- FIG. 30 shows binding and dissociation curves by Biacore using hybridoma culture supernatants derived from GANP transgenic mice.
- FIG. 31 shows binding and dissociation curves by Biacore using hybridoma culture supernatants derived from GANP transgenic mice.
- Figure 32 shows a schematic of the structure of the GANP-GST fusion protein.
- FIG. 33 shows the results of a pull-down assay to determine the region of GANP that directly binds MCM. The position of the size standard is shown on the left.
- FIG. 34 shows the results of pull-down assays using in vitro translated MCM.
- Figure 35 shows binding of each GANP construct to MCM by immunoprecipitation.
- Figures 36A-B show the binding of each GANP construct to MCM by immunoprecipitation.
- FIG. 37 shows an overview of the structure of the GANP construct and the intracellular distribution of the construct.
- Figure 38 shows the intracellular distribution of GANP construct.
- Figure 39 shows the localization of MCM3 in the nucleus.
- FIG. 40 shows cytoplasmic localization of MCM3 induced by expression of GANP.
- FIG. 41 shows a control protein localized to the nucleus.
- FIG. 42 shows the effect of GANP constructs on the localization of MCM 3 mutants.
- FIG. 43 shows nuclear-cytoplasmic shuttling of MCM3 detected by heterokaryon assembly.
- Figure 44 shows the localization of GANP during cell cycle.
- the present invention has been completed based on the finding that high affinity antibodies can be obtained by introducing a GANP gene into a non-human mammal to produce a transgenic animal and immunizing such transgenic animal with an antigen. It is 1.
- GANP is called Germinal center-associated nuclear protein and is a 210 kDa nuclear protein having homology with yeast Sac3 protein (WO 00/50611). And, SAC3 is characterized as an inhibitor of clergyin formation.
- GANP is selectively upregulated in germinal center (GC) B cells surrounded by follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) and has phosphorylation-dependent RNA-primase activity. And proteins involved in cell cycle regulation of B cells (Kuwahara, K. et al "(2000) Blood 95, 2321.2328).
- the amino acid sequence of the GANP protein is shown in SEQ ID NO: 2 for mice and in SEQ ID NO: 4 for humans.
- the base sequence of the gene encoding GANP protein (referred to as GANP gene) is shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 for mouse and SEQ ID NO: 3 for human.
- the above amino acid sequence and base sequence are also described in International Publication WO 00/50611.
- the GANP protein may be a mutant, which is an amino acid sequence in which one or more amino acids are deleted, substituted or added in the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 2 or 4, and is a protein having RNA primase activity. It is also good. For example, one or more (preferably one or several (eg, 1 to 10, more preferably 1 to 5)) amino acids in the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 2 or 4 are deleted.
- one or more (preferably one or several (eg, 1 to 10, more preferably 1 to 5)) amino acids are substituted with another amino acid, and or 1 or It consists of an amino acid sequence to which a plurality of (preferably 1 or several (eg 1 to 10, more preferably 1 to 5)) other amino acids have been added, and is similar to the above GANP protein It is also possible to use GANP variant proteins having RNA priming activity.
- RNA primase activity refers to a short primer which is a starting point of elongation when synthesizing a strand (lagging strand) opposite to the strand elongation in the 5 ′ ⁇ 3 ′ direction in RNA replication.
- primer primer A molecule that binds to the DNA polymerase ⁇ is used, but in germinal center B cells, a second primase, GANP primase, is also induced.
- the GANP protein has an amino acid sequence shown in the above SEQ ID NO: 2 or 4 or a variant amino acid sequence thereof, as well as a partial sequence at the N-terminal side (eg, Nos. 1 to 600 of the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ And those having a mutant amino acid sequence of these.
- the GANP gene to be introduced into an animal includes the above GANP protein, a part of the N-terminal sequence, or a gene encoding a mutant protein.
- a gene for example, one having a nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 or 3 can be used.
- the base sequence of only the coding region may be used.
- the “stringent conditions” are the conditions for washing after hybridization, which have a salt (sodium) concentration of 150 to 900 mM, a temperature of 55 to 75 ° C., preferably salts (sodium). It refers to the conditions at a concentration of 250-450 mM and a temperature of 68 ° C.
- a known kit such as Kunkel method or Gapped duplex method, for example, a kit for introducing a mutation using site-directed mutagenesis, for example, GeneTailorTM Site-Directed Mutagenesis System (manufactured by Invitrogen Corporation) And TaKaRa Site-Directed Mutagenesis System (MutarrK, Mutan-Super Express Km, etc .: manufactured by Yukara Bio Inc.).
- Kunkel method or Gapped duplex method for example, a kit for introducing a mutation using site-directed mutagenesis, for example, GeneTailorTM Site-Directed Mutagenesis System (manufactured by Invitrogen Corporation) And TaKaRa Site-Directed Mutagenesis System (MutarrK, Mutan-Super Express Km, etc .: manufactured by Yukara Bio Inc.).
- RNA-primase activity of GANP (Kuwahara, K. et al. (2001) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 98, 10279-10283).
- the RNA-primase domain at the N-terminal side of the GANP protein contains a serine residue, and its phosphorylation is catalyzed by Cdk2 at ⁇ .
- the C-terminal domain binds GANP to the MCM3 replication licensing factor (Kuwahara, K. et al "(2000) Blood 95, 2321-2328; Abe, E. et al. (2000) Gene 255, 219-227). .
- the present invention relates to a transgenic mammal into which a GANP gene has been introduced, which is preferably capable of expressing the introduced GANP gene in B cells.
- the complex formed by the GANP gene and its related molecule is a molecule required directly and indirectly in the process of inducing mutation in the gene. Since the GANP protein has the ability to promote the induction of mutations in the V region so as to obtain a high affinity antibody when repairing gene mutations, the transgenic mammals of the present invention
- the introduction of this GANP gene or its mutant gene can promote high affinity antibody production for acquired immunity.
- transgenic non-human mammals overexpressing this gene can rapidly produce an antibody with high antigen-binding ability. Therefore, by immunizing the above-mentioned transgenic non-human mammal with a predetermined antigen, a high-affinity antibody which can not be obtained conventionally can be conveniently obtained.
- polyclonal antibodies or monoclonal antibodies capable of eliminating intractable pathogenic microorganisms and foreign substances can be obtained.
- a humanized antibody using the transgenic animal of the present invention, or alternatively, producing a single-chain antibody containing the V region of the antibody produced by the transgenic mammal of the present invention. And, it is possible to dramatically increase the efficacy of antibody therapy.
- the transgenic mammal of the present invention can promote the production of a high affinity antibody in B cells by the introduction of GANP or its mutant gene, and the high affinity antibody Producer cells are resistant to signals that induce apoptosis.
- GANP is a molecule that functions in antibody production of the acquired immune response
- the present inventors first designed to selectively deficient B cells deficient in GANP gene. As a result, it was found that even if the GANP gene is deleted, no influence is observed on the development, differentiation, and proliferation of cells in the immune system, and no significant change is seen in the total production of antibodies.
- T cell independent antigens Antigens that produce antibodies even in the absence of T cells are called T cell independent antigens.
- general antigens other than T cell independent antigens are called T cell dependent antigens.
- T cell dependent antigens differentiation of B cells into antibody producing cells is assisted by helper T cells.
- antigenic determinants of pathogenic viruses are weakly immunogenic in themselves and are activated by the peptide antigens of carrier proteins recognized by T cells.
- GANP transgenic animals can frequently produce highly compatible antibodies against antibody production responses to soluble antigens that can not produce strong antibodies in normal animals.
- a nitrophenyl group (NP group), which is being analyzed as a hapten, was conjugated to dity-gamma globulin to prepare an antigen (referred to as NP-CG), and the reaction of T cell-dependent antigen was examined.
- VH 186.2 the V region of the IgG heavy chain of the antibody
- VH 186.2 the V region of the IgG heavy chain of the antibody
- L the chain lambda 1 gene
- the present inventor examined whether or not high affinity antibodies were produced when W33-L mutation was caused in GANP gene-deficient mice. As a result, almost no high affinity antibody production was observed compared to the control Cre_flox / + mice. Therefore, it was found that the GANP gene is a gene having an important function for producing high affinity antibodies. To further verify this, mice overexpressing the GANP gene were generated. Overexpression of the GANP gene can be achieved by ligating the mouse immunoglobulin promoter and the human immunogloblin gene part to the 5 'side of the GANP gene and selectively expressing it in B cells. The
- the term "mammal” means any non-human mammal such as ushi, kuma, buda, cypress, sagi, fin, cat, mouse, rat, hams and guinea pig, preferably Is a mouse, rabbit, rat or hamster, particularly preferably a mouse.
- the transgenic mammal according to the present invention is preferably a stage of embryonic development in the development of a non-human mammal, preferably an unfertilized egg, a fertilized egg, a spermatozoa including sperm and progenitor cells thereof, and the like (more preferably The calcium phosphate method, the electric pulse method, the liposome method, the agglutination method, the microinjection method, the particle gun method, the DEAE-Dekiss method, for cells at the single cell stage or the fertilized egg cell stage and generally before the 8-cell stage). It can be produced by introducing the GANP gene by the orchid method or the like.
- the GANP gene of interest can be transferred to a somatic cell, an organ of a living body, a tissue cell or the like by the above gene transfer method, and can be used for cell culture, tissue culture or the like.
- transgenic mammals can also be produced by fusing these cells with the above-mentioned embryo cells by a known cell fusion method.
- a vector having a GANP gene linked to a downstream of various promoters capable of expressing the GANP gene from various mammals having the target GANP gene is a fertilized egg of the target mammal (for example, The transgenic mouse can be used to produce a transgenic mouse that highly expresses the target GANP gene by microinjection into the fertilized mouse egg.
- Examples of expression vectors for the GANP gene include a plasmid derived from E. coli, a plasmid derived from Bacillus subtilis, a plasmid derived from yeast, a bacteriophage such as ⁇ phage, a retrovirus such as single colony leukemia virus, an animal or insect such as vaccinia virus or baculovirus Virus etc. are used.
- promoters that regulate gene expression include promoters of virus-derived genes, and promoters of various mammals (humans, Japanese rabbits, dogs, cats, guinea pigs, hamsters, rats, mice, etc.) and birds (such as chickens) -derived genes It is possible to use one hour or the like.
- a promoter for a virus-derived gene for example, cytomegalovirus, Promoters of Moloney Leukemia virus, JC virus, breast cancer virus, etc. derived genes can be mentioned.
