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WO2002048202A1 - Photo-initiateurs actifs en surface - Google Patents

Photo-initiateurs actifs en surface Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2002048202A1
WO2002048202A1 PCT/EP2001/014354 EP0114354W WO0248202A1 WO 2002048202 A1 WO2002048202 A1 WO 2002048202A1 EP 0114354 W EP0114354 W EP 0114354W WO 0248202 A1 WO0248202 A1 WO 0248202A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
alkyl
phenyl
radical
hydrogen
formula
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/EP2001/014354
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English (en)
Inventor
Gisèle BAUDIN
Tunja Jung
Original Assignee
Ciba Specialty Chemicals Holding Inc.
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Publication date
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Priority to JP2002549733A priority Critical patent/JP4021767B2/ja
Priority to DE60136005T priority patent/DE60136005D1/de
Priority to EP01985374A priority patent/EP1341823B1/fr
Priority to US10/450,228 priority patent/US7001644B2/en
Priority to AU2002234551A priority patent/AU2002234551A1/en
Publication of WO2002048202A1 publication Critical patent/WO2002048202A1/fr

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03F—PHOTOMECHANICAL PRODUCTION OF TEXTURED OR PATTERNED SURFACES, e.g. FOR PRINTING, FOR PROCESSING OF SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; MATERIALS THEREFOR; ORIGINALS THEREFOR; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED THEREFOR
    • G03F7/00—Photomechanical, e.g. photolithographic, production of textured or patterned surfaces, e.g. printing surfaces; Materials therefor, e.g. comprising photoresists; Apparatus specially adapted therefor
    • G03F7/004—Photosensitive materials
    • G03F7/027—Non-macromolecular photopolymerisable compounds having carbon-to-carbon double bonds, e.g. ethylenic compounds
    • G03F7/028—Non-macromolecular photopolymerisable compounds having carbon-to-carbon double bonds, e.g. ethylenic compounds with photosensitivity-increasing substances, e.g. photoinitiators
    • G03F7/031—Organic compounds not covered by group G03F7/029
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C45/00—Preparation of compounds having >C = O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds
    • C07C45/51—Preparation of compounds having >C = O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds by pyrolysis, rearrangement or decomposition
    • C07C45/54—Preparation of compounds having >C = O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds by pyrolysis, rearrangement or decomposition of compounds containing doubly bound oxygen atoms, e.g. esters
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C45/00—Preparation of compounds having >C = O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds
    • C07C45/61—Preparation of compounds having >C = O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds by reactions not involving the formation of >C = O groups
    • C07C45/64—Preparation of compounds having >C = O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds by reactions not involving the formation of >C = O groups by introduction of functional groups containing oxygen only in singly bound form
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C45/00—Preparation of compounds having >C = O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds
    • C07C45/61—Preparation of compounds having >C = O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds by reactions not involving the formation of >C = O groups
    • C07C45/67—Preparation of compounds having >C = O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds by reactions not involving the formation of >C = O groups by isomerisation; by change of size of the carbon skeleton
    • C07C45/68—Preparation of compounds having >C = O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds by reactions not involving the formation of >C = O groups by isomerisation; by change of size of the carbon skeleton by increase in the number of carbon atoms
    • C07C45/70—Preparation of compounds having >C = O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds by reactions not involving the formation of >C = O groups by isomerisation; by change of size of the carbon skeleton by increase in the number of carbon atoms by reaction with functional groups containing oxygen only in singly bound form
    • C07C45/71—Preparation of compounds having >C = O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds by reactions not involving the formation of >C = O groups by isomerisation; by change of size of the carbon skeleton by increase in the number of carbon atoms by reaction with functional groups containing oxygen only in singly bound form being hydroxy groups
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C49/00—Ketones; Ketenes; Dimeric ketenes; Ketonic chelates
    • C07C49/76—Ketones containing a keto group bound to a six-membered aromatic ring
    • C07C49/82—Ketones containing a keto group bound to a six-membered aromatic ring containing hydroxy groups
    • C07C49/825—Ketones containing a keto group bound to a six-membered aromatic ring containing hydroxy groups all hydroxy groups bound to the ring
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C49/00—Ketones; Ketenes; Dimeric ketenes; Ketonic chelates
    • C07C49/76—Ketones containing a keto group bound to a six-membered aromatic ring
    • C07C49/84—Ketones containing a keto group bound to a six-membered aromatic ring containing ether groups, groups, groups, or groups
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F2/00—Processes of polymerisation
    • C08F2/46—Polymerisation initiated by wave energy or particle radiation
    • C08F2/48—Polymerisation initiated by wave energy or particle radiation by ultraviolet or visible light
    • C08F2/50—Polymerisation initiated by wave energy or particle radiation by ultraviolet or visible light with sensitising agents
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
    • Y10T428/12014—All metal or with adjacent metals having metal particles
    • Y10T428/12028—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, etc.]
    • Y10T428/12063—Nonparticulate metal component
    • Y10T428/12097—Nonparticulate component encloses particles
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
    • Y10T428/12014—All metal or with adjacent metals having metal particles
    • Y10T428/12028—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, etc.]
    • Y10T428/12063—Nonparticulate metal component
    • Y10T428/12104—Particles discontinuous

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a process for the production of scratch-resistant durable coatings in which surface-active photoinitiators are used, to novel surface-active photoinitiators, and to compositions comprising such photoinitiators.
  • Photoinitiators of the hydroxyalkylphenone type or aminoalkylphenone type are known in the art and some of those photoinitiators are available commercially. The synthesis of such photoinitiators is described, for example, in US 4315807, US 5 629356, US 5795 985, US 4582 862, US 4 960746, US 4559 371 , EP 287516, US 5532 112, WO 86/05777, WO 86/05778, DE 35 12 179, DE 41 04 183, DE 19753 655, GB 2320 027, EP 898202, DE 19 907957, EP 849 300 and JP 08211 603.
  • the desired properties can be attained by using certain photoinitiators in the coatings to be cured.
  • the photoinitiator is not distributed as homogeneously as possible in the formulation to be cured but concentrated specifically at the surface of the coating to be cured, specific orientation of the initiator towards the surface of the formulation thus taking place. To achieve this it is necessary to use photoinitiators having particular properties.
  • the invention relates to a process for the production of coatings having scratch-resistant durable surfaces, which comprises
  • the formulation comprises as photoinitiator (B) at least one surface-active photoinitiator, concentrated at the surface of the formulation, of formula la or lb:
  • R a is a radical of formula I la (lla);
  • R b is a radical of formula lib ( llb ): or
  • R a and R b are naphthyl, anthracyl, phenanthryl or a heterocyclic radical, the radicals naphthyl, anthracyl, phenanthryl and the heterocycle being unsubstituted or substituted by A-Y-, C C 8 alkyl, phenyl, OR ⁇ 3 , SR 14 or/and by NR 15 R 16 , and the substituents OR 13 , SR ⁇ 4 and NR ⁇ 5 R ⁇ 6 being capable, by way of the radicals R 13 , R 14 , R 15 and/or R 16 together with further substituents on the naphthyl ring, anthracyl ring, phenanthryl ring or heterocycle or with one of the carbon atoms of the naphthyl ring, anthracyl ring, phenanthryl ring or heterocycle, of forming 5- or 6-membered rings; with the proviso that in the compounds of formula la at least one substituent A-Y- is
  • Ri, R 2 , R 3 , R4, R 5 , Re, R 7 , Re, Rg and R 10 are each independently of the others hydrogen; A-Y-; C C 12 alkyI unsubstituted or substituted by OH, C C alkoxy, phenyl, naphthyl, halogen, CN and/or by -O(CO)R 17 ; or C 2 -C 12 alkyl interrupted by one or more non-consecutive oxygen atoms; or Ri, R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R5, Re, R7, Re, R 9 and R 1 0 are OR 13 , SR 14) NR 15 R 16 , halogen or unsubstituted or C C alkyl- and/or C C 4 alkoxy-substituted phenyl, the substituents OR 1 , SR 14 , NR 15 R 16 being capable, by way of the radicals R 13 , R ⁇ 4 , R 15 and/or R ⁇ 6 together with
  • R . . and R 12 are each independently of the other C ⁇ -C 12 alkyi, C 2 -C 8 alkenyl, C 5 -C 8 cycloalkyl or phenyl-Cr jalkyl; or Rn and R ⁇ 2 together are C 2 -C 8 alkylene, C 3 -C 9 oxaalkylene or C 3 -C 9 azaalkylene;
  • R 13 and R ⁇ are each independently of the other hydrogen; C C 12 alkyl unsubstituted or substituted by OH, Cr ⁇ al oxy, phenyl, phenoxy or/and by -O(CO)R 17 ; or C 2 -C 12 - alkyl interrupted by one or more non-consecutive oxygen atoms; or R 13 and R 14 are phenyl, C 3 -C 6 alkenyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl or naphthyl, those radicals being unsubstituted or substituted by C r C 4 alkoxy, phenyl or/and by C C 4 alkyl;
  • R 15 and R 16 are each independently of the other hydrogen; C C 12 alkyI unsubstituted or substituted by OH, d-C 4 alkoxy or/and by phenyl; or C 2 -C 12 alkyl interrupted by one or more non-consecutive oxygen atoms; or R 15 and R 16 are phenyl, -(CO)R 17 or -SO 2 R ⁇ s; or R ⁇ 5 and R 6 , together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bonded, form a 5-, 6- or 7-membered ring that is optionally interrupted by -O- or by -NR 19 -;
  • R 17 is C r C 8 alkyl, or phenyl unsubstituted or substituted by C r C 4 alkyl and/or by
  • R 18 is C C 12 alkyl, unsubstituted phenyl, or phenyl substituted by C r C 4 alkyl;
  • R 19 is hydrogen; CrC 8 alkyl unsubstituted or substituted by OH or by CrC 4 alkoxy; or phenyl unsubstituted or substituted by OH, CrC aIkyl or by C C 4 alkoxy;
  • X is -ORzo or -N(R 2 ⁇ )(R 22 );
  • R 20 is hydrogen, C r C 4 aikyl, C 2 -C 8 alkenyl or C C 4 alkanoyl;
  • R 2 1 and R 22 are each independently of the other hydrogen, C C 12 alkyl or C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, or R 21 and R 22 together are C -C 5 alkylene and, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bonded, form a 5- or 6-membered ring that may be interrupted by -O- or by -N(R 19 )-; and
  • X. is a radical -O-, -N(R 19 )- or -N(-Y A)-;
  • Y is a single bond or -O-, -S-, -N(R 19 )-, -O-(CH 2 ) a -, -O-(CH 2 ) a -O-, -S-(CH 2 ) a -,
  • a is a number from 1 to 10;
  • A is C 6 -C 30 alkyl, C 6 -C 3 oaIkenyl, C 6 -C 30 alkynyl, C 6 -C 30 aralkyi, C 6 -C 30 alkyl-(CO)-,
  • R 23 and R 24 are each independently of the other C C 18 alkyl, phenyl, C 2 -C 6 hydroxyalkyl, C 2 -C 6 aminoalkyl or C 5 -C 8 cycloalkyl.