- promoters for various mammalian and avian-derived genes include, for example, albumin, insulin II, erythropoietin, endothelin, avesocalcin, muscle creatinine kinase, platelet derived growth factor; 8, keratin, ⁇ , K14, collagen Type I and II, atrial natrium diuretic factor, dopamine beta-hydroxylase, endothelial receptor tyrosine kinase, sodium potassium adenosine triphosphate, neurofilament light chain, meta-portal thionein I and zeta, meta Oral protein 1 tissue inhibitor 1, MHC class I antigen, smooth muscle blockin, polypeptide chain elongation factor la (EF-la), ⁇ -r-cutin, ⁇ ⁇ and / 3 myosin heavy chain, myosin light Chains 1 and 2, myelin basic protein, serum amyloid ⁇ component, myoglobin, There is a promotor of genes such as
- the above vector may have a terminator that terminates transcription of the target messenger RNA in transgenic mammals.
- a terminator that terminates transcription of the target messenger RNA in transgenic mammals.
- the GANP gene can be linked to the B gene by linking the GANP gene downstream of the immunoglopurine promoter, or by linking the human immunoglobulin gene intron enhancer portion to the 5 'side of the GANP gene. It can be selectively expressed in cells.
- the introduction of the GANP gene at the fertilized egg cell stage is preferably ensured so as to be present in excess in all germinal and somatic cells of the target mammal.
- the excess of the GANP gene in the germinal cells of the produced animal after gene transfer means that all offspring of the produced animal have the GANP gene in excess in all the germ cells and somatic cells. Means And, the offspring of this type of animal that inherits the gene have an excess of GANP protein in all of their embryo cells and somatic cells.
- heterozygotes having the transgene in one of the homologous chromosomes are obtained, and heterozygotes are mated to obtain homozygotes having the transgene in both of the homologous chromosomes.
- all offspring stably retain the introduced GANP gene. Then, it is confirmed that they have an excess of GANP gene, and can be bred and passaged in a normal breeding environment.
- an exogenous GANP gene which is a gene different from the endogenous gene possessed by the transgenic subject animal, to a target non-human mammal (preferably a mouse or the like) or a fertilized egg (backcross) of its ancestor Fertilized eggs are obtained by crossing the same male mammal and female mammal.
- a target non-human mammal preferably a mouse or the like
- a fertilized egg (backcross) of its ancestor Fertilized eggs are obtained by crossing the same male mammal and female mammal.
- fertilized eggs can also be obtained by natural mating, a method of artificially adjusting the sexual cycle of a female mammal and mating with a male mammal is preferred.
- a method of artificially adjusting the sexual cycle of a female mammal for example, follicle stimulating hormone (fertility serum gonadotropic hormone (PMSG)), and then luteinizing hormone (human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG ) Is preferred, for example, by intraperitoneal injection.
- PMSG ility serum gonadotropic hormone
- luteinizing hormone human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG )
- a non-human mammal having a DNA incorporating the foreign gene is artificially transplanted and implanted into a female mammal.
- a method for artificially transplanting / implanting a fertilized egg to a pseudopregnant female mammal whose fertility is induced by mating with a male mammal after administering luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) to a female mammal Is preferred.
- LHRH luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone
- fertilized eggs and early embryos can be used as totipotent cells into which genes are introduced.
- DNA microinjection is preferable.
- the fertilized ova into which the gene has been injected is then transplanted into the fallopian tube of a temporary parent, and after raising the animal that has developed to an individual and reared it as a foster parent, a part of the body (in the case of a mouse, for example, tail tip) Extract DNA from DNA, and analyze the presence of the transgene by Southern analysis or PCR. It can be confirmed. If the individual in which the presence of the transgene is confirmed is the founder (Founder), the transgene is transmitted to 50% of its offspring (F1).
- an individual (F2) having a transgene in one (heterozygous) or both (homozygous) of diploid chromosomes is generated.
- GANP protein highly expressing transgenic mammals can also be prepared by introducing the above-described GANP gene into ES cells (embryonic stem cells).
- ES cells embryonic stem cells
- the GANP gene is introduced into HPRT negative (hypoxanthine guanosine phosphoribosyltransferase gene) ES cells derived from normal mouse blastocyst (blastocyst).
- HPRT negative hyperxanthine guanosine phosphoribosyltransferase gene
- the GANP gene is subjected to homologous recombination on the mouse endogenous gene, and the integrated ES cells are selected by the HAT selection method.
- the sorted ES cells are microinjected into fertilized eggs (blastocysts) obtained from another normal mouse.
- the obtained blastocysts are transplanted into the uterus of another normal mouse as a temporary parent.
- chimeric transgenic mice are born from temporary parent mice.
- a heterotransgenic mouse can be obtained by mating a born chimeric transgenic mouse with a normal mouse. Then, homotransgenic mice can be obtained by crossing heterotransgenic mice.
- transgenic mammals not only the above-mentioned transgenic mammals but also their offspring, as well as the transgenic mammals or part of their offspring are within the scope of the present invention.
- tissues, organs and cells of such transgenic mammals or their progeny may be mentioned, and as organs or tissues, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, bone marrow or tonsils etc.
- the cells include B cells.
- the transgenic mammal of the present invention can also be mated with a mammal that further activates B cells, which can further produce high affinity antibodies.
- MRL / lpi ', NZB, (NZB x NZW) Fl which are considered as autoimmune disease mice, as an animal that further activates the B cells.
- the antibody in the present invention means a protein having an activity of specifically binding to an antigen, and is preferably produced by B cells.
- an antibody highly reactive to an antigen is referred to as a high affinity antibody.
- "High affinity" means that the binding ability of the antibody to the antigen is high, and in the present invention, the binding ability of the antibody is higher than that of an antibody produced using a general animal such as a mouse. High and, conversely, antibodies that are slow to dissociate from the antigen of interest. This means that the ability to bind closely in close proximity to an antigenic determinant (epitope) is high and specific, and binding of an antibody results in not only the antigenic determinant but also the antigen thereof.
- the resulting potent activity (neutralization of virulence, prevention of infectivity of virus etc., inactivation of pathogen, inactivation of in vivo, promotion of elimination from in vivo, denaturation of antigen molecule, etc. Creature It also includes the indication of activity).
- the binding ability (affinity) of the antibody is measured as a dissociation constant (KD), dissociation rate constant (Kdiss), or binding rate constant (Kass) by Scatchard yard analysis or a surface plasmon resonance sensor called Biacore.
- KD dissociation constant
- Kdiss dissociation rate constant
- Kass binding rate constant
- the Biacore instrument integrates the three technologies of sensor chip, microchannel system, and SPR detection system to measure the strength, speed, and selectivity of molecular binding, and is used in real time without labeling. It can detect biomolecules and monitor interactions between multiple molecules. Examples of Biacore devices include Biacore 3000, Biacore 2000, Biacore X, Biacore J, and Biacore Q (all are Biacore).
- the antibody is preferable in that the smaller the dissociation constant (KD value), the higher the affinity.
- KD value dissociation constant
- the binding ability (affinity) of an antibody is determined by two parameters, Kdiss and Kass.
- KD [M] Kdiss / Kass
- KD value is less than 1 X 10- 7 (M), for example ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ 8 (M) hereinafter , ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ - ⁇ ( ⁇ ) or less, or IX 10-u (M) or less.
- the produced antibody when the produced antibody is an antibody that exerts any of the above-mentioned functions or properties, it is judged to be "high affinity".
- the affinity enhancement of antibody molecules is produced by the induction of somatic mutation (SHM) in the variable region (V region) gene of the antibody gene. Specificity of the antibody to the antigen has been observed since the initial immunization of the antigen in the body, but many of the initial antibodies are of the IgM class, and their binding affinity to the antigen is not high, and they remove pathogens and foreign substances, The ability to inactivate is low. However, if the antigen is administered to the living body and several booster immunizations are performed The binding affinity of the antibody for the antigen is increased.
- An antibody derived by immunizing a C57BL / 6 mouse with a nitrophenyl-nitrile globulin as an antigen of a hapten carrier uses a V H 186.2 locus as the ⁇ chain and an ⁇ L light chain.
- the antibody obtained by the booster immunization is an IgGi antibody, and among these, the mutation induced to the V region sequence of the antibody with high binding affinity is that the 33rd tributophane is mutated to leucine. It has been known.
- high-affinity-type V region mutations have been induced in this model system, with clear evidence at the molecular level indicating that high-affinity antibodies have been induced. It can be said that there is.
- high affinity antibodies can be obtained by administering an antigen to the above-mentioned transgenic mammals or their progeny to produce antibodies. That is, the antigen of interest is administered to an animal in which GANP protein is highly expressed in a conventional manner, and the affinity of the sensitized animal is higher than lymphocytes of tissues (not limited to these tissues) such as blood or spleen.
- Antibodies can be prepared.
- the high affinity antibody may be a polyclonal antibody or a monoclonal antibody.
- an antigen is administered to a rabbit lanthanum mammal of the present invention to immunize it, blood is collected from the immunized mammal, and the antibody is separated and purified from the collected blood. It can be obtained by
- Methods of immunization are known to those skilled in the art, for example, for administering the antigen one or more times. Can do more.
- the type of antigen is not particularly limited, and all substances capable of having a three-dimensional structure as an antigenic determinant are applicable, and all biological components such as proteins, enzymes, peptides, sugars, lipids, DNA, RNA, and prions are applicable.
- any of cancer antigens, virus antigens, organic and inorganic synthetic antigens can be used.
- Is antigen administration for example? It may be administered 2-3 times at intervals of 30 days.
- the dose can be, for example, about 0.05 to 2 mg of antigen per dose.
- the route of administration is also not particularly limited, and subcutaneous, intradermal, intraperitoneal, intravenous, intramuscular, etc. can be selected as appropriate, but intravenous, intraperitoneal or subcutaneous injection It is preferable to use Alternatively, the antigen may be dissolved in an appropriate buffer, for example, an appropriate buffer containing a commonly used adjuvant such as Freund's complete adjuvant or aluminum hydroxide, depending on the administration route and conditions, etc. In some cases, they do not use an adjuvant.
- a commonly used adjuvant such as Freund's complete adjuvant or aluminum hydroxide
- the serum of the mammal is sampled and the antibody titer is measured.
- the antibody titer has risen, for example, 100 to: 1000 tg of antigen can be used for boosting.
- blood is collected from the immunized mammal, and the blood is subjected to various conventional methods used for separation of proteins, for example, centrifugation, precipitation with ammonium sulfate or polyethylene glycol.
- Polyclonal antibodies can be obtained as polyclonal antisera by chromatography such as gel filtration chromatography, ion exchange chromatography, affinity chromatography and the like.
- the hybridoma method can be mentioned.
- the peptide constituting the antigen of interest is suspended in an adjuvant, and the resulting suspension is administered subcutaneously or intradermally to the immunized animal (ie, the transgenic mammal of the present invention).
- the type of antigen is the same as described above.
- adjuvants Freund's complete adjuvant, Freund's incomplete adjuvant, BCG, trehalose dimycolate (TDM), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), alum adjuvant, silica adjuvant etc.
- TDM trehalose dimycolate
- LPS lipopolysaccharide
- silica adjuvant etc.
- antibody induction Seki no Noeki From the point of view, it is preferable to use Freund's complete adjuvant (CFA) and Freund's incomplete adjuvant (IFA) in combination.
- CFA Freund's complete adjuvant
- IFA Freund's incomplete adjuvant
- the immunized animals be further boosted several times after the initial immunization with an antigen, and after an appropriate number of days, partial blood sampling is performed to measure the antibody titer.
- the antibodies produced by the methods of the present invention are high affinity antibodies, the first immunization may be sufficient for the first immunization.
- the antibody titer can be measured by a known method such as, for example, enzyme immunoassay (hereinafter referred to as "ELISA").
- the spleen is then removed from the sensitized immune animal to obtain B cells. At this time, it is preferable to obtain B cells that bind to the antigen, since it is possible to reduce the subsequent screening.
- the B cells obtained here are high-affinity antibody-producing cells, which can also be used as immunostimulants.
- a V region gene can be obtained directly from B cells and somatic mutations in the V region can be measured.
- B cells are fused with myeloma cells in a conventional manner to produce antibody-producing hybrids.
- the spleen is removed, and the removed spleen is placed in, for example, Hank's balanced salt solution (HBSS), and cells are extruded with forceps to obtain spleen lymphocytes (B cells).
- HBSS Hank's balanced salt solution
- B cells spleen lymphocytes
- the obtained splenic lymphocytes are stained with a trypanble or the like staining solution to count the number of viable cells, and fused with myeloma cells to obtain a hybridoma.
- the myeloma cells used for cell fusion are not particularly limited, and known ones can be used. For example, mentioning P3-X63.Ag8 (X63), P3-X63.Ag8.Ul (P3U1), P3 / NS I / l-Ag4 '(NSI), Sp2 / 0-Agl4 (Sp2 / 0), etc. Can. When selecting myeloma cells, consider their compatibility with antibody-producing cells as appropriate.
- Cell fusion is carried out in a culture medium for animal cell culture, such as serum-free DMEM, RPMI-1640 medium, 1 10 6 to 1 10 7 cells / 1 1 1 1 antibody-producing cells and 2 10 5 to 2 10 6 cells / £ 11 (5: 1 cell ratio between antibody-producing cells and myeloma cells is preferred) and the fusion reaction is performed in the presence of a cell fusion promoter.
- a culture medium for animal cell culture such as serum-free DMEM, RPMI-1640 medium, 1 10 6 to 1 10 7 cells / 1 1 1 1 antibody-producing cells and 2 10 5 to 2 10 6 cells / £ 11 (5: 1 cell ratio between antibody-producing cells and myeloma cells is preferred
- Cell fusion method Sendai virus method, polyethylene glycol method, proto
- methods known in the art such as the plast method can be arbitrarily selected and used
- the polyethylene glycol method is particularly preferable because it is relatively less cytotoxic and the fusion operation is easy.
- polyethylene glycol as a cell fusion promoter one having an average molecular weight of 1000 to 6000 daltons can be used.
- a hybridoma in which antibody producing cells stimulated with a vinylpyridine derivative and myeloma cells are fused.
- the obtained hybridomas are cultured in a HAT medium (a medium containing hypoxanthine, paminoputerin and thymidine) for a suitable period according to a conventional method to select a hybridoma. Then, after screening for a target antibody-producing hybridoma, cloning of the hybridoma is performed.
- HAT medium a medium containing hypoxanthine, paminoputerin and thymidine
- a known antibody detection method can be used, and for example, ELISA method, radioimmunoassay (hereinafter referred to as "RIA") method, plaque method, agglutination reaction method and the like can be used.
- RIA radioimmunoassay
- cloning method methods known in the art can be used, and for example, limiting dilution method, soft agar method, FACS method and the like can be used.
- the obtained hybridoma is administered, for example, into the abdominal cavity of a mouse, which is compatible with an ability to culture in a suitable culture solution or with a hybridoma.
- the desired monoclonal antibody can be isolated and purified from the thus obtained culture solution or ascites fluid by salting out, ion exchange chromatography, gel filtration, affinity chromatography, or the like.
- fragments of the antibodies described above and single chain antibodies of the V region are fragments of the antibodies described above and single chain antibodies of the V region.
- the fragment of the antibody means the partial region of the aforementioned polyclonal antibody or monoclonal antibody, specifically, F (ab ') 2, Fab', Fab, Fv (variable fragment of antibody), sFv There are dsFv (disulphide stabilized Fv), a single dAb (single domain antibody) and the like.
- F (ab ′) 2 ” and “Fab ′” are produced by treating dinoglobin (monoclonal antibody) with the proteases pepsin, papain, etc., respectively, in the hinge region.
- IgG When IgG is treated with pepsin, it is cleaved downstream of the disulfide bond existing between the two H chains in the hinge region to produce an antibody fragment slightly larger than the two Fab's linked by the hinge region. can do. This antibody fragment is called F (ab ') 2 .
- Single-chain antibodies have a structure in which V L and V H are linked by a linker.
- the high affinity antibody of the present invention may be a humanized antibody or a human antibody. These antibodies can be used to immunize a mammal whose immunity system has been replaced with that of human, to produce a human antibody directly as a conventional monoclonal antibody.
- a humanized antibody the variable region of the mouse antibody to the complementarity determining region
- CDR complementarity determining region
- human antibodies generally have problems with their antigen binding sites in the V region, ie, their hypervariable regions, their specificities and binding affinities, they may be constructed in any animal (mouse) , Rats, etc.). On the other hand, it is desirable that the structure of the other part of the V region and the constant region have the same structure as human antibodies.
- a gene engineering method has been established for gene sequences common to humans.
- Isotype of the antibody of the present invention is not particularly limited, for example, IgG (IgGi, IgG 2, IgG 3, IgG 4), with IgM, IgA (IgAi, IgA 2 ), any Aisotai flop IgD or I g E be able to. 4.
- the high affinity antibody of the present invention is useful as a drug for diagnosing, treating or preventing a disease.
- the diagnostic method for various diseases using the antibody of the present invention comprises combining a sample collected from a subject suspected of various diseases, such as serum, etc. with the antibody of the present invention by an antigen-antibody reaction, and It is carried out by detecting the amount of the target antigen in the sample. Detection of the amount of antibody may be performed according to a known immunoassay, and for example, immunoprecipitation, immunoagglutination, labeled immunoassay, immunonephelometry, immunoturbidimetric assay, etc. can be used. In particular, a labeled immunoassay is preferable in terms of simplicity and high sensitivity.
- the antibody titer in a sample may be expressed by the amount of labeling directly detected using a labeled antibody, or may be relatively expressed using an antibody of known concentration or known antibody titer as a standard solution. That is, the standard solution and the sample can be simultaneously measured by the same measurement system, and the antibody titer in the sample can be relatively expressed based on the value of the standard solution.
- labeled immunoassay known assays such as ELISA, RIA, fluorescence immunoassay, chemiluminescence immunoassay, etc. can be used arbitrarily.
- an enzyme, a radioactive isotope, a fluorescent compound, a chemiluminescent compound and the like may be appropriately selected according to the above-mentioned measuring method.
- the enzyme include peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, glucose oxidase and the like. It is also possible to improve the detection sensitivity of the labeled substance by using an avidin / biotin complex as the above-mentioned labeled substance.
- the radioisotope is mainly i 25 I
- the fluorescent compound is forefluorinated thiothiocyan 1 (FITC) or tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate (TRITC).
- FITC forefluorinated thiothiocyan 1
- TRITC tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate
- Be Chemiluminescent compounds include oral fin, luminol, lucigenin and the like
- Be The labeling of the antibody with the above-mentioned labeling substance can be carried out according to a conventional method.
- a labeled immunoassay using a labeled antibody will be described.
- Labeled immunoassays can be used to detect various diseases using known non-competitive reaction systems or competitive reaction systems.
- noncompetitive reaction systems a solid phase is required (solid phase method).
- solid phase method In the competitive reaction system, a solid phase is not necessarily required (liquid phase method), but using a solid phase is preferable because the measurement procedure is simplified.
- the material of the solid phase include polystyrene, nylon, glass, silicon rubber, cellulose and the like, and the shape of the solid phase includes spheres, wells, tubes, sheets and the like. There is no limitation to these, and known ones used for labeled immunoassay can be optionally used.
- the measurement procedure is to immobilize the sample or the antibody of the present invention, then react with the antibody or sample of the present invention, and then pre-label anti-immunoglobulin antibody (second antibody Add and react with the antibody reacting with the immobilized sample.
- second antibody Add pre-label anti-immunoglobulin antibody
- the labeling of this secondary antibody makes it possible to detect the amount of antibody bound to the sample. Since the amount of labeled secondary antibody detected is positively correlated with the amount of the target antigen in the sample, the amount of the target antigen in the sample can be determined.
- a sample and a fixed amount of a target antigen are competitively bound to a fixed amount of antibody.
- the sample is immobilized, it is reacted with the antibody of the present invention to which the target antigen has been added and reacted.
- the antibody reacted with the immobilized sample is reacted with a previously labeled anti-immunoglobulin antibody (second antibody), and the amount of antibody can be detected by the labeled substance.
- the amount of label detected is inversely correlated with the amount of the target antigen added.
- the antibody of the present invention is immobilized, reacted with the sample, and then reacted with a target antigen which has been labeled in advance.
- the amount of label detected is inversely correlated with the amount of GANP protein in the sample bound to the antibody.
- an anti-immunoglobulin antibody for example, An anti-IgG antibody, an anti-IgM antibody etc. can be used.
- antibody molecules may be used as they are, or alternatively, Fab, Fab ′, F (ab ′) 2 which is an antibody fragment containing an antigen binding site obtained by enzymatic treatment of the antibody may be used. It is also good.
- a substance having specific affinity for the antibody molecule such as protein A having specific affinity for IgG may be used by labeling.
- the labeled immunoassay include an enzyme-labeled immunoassay and an ELISA method.
- the ELISA method is, for example, placing a sample or a diluted solution thereof in a 96-well plate and allowing it to stand overnight at 4 ° C to room temperature or for 1 to 3 hours at 37 ° C to adsorb GANP protein to be detected. Let it solidify. Next, the antibody of the present invention is reacted, and then an enzyme-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody (secondary antibody) is reacted. Finally, a suitable chromogenic substrate (eg, P-nitrophenyl phosphate if the enzyme is phosphatase) is added to react with the enzyme, and the antibody is detected by this color development.