  • R a and R b are each independently of the other a radical of formula lla or lib,
  • Ri, R 2 , R , Rs, Re, R?, g and R 10 are hydrogen;
  • R 3 is A-Y'-
  • R 8 is A-Y-
  • Rn and R ⁇ 2 are each independently of the other C r C ⁇ 2 alkyl, especially methyl;
  • X is OR 20 ;
  • R 20 is hydrogen or C r C alkyl
  • Xi is a radical -O-
  • Y is -O- or -O-(CH 2 ) a -O-;
  • Y' is -O-(CH 2 ) a -O-;
  • Y. is a single bond
  • A is C 6 -C 30 alkyl or C 6 -C 30 aralkyl.
  • C C ⁇ 2 Alkyl is linear or branched and is, for example, C r C 8 -, or CrC 4 -alkyl.
  • Examples include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, 2,4,4-trimethylpentyl, 2-ethylhexyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl and dodecyl.
  • CrC 8 Alkyl and C C 4 alkyl have the same meanings as given above up to the corresponding number of carbon atoms.
  • C 6 -C 30 Alkyl is likewise linear or branched, for example: C 6 -C 2 -, C 6 -C 12 -, C 10 -C 30 -, C 10 -C 24 -, C 12 -C 30 -alkyl.
  • Examples include hexyl, heptyl, 2,4,4-trimethylpentyl, 2-ethylhexyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, tetradecyl, pentadecyl, hexadecyl, heptadecyl, octadecyl, nona- decyl, icosyl, henicosyl, docosyl, tricosyl, tetracosyl, pentacosyl, hexacosyl, heptacosyl, octa- cosyl and triacontyl.
  • C 2 -C 12 Alkyl interrupted by one or more oxygen atoms is interrupted, for example, from 1 to 9 times, e.g. from 1 to 7 times or once or twice, by -O-.
  • C 2 -C 8 Alkylene is linear or branched, for example ethylene, propylene, isopropyiene, n-butylene, sec-butylene, isobutylene, tert-butylene, pentylene, hexylene, heptylene or octylene.
  • Rn and R 12 together are C 2 -C 8 alkylene they denote especially pentylene, that is to say, together with the carbon atom to which they are bonded they form a cyclohexyl
  • C 4 -C 5 Alkylene has the same meanings as those given above, according to the number of carbon atoms.
  • C 3 -C 9 oxaalkylene is alkylene interrupted by -O- and C 3 -C 9 azaalkylene is alkylene interrupted by -N(R 19 )-.
  • C C 4 Alkanoyl is linear or branched and is, for example, formyl, acetyl, propionyl, butanoyl, or isobutanoyl.
  • C C 4 Alkoxy denotes linear or branched radicals and is, for example, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, n-butyloxy, sec-butyloxy, isobutyloxy or tert-butyloxy, especially methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, n-butyloxy or tert-butyloxy, preferably methoxy.
  • Cycloalkyl is linear or branched alkyl that contains at least one ring, for example cyclopentyl, methylcyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, methyl- or dimethyl-cyclohexyl, or cyclooctyl, especially cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl.
  • C 2 -C 8 Alkenyl may be mono- or poly-unsaturated and linear or branched and is, for example, C 2 -C 6 - or C 2 -C 4 -aIkenyl.
  • Examples include allyl, methallyl, 1 ,1-dimethylallyl, 1-butenyl, 2-butenyl, 1 ,3-pentadienyl, 1-hexenyl, heptenyl, 2,4,4-trimethyl-pentenyl, 2-ethylhexenyl and 1-octenyl, especially allyl.
  • R . . and R 12 denoting C 2 -C 8 alkenyl are, for example, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, especially C 2 -C 4 alkenyl.
  • C 3 -C 6 Alkenyl may be mono- or poly-unsaturated and linear or branched and is, for example, C 3 -C 4 alkenyl.
  • Examples include allyl, methallyl, 1 ,1-dimethylallyl, 1-butenyl, 2-butenyl, 1 ,3- pentadienyl and 1 -hexenyl, especially allyl.
  • C 6 -C 30 Alkenyl is likewise linear or branched and mono- or poly-unsaturated and is, for example, C 6 -C 24 -, C 6 -C 12 -, C 1o -C 30 -, C 10 -C 24 - or C 12 -C 30 -alkenyl.
  • Examples include hexenyl, heptenyl, 2,4,4-trimethyl-pentenyl, 2-ethylhexenyl, octenyl, nonenyl, decenyl, undecenyl, dodecenyl, tetradecenyl, pentadecenyl, hexadecenyl, heptadecenyl, octadecenyl, nona- decenyl, icosenyl, henicosenyl, docosenyl, tricosenyl, tetracosenyl, pentacosenyl, hexacosenyl, heptacosenyl, octacosenyl and triacontenyl.
  • C 2 -C 10 Alkenylene is a divalent radical that is mono- or poly-unsaturated and also linear or branched, for example C 2 -C 8 -, C 2 -C 6 -, C 4 -C 8 -, C 3 -C 6 -, or C 2 -C 4 -alkenylene.
  • Examples include ethenylene, allylene, methallylene, 1,1-dimethylallylene, vinylene, 1-butenylene, 2-butenyl- ene, 3-butenylene, 1 ,3-pentadienylene, 1-hexenylene, 5-hexenylene, 1-octenylene and 7-octenylene, especially allylene.
  • C 6 -C 30 Alkynyl is linear or branched and mono- or poly-unsaturated and is, for example, C 6 -C 2 -, C 6 -C 12 -, C 10 -C 30 -, C 10 -C 24 - or C 12 -C 30 -alkynyl.
  • Examples include hexynyl, heptynyl, 2,4,4-trimethylpentynyl, 2-ethyl hexynyl, octynyl, nonynyl, decynyl, undecynyl, dodecynyl, tetradecynyl, pentadecynyl, hexadecynyl, heptadecynyl, octadecynyl, nonadecynyl, icosynyl, henicosynyl, docosynyl, tricosynyl, tetracosynyl, pentacosynyl, hexacosynyl, heptacosynyl, octacosynyl and triacontynyl.
  • Aralkyl is alkyl substituted by an aromatic radical. Examples include phenyl-C C 24 - alkyl, naphthyl-C ⁇ -C 20 alkyl, anthryl-C C 16 alkyl and phenanthryl-CrCiealkyl, the alkyl radicals CrC2 -, C C 2 o- and C C ⁇ 6 - in question each being substituted by the corresponding aromatic radical phenyl, naphthyl, anthryl or phenanthryl respectively.
  • the alkyl radicals are linear or branched and may have the meanings given above.
  • Examples include benzyl, phenylethyl, ⁇ -methylbenzyl, phenylpentyl, phenylhexyl and ⁇ , ⁇ -dimethylbenzyl, especially benzyl, naphthylmethyl, naphthylethyl, naphthylpropyl and naphthyl-1 -methylethyl, more especially naphthylmethyl.
  • the alkyl unit may be in either the 1- or the 2-position of the naphthyl ring.
  • Halogen is fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine, especially chlorine or bromine, more especially fluorine.
  • Substituted phenyl is mono- to penta-substituted, for example mono-, di- or tri-substituted, especially mono- or di-substituted, on the phenyl ring.
  • a heterocyclic radical is to be understood in this context as meaning either an aliphatic or aromatic ring containing one or more, especially one or two, hetero atoms. It may also be a fused ring system. There come into consideration as hetero atoms, for example, especially O, N and S. Examples include furyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, oxinyl, dioxinyl and pyridyl.5- or 6- membered rings are preferred.
  • R a and R b denoting heterocyclic radicals are, for example, pyrrolyl, pyrrolidinyl, oxazolyl, pyridyl, 1 ,3-diazinyl, 1 ,2-diazinyl, piperidyl, morpholinyl, thianthrenyl, furanyl, pyranyl, xanthenyl, imidazolyl, thiazoylyl, pyrimidinyl, indazolinyl, indolyl, indazolyl, purinyl, isoquinolyl, quinolyl, xanthyl, thioxanthyl, acridinyl etc.