- a suitable chromogenic substrate eg, P-nitrophenyl phosphate if the enzyme is phosphatase
- the efficacy of therapeutic agents for various diseases can be evaluated.
- the drug efficacy evaluation method using the high affinity antibody of the present invention comprises administering an agent to various disease patients or various disease model animals, and then using the antibody of the present invention, the amount of antigens such as viruses in these living organisms. By detecting and comparing the amounts, it is possible to evaluate the efficacy as a therapeutic agent for various diseases through the amount of antigen in a living body.
- the high affinity antibody of the present invention can be provided in the form of a kit for diagnosing various diseases.
- the kit can be used for the diagnostic method of the present invention and the efficacy evaluation method of the present invention.
- the kit of the present invention contains at least one or more selected from the following (a) and (b).
- the labeled substance of the antibody means one labeled with an enzyme, a radioactive isotope, a fluorescent compound, or a chemiluminescent compound.
- the antibodies, or the solid Examples of the material include polystyrene, nylon, glass, silicone rubber, cellulose gel, and the like.
- the shape of the solid phase include, but are not limited to, spheres, wells, tubes, and sheets.
- a solid phase and a solid phase reagent necessary for the solid phase attachment may be attached.
- immobilization by physical adsorption for example, 50 mM carbonate buffer (pH 9.6), 10 mM Tris-HCl buffer (pH 8.5, containing 100 mM sodium chloride), PBS, etc.
- immobilization reagent include a solution and a blocking solution containing 0.5% gelatin or the like in the coating solution, if necessary.
- the antibody in the kit of the present invention may be in a state of being dissolved in PBS or the like, or in a state of being bound to a gel (hereinafter referred to as “absorbable gel”).
- the absorption gel may be further packaged in an appropriate amount, for example, 0.5 to 2 ml of microcentrifuge tube for absorption by a batch method, or column volume for absorption by a column method. May be pre-packed in 0.1 to 5 ml mini-columns.
- the kit of the present invention includes the components described above, and other reagents for carrying out the detection of the present invention, for example, when the label is an enzyme label, an enzyme substrate (chromogenic substrate etc.), an enzyme substrate solution An enzyme reaction stop solution, or a sample dilution solution may be included.
- the sample dilution solution for example, PBS (physiological phosphate buffer, pH 7.4), pH 7.4, 20 mM Tris-hydrochloride buffer (hereinafter referred to as “ TBS (abbreviated as TBS), 0.05% Tween 20, PBS containing 0.1 to 1% of BSA, TBS and the like can be mentioned.
- TBS physiological phosphate buffer, pH 7.4
- TBS Tris-hydrochloride buffer
- the sample dilution solution may be used for dilution of an antibody, for example, other than sample dilution.
- the high-affinity antibody of the present invention is useful as a pharmaceutical composition for treating or preventing a disease, as long as it has an action to neutralize the activity of the antigen causing the disease.
- the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention preferably comprises the high affinity antibody of the present invention or a fragment thereof as an active ingredient and is further provided in the form of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
- pharmaceutically acceptable carrier means excipients, diluents, fillers, disintegrants, stabilizers, preservatives, buffers, emulsifiers, fragrances, coloring agents, sweeteners, thickeners And flavoring agents, solubilizers and other additives.
- compositions in the form of tablets, pills, powders, granules, injections, solutions, capsules, troches, elixirs, suspensions, emulsions or syrups by using one or more of such carriers
- the composition can be prepared.
- These pharmaceutical compositions can be administered orally or parenterally.
- Other forms for parenteral administration include external solutions formulated in accordance with the conventional method, one or more active substances, suppositories and vessaries for enteric administration, and the like.
- the dose of the drug of the present invention may vary depending on the patient's age, sex, body weight and symptoms, therapeutic effect, administration method, treatment time, type of high affinity antibody which is the active ingredient contained in the drug, etc. Usually, it can be administered at a dose of 10 Zg to 1000 mg, preferably 10 mg to 100 mg per one adult, but it is not limited to this range.
- the injection it is dissolved or pharmaceutically acceptable carrier such as physiological saline or commercially available distilled water for injection to a concentration of 0.1 antibody / ml carrier to 10 mg antibody / ml carrier or It can be produced by suspending.
- the injection prepared in this way is preferably in the ratio of 1 g to 100 mg, preferably 50 g to 50 mg, per kg body weight per single dose for human patients in need of treatment. It can be administered once to several times a day.
- the mode of administration includes intravenous injection, subcutaneous injection, intradermal injection, intramuscular injection or intraperitoneal injection and the like, with preference given to intravenous injection.
- injections are optionally prepared as non-aqueous diluents (eg, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, vegetable oils such as olive oil, alcohols such as olive oil, alcohols such as ethanol, etc.), suspensions or emulsions. It can also be done.
- non-aqueous diluents eg, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, vegetable oils such as olive oil, alcohols such as olive oil, alcohols such as ethanol, etc.
- Such injections can be sterilized by filter sterilization through a bacteria retention filter, incorporation of a bactericidal agent or irradiation.
- the injection can be prepared as a form of preparation at the time of use. That is, it is used as a sterile solid composition by a lyophilization method etc. and dissolved in sterile distilled water for injection or other solvents before use can do.
- the B cell tumor strain was able to achieve a dramatic somatic mutation induction effect of the V region gene by GANP gene transfer. It showed that it had. This effect is not seen when using a mutant gene that does not cause phosphorylation of the 502nd serine, which is necessary for the RNA polymerase activity of GANP. It has been shown that the rapid induction of mutations requires an RNA primer activity. This result indicates that GANP has an enhancing effect on specific antibody production as a clinical adjuvant.
- a retrovirus vector as a vector and combining TNF family single molecule stimulation such as CD40 and BAFF with GANP is also effective for clinical adjuvant activation.
- induction of high affinity binding in T cells can also be expected by performing this gene transfer at the bone marrow cell level. If high-affinity antibodies such as AIDS, hepatitis C virus, adult T-cell leukemia, mad cow disease can not be obtained, or if they are obtained, the high-affinity antibody is If production can not be sustained, this gene transfer can be expected to exert excellent effects.
- the GANP gene overexpressing mammal of the present invention is effective for developing a monoclonal antibody effective for producing a biological research reagent and a clinical test reagent.
- a monoclonal antibody directed against a specific signal transduction molecule specifically to a functional domain or functional motif and a convenient, high-affinity antibody having high avidity can be used in a wide range of applications. Many antibodies do not undergo as much screening and may not be used for Western analysis and immunoprecipitation.
- high affinity antibody-producing cells can be sorted in a short time from relatively few clones of antibodies, and the cost, time, and labor can be greatly reduced.
- phosphorylated antibodies and the production of specific antibodies against gene mutations are diagnostic agents, Alternatively, it can be applied to selective injection of drugs using an antibody. It also enables the production of high affinity antibodies that selectively bind to the sequence or nucleotide portion of the gene.
- high affinity antibodies have not been obtained conventionally, mice produced by crossing with autoimmune disease mice are effective for obtaining high affinity antibodies against any antigen. It is possible that high affinity antibodies with an avidity of 10-UM order can be produced by this method, and by introducing technological development of the ELISA method, it is possible to develop a technique for detecting trace substances easily. is there.
- RNA primase inactive GANP gene means a gene lacking an RNA primer domain or a mutation in an RNA primer domain, which is caused by mutation of a nearby gene containing a mutation of the 502th serine residue. It refers to a gene that has produced a structural and functional change in the GANP molecule.
- the gene therapeutic agent of the present invention can be produced by blending a recombinant vector containing the RNA primer inactivated GANP gene with a base used for the gene therapeutic agent.
- vectors used for construction of recombinant vectors include retrovirus vectors, adenovirus vectors, adeno-associated virus vectors, baculovirus vectors, vaccinia virus vectors, etc. as virus vectors.
- Expression plasmids can also be used.
- the vector one is preferably a viral vector.
- a base used for injection can be usually used.
- salt solution such as distilled water, sodium chloride or a mixture of sodium chloride and inorganic salt, mannitol, lactose, Solution such as dextran, glucose etc., amino acid solution such as glycine, arginine etc., organic acid solution or salt solution and glucose solution A mixed solution with a liquid, etc.
- these bases are injected as solutions, suspensions and dispersions using an auxiliary agent such as an osmotic pressure adjusting agent, pH adjusting agent, vegetable oil or surfactant. Agents can also be prepared.
- These injections can also be prepared as a preparation for dissolution at the time of use by operations such as powderization and lyophilization.
- the administration mode of the gene therapeutic agent of the present invention may be general intravenous administration, systemic administration such as intraarterial, etc., or local administration such as local injection or oral administration.
- the dose of the therapeutic agent for gene of the present invention varies depending on the age, sex, symptoms, administration route, frequency of administration, dosage form, but in general, the weight of the recombinant gene per day is 1 g / kg to 1000 mg / kg as the weight of recombinant gene per day. It is in the range of about kg, preferably in the range of about 10 g / kg to about 100 mg / kg.
- the frequency of administration is not particularly limited.
- Example 1 Expression of GANP in autoimmune disease model animal and its function
- NZB, NZW, B / WF1, MRL / lpr, and BXSB mice were purchased from Japan SLC Co.
- C57BL / 6 and BALB mice were purchased from Charles River Japan.
- the NOD mouse was donated by Dr. Miyazaki, graduate School of Osaka University.
- a rat monoclonal antibody against mouse B220 (RA3-6B2) mouse IgM (AM / 3) and mouse IgD (CS / 15) was purified from the culture supernatant of hybridoma and D-bithionine-N-hydroxysuccinimide ester ( Labeled with Roche diagnostics, Branchburg, NJ).
- Piotin-labeled rat anti-mouse Syndecan-1 and anti-mouse CD5 monok Oral antibodies were purchased (BD PharMingen, San Diego, CA).
- Piotin-labeled peanut gglutinin (PNA) was purchased from Vector Laboratories (Burlingame, CA). 3. Immunity
- TNP-KLH Trinitrophenyl keyhole limpet hemocyanin
- TNP'Ficoll Trinitrophenyl keyhole limpet hemocyanin
- Biosearch Technologies Novato, CA
- TNP-KLH or 25 g TNP-Ficoll in PBS was injected intraperitoneally to mice After 14 days, lymphatic organs were obtained and frozen together with OCT compound for immunohistological analysis.
- GANP expression is highly expressed in highly autoimmune B cells. Lymphocytes expressing high levels of GANP (GANP hi cells) appear spontaneously in the non-immune state in peripheral lymph nodes of MRL / lpr mice.
- Immunohistochemical analysis was performed on knee diseased lymph nodes from autoimmune disease models MRL / lpi ', NZB and normal C57BL / 6 female mice using anti-GANP monoclonal antibody and ALP-conjugated anti-rat Ig antibody.