  • R 8 , R 9 or R 10 denoting OR 13 , SR 14 or NR 15 R 16 , together with further substituents on the phenyl ring or with a carbon atom of the phenyl ring, form a 5- or
  • R 15 and R ⁇ 6 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bonded, form a 5- or 6- membered ring that in addition may be interrupted by -O- or by -NR 19 -, the ring is, for example, a saturated or unsaturated ring, for example aziridine, piperazine, pyrrole, pyrrolidine, oxazole, pyridine, 1 ,3-diazine, 1 ,2-diazine, piperidine or morpholine; morpholinyl, piperidyl or piperazinyl rings, especially, are formed.
  • a saturated or unsaturated ring for example aziridine, piperazine, pyrrole, pyrrolidine, oxazole, pyridine, 1 ,3-diazine, 1 ,2-diazine, piperidine or morpholine; morpholinyl, piperidyl or piperazinyl rings, especially, are formed.
  • C 2 -C ⁇ 0 Alkenylene is mono- or poly-unsaturated, linear or branched, and is, for example, " C 2 -C 8 -, C 4 -C 8 -, C 3 -C 6 - or C 2 -C 4 -alkenylene, e.g. ethenylene, 1 -propenylene, 1 -butenylene, 3-butenylene, 2-butenylene, 1 ,3-pentadienylene, 5-hexenylene or 7-octenylene.
  • C 4 -C 8 Alkenylene has the same meanings as those given above, according to the number of carbon atoms.
  • the expression “at least” is intended to define one or more than one, for example one, two or three, preferably one or two.
  • the expression “ranging from 200 nm into the IR region” denotes from 200 nm to 2500 nm, especially from 200 nm to 800 nm or from 200 to 600 nm.
  • a is preferably a number from 1 to 10, e.g. from 1 to 2, especially 2.
  • A is preferably a radical C 6 -C 30 alkyl.
  • R a is a radical lla
  • R a is a radical lla
  • one of the substituents R ⁇ R 2 , R 3 , R and R 5 is a group -Y-A.
  • 1 or 2 of the radicals Ri, R 2 , R 3 , R and R 5 is/are -Y-A.
  • R 1f R 3 or/and R 5 are a group -Y-A.
  • R 3 is a group -Y-A.
  • one of the substituents R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , R 9 and R 10 is preferably a group -Y-A.
  • one of the substituents R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , R 9 and R 10 is a group -Y-A.
  • 1 or 2 of the radicals R e , R 7 , R 8 , Rg and R 10 is/are -Y-A.
  • R 6 , R 8 or/and Rio are a group -Y-A.
  • R 8 is a group -Y-A.
  • R 4 , R 5 are especially hydrogen, C C 4 alkyl or CrC alkoxy, preferably hydrogen.
  • R 11 and R ⁇ 2 are, for example, C r C 4 alkyl, especially methyl.
  • Rn and R 12 are methyl or together are C 3 -C 8 alkylene or, especially, together with the carbon atom to which they are bonded, form a cyclohexyl ring, or Rn is C r C 4 alkyl, especially ethyl, and R 12 is allyl or benzyl.
  • R 13 and R ⁇ are especially d-C 4 aIkyl, hydrogen, phenyl, or C 2 -C 8 aikyl interrupted by -O-, preferably C dalkyl or hydrogen.
  • R 15 and R 16 are especially CrC 4 alkyl, preferably methyl, or, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bonded, form a morpholinyl radical.
  • R 17 is C C 8 alkyl, unsubstituted phenyl, or phenyl substituted by d-C 4 alkyl and/or by
  • R 18 is CrC 12 alkyl, unsubstituted phenyl, or phenyl substituted by C C 4 alkyl;
  • R 19 is preferably hydrogen, C C 4 alkyl, or C 1 -C 4 alkyl substituted by OH.
  • X is preferably -OR 20 or N(R 2 ⁇ )(R 22 ); R 20 is especially hydrogen, R 21 and R 22 are especially C r C 4 alkyl, preferably methyl, or, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bonded, form a morpholinyl radical. Xi is preferably -O-.
  • A is especially a C 6 -C 30 alkyl radical, which is unsubstituted or is substituted by halogen.
  • Unsubstituted C 6 -C 22 alkyl is preferred.
  • Y is preferably a single bond, -O-, -S- or -O-(CH 2 ) a -O-, especially -O- or -O-(CH 2 ) a -O-, a being especially 2.
  • Y is preferably a single bond or -(CH 2 ) a -O-, especially a single bond.
  • Compounds of formulae la and lb can be obtained, for example, by the customary reactions, known to the person skilled in the art, of ether formation or alkylation of a thiol group or of an amine group.
  • compounds of formulae la and lb can be prepared by reacting a photoinitiator (III) with an alkyl halide (IV) in the presence of a base:
  • Rn, R 12 , Y and A are as defined hereinbefore; and X is OR 20 or N(R 2 ⁇ )(R 22 ) wherein R 20 , R 2 ⁇ and R 22 are as defined hereinbefore, with the proviso that in this instance R 20 , R 2 ⁇ and R 22 are not hydrogen.
  • a compound la or lb can be obtained by acylating a photoinitiator (III) with an appropriate surface-active reagent (VI) that contains an acid group or an acid chloride group to form an ester, a thiol ester or an amide:
  • R 115 R 12 , X, Xi, Y, Yi and A are as defined hereinbefore; and W is OH or halogen, halogen being especially chlorine.
  • Compounds of formula la can also be obtained by Friedel-Crafts acylation of a photoinitiator (V) with a surface-active reagent (VII) in the presence of a suitable catalyst.
  • a compound la can be obtained by acylation of a photoinitiator (V) with an appropriate surface-active reagent (VII) that contains an acid halide group:
  • Rn, R 12 , Y and A are as defined hereinbefore;
  • X is OR 20 or N(R 21 )(R 22 ) wherein R 2 o, R 21 and R 22 are as defined hereinbefore, with the proviso that in this instance Rao, R 2 ⁇ and R 22 are not hydrogen; and ⁇ N. is halogen, halogen being especially chlorine.
  • the procedure for such reactions is known to the person skilled in the art and is described in detail in the literature (e.g. J. March, Advanced Organic Chemistry, 3 rd edition 1985, chapter 1-15, pages 484-487; or Olah, "Friedel-Crafts and Related Reactions", Interscience NY 1963-1964).
  • the reactions are carried out at various temperatures, depending on the solvents and starting materials employed.
  • the temperatures and other reaction conditions required for the reactions in question are generally known and are familiar to the person skilled in the art.
  • the reaction products can be separated and purified according to generally customary methods, for example by crystallisation, distillation or chromatography.
  • the photoinitiators (III) and (V) are in some cases available commercially, or they can be prepared according to methods known to the person skilled in the art, for example in accordance with the methods described in EP 3 002, EP 284 561 , EP 805 152 and EP 281 941. Preference is given to a process as described hereinbefore in which, in the compounds of formulae la and lb,
  • R a and R b are each independently of the other a radical of formula lla or lib or naphthyl that is unsubstituted or substituted by A-Y-, C C 8 alkyl or/and by OR 13 ;
  • R 15 R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6) R 7 , R 8 , R 9 and R 10 are each independently of the others hydrogen; A-Y-; C ⁇ -C 12 alkyl; or C 2 -C ⁇ 2 alkyl interrupted by one or more non-consecutive oxygen atoms; or Ri, R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , Re, R 7 , Rs, Rg and R1 0 are OR 3) halogen or phenyl;
  • Rn and R 12 are each independently of the other C r C 12 alkyl or phenyl-C r C 3 alkyl; or Rn and R ⁇ 2 together are C 2 -C 8 alkylene;
  • R 13 is hydrogen; C ⁇ -C 12 alkyl; or C 2 -C 12 alkyl interrupted by one or more non- consecutive oxygen atoms;
  • X is OR 20 or N(R 21 )(R 22 );
  • R 1 is hydrogen or CrC 4 alkyl
  • R 20 is hydrogen or C- ⁇ -C alkyl
  • R 21 and R 22 are each independently of the other d-C 12 alkyl or C 2 -C 6 alkenyl; or R 21 and R 22 together are C 4 -C 5 alkylene and, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bonded, form a 5- or 6-membered ring that may be interrupted by O or by N(R 19 );
  • Xi is a radical -O-, -N(R ⁇ 9 )- or -N(-Y r A)-;
  • Y is a single bond or -O-, -S- or -O-(CH 2 ) a -O-; Y 1 is a single bond; and
  • A is C 6 -C 30 alkyl or C 6 -C 30 aralkyl.
  • R a and R b are each independently of the other a radical of formula lla or lib,
  • R-i, 2, R 4 , R5, Re, R7, Rg and R10 are hydrogen;
  • R 3 and R 8 are A-Y-;
  • Rn and R 12 are each independently of the other CrC 12 alkyl, especially methyl
  • X is OR 20 ;
  • R 20 is hydrogen or C C 4 alkyl
  • Xi is a radical -O-
  • Y is -O- or -O-(CH 2 ) a -O-; Yi is a single bond; and A is C 6 -C 30 alkyl or C 6 -C 30 aralkyl.
  • the compounds of formula I comprise at least one substituent -Y-A or -Y ⁇ A.
  • substituents are the radicals that bring about the surface activity of the photoinitiator compounds, that is to say, ensure that the photoinitiator is concentrated at the surface of the formulation to be cured.
  • the photoinitiators are used in accordance with the invention to cure free-radical- polymerizable systems with the aim of obtaining a cured surface having excellent properties. It is crucial for that that the photoinitiator is concentrated at the surface of the formulation to be cured. As has already been stated above, this is achieved by appropriate substituents on the photoinitiator. An improvement in the surface properties can be achieved with the aid of such initiators not only in purely photocurable systems but also in formulations that are a mixture of thermally curable and photocurable.
  • the present invention accordingly relates both to the use of the photoinitiators of formulae la and lb in purely photocurable formulations and to the use of the photoinitiators of formulae la and lb in formulations that are a mixture of photochemically and thermally curable.
  • the thermal curing can be effected before, during or after the exposure to light.
  • the invention accordingly relates also to a process as described above in which the photocurable formulation comprises as further component at least one thermally crosslinkable compound (C), and the formulation is cured by irradiation with light of a wavelength ranging from 200 nm into the IR region, for example from 200 to 1000 nm, especially from 200 to 600 nm, and the prior, simultaneous and/or subsequent action of heat.
  • the photocurable formulation comprises as further component at least one thermally crosslinkable compound (C)
  • the formulation is cured by irradiation with light of a wavelength ranging from 200 nm into the IR region, for example from 200 to 1000 nm, especially from 200 to 600 nm, and the prior, simultaneous and/or subsequent action of heat.
  • the compounds of formulae la and lb can be used as surface- active photoinitiators for the photopolymerization of ethylenically unsaturated compounds or of mixtures that comprise such compounds, and are oriented towards the surface of the formulation in question.
  • a process for concentrating a photoinitiator at the surface of coatings comprises adding a surface-active photoinitiator of formula la or lb to the photo- poiymerizable mixture comprising the ethylenically unsaturated photopolymerizable compounds.
  • compositions that comprise siloxane-modified resin components it is not the concentration at the surface but rather the good miscibility that is important.
  • the initiators of formulae la and lb are excellently suitable for increasing the miscibility and compatibility of the initiator molecule with such siloxane- modified resins.
  • the photoinitiators can also be used in combination with other photoinitiators (E) and/or further additives (D).
  • the invention accordingly relates also to photopolymerizable compositions comprising
  • the invention relates furthermore to photopolymerizable compositions comprising
  • compositions may also comprise further different photoinitiators (E) and/or further additives (D).
  • Catalysts for the thermal crosslinking may also be added. Suitable examples are listed hereinbelow.
  • the unsaturated compounds (A) may contain one or more olefinic double bonds. They may be low molecular weight (monomeric) or higher molecular weight (oligomeric). Colloidal dispersions of the oligomers in aqueous medium (latex) are also possible.
  • Examples of monomers having a double bond include alkyl and hydroxyalkyl acrylates and methacrylates, e.g. methyl, ethyl, butyl, 2-ethylhexyl and 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate, isobornyl acrylate and methyl and ethyl methacrylate. Also of interest are silicone acrylates.
  • acrylonitrile acrylamide, methacrylamide, N-substituted (meth)acryl- amides
  • vinyl esters such as vinyl acetate, vinyl ethers, such as isobutyl vinyl ether, styrene, alkyl- and halo-styrenes, N-vinylpyrrolidone, vinyl chloride and vinylidene chloride.
  • Examples of monomers having a plurality of double bonds are ethylene glycol diacrylate, propylene glycol diacrylate, neopentyl glycol diacrylate, hexamethylene glycol diacrylate and bisphenol-A diacrylate, 4,4'-bis(2-acryloyloxyethoxy)diphenylpropane, trimethylolpropane tri- acrylate, pentaerythritol triacrylate and pentaerythritol tetraacrylate, vinyl acrylate, divinyl- benzene, divinyl succinate, diallyl phthalate, triallyl phosphate, triallyl isocyanurate and tris(2- acryloylethyl) isocyanurate.
  • Examples of higher-molecular-weight (oligomeric) polyunsaturated compounds are acrylated epoxy resins, acrylated or vinyl-ether- or epoxy-group-containing polyesters, polyurethanes and polyethers.
  • Further examples of unsaturated oligomers include unsaturated polyester resins, which are usually prepared from maleic acid, phthalic acid and one or more diols and have molecular weights of about from 500 to 3000.
  • vinyl ether monomers and oligomers and also maleate-terminated oligomers having polyester, polyurethane, polyether, polyvinyl ether and epoxide main chains.
  • Combinations of vinyl- ether-group-carrying oligomers and polymers, as described in WO 90/01512 are especially suitable, but copolymers of monomers functionalized with vinyl ether and maleic acid also come into consideration. '
  • the free-radical-polymerizable double bonds in such compounds are in the form of (meth)acryloy! groups.
  • (Meth)acryloyl and (meth)acryl here and in the following, denote acryloyl and/or methacryloyl, and acryl and/or methacryl, respectively.
  • at least two polymerizable double bonds in the form of (meth)acryloyl groups are present in the molecule.
  • the compounds may be, for example, (meth)acryloyl-functional oligomeric and/or polymeric compounds of poly(meth)acrylate.
  • the number average molar mass of such a compound may be, for example, from 300 to 10000, preferably from 800 to 10 000.
  • the compounds containing preferably f ee-radical-polymerizable double bonds in the form of (meth)acryloyl groups can be obtained according to customary methods, for example by reaction of poly(meth)acrylates with (meth)acrylic acid. That, and further methods of preparation, are described in the literature and are known to the person skilled in the art. Such unsaturated oligomers can also be termed prepolymers.
  • Functionalized acrylates are also suitable.
  • suitable monomers normally used to form the backbone (the base polymer) of such functionalized acrylate and methacrylate polymers include, for example, acrylate, methylacrylate, methyl methacrylate, ethyl acrylate, ethyl methacrylate, n-butyl acrylate, n-butyl methacrylate, isobutyl acrylate, isobutyl methacrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate etc.
  • suitable amounts of functional monomers are copolymerized during the polymerization in order in that way to obtain the functional polymers.
  • Acid-functionalized acrylate or methacrylate polymers are obtained using acid-functional monomers, such as acrylic acid and methacrylic acid.
  • Hydroxy-functional acrylate or methacrylate polymers are obtained from hydroxy-functional monomers, such as 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, 2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate, 3,4- dihydroxybutyl methacrylate.
  • Epoxy-functionalized acrylate or methacrylate polymers are obtained using epoxy-functional monomers, such as glycidyl methacrylate, 2,3-epoxybutyl methacrylate, 3,4-epoxybutyl methacrylate, 2,3-epoxycyclohexyl methacrylate, 10,11-epoxy- undecyl methacrylate etc..
  • epoxy-functional monomers such as glycidyl methacrylate, 2,3-epoxybutyl methacrylate, 3,4-epoxybutyl methacrylate, 2,3-epoxycyclohexyl methacrylate, 10,11-epoxy- undecyl methacrylate etc.
  • isocyanate-functionalized polymers to be prepared from isocyanate-functionalized monomers, for example meta- isopropenyl- ⁇ , ⁇ -dimethylbenzyl isocyanate.
  • esters of ethylenically unsaturated mono- or poly- functional carboxylic acids and polyols or polyepoxides and polymers having ethylenically unsaturated groups in the chain or in side groups, e.g. unsaturated polyesters, polyamides and polyurethanes and copolymers thereof, alkyd resins, polybutadiene and butadiene copolymers, polyisoprene and isoprene copolymers, polymers and copolymers having (meth)acrylic groups in side chains, and also mixtures of one or more such polymers.
  • Suitable mono- or poly-functional unsaturated carboxylic acids are acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, crotonic acid, itaconic acid, cinnamic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, itaconic acid, and unsaturated fatty acids such as linolenic acid or oleic acid.
  • Acrylic and methacrylic acid are preferred.
  • saturated di- or poly-carboxylic acids it is also possible, however, for saturated di- or poly-carboxylic acids to be used in admixture with unsaturated carboxylic acids.
  • suitable saturated di- or poly-carboxylic acids include, for example, tetrachlorophthalic acid, tetrabromophthalic acid, phthalic acid anhydride, adipic acid, tetrahydrophthalic acid, isophthalic acid, terephthalic acid, trimellitic acid, heptanedicarboxylic acid, sebacic acid, dodecanedicarboxylic acid, hexahydrophthalic acid etc..
  • Suitable polyols are aromatic and especially aliphatic and cycloaliphatic polyols.
  • aromatic polyols are hydroquinone, 4,4'-dihydroxydiphenyl, 2,2-di(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane, and novolaks and resols.
  • polyepoxides are those based on the said polyols, especially the aromatic polyols, and epichlorohydrin.
  • Also suitable as polyols are polymers and copolymers that contain hydroxyl groups in the polymer chain or in side groups, e.g. polyvinyl alcohol and copolymers thereof and polymethacrylic acid hydroxyalkyl esters or copolymers thereof.
  • Further suitable polyols are oligo esters having hydroxyl terminal groups.
  • Examples of aliphatic and cycloaliphatic polyols include alkylenediols having preferably from 2 to 12 carbon atoms, such as ethylene glycol, 1 ,2- or 1 ,3-propanediol, 1 ,2-, 1 ,3- or 1 ,4- butanediol, pentanediol, hexanediol, octanediol, dodecanediol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, polyethylene glycols having molecular weights of preferably from 200 to 1500, 1 ,3- cyclopentanediol, 1 ,2-, 1 ,3- or 1 ,4-cyclohexanediol, 1 ,4-dihydroxymethylcyclohexane, glycerol, tris( ⁇ -hydroxyethyl)amine, trimethylolethane, trimethylolpropane, pentaerythr
  • the polyols may be partially or fully esterified with one or with different unsaturated carboxylic acid(s), it being possible for the free hydroxyl groups in partial esters to be modified, for example etherified, or esterified with other carboxylic acids.