- GANP RNA primase activity may play an important role in B cell activation and differentiation. Therefore, using the anti PSei'so 2 monoclonal antibody in NZB mice were compared phosphorylation state of Ser 5 02 is an important phosphorylation sites of RNA primer Ichize activity.
- the lower panel shows the numbers of GANPhi (black bars) and pSer502 GANPhi (hatched bars) in the extrafollicular region during aging.
- GANP hi cells appeared in the spleen at 4 weeks, and the cell number reached a maximum at 12 weeks, but disappeared after 24 weeks (FIG. 3; upper panel). Expression of P Ser502 GANP was also detected at 8 and 12 weeks (FIG. 3; middle panel). As a result of comparison with the relative cell number of the red pulp, it can be seen that GANPhi cells appearing in the spleen migrate to peripheral lymph nodes after 12 weeks. The increase in GANP is proportional to the amount of autoantibodies produced prior to the onset of autoimmune disease (FIGS. 2 and 3; Theofilopoulos AN, et al., 1985, Adv. Immunol 37: 269-390).
- GANPW cells appeared prominently in the red pulp of MRL / lpr, NZB and B / WF1.
- the number of GANPW cells did not increase as much in the spleen of BXSB and NOD in SLE-model mice, but increased when compared to control BALB / c mice ( Figure 4) and C57BL / 6 mice ( Figure 1).
- the spleen section showed association or immature association of PNA + B cells as a GC-like structure.
- the expression of GANP in the GC-like region was determined by immunizing normal C57BL / 6 mice and BALB / c mice with T cell-dependent antigens (T cell-dependent Ag S : TD-Ags). Not high compared to the expression of However, GANP hi cells appeared prominently in the red pulp area of autoimmune tendency mice (Fig. 4).
- GANPW cell populations were analyzed by marker analysis of lymphoid cells.
- the GANP hi cells were identified by double staining of spleen sections of NZB mice using the biotin-labeled anti-B220 monoclonal antibody, the biotin-labeled anti-Syndecan-1 monoclonal antibody, the biotin-labeled anti-IgM monoclonal antibody, and the anti-IgG antibody. .
- the results are shown in FIG. In the left column of the panel shown in FIG. 5, when using the biotin-labeled anti-IgM monoclonal antibody, the anti-IgG antibody, the piotin-labeled anti-B220 monoclonal antibody and the piotin-labeled anti-Syndecan-1 monoclonal antibody in order from top to bottom It is a figure of.
- the middle row shows the expression of GANP in the same section as with each of the above antibodies.
- the right column is a diagram in which the left column and the center column are superimposed.
- the double-stained cells in the right column indicate that the GANP hi cells are B220-Syndecanl + IgM +.
- GANP expression is shown in red for IgM, IgG and B200 and in green for Syndecan-1.
- the markers are shown in green for IgM, IgG and B200 and in red for Syndecan-1.
- GANP ⁇ cells express the B220-Syndecan-1 + phenotype and express abundant IgM in the cells (Fig. 5). Negative for CR1, ThyI, GL-7, CD23 and PNA, these results indicate that GANPW cells are the late maturation stage of B-lineage cells, probably plasma cells. Whether this GANPW cell is a proliferating plasmablast or not
- NZB mice were dosed (intravenous infusion) with BrdU (1 mg / mouse) and incubated for 2 hours to allow uptake of BrdU at the insitu. Thereafter, spleen sections were prepared from mice.
- Sections were double stained with anti-GANP monoclonal antibody (blue) and anti-BrdU monoclonal antibody (red). PAS staining was performed according to a conventional method.
- GC shows germinal center (left).
- GANP single positive GANP hi cells are indicated by arrows, and PAS single positive cells are indicated by arrowheads (middle).
- the GANPW cells were not positive for BrdU incorporation (Figure 6), suggesting that these cells were not proliferative and were more mature than the plasmablastic stage.
- Mott cell formation is observed in autoimmune prone mice as aberrant differentiation of B-1 cells.
- Mott cells are an abnormal form of plasma cells, and abundant IgM molecules accumulate in rough endoplasmic reticulum-bound vesicles that are detected as cytoplasmic Russell bodies by PAS staining [Jiang Y., et al. 1997, J. Immunol. 158: 992-997].
- GANP cells are not stained with PAS-staining (FIG. 6), which allows GANP hi cells to be distinguished from Mott cells of B-1 cell-derived plasma cells.
- mice Female C57BL / 6 mice (7 weeks old), TNP-Ficoll ( ⁇ -2'Ag) or TNP'KLH (TD-Ag) The mice were immunized intraperitoneally, and spleens were obtained 14 days later. Mice immunized with TNP-Ficoll did not show GANP hi cells in the red pulpal area when counterstained with pyothin-labeled anti-IgD monoclonal antibody (FIG. 7 left). Mice immunized with TNP-KLH showed induction of GANP hi cells in the red pulpal region (FIG. 7 right). In FIG. 7, GANP hi cells are indicated by arrows. WP indicates the white pulp region.
- the GANP ⁇ plasma cell population although very few in number, is also induced in the spleens of normal C57BL / 6 and BALB / c mice by immunization with TD-Ags ( Figure 7). Immunization with T cell independent Ag (T cell-independent Ag: TI-Ag) is less effective in inducing such cells.
- the GANP cell population showed the same phenotype as BSSOklgMhilgDkGLkPNAk CDSkCDAOiQ, but showed Syndecan-1 +.
- the PCR product was digested with Ncol and Xbal, gel purified, and ligated with NcoI_XbaI digested plasmid. After transformation into competent bacteria, the nucleotide sequence of a small amount of plasmid DNA prepared using the QIAprep kit (QIAGEN) was determined by an automated sequencer (Applied Biosystems).
- the transgene was constructed by introducing a 5.6 kb mouse GANP gene into the Xhol site of pLG vector.
- This vector is a specific vector that has human immunogloblintoin enhancer region (2 kb EcoRI fragment) and performs strong expression in B cells.
- the gene was linearized and introduced into mice.
- Linearized pLG vector containing mouse GANP full-length cDNA (Koike, M. et al. Int. Immunol. 7, 21-30 (1995) was microinjected into fertilized eggs of C57BL / 6 mice.
- the mouse tail genomic DNA and the following primers and reactions were used to screen for the presence of the transgene.
- GANP transcripts were detected by agarose gel electrophoresis.
- 3-actin transcript was used as a control.
- Somatic mutation of the V region gene of the transgene in which mouse GANP is stably expressed in Daudi cells
- the GANP gene was introduced into various human B lymphocyte cells used for analysis of SHM in vitro (Rogozin, I. B “et al” Nat. Immunol. 2, 530-536 (2001); Kuwahara, K. et al. al. Blood 95, 2321-2328 (2000); and Denepoux, S. et al "Immunity 6, 35-46 (1997). Many B cell lines can not be transfected. However, it was possible to introduce the GANP gene into Daudi B cells that express AIDs that normally do not produce SHM during maintenance.
- This clone showed a high frequency of SHM (5 ⁇ ICH / bp) in the V region as compared to wild type and mock transfected cells. .
- the fragment of VH3-CH1C ⁇ is amplified by PCR and subcloned into a plasmid, and the schematic diagram of the somatic cell mutation is shown in FIGS. 8A to 8C.
- ”) indicates a silent mutation (an amino acid does not change), and the other symbol (a vertical line with a ⁇ ) indicates an amino acid substitution mutation.
- Transfectants introduced with a mutant (GANP S / A) in which serine 502 is substituted for serine 502 related to control of DNA primase activity decrease the efficiency of mutation.
- SHM was not induced in the constant region gene (Fig. 8A-C).
- the RNA primer activity of GANP is regulated by phosphorylation at S502, which can be detected by specific monoclonal antibodies (Kuwahara, K. et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98, 10279-10283 ( 2001).
- Stimulation of B cells both in vitro and in vivo induces the phosphorylation of S502 (Kuwaham, K. et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98, 10279-10283 (2001)), this phosphorylation It was investigated whether or not is involved in the generation of SHM in Daudi B cells.
- This mouse showed increased expression of GANP in B cells (FIG. 9C) and showed normal differentiation of B lineage cells in surface marker analysis of bone marrow, spleen and lymph node cells.
- the V H 186.2 oral cavity shows a unique pattern of SHM for high affinity IgG ( ⁇ 1 ⁇ 1) ⁇ responses.
- Sequence analysis of whole spleen ⁇ cells after immunization with NP-CG showed that the frequency of SHM was slightly increased in GANP-Tg mice as compared to wild type mice (FIG. 10).
- a targeting vector was prepared by inserting the neomycin resistance gene (neo) downstream of Sexon II using GANP genomic DNA.
- the ⁇ site was introduced into the adjacent region on the 3 'side of neo and in the intron between Ekson I and II. That is, flox mice were prepared by inserting Ekson II at the ⁇ sequence, and these were mated with CD 19-Cre mice to establish mice lacking GANP in B cells (FIGS. 11A and B).
- a linearized evening setting vector was prepared from TT2 ES cells (Yagi, T. et al. Anal. It was transfected by electroporation into Biochem. 214, 70-76 (1993)). After selection with G418, ES colonies were picked and incubated with the proteinase K. The homologous recombinants were screened with the following neo2 primers and CGK3'-2 primers.
- neo2 Primer 5, -GCCTCTTGCCGAATATCATGGTGGAAAAT_3, (SEQ ID NO: 9)
- CGK 3'-2 primer 5 -GGCACCAAGCATGCACGGAGTACACAGA-3, (SEQ ID NO: 10)
- GANP flox / + mice were backcrossed with C57BL / 6 mice at least 10 times. In order to delete the GANP gene in B cells, GANP-floxed mice were crossed with CD19-Cre knock-in mice (Rickert, RC, et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 25, 1317-1318 (1997)) .
- Splenocytes were isolated from Ci'e-flox / + mice and B-GANP mice (7-8 weeks old) and treated with 0.15 M ammonium chloride buffer to remove erythrocytes. On plastic tray After incubating for 30 minutes at 37 ° C, non-adherent cells are recovered as lymphocytes, and T cells are used according to the attached protocol using Dynabeads-anti-mouse Thyl.2 monoclonal antibody (Dynal). Removed. The purity of B cells (90% or more) was confirmed by cell surface staining using FITC-conjugated anti-B220 monoclonal antibody (BD Pharmingen).
- RPMI-1640 medium containing a mitogen
- FCS heat-inactivated FCS
- 5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 5 2-mercaptoethanol purified B cells
- the cells were incubated at 2 ⁇ 10 5 cells / well in a 96-well microtiter plate for 48 hours in and without.