  • esters are: trimethylolpropane triacrylate, trimethylolethane triacrylate, trimethylolpropane trimethacryl- ate, trimethylolethane trimethacrylate, tetramethylene glycol dimethacrylate, triethylene glycol dimethacrylate, tetraethylene glycol diacrylate, pentaerythritol diacrylate, pentaerythritol triacrylate, pentaerythritol tetraacrylate, dipentaerythritol diacrylate, dipentaerythritol triacrylate, dipentaerythritol tetraacrylate, dipentaerythritol pentaacrylate, dipentaerythritol hexaacrylate, tripentaerythritol octaacrylate, pentaerythritol dimethacrylate, pentaerythritol trimethacrylate, dipentaeryth
  • component (A) are the amides of identical or different unsaturated carboxylic acids and aromatic, cycloaliphatic and aliphatic polyamines having preferably from 2 to 6, especially from 2 to 4, amino groups.
  • polyamines are ethylene- diamine, 1 ,2- or 1 ,3-propylenediamine, 1 ,2-, 1 ,3- or 1 ,4-butylenediamine, 1 ,5-pentylene- diamine, 1 ,6-hexylenediamine, octylenediamine, dodecylenediamine, 1 ,4-diaminocyclo- hexane, isophorone diamine, phenylenediamine, bisphenylenediamine, di- ⁇ -aminoethyl ether, diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine and di( ⁇ -aminoethoxy)- and di( ⁇ -amino- propoxy)-ethane.
  • polystyrene resins are polymers and copolymers which may have additional amino groups in the side chain and oligoamides having amino terminal groups.
  • unsaturated amides are: methylene bisacrylamide, 1 ,6-hexamethylene bisacrylamide, diethylenetriamine trismethacrylamide, bis(methacrylamidopropoxy)ethane, ⁇ -methacrylamidoethyl methacrylate and N-[( ⁇ -hydroxyethoxy)ethyl]-acrylamide.
  • Suitable unsaturated polyesters and polyamides are derived, for example, from maleic acid and diols or diamines.
  • the maleic acid may have been partially replaced by other dicarbox- ylic acids. They may be used together with ethylenically unsaturated comonomers, e.g. styrene.
  • the polyesters and polyamides may also be derived from dicarboxylic acids and ethylenically unsaturated diols or diamines, especially from those having longer chains of e.g. from 6 to 20 carbon atoms.
  • Examples of polyurethanes are those composed of saturated diisocyanates and unsaturated diols or unsaturated diisocyanates and saturated diols.
  • Suitable comonomers include, for example, olefins, such as ethylene, propene, butene and hexene, (meth)- acrylates, acrylonitrile, styrene and vinyl chloride. Polymers having (meth)acrylate groups in the side chain are likewise known.
  • Examples are reaction products of novoiak-based epoxy resins with (meth)acrylic acid; homo- or co-polymers of vinyl alcohol or hydroxyalkyl derivatives thereof that have been esterified with (meth)acrylic acid; and homo- and co-polymers of (meth)acrylates that have been esterified with hydroxyalkyl (meth)acrylates.
  • the photopolymerizable compounds (A) can be used on their own or in any desired mixtures.
  • mixtures of polyol (meth)acrylates are used.
  • Binders may also be added to the compositions according to the invention, this being particularly advantageous when the photopolymerizable compounds are liquid or viscous substances.
  • the amount of binder may be, for example, from 5 to 95% by weight, preferably from 10 to 90% by weight and especially from 40 to 90% by weight, based on total solids.
  • the choice of the binder is made in accordance with the field of use and the properties required therefor, such as developability in aqueous and organic solvent systems, adhesion to substrates and sensitivity to oxygen.
  • Suitable binders are, for example, polymers having a molecular weight of approximately from 5000 to 2000000, preferably from 10000 to 1 000000. Examples are: homo- and co- polymers of acrylates and methacrylates, e.g. copolymers of methyl methacrylate/ethyl acrylate/methacrylic acid, poly(methacrylic acid alkyl esters), po!y(acrylic acid alkyl esters); cellulose esters and ethers, such as cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate butyrate, methyl- cellulose, ethylcellulose; polyvinyl butyral, polyvinyl formal, cyclised caoutchouc, polyethers such as polyethylene oxide, polypropylene oxide, polytetrahydrofuran; polystyrene, polycarbonate, polyurethane, chlorinated polyolefins, polyvinyl chloride, copolymers of vinyl chloride/vinylidene chloride, copolymers
  • component (A) that is to say as UV-curable component, the mentioned resins listed hereinbelow under (C1).
  • the reactive functional group may be selected from a hydroxyl, thiol, isocyanate, epoxy, anhydride, carboxy, amino and a blocked amino group.
  • Examples of OH-group-containing unsaturated acrylates are hydroxyethyl acrylates, hydroxybutyl acrylates and also glycidyl acrylates.
  • the unsaturated compounds can also be used in admixture with non-photopolymerizable film-forming components.
  • These may be, for example, polymers that can be dried physically or solutions thereof in organic solvents, for example nitrocellulose or cellulose acetobutyrate, but they may also be chemically or thermally curable resins, for example polyisocyanates, polyepoxides or melamine resins.
  • thermally curable resins examples include aikyd resins, acrylic resins, polyester resins, phenol resins, melamine resins, epoxy resins and polyurethane resins and mixtures thereof.
  • thermally curable resins is important for use in so-called hybrid systems, which are both photopolymerized and thermally crosslinked.
  • Component (A) may be, for example, a coating composition comprising (A1) one or more compounds containing free-radical-polymerizable double bonds that, in addition, contain at least one further functional group that is reactive in terms of an addition and/or condensation reaction (examples are given hereinbefore), (A2) one or more compounds containing free-radical-polymerizable double bonds that, in addition, contain at least one further functional group that is reactive in terms of an addition and/or condensation reaction, the additional reactive functional group being complementary to, that is to say reactive with, the additional reactive functional group(s) of component (A1), (A3) optionally at least one monomeric, oligomeric and/or polymeric compound having at least one functional group that is reactive, in terms of an addition and/or condensation reaction, with respect to the functional groups of component (A1) or component (A2) present in addition to the free-radical-polymerizable double bonds.
  • A1 one or more compounds containing free-radical-polymerizable double bonds that, in addition,
  • Component (A2) carries rhe relevant groups complementary to, that is to say reactive with, component (A1). It is also possible for different kinds of functional group to be present in one component. With component (A3), there is a further component available that contains functional groups reactive in terms of addition and/or condensation reactions, those groups being able to react with the functional groups of (A1 ) or (A2) present in addition to the free- radical-polymerizable double bonds. Component (A3) does not contain any free-radical- polymerizable double bonds. Examples of such (A1), (A2), (A3) combinations are to be found in WO 99/55785. Examples of suitable reactive functional groups are selected, for example, from hydroxyl, isocyanate, epoxy, anhydride, carboxyl and blocked amino groups. Examples are described hereinbefore.
  • Constituents of component (C) include, for example, thermally curable surface-coating or coating-system constituents customary in the art. Where appropriate, component (C) accordingly consists of a plurality of constituents.
  • component (C) examples include, for example, oligomers and/or polymers derived from ⁇ , ⁇ -unsaturated acids and derivatives thereof, e.g. polyacrylates and polymethacrylates, polymethyl methacrylates modified in respect of impact resistance using butyl acrylate, polyacrylamides and polyacrylonitriles. Further examples of component (C) are urethanes, polyurethanes that are derived on the one hand from polyethers, polyesters and polyacrylates having free hydroxyl groups or thiol groups and on the other hand from aliphatic or aromatic polyisocyanates, and precursors thereof. Accordingly component (C) includes, for example, also crosslinkable acrylic resins derived from substituted acrylic acid esters, e.g.
  • alkyd resins, polyester resins and acrylate resins and modifications thereof that are crosslinked with melamine resins, urea resins, isocyanates, isocyanurates, polyisocyanates, polyisocyanurates and epoxy resins can be constituents of component (C).
  • Component (C) is, for example, generally a film-forming binder based on a thermoplastic or thermocurable resin, chiefly on a thermocurable resin.
  • a thermoplastic or thermocurable resin chiefly on a thermocurable resin.
  • examples include alkyd resins, acrylic resins, polyester resins, phenol resins, melamine resins, epoxy resins, polyurethane resins and mixtures thereof. Examples of such resins are described, for example, in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 5th Edition, Vol. A18, pp. 368-426, VCH, Weinheim 1991.
  • Component (C) can be a cold-curable or a hot-curable binder, the addition of a curing catalyst possibly being advantageous.
  • Suitable catalysts for accelerating the full cure of the binder are described, for example, in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Vol. A18, p. 469, VCH Verlagsgesellschaft, Weinheim 1991.
  • polyurethane surface-coating compositions based on blocked isocyanates, isocyanurates or polyisocyanates which are deblocked during stoving; the addition of melamines is also possible, if desired;
  • thermoplastic polyacrylate surface-coating compositions based on thermoplastic acrylate resins or extrinsically crosslinking acrylate resins in combination with etherified melamine resins;
  • UV-curable systems based on oligomeric urethane acrylates and/or acylate acrylates, optionally with the addition of other oligomers or monomers;
  • Blocked isocyanates as may be employed, inter alia, in component (C) are described, for example, in Organischer Metallschutz: Eck und für von Be Anlagenungs- stoffen [Organic Protection of Metals: Development and Application of Coating Materials], page 159-160, Vincentz Verlag, Hannover (1993). These are compounds in which the highly reactive NCO group is "blocked” by reaction with specific radicals, such as primary alcohols, phenol, acetoacetates, ⁇ -caprolactam, phthalimide, imidazole, oxime or amine.