- Cells were pulsed with 0.2 Ci / well of [ 3 H] -thymidine (ICN) for 16 hours and then harvested, and incorporated radioactivity was measured with a scintillation counter.
- the mitogen is a affinity purified mouse anti-mouse chain specific antibody (10 g / ml) [F (ab ') 2 ] (ICN), rat anti-mouse CD40 monoclonal antibody (LB 429; 10 g / ml) And LPS (Sigma; 10 Hg / ml) were used.
- TNP-KLH, TNP-Ficoll, and double-stranded phage-biglobulin (NP-CG) (23: 1) were purchased from Biosearch Technologies. 50 _ 1 g of TNP-KLH and NP-CG (precipitated with aluminum) or 25 TNP-Ficoll (dissolved in PBS) were injected into the peritoneal cavity of Cre_flox / + mice and B-GANP-/-mice.
- Serum was collected from the immunized mice 10 and 14 days after the challenge. 5 g / well of TNP-BSA (Biosearch Technology) was coated on the ELISA plate. Each well was blanked with 3% BSA in PBS and incubated with serially diluted serum. After washing with PBS-0.1% Tween 20, the wells were subjected to isotope-specific isotype binding Incubated with monoclonal antibody and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) conjugated Streptavidin (Southern Biotechnology). Color development was performed in the presence of a substrate.
- ALP alkaline phosphatase
- the ratio of the NP2-binding antibody to the NP25-binding antibody was calculated as follows: NP2-BSA (two NPs bound to BSA per molecule) and NP25 to coating antigen -Calculated by differential ELISA using -BSA (25 NPs per molecule bound to BSA) (Biosearch Technology).
- NP-binding from Cre-flox / + and B-GANP mice immunized with NP-CG B cells were fractionated by FACS Vantage (Becton Dickinson Biosciences) using (4-hydroxy-5-yodo-3-nitrophenyl) acetyl (NIP) and incubated at 37 ° C. with proteinase K . Using the lysate, PCR was performed twice as described (Takahashi, Y., et al. Immunity 14, 181.192 (2001)). V H 186.2 gene DNA was ligated into pBluescript and sequenced by automated sequencing. 9. Detection of apoptotic cells
- B cells purified from Ci'e-flox / + and B-GANP-/-mice were stimulated with various reagents for 40 hours (Watanabe, N. et al. (1998) Scand. J. Immunol. 47, 541.547. ).
- anti-X antibody 50 / ig / ml
- purified B cells were stimulated with various stimulants for 48 hours and subsequently incubated for 4 hours with anti-Fas monoclonal antibody (Jo2; BD Pharmingen) (Wang, J. et al. (1996). ) J. Exp. Med. 184, 831-838).
- PI Propidium Iodide
- RNA primer GANP B-GANP chi-mouse was generated from CD19 + B cells using the Cre-loxP system to delete the GANP gene (FIGS. 11A and 11B).
- the B-GANP ⁇ mouse gene was almost deficient in Exon II ( Figure 11C).
- B-GANP-/-cells did not express GANP mRNA (FIG. 11D) and by immunostaining almost no protein (FIG. 11E).
- B-GANP- ⁇ ⁇ mice successfully completed They grew and showed normal numbers of lymphocytes in the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes.
- B-GANP + shows a surface marker profile similar to that of the control Cre-flox / + mice on cells of bone marrow, spleen and lymph nodes (Fig. 12), Cre- £ lox / There was no difference from + (control).
- B cells from B-GANP- mice showed a normal proliferative response after stimulation with anti-antibodies, anti-antibodies + anti-CD40 monoclonal antibodies, or lipopolysaccharides in vitro (FIG. 13: white bars in B-GANP2; Cre-flox / + is a black stick).
- B cells from B-GANP mice had reduced proliferative activity after stimulation with anti-CD40 monoclonal antibody (5, 10 g / mL) (FIG. 13). This indicates that the proliferation of B cells in B-GANP mice is slightly impaired in response to the CD40 / CD145 interaction. Serum Ig levels were similar to Cre-flox / + mice (FIG. 14).
- Cre-flox / + showed a large mature GC stained with peanut agglutinin, which is a marker of GC_B cells on day 10 (arrow in FIG. 16).
- B-GANP had slightly less GC formation.
- B-GANP was more abundant than Cre-flox / +, and GC formation was delayed even after 20 days (arrow in Fig. 16).
- the differential ELISA using hapten / protein conjugates of NPs with different molecular weights was compared to the response to multihapten NP25-BSA Condyuge.
- NP-specific IgGlduii CDSS w B cells were significantly reduced in B-GANP mice. That is, in the 10 days after immunization, the Cre-flox / + mice whereas a 1,164 cells / 10 6 cells, B-GANP - / - in mouse was 88 cells / 10 6 cells. In addition, on day 14, Cre-flox / + had 879 cells and B-GANP- had 83 cells. This trend was similar on the 20th day.
- V H 186.2 locus is used for high affinity IgG (r ( ⁇ ⁇ ) NP-response (Cumano, A. & Rajeww, K. (1985) Eur. J. Immunol. 15, 512-520).
- the IgM locus was not different compared to Cre-flox / +.
- Cre-flox / + or B-GANP-/- were immunized with NP-CG and sorted for GC-B cells (Ag-conjugated IgGi B cells) that showed positive for NP-conjugated IgGi weak CD38.
- Figure 19 genomic DNA was extracted from the cells after sorting, VH 186.2 was amplified by PCR, sequence analysis was performed, and the sequences of VH 186.2 were compared (Fig. 20A to L).
- Figure 20A ⁇ F is a sequence of Cre-flox / + of V H 186.2
- FIG 20G ⁇ L the B-GANP - a comparison of the sequences of the V H 186.2 - /.
- AICD Activation-induced cell death
- spleen spleen cells are stimulated for 48 hours with anti-CD40 monoclonal antibody (LB 429), anti-antibody + anti-CD40 monoclonal antibody, IL-4 + anti-CD40 monoclonal antibody, and anti-antibody + IL-4 + anti-CD40 monoclonal antibody, and Anti-CD95 monoclonal antibody was added to the medium.
- anti-CD40 monoclonal antibody LB 429
- anti-antibody + anti-CD40 monoclonal antibody anti-antibody + anti-CD40 monoclonal antibody
- IL-4 + anti-CD40 monoclonal antibody anti-antibody + IL-4 + anti-CD40 monoclonal antibody
- Anti-CD95 monoclonal antibody was added to the medium.
- RNA expression of one member of the Bcl-2 family which is recognized to be a molecule necessary for CD40-mediated apoptosis suppression of various malignant lymphoma cells and normal B cells.
- the levels of c-; &, ax and bai / in mutant B cells were similar to the levels of Cre-flox / + B cells (FIG. 27).
- Two animals each of a wild type (WT) mouse and a GANP transgenic (Tg) mouse were immunized with 100 g of NP-CG, and 28 days later serum was taken and subjected to ELISA.
- 20 g / ml of NP2-BSA and NP17-BSA were coated on an ELISA plate at 1 ° C at 4 ° C. After blocking for 1 hour with 3% BSA / PBS-0.1% Teen 20, the serum was allowed to react for 1 hour.
- the cells were washed 3 times with PBS-0.1% Tween 20, and reacted with petiotin-labeled anti-mouse IgGi antibody (Southern Biotechnology) for 1 hour.
- Wild type (WT) mice and GANP transgenic (Tg) mice are immunized with NP-CG as an immunizing antigen, and cell fusion is carried out using each mouse, and in the culture supernatant of the obtained positive hybridoma, Binding curves of antibodies reactive with antigen were obtained using ELISA and Biacore. From the binding curves obtained, the utility of the Tg mice was derived.
- Wild-type mice and GANP transgenic (Tg) mice were Wild-type mice and GANP transgenic (Tg) mice.
- NP16-CG (—16 NPs per molecule bound to CG nextimylomnopurine), NP2-BSA (2 NPs per molecule bound to BSA (bovine serum albumin)), NP17 -BSA (-17 NPs bound to BSA per molecule), HRP-labeled anti-mouse IgG, IgA and IgM were used.
- the wild-type mice and GANP transgenic (Tg) mice were each immunized 3 times with NP16-CG as an immunizing antigen three times every two weeks, collected 3 times after immunization, and collected using antisera.
- WT wild-type mice
- Tg GANP transgenic mice
- cell fusion with P3U1 myeloma cells is performed using splenocytes of high titer mice, and the number of splenocytes in GANP-Tg mice (6.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ cells) and the number of splenocytes in WT (4.8 ⁇ 10 7). ), So as to be 1 ⁇ 10 5 / well, cells from GANP-Tg mice are 600 clones, and cells from WT mice are 480 clones in HAT medium. Cultured.
- the culture supernatant after 9 days of HAT culture was used to conduct an ELISA method using NP2-BSA (1 g / mL) as the immobilized antigen. From the culture supernatants of GANP-Tg mice and WT mice, the top 2.5% of clones showing production of high affinity antibody in ELISA absorbance results were selected, and cloning was performed in HT medium.
- GANP-Tg is 6 clones (clone name: G2-6, G2 -9, G2-12, G2-14, G2-15, G2_16), and WT established a hybridoma of 1 clone (clone name: W2-7).
- substances having different antigen properties so-called substances having different NP content per CG-molecule, were evaluated based on their ELISA reactivity ratios.
- NP2-BSA (1 g / mL) and NP17-BSA (1 g / mL) were used as immobilized antigens, respectively, and immobilized overnight at 4 ° C. After washing the immobilized plate with PBS-Tween 20, blocking was performed with skimmed milk PBS-Tween 20.
- the analysis by Biacore is that the one with an NP2-BSA (1 ⁇ g / mL) as a ligand bound to the Biacore chip is considered to have the highest affinity as an analyte solution, Tg (G2-9), The association rate constant (k ass), dissociation rate constant (k diss), and RPMI culture supernatants of 3 clones of Tg (G2-15) and WT (W2-7), which are considered to be the lowest, were used.
- Fig. 30 shows the Biacore pattern of G2-9 (ELISA: 82.9% NP2 / NP17 ratio).
- Curves (a) to (e) shown in FIG. 30 are those at antibody concentrations of 26.6, 13.3, 6.65, 3.33 and 1.66 nM, respectively.
- the association rate constants (k ass) 1.48 X 10 5
- the dissociation rate constant (k diss) 9.63 X 10- 4
- Fig. 31 shows the pattern of Biacore of G2-15 (ELISA: 33.9% NP2 / NP17 ratio) expected to have relatively low affinity from the results of ELISA.
- Curves (a) to (e) shown in FIG. 31 are those at antibody concentrations of 23.0, 11.5, 5.75, 2.88 and 1.44 nM, respectively.