  • the blocked isocyanate is stable in liquid systems and also in the presence of hydroxyl groups. On heating, the blocking agents are eliminated and the NCO group is exposed.
  • component (C) Both 1 -component (1K) and 2-component (2K) systems may be used as component (C). Examples of such systems are described in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Vol. A18, Paints and Coatings, page 404-407, VCH Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, Weinheim (1991).
  • composition may be optimised by specially adapting the formulation, for example by varying the binder/crosslinker ratio.
  • Such measures are well known to the person skilled in the art of coatings technology.
  • the component (C) is preferably a mixture based on acrylate/melamine (and melamine derivatives), 2-component polyurethane, 1 -component polyurethane, 2-component epoxy/carboxy or 1 -component epoxy/carboxy. Mixtures of these systems are also possible, an example being the addition of melamine (or derivatives thereof) to 1 -component polyurethanes.
  • Component (C) is preferably a binder based on a polyacrylate with melamine or on a melamine derivative. Preference is also given to a system based on a polyacrylate polyol and/or polyester polyol with an unblocked polyisocyanate or polyisocyanurate.
  • the ethylenically unsaturated bonds are converted by UV radiation into a crosslinked, high molecular mass form.
  • Examples of such components (C) are described, for example, in the above-mentioned publication Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 5th Ed., Vol. A18, pages 451-453, or by S. Urano, K. Aoki, N. Tsuboniva and R. Mizuguchi in Progress in Organic Coatings, 20 (1992), 471-486, or by H. Terashima and O. Isozaki in JOCCA 1992 (6), 222.
  • (C1) may be, for example, an OH-containing unsaturated acrylate, e.g. hydroxyethyl or hydroxybutyl acrylate or else glycidyl acrylates.
  • the component (C1) may be of any desired construction (e.g. polyester, polyacrylate, polyether, etc., units) provided there are an ethylenically unsaturated double bond and also free OH, COOH, NH 2 , epoxy or NCO groups.
  • (C1) may also be obtained, for example, by reacting an epoxy-functional oligomer with acrylic acid or methacrylic acid.
  • a typical example of an OH-functional oligomer containing vinylic double bonds is
  • component (C1) is also, for example, the reaction of an oligomer that contains only one epoxy group and at another site in the molecule possesses a free OH group.
  • compositions may comprise components (A) and (C) in a ratio of from 5:95 to 95:5, from 20:80 to 80:20 or from 30:70 to 70:30, e.g. from 40:60 to 60:40.
  • compositions that are used in the process of the invention it is also possible to add solvents or water.
  • solvents are solvents which are known to the person skilled in the art and are customary particularly in coatings technology. Examples are various organic solvents, such as ketones, e.g. methyl ethyl ketone, cyclohexanone; aromatic hydrocarbons, e.g.
  • glycol ethers such as diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, dipropylene glycol diethyl ether
  • esters such as ethyl acetate
  • aliphatic hydrocarbons such as hexane, octane, decane
  • petroleum solvents such as petroleum ether.
  • the invention also provides compositions comprising as component (A) at least one ethylenically unsaturated photopolymerizable compound in emulsion or solution in water.
  • Such radiation-curable aqueous prepolymer dispersions are available commercially in numerous variations. They are understood to comprise a dispersion of water and at least one prepolymer dispersed therein.
  • the concentration of the water in these systems is, for example, from 5 to 80, in particular from 30 to 60% by weight.
  • the radiation-curable prepolymer or prepolymer mixture is present, for example, in concentrations of from 95 to 20, in particular from 70 to 40% by weight.
  • the sum of the percentages stated for water and prepolymers is in each case 100; the auxiliaries and additives are extra in different amounts depending on the intended use.
  • the radiation-curable film-forming prepolymers which are in dispersion and often also in solution in water comprise monofunctional or polyfunctional ethylenically unsaturated prepolymers which are known per se for aqueous prepolymer dispersions, may be initiated by means of free radicals, and have a polymerizable double bond content of, for example, from 0.01 to 1.0 mol per 100 g of prepolymer and also have an average molecular weight of, for example, at least 400, in particular from 500 to 10 000. Depending on the intended application, however, prepolymers with higher molecular weights may also be suitable.
  • Use is made, for example, of polyesters containing polymerizable C-C double bonds and having an acid number of not more than 10, polyethers containing polymerizable C-C double bonds, hydroxyl-containing reaction products of a polyepoxide containing at least two epoxide groups per molecule with at least one , ⁇ -ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid, polyurethane (meth)acrylates, and also acrylic copolymers containing , ⁇ -ethylenically unsaturated acrylic radicals, as described, for example, in EP 012339. Mixtures of these prepolymers may likewise be used.
  • Examples of further suitable prepolymers include the polymerizable prepolymers described in EP 033896, which are thioether adducts of polymerizable prepolymers having an average molecular weight of at least 600, a carboxyl group content of from 0.2 to 15% and a polymerizable C-C double bond content of from 0.01 to 0.8 mol per 100 g of prepolymer.
  • Other suitable aqueous dispersions based on specific alkyl (meth)acrylate polymers are described in EP 041125; suitable water-dispersible, radiation- curable prepolymers comprising urethane acrylates are given, for example, in DE 2936039.
  • these radiation-curable aqueous prepolymer dispersions may comprise dispersing aids, emulsifiers, antioxidants, light stabilizers, dyes, pigments, fillers, e.g. talc, gypsum, silica, rutile, carbon black, zinc oxide, iron oxides, reaction accelerants, levelling agents, lubricants, wetting agents, thickeners, matting agents, defoamers, and other auxiliaries customary in coatings technology.
  • Suitable dispersing aids include water-soluble organic compounds of high molecular mass containing polar groups, such as polyvinyl alcohols, polyvinylpyrrolidone or cellulose ethers.
  • Emulsifiers which can be used include nonionic, and possibly also ionic, emulsifiers.
  • the compounds of the invention and mixtures thereof may also be used as free-radical photoinitiators or photoinitiating systems for radiation-curable powder coating materials.
  • the powder coating materials may be based on solid resins and monomers containing reactive double bonds, such as maleates, vinyl ethers, acrylates, acrylamides and mixtures thereof.
  • a free-radically UV-curable powder coating material may be formulated by mixing unsaturated polyester resins with solid acrylamides (e.g. methylacrylamidoglycolate methyl ester) and a free-radical photoinitiator of the invention, as described for example in the paper "Radiation Curing of Powder Coating", Conference Proceedings, Radtech Europe 1993 by M. Wittig and Th. Gohmann.
  • Free-radically UV-curable powder coating materials may also be formulated by mixing unsaturated polyester resins with solid acrylates, methacrylates or vinyl ethers and a photoinitiator (or photoinitiator mixture) of the invention.
  • the powder coating materials may also include binders, as described for example in DE 4228514 and EP 636669.
  • the powder coating formulations described in EP 636669 contain, for example, a) an unsaturated resin from the group of the (semi)crystalline or amorphous unsaturated polyesters, unsaturated polyacrylates or mixtures thereof with unsaturated polyesters, particular preference being given to those derived from maleic acid or fumaric acid; b) an oligomeric or polymeric crosslinking agent containing vinyl ether-functional, vinyl ester- functional or (meth)acrylate-functional groups, particular preference being given to vinyl ether oligomers, such as divinyl ether-functionalized urethanes; c) the photoinitiator.
  • the UV-curable powder coating materials may also comprise white or coloured pigments.
  • rutile titanium dioxide may be used in concentrations of up to 50% by weight in order to give a cured powder coating possessing good hiding power.
  • the technique normally involves applying the powder to the substrate, such as metal or wood, by electrostatic or tribostatic spraying, melting the powder by heating and, after a smooth film has formed, radiation-curing the coating with ultraviolet and/or visible light, using medium- pressure mercury lamps, metal halide lamps or xenon lamps, for example.
  • a particular advantage of the radiation-curable powder coating materials over their thermally curable counterparts is that the flow time after melting of the powder particles may be selectively extended in order to ensure the formation of a smooth, highly glossy coating.
  • radiation-curable powder coating materials may be formulated without the unwanted effect of a shortened lifetime in such a way that they melt at relatively low temperatures. For this reason they are also suitable as coatings for heat-sensitive substrates, such as wood or plastics.
  • the powder coating formulations may also comprise UV absorbers. Appropriate examples are listed later on below.
  • the photopolymerizable mixtures can also contain various additives (D) in addition to the photoinitiator.
  • additives D
  • thermal inhibitors which are intended to prevent premature polymerization, e.g. 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-hydroxypiperidin-1-oxyl (4-hydroxy- TEMPO) and derivatives thereof, e.g. bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-oxyl-4-yl)- decanedioate or polyalkyl-piperidine-N-oxyl free radicals, 3-arylbenzofuran-2-one and derivatives thereof, e.g.
  • copper compounds such as copper naphthenate, stearate or octoate
  • phosphorus compounds for example triphenyl- phosphine, tributylphosphine, triethyl phosphite, triphenyl phosphite or tribenzyl phosphite
  • quaternary ammonium compounds e.g. tetramethylammonium chloride or trimethylbenzyl- ammonium chloride
  • hydroxylamine derivatives e.g. N-diethylhydroxylamine.