- Association rate constant (k ass) 5.33 ⁇ 10 4
- dissociation rate constant (k diss) 1.56 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 2
- the present inventors determined MCM3 binding region of GANP by using partially-cleaved mutant GANP, and phosphorylated serine amino acid 502 of the GANP specific region (pSer 5 o 2
- the localization of GANP in NIH-3T3 cells was characterized using a monoclonal antibody specific for
- the binding between primase and MCM is one linked function, and the molecular complex in which both are bound has the effect of releasing DNA from the duplex. Therefore, when a GANP partial fragment binds to MCM, the GANP fragment also exhibits primer activity and is considered to have a high affinity antibody production action.
- COS7, Hela and Swiss'3T3 cells were treated with 10% heat-inactivated FCS (Dainippon Pharmaceutical), 2 mM L-glutamine (Biowhittaker), 100 g / ml streptomycin, 100 U / ml penicillin and 50 The cells were maintained in 5% CO 2 at 37 ° C. in D-MEM medium (Invitrogen) supplemented with 2-mercaptoethanol (Takei, Y. et al., (1998) J. Biol. Chem, 273, 22177-22180, Sakaguchi, N. et al "(1988) EMBO J. 7,
- NIH-3T3 was fixed with 3.7% paraformaldehyde for 5 minutes in PBS (pH 7.4) and permeabilized with 0.2% Triton-100 (Kimura, H. et al., (1994) EMBO J. 13 , 4311-4320).
- Rat anti-pSer502 GANP monoclonal antibody Kuwahara, K. et al., (2001) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98, 10279-10283
- rabbit anti-MCM3 antibody Kimura, H.
- pSR-MCM3-HA has been described in the literature (Kimura, H. et al., (1995) Nucl. Acids Res. 23, 2097-2104) Three nuclear localization signals (NLS) of SV40 T-Ag
- the pECFP-Nuc vector carrying one was purchased from Clontech.
- the PCR fragments obtained using the following combinations of 3 'and 5' primers are introduced into pGEX-4T-l (Amersham) and they are used to fuse different forms of mouse cDNA with glutathion S-transferase (GST) Prepared as a protein.
- GANP 1-5 '5'-GGGGATCCATACCC GGG TGAACCCCTT-3' (SEQ ID NO: 1 1)
- GANP 1-3 '5'-GGGTCGACGCGCACAGACT TTC CCCTGA-3' (SEQ ID NO: 1 2)
- GANP2-5 '5'-GGGAATTCTCCCCGCCTTCAGCTGTGAC-3' No.
- GpANLS-GFP and 13 mutants were prepared as described in the literature (Imai, Y. et al., (1991) Nucl. Acids Res. 19, 2785- 2785). All constructs were checked for quality by controlling the nucleotide sequence to ensure correct orientation and as a tagged fusion protein the correct reading frame of the codon.
- Expression vectors with mutant RNA / DNA primase domains (PD) have been described in the literature (Gp mutants from Ser 502 to Ala [GpS502A] or Glu [GpS502E]) (Kuwahara, K. et al. ., (2001). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98, 10279-10283) 2, 4 Detection of introduced gene products by confocal microscopy
- ⁇ -3 ⁇ 3 was transfected with pCXN2-w and Z or pSR a -MCM3-HA using F GENE 6 (Roche Diagnostics). Sixteen hours prior to immobilization Leptomycin B (LMB; (Kudo, N. et al "(1999) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96, 9112-9117)) was added to the culture medium. In the case of co-transfection, rabbit anti-HA antibody (Santa Cruz) and Alexa 546-bound herring anti-wagi IgG antibody are used, and in the case of single transfer, Alexa 488-conjugated rabbit anti- IgG antibody (Molecular Probes) was used to stain exogenous MCM3 protein. The nucleic acids were counterstained with Tio-iodinated for cotransfection experiments and with Iodiated Provision (PI; Sigma) for single transfection experiments.
- PI Iodiated Provision
- GST fusion proteins were purified as described in the literature (Kuwahara, K. et al., (2000) Blood 95, 2321-2328).
- Various GST fusion proteins (5 Hg) immobilized on glutathione-sepharose beads (Amersham) were treated with TNE buffer (10 mM Tris-HCl [pH 7.8 ⁇ , 150 mM NaCL 1 mM EDTA, 1% Nonidet P'40].
- TNE buffer 10 mM Tris-HCl [pH 7.8 ⁇ , 150 mM NaCL 1 mM EDTA, 1% Nonidet P'40].
- the cells were incubated with BAL17 lysates prepared using 10 ⁇ g aprotinin, 1 mM phenylmethyl-sulfonyl fluoride [PMSF]). Bound proteins were separated by 8% SDS-PAGE, transferred to a nitrocellulose filter, and blocked.
- COS7 was transfected with pCXN2-3 ⁇ 4 ⁇ and / or pSR a -ikiCM5-H4. After 26 hours, cells are lysed using TNE buffer, and the resulting lysate is combined with protein A-Sepharose (Amersham). Incubated with the anti-HA antibody. Immunoprecipitates are separated by 8% SDS-PAGE, transferred to nitrocellulose filters, blocked plots, incubated with mouse anti-FLAG M2 antibody (Stratagene), and then peroxidase-labeled gray anti-mouse Incubated with IgG (H + L) antibody (Zymed). For detection of Gp-GFP and its variants, the blotted filters were picked with a rabbit anti-GFP antibody (Santa Cruz) and peroxidase binding protein A (Zymed).
- Hela cells were transfected with pSR_kfCM? -H. Twenty hours later, transfected HeLa cells and non-transfected mouse Swiss-3T3 cells were trypsinized and seeded together in a culture dish at a ratio of 1: 1. After 24 hours, cells were fused using polyethylene glycol 1500 (Roche diagnostics) at room temperature for 2 minutes (Sc midt-Zachmann, MS et al "(1993) Cell 74, 493-504). After washing several times, medium containing cycloheximide was added (final concentration 20 ⁇ g / ml), and the cells were incubated for 5 hours at 37 ° C.
- the Map 80 region termed GANP 5-7 ′, is a cell extract as previously indicated (Kimura, H. et al., (1994) EMBO J. 13, 431 1-4320). Pulled down MCM3 from Surprisingly, GANP 1 and GANP2, partial fragments of GANP, also pulled down MCM3 (FIG. 33; upper and lower panels).
- Negative controls (first lane) with GST alone or GST fused to an irrelevant protein showed no signal. And, the binding to GST-GANP1 was stronger than the binding to Map80 region (GST-GANP5-7 '). This binding was also confirmed in cells by DNA transfection experiments with constructs tagged with FLAG ( Figure 35).
- Cos7 cells were cotransfected with V CXm-FLAG-Ganp, pCXNS- ⁇ Z ⁇ Gi ⁇ and pCXNS- ⁇ MG-G ⁇ ⁇ W in combination with pSR-MCM3-HA or pSRa-?- ⁇ .
- Western blot was performed with anti-FLAG monoclonal antibody.
- the expected size of the FLAG-tagged protein is indicated in each lane by a triangle.
- the left and right panels have similar band migration, but the exposure time for ECL detection is 1 minute for the left panel and 3 minutes for the right panel ( Figure 35).
- RNA primase region As a whole GANP molecule, regardless of the potential binding activity of the Map80 region, binding to MCM3 requires an RNA primase region (PD). Open triangles indicate the position of GanpA PD-GFP. The size of Ganp-GFP, which is equal to the size of Ganp S502A-GFP and Ganp S502E-GFP, is shown as a black triangle (FIG. 36B; lower panel). These results indicate that binding of GANP to MCM3 is via its PD region, but phosphorylation at the Ser 502 site does not affect this binding.
- GANP has two possible NLSs. One is in the N-terminal primer region and the other is in the C-terminal Map 80 region. GANP also has two nuclear export signal (NES) -like motifs. One is between the SAC3 homology region and the Map80 region, and the other is within the Map80 region.
- NES nuclear export signal
- NIH-3T3 cells were transfected with pCXN2- (3 ⁇ 4 ⁇ 4 ⁇ 4t ⁇ or pCXN2- (3 ⁇ 4aj ⁇ ⁇ ) and fixed 48 hours later LMB was added 16 hours before fixation Nuclei were prestained with PI Images were collected using confocal microscopy Representative expression profiles are shown in Figure 37. The number of cells with different profiles was counted and expressed as a percentage ( Figure 37).
- RNA / DNA A 5 '1-kb DNA fragment carrying a lymase domain and an N-terminal NLS (but not including the NES-like motif) was fused to GFP (Fig. 38, Gp-GFP) D
- Gp-GFP This Gp-GFP product is located in the nucleus (N and N> C, 94%) (Fig. 38), but the mutant Gp-GFP (GpANLS-GFP; lacking amino acids 497 to 500 as shown in Fig. 38) lacking the NLS It was shown to be cytoplasmic, and it was confirmed that the N-terminal NLS is involved in nuclear localization.
- NLS N-terminal NLS has a functional role in the import of Ganp into the nucleus.
- NLS may not be strong enough to maintain GANP expression in the nucleus. This is because Ganp-GFP is also present in the cytoplasm (FIG. 37).
- LMB levutomycin B
- MCM3 Mammalian MCM3 changes its binding state to chromatin during cell cycle, but exists only in the nucleus throughout the interphase (Kimura, H. et al., (1994) EMBO J. 13, 431 1-4320. ).
- NIH-3T3 cells were transfected with pSRa-M (7?-3 ⁇ 44 or pSRa-i5-H ⁇ 4), fixed, immunolabeled with anti-HA antibody (Alexa 488) and stained with PI.
- MCM 3-HA is consistent with the presence of a typical NLS (Kimui'a, H. et al "(1994) EMBO J. 13, 4311.4320, Takei, Y.
- the cells were cotransfected with pCXN2-Ganp-gfp by pCXN2- ⁇ 3 ⁇ 4 ⁇ 9 ⁇ ⁇ and pSR-MCM3-IIA, fixed, immunolabeled with anti-HA antibody (Alexa 546), and the nuclei were TOTO-3. Prestained with ( Figure 40). Cell numbers are shown at the bottom of the panel ( Figure 40).
- MCM 3-HA was found in heterokaryons in both human and mouse nuclei. Unfused mouse cells do not show such staining. This indicates that MCM 3-HA was exported from HeLa nucleus to cytoplasm and then transferred to mouse nucleus.
- MCM3-HA is a shuttling protein. Furthermore, it is often difficult to demonstrate the nuclear-to-cytoplasmic transfer of endogenous proteins with similar sensitivity to transgene products (Kimura, H., Ohtomo, T. et al., (1996) Genes Cells 1 J., 977-993, Mizuno, T. et al "(1999) Mol. Cell. Biol. 19, 7886-7896) The results presented in this example were also: More primitive cells such as yeast. It is also difficult to demonstrate the nuclear-to-cytoplasmic transition of endogenous MCM proteins in mammalian cells, with the same sensitivity as achieved in.