  • UV absorbers e.g. those of the hydroxy- phenylbenzotriazole, hydroxyphenylbenzophenone, oxalic acid amide or hydroxyphenyl-s- triazine type.
  • HALS sterically hindered amines
  • UV absorbers and light stabilizers are examples of such UV absorbers and light stabilizers:
  • 2-.2'-HvdroxyphenvDbenzotriazoles for example 2-(2'-hydroxy-5'-methylphenyl)-benzo- triazole, 2-(3',5'-di-tert-butyl-2'-hydroxyphenyl)benzotriazole, 2-(5'-tert-butyl-2'-hydroxy- phenyl)benzotriazole, 2-(2'-hydroxy-5'-(1 ,1 ,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenyl)benzotriazole, 2- (3',5'-di-tert-butyl-2'-hydroxyphenyl)-5-chloro-benzotriazole, 2-(3'-tert-butyl- 2'-hydroxy-5'- methylphenyi)-5-chloro-benzotriazole, 2-(3'-sec-butyI-5'-tert-butyI-2'-hydroxyphenyl)- benzotriazole, 2-(2'-hydroxy-4'-
  • Esters of substituted and unsubstituted benzoic acids as for example 4-tert-butyl-phenyl salicylate, phenyl salicylate, octylphenyl salicylate, dibenzoyl resorcinol, bis(4-tert-butyl- benzoyl) resorcinol, benzoyl resorcinol, 2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy- benzoate, hexadecyl 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzoate, octadecyl 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4- hydroxybenzoate, 2-methyl-4,6-di-tert-butylphenyl 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzoate.
  • Stericallv hindered amines for example bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl)sebacate, bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl)succinate, bis(1,2,2,6,6-pentamethyl-4-piperidyl)- sebacate, bis(1-octyloxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl)sebacate, bis(1 ,2,2,6,6- pentamethyl-4-piperidyl) n-butyl-3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzylmalonate, the condensate of 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-hydroxypiperidine and succinic acid, linear or cyclic condensates of N,N'-bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl)hexa- methylenediamine and 4-tert-octylamin
  • Oxamides for example 4,4'-dioctyloxyoxanilide, 2,2'-diethoxyoxanilide, 2,2'-dioctyloxy- 5,5'-di-tert-butoxanilide, 2,2'-didodecyloxy-5,5'-di-tert-butoxanilide, 2-ethoxy-2'-ethyloxani- lide, N,N'-bis(3-dimethylaminopropyl)oxamide, 2-ethoxy-5-tert-butyl-2'-ethoxanilide and its mixture with 2-ethoxy-2'-ethyl-5,4'-di-tert-butoxanilide, mixtures of o- and p-methoxy- disubstituted oxanilides and mixtures of o- and p-ethoxy-disubstituted oxanilides.
  • Phosphites and phosphonites for example triphenyl phosphite, diphenyl alkyl phosphites, phenyl dialkyl phosphites, tris(nonylphenyl) phosphite, trilauryl phosphite, trioctadecyl phosphite, distearyl pentaerythritol diphosphite, tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphite, diisodecyl pentaerythritol diphosphite, bis(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) pentaerythritol diphosphite, bis(2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenyl)-pentaerythritol diphosphite, diiso- decyloxypentaerythritol diphosphite, di
  • additives customary in the art such as antistatics, flow improvers and adhesion promoters.
  • the invention further provides for the use of compounds of the formulae la and lb as flow improvers, alone or in combination with further, customary flow improvers.
  • levelling as "the more or less pronounced capacity of a still-liquid coating itself to compensate the unevennesses which arise in the course of its application.” (cf. J. Bieleman, Lackadditive [Additives for Coatings], VCH Weinheim 1998, chapter 6).
  • the levelling of a coating material depends greatly on its flow behaviour and on its surface tension.
  • Flow improvers are substances which help wet coatings to become films which flow out evenly, by reducing the viscosity and/or surface tension. In the case of powder coating materiais, flow improvers also lower the melt viscosity and the glass transition temperature and have an additional devolatilizing effect. Flow improvers are used to eliminate levelling defects or surface defects which detract from the overall appearance of the coating.
  • Levelling defects or surface defects include the orange peel effect, formation of structures, cratering, fisheyes, sensitivity to draughts, substrate wetting problems, brush marks, runs, bittiness, pinholes, etc.
  • the use of the compounds of the invention as flow improvers makes it possible to lower the surface tension.
  • the surface tension may be calculated by determining the marginal angle of a drop of liquid on a surface (contact angle measurement).
  • D further additives
  • amines especially tertiary amines, for example tributylamine, triethanolamine, p-dimethyl- aminobenzoic acid ethyl ester, Michler's ketone, N-methyl-diethanolamine, N-dimethyl- ethanolamine, N-ethylmorpholine, N-methylmorpholine, diazabicyclooctane (triethylene- diamine), 18-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU), 1,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-5-ene (DBN) and salts thereof.
  • tributylamine triethanolamine
  • p-dimethyl- aminobenzoic acid ethyl ester Michler's ketone
  • N-methyl-diethanolamine N-dimethyl- ethanolamine
  • N-ethylmorpholine N-methylmorpholine
  • diazabicyclooctane triethylene-
  • quaternary ammonium salts for example trimethylbenzylammonium chloride.
  • the action of the amines can be enhanced by the addition of aromatic ketones of the benzophenone type.
  • Amines suitable for use as oxygen capture agents are, for example, substituted N,N-dialkylanilines, as described in EP 339841.
  • Further accelerators, co-initiators and auto-oxidisers are thiols, thioethers, disulfides and phosphines, as described e.g. in EP 438 123 and GB 2 180 358.
  • compositions of the invention It is also possible to add chain transfer reagents customary in the art to the compositions of the invention. Examples are mercaptans, amines and benzothiazole.
  • the photopolymerization may further be accelerated by adding photosensitizers as further additives (D), which shift or broaden the spectral sensitivity.
  • photosensitizers are, in particular, aromatic carbonyl compounds such as benzophenone derivatives, thioxanthone derivatives, and also especially isopropylthioxanthone, anthraquinone derivatives and 3-acylcoumarin derivatives, terphenyls, styryl ketones, and also 3-(aroylmethylene)- thiazolines, camphorquinone, and also eosine dyes, rhodamine dyes and erythrosine dyes.
  • the amines indicated above, for example, may also be regarded as photosensitizers.
  • the curing process, especially of compositions which are pigmented (with titanium dioxide for example) may also be assisted by adding an additional additive (D) which is a component which under thermal conditions forms free radicals, such as an azo compound, for instance 2,2'-azobis(4-methoxy-2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile), a triazene, diazo sulfide, pentazadiene or a peroxy compound such as hydroperoxide or peroxycarbonate, e.g. t-butyl hydroperoxide, as described for example in EP 245639.
  • D additional additive
  • compositions may also comprise, for example, a photoreducible dye, such as xanthene, benzoxanthene, benzothioxanthene, thiazine, pyronine, porphyrin or acridine dyes, and/or a radiation-cleavable trihalomethyl compound.
  • a photoreducible dye such as xanthene, benzoxanthene, benzothioxanthene, thiazine, pyronine, porphyrin or acridine dyes, and/or a radiation-cleavable trihalomethyl compound.
  • Further common additives (D) - depending on the intended use - include optical brighteners, fillers, e.g. kaolin, talc, barytes, gypsum, chalk or silicatic fillers, pigments, dyes, wetting agents or flow improvers.
  • optical brighteners e.g. kaolin, talc, barytes, gypsum, chalk or silicatic fillers, pigments, dyes, wetting agents or flow improvers.
  • the formulations may also comprise dyes and/or white or coloured pigments.
  • organic and inorganic pigments may be used.
  • Such additions are known to the person skilled in the art; some examples are titanium dioxide pigments, of, for example, the rutile or anatase type, carbon black, zinc oxide, such as zinc white, iron oxides, such as yellow iron oxide, red iron oxide, chrome yellow, chrome green, nickel titanium yellow, ultramarine blue, cobalt blue, bismuth vanadate, cadmium yellow or cadmium red.
  • organic pigments examples include monoazo or disazo pigments, and also metal complexes thereof, phthalocyanine pigments, polycyclic pigments, such as perylene, anthraquinone, thioindigo, quinacridone or triphenylmethane pigments, and also diketo- pyrrolopyrrole, isoindolinone, e.g. tetrachloroisoindolinone, isoindoline, dioxazine, benzimidazolone and quinophthalone pigments.
  • the pigments may be used individually or else in a mixture in the formulations.
  • the pigments depending on the intended use, are added to the formulations in the amounts customary in the art, for example in an amount of from 1 to 60% by weight, or from 10 to 30% by weight, based on the overall mass.
  • the formulations may also, for example, comprise organic dyes from a very wide variety of classes. Examples are azo dyes, methine dyes, anthraquinone dyes or metal complex dyes. Customary concentrations are, for example, from 0.1 to 20%, in particular from 1 to 5%, based on the overall mass.
  • additives are guided by the respective field of application and by the properties desired for this field.
  • additives (D) are customary in the art and, accordingly, are used in the amounts that are customary in the art.
  • mixtures of two or more of the photoinitiators of the formula la and/or lb it is advantageous, for example, to use mixtures obtained directly in the preparation.