- the localization of GANP during mitosis was analyzed in detail by triple labeling with anti MCM3 antibody and nucleic acid TOTO-3. As cells progress from premetaphase to metaphase, GANP appears to be dissociated from enriched chromatin ( Figure 44). The yellow signal in the superimposed image indicates co-localization of GANP with MCM3, but some blue staining indicates that GANP can be seen alone in the center of the pre-metaphase image. At this stage, GANP and MCM3 do not overlap with the enriched chromosomes. In metaphase cells, GANP is detected in the spindle region. And this signal decreases in the late phase while chromosomes separate into two daughter cells.
- GANP shuttling for type 2 RNA / DNA primases should wait for further clarification. It may be related to the generation of RNA primers at the final stage of DNA repair.
- the expression level of GANP is low in normal cells, but up-regulated in germinal centers where cells proliferate rapidly (Kuwahara, K. et al., (2000) Blood 95, 2321-2328, Kuwahara, K et al "(2001). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98, 10279-10283.) GANP is also expressed at higher levels in certain cells with fast cell termination. It has been suggested that association with MCM complex may stimulate DNA replication (Kuwahara, K. et al "(2001). Proc. Natl.
- a mouse overexpressing GANP By using a mouse overexpressing GANP according to the present invention, it is possible to rapidly produce an antibody having high affinity and specific to a viral antigen which could not be obtained conventionally. Therefore, it is expected that it will be possible to rapidly obtain specific and strong antibodies without delaying the deterioration of the medical condition caused by a prolonged infection such as AIDS or hepatitis C to the mutation of the virus antigen. In addition, this makes it possible to produce a customized antibody specific to virus antigen mutations from infected patients. An immunization period of about 10 days is sufficient for antibody production, and among them, the production efficiency of antibodies with high affinity mutations is as high as 60%. The production protocol for high-affinity antibodies using bedside patient samples is expected to be a new immunotherapy that will replace vaccine therapy.
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Priority Applications (7)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AU2003277620A AU2003277620B2 (en) | 2002-11-07 | 2003-11-07 | Transgenic mammal carrying GANP gene transferred thereinto and utilization thereof |
EP03810668A EP1559318B1 (en) | 2002-11-07 | 2003-11-07 | Transgenic mammal carrying ganp gene transferred thereinto and utilization thereof |
US10/534,043 US7919674B2 (en) | 2002-11-07 | 2003-11-07 | Transgenic mammal carrying GANP gene transferred thereinto and utilization thereof |
CA2504867A CA2504867C (en) | 2002-11-07 | 2003-11-07 | Transgenic mammal carrying ganp gene transferred thereinto and utilization thereof |
DE60327094T DE60327094D1 (de) | 2002-11-07 | 2003-11-07 | Transgenes säugetier, das in dieses eingebrachte ganp-gene trägt, sowie seine verwendung |
JP2004549646A JP4478577B2 (ja) | 2002-11-07 | 2003-11-07 | Ganp遺伝子導入トランスジェニック哺乳動物及びその利用 |
US11/889,950 US20080233109A1 (en) | 2002-11-07 | 2007-08-17 | Transgenic mammal carrying GANP gene transferred thereinto and utilization thereof |
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JPPCT/JP02/11598 | 2002-11-07 | ||
PCT/JP2002/011598 WO2004040969A1 (ja) | 2002-11-07 | 2002-11-07 | Ganp導入トランスジェニック哺乳動物及びその利用 |
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PCT/JP2002/011598 WO2004040969A1 (ja) | 2002-11-07 | 2002-11-07 | Ganp導入トランスジェニック哺乳動物及びその利用 |
PCT/JP2003/014221 WO2004040971A1 (ja) | 2002-11-07 | 2003-11-07 | Ganp遺伝子導入トランスジェニック哺乳動物及びその利用 |
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PCT/JP2002/011598 WO2004040969A1 (ja) | 2002-11-07 | 2002-11-07 | Ganp導入トランスジェニック哺乳動物及びその利用 |
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US (2) | US7919674B2 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP1559318B1 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP4478577B2 (ja) |
KR (1) | KR100941905B1 (ja) |
CN (2) | CN101240291B (ja) |
AT (1) | ATE427654T1 (ja) |
AU (2) | AU2002343870A1 (ja) |
CA (1) | CA2504867C (ja) |
DE (1) | DE60327094D1 (ja) |
WO (2) | WO2004040969A1 (ja) |
Cited By (8)
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JP2007119445A (ja) * | 2005-09-30 | 2007-05-17 | Transgenic Inc | N1,n8−ジアセチルスペルミジンに対する高特異性モノクローナル抗体 |
JP2008011828A (ja) * | 2006-07-10 | 2008-01-24 | Kumamoto Univ | Ganpによる癌抑制遺伝子の活性化方法 |
WO2010090040A1 (ja) * | 2009-02-06 | 2010-08-12 | 国立大学法人熊本大学 | 胆管癌特異的糖鎖エピトープを認識するモノクローナル抗体 |
JP2012051912A (ja) * | 2005-09-30 | 2012-03-15 | Transgenic Inc | N1,n8−ジアセチルスペルミジンに対する高特異性モノクローナル抗体 |
WO2013035208A1 (ja) | 2011-09-09 | 2013-03-14 | 株式会社トランスジェニック | 変異型α-アクチニン-4に対する抗体 |
JP2013099358A (ja) * | 2005-12-09 | 2013-05-23 | Academisch Medisch Centrum Bij De Univ Van Amsterdam | 抗体産生細胞の安定性に影響を与える手段および方法 |
JPWO2014054675A1 (ja) * | 2012-10-04 | 2016-08-25 | 国立大学法人京都大学 | 原発性アルドステロン症の検出方法及びモノクローナル抗体 |
JP2016199554A (ja) * | 2016-06-01 | 2016-12-01 | 株式会社トランスジェニック | 変異型α−アクチニン−4に対する抗体 |
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PT2646466T (pt) * | 2010-12-02 | 2017-06-07 | Aimm Therapeutics Bv | Meios e métodos para produzir anticorpos de alta afinidade |
WO2018062495A1 (ja) | 2016-09-30 | 2018-04-05 | 株式会社カイオム・バイオサイエンス | 抗体の取得方法 |
CN110291191B (zh) | 2017-02-10 | 2023-09-12 | 凯奥目生物科学株式会社 | 促进抗体可变区的多样化的方法 |
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WO2000050611A1 (fr) * | 1999-02-24 | 2000-08-31 | Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd. | Proteines ganp |
JP2001078779A (ja) * | 1999-09-17 | 2001-03-27 | Sumitomo Electric Ind Ltd | Calpp蛋白質、これをコードするポリヌクレオチドおよび抗体 |
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- 2002-11-07 WO PCT/JP2002/011598 patent/WO2004040969A1/ja not_active Application Discontinuation
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2003
- 2003-11-07 JP JP2004549646A patent/JP4478577B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-11-07 CN CN2007101939159A patent/CN101240291B/zh not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-11-07 DE DE60327094T patent/DE60327094D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-11-07 AU AU2003277620A patent/AU2003277620B2/en not_active Expired
- 2003-11-07 WO PCT/JP2003/014221 patent/WO2004040971A1/ja active Application Filing
- 2003-11-07 KR KR1020057004314A patent/KR100941905B1/ko not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-11-07 US US10/534,043 patent/US7919674B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-11-07 CA CA2504867A patent/CA2504867C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-11-07 AT AT03810668T patent/ATE427654T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2003-11-07 CN CNB2003801028324A patent/CN100396699C/zh not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-11-07 EP EP03810668A patent/EP1559318B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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Cited By (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2007119445A (ja) * | 2005-09-30 | 2007-05-17 | Transgenic Inc | N1,n8−ジアセチルスペルミジンに対する高特異性モノクローナル抗体 |
JP2012051912A (ja) * | 2005-09-30 | 2012-03-15 | Transgenic Inc | N1,n8−ジアセチルスペルミジンに対する高特異性モノクローナル抗体 |
JP2013099358A (ja) * | 2005-12-09 | 2013-05-23 | Academisch Medisch Centrum Bij De Univ Van Amsterdam | 抗体産生細胞の安定性に影響を与える手段および方法 |
JP2008011828A (ja) * | 2006-07-10 | 2008-01-24 | Kumamoto Univ | Ganpによる癌抑制遺伝子の活性化方法 |
WO2010090040A1 (ja) * | 2009-02-06 | 2010-08-12 | 国立大学法人熊本大学 | 胆管癌特異的糖鎖エピトープを認識するモノクローナル抗体 |
JP2010180168A (ja) * | 2009-02-06 | 2010-08-19 | Kumamoto Univ | 胆管癌特異的糖鎖エピトープを認識するモノクローナル抗体 |
WO2013035208A1 (ja) | 2011-09-09 | 2013-03-14 | 株式会社トランスジェニック | 変異型α-アクチニン-4に対する抗体 |
JPWO2014054675A1 (ja) * | 2012-10-04 | 2016-08-25 | 国立大学法人京都大学 | 原発性アルドステロン症の検出方法及びモノクローナル抗体 |
JP2016199554A (ja) * | 2016-06-01 | 2016-12-01 | 株式会社トランスジェニック | 変異型α−アクチニン−4に対する抗体 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
KR100941905B1 (ko) | 2010-02-11 |
DE60327094D1 (de) | 2009-05-20 |
CN1711018A (zh) | 2005-12-21 |
EP1559318B1 (en) | 2009-04-08 |
JPWO2004040971A1 (ja) | 2006-03-02 |
CN100396699C (zh) | 2008-06-25 |
AU2003277620A1 (en) | 2004-06-07 |
EP1559318A1 (en) | 2005-08-03 |
CN101240291B (zh) | 2011-08-24 |
EP1559318A4 (en) | 2006-04-26 |
JP4478577B2 (ja) | 2010-06-09 |
CN101240291A (zh) | 2008-08-13 |
WO2004040969A1 (ja) | 2004-05-21 |
ATE427654T1 (de) | 2009-04-15 |
US7919674B2 (en) | 2011-04-05 |
US20080233109A1 (en) | 2008-09-25 |
US20060236417A1 (en) | 2006-10-19 |
AU2003277620B2 (en) | 2008-10-16 |
HK1124363A1 (en) | 2009-07-10 |
AU2002343870A1 (en) | 2004-06-07 |
CA2504867A1 (en) | 2004-05-21 |
CA2504867C (en) | 2013-02-05 |
KR20050049490A (ko) | 2005-05-25 |
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