  • mixtures with known photoinitiators (E) examples being mixtures with camphorquinone, benzophenone, benzophenone derivatives, acetophenone, acetophenone derivatives, such as ⁇ -hydroxycycloalkyl phenyl ketones or 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-phenylpropanone, dialkoxyacetophenones, ⁇ -hydroxy- or ⁇ -amino- acetophenones, such as (4-methylthiobenzoyl)-1-methyl-1-morpholinoethane, (4-morpholino- benzoyl)-1-benzyl-1-dimethylaminopropane, 4-aroyl-1 ,3-dioxolanes, benzoin alkyl ethers and benzil ketals,
  • photoinitiators of the invention are employed in hybrid systems, i.e. systems which can be cured both free-radically and cationically, use is made, in addition to the free- radical curing agents of the formula la and/or lb and any further free-radical curing agents, of cationic photoinitiators such as benzoyl peroxide (other suitable peroxides are described in US 4,950,581, column 19, lines 17-25), aromatic sulfonium, phosphonium or iodonium salts, as described for example in US 4,950,581, column 18, line 60 to column 19, line 10.
  • benzoyl peroxide other suitable peroxides are described in US 4,950,581, column 19, lines 17-25
  • aromatic sulfonium, phosphonium or iodonium salts as described for example in US 4,950,581, column 18, line 60 to column 19, line 10.
  • the photopolymerizable compositions contain the photoinitiator appropriately in an amount of from 0.05 to 15% by weight, preferably from 0.1 to 5% by weight, based on the composition.
  • the stated amount of photoinitiator is based on the sum of all of the added photoinitiators, if mixtures thereof are used, i.e. both on the photoinitiator (B) and on the photoinitiators (B) + (E).
  • the photopolymerizable compositions may be used for a variety of purposes: for example, as a printing ink, as a clearcoat material, as a white paint, as a chromatically pigmented paint, for wood or metal, for example, as powder coating materials, as coating material for, inter alia, paper, wood, metal or plastic, as a daylight-curable coating for the marking of buildings and roads, for photographic reproduction techniques, for holographic recording materials, for image recording techniques or for producing printing plates which can be developed with organic solvents or using aqueous alkalis, for producing masks for screen printing, as dental filling compounds, as adhesives, including pressure-sensitive adhesives, as laminating resins, as etch resists or permanent resists, both liquid and in the form of dry films, as photostructurable dielectrics, and as solder resists for electronic circuits, as resists for producing colour filters for any type of screen, or for producing structures in the production process of plasma displays and electroluminescent displays, for the production of optical switches, optical lattices
  • styrenic polyesters which may where appropriate contain glass fibres and/or other fibres and other auxiliaries), and of gel coats and high-film-build compositions, for the coating or sealing of electronic components, or as coatings for optical fibres.
  • the compositions are suitable, furthermore, for the production of optical lenses, e.g. contact lenses or Fresnel lenses, and also for producing medical instruments, aids or implants.
  • compositions may also be used to produce gels having thermotropic properties, as described for example in DE 19700064 and EP 678534.
  • the compounds of the formulae la, lb may additionally be used as initiators for emulsion, bead or suspension polymerizations or as initiators in a polymerization for the fixing of states of order of liquid-crystalline monomers and oligomers, or as initiators for the fixing of dyes on organic materials.
  • the photocurable compositions of the invention are suitable , for example, as coating materials for substrates of all kinds, e.g. wood, textiles, paper, ceramic, glass, plastics such as polyesters, polyethylene terephthalate, p lyolefins or cellulose acetate, especially in the form of films, and also metals such as Al, Cu, Ni, Fe, Zn, Mg or Co and GaAs, Si or SiO 2 , to which a protective coat or - by imagewise exposure - an image is to be applied.
  • substrates of all kinds e.g. wood, textiles, paper, ceramic, glass, plastics such as polyesters, polyethylene terephthalate, p lyolefins or cellulose acetate, especially in the form of films, and also metals such as Al, Cu, Ni, Fe, Zn, Mg or Co and GaAs, Si or SiO 2 , to which a protective coat or - by imagewise exposure - an image is to be applied.
  • the photoinitiators according to present invention are also suitable for use in compositions as coatings for optical fibers.
  • optical fibers are coated with protective coats directly after their production.
  • the fiber of glass is drawn and then one or more coatings are applied to the glass string.
  • the top coating for example, is colored ("ink layer or ink coating").
  • several thus coated optical fibers may be put together to a bundle and be coated all together, i.e. cabling of the fibers.
  • the compositions according to the present invention in general are suitable for any of these coatings, which have to exhibit good softness over a broad temperature range, good tensile strength and toughness and rapid UV-curing characteristics.
  • Each of the coats may comprise at least one radiation-curable oligomer, at least one radiation curable monomer diluent, at least one photoinitiator, and additives.
  • oligomers with a molecular weight of at least 500, for example 500-10'OOO, 700-10'OOO, 1O00-8O00 or 1O00- 7'000, in particular urethane oligomers, containing at least one unsaturated group.
  • the radiation curable oligomer has two terminal functional groups.
  • the coat may contain not only one specific oligomer, but also mixtures of different oligomers.
  • suitable oligomers is known to the person skilled in the art and for example published in US 6,136,880, incorporated herein by reference.
  • the oligomers are, for example, prepared by reacting an oligomer diol, preferably a diol having 2-10 polyoxaalkylene groups, with a diisocyanate or a polyisocyanate and a hydroxy-functional ethylenically unsaturated monomer, e.g. hydroxyalkyl(meth)acrylate.
  • an oligomer diol preferably a diol having 2-10 polyoxaalkylene groups
  • a diisocyanate or a polyisocyanate and a hydroxy-functional ethylenically unsaturated monomer, e.g. hydroxyalkyl(meth)acrylate.
  • the radiation curable monomer can be used in a manner to control the viscosity of the coating formulation. Accordingly, a low viscosity monomer with at least one functional group capable of photoinitiated polymerization is employed. The amount for example is chosen to adjust the viscosity in a range from 1'000 to 10O00 mPas, i.e. usually for example from 10- 90, or 10-80 wt% are used.
  • the functional group of the monomer diluent preferably is of the same kind than the one of the oligomer component, for example an acrylate or vinyl ether function and a higher alkyl or polyether moiety. Examples of monomer diluents suitable for coating compositions for optical fibers are published in US 6,136,880, col. 12, line 11ff., incorporated herein by reference.
  • the composition may also comprise a poly(siloxane) as described in US 5,595,820 to improve the adhesive properties of the formulation on the optical fiber glass substrate.
  • the coating composition usually also comprises further additives, e.g. antioxidants, light stabilizers, UV absorbers such as for example given in the list above in particular RT IRGANOX 1035, 1010, 1076, 1222, RTM TINUVIN P, 234, 320, 326, 327, 328, 329, 213, 292, 144, 622LD (all provided by Ciba Specialty Chemicals), RTM ANTIGENE P, 3C, FR, GA- 80, RT SUMISORB TM-061 (provided by Sumitomo Chemical Industries Co.), RTM SEESORB 102, 103, 501 , 202, 712, 704 (provided by Sypro Chemical Co., Ltd.), RTM SANOL LS770 (provided by Sankyo Co.
  • HALS hindered piperidine derivatives
  • IRGANOX 1035 hindered phenol compounds
  • TINUVIN 292 hindered phenol compounds
  • additives are for example wetting agents and other additives having an effect on the rheology properties of the coating.
  • amines for example diethylamine, can be added.
  • additives for compositions for the coating of optical fibers are silane coupling agents, e.g. ⁇ -aminopropyltriethoxysilane, ⁇ -mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane, ⁇ - methacryloxypropyl-trimethoxysilane, SH6062, SH6030 (provided by Toray-Dow Corning Silcone Co., Ltd.), KBE 903, KBE 603, KBE 403 (provided by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.)
  • silane coupling agents e.g. ⁇ -aminopropyltriethoxysilane, ⁇ -mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane, ⁇ - methacryloxypropyl-trimethoxysilane, SH6062, SH6030 (provided by Toray-Dow Corning Silcone Co., Ltd.), KBE 903, KBE 603, KBE 403 (provided by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.)
  • compositions may also comprise fluorescent additives or optical_brighteners, as, for example, RTM UVITEX OB, provided by Ciba Specialty Chemicals.
  • the photoinitiators according to the present application in coating compositions for optical fibers can be admixed with one or more other known photoinitiators.
  • these are in particular monoacylphosphine oxides, such as diphenyl-2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl phosphine oxide; bisacylphosphine oxides, such as bis(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyI)-phenyl phosphine oxide ( RTM IRGACURE 819), bis(2,6-dimethoxybenzoyl)-2,4,4-trimethylpentyi phosphine oxide; oc- hydroxyketones, such as 1 -hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone ( RTM IRGACURE 184), 2- hydroxy-2-methyl-1-phenyl-1-propanone ( RTM DAROCUR 1173), 2-hydroxy-1-[4-(2-hydroxy- ethoxy)phenyl]-2-methyl-1-propanone ( RTM IRGAC
  • formulations in order to enhance the properties of the photoinitiators may also comprise sensitizer compounds, for example amines.
  • the coatings are either applied "wet on dry” or "wet on wet".
  • a curing step by irradiation with UV light is carried out prior to the application of the second coat.
  • both coatings are applied and cured together by irradiation with UV light.
  • the curing with UV irradiation in this application usually takes place in a nitrogen atmosphere.
  • all radiation sources usually employed in the photocuring technique can be used for the curing of optical fiber coatings. These are, for example the radiation sources listed below Generally, mercury medium pressure lamps or/and Fusion D lamps are used. Also flash lights are suitable.
  • optical fiber coating compositions may also be cured by irradiation with an electron beam, in particular with low power electron beams, as is, for example disclosed in WO 98/41484.
  • the fibers may be covered with a third colored coating ("ink coating").
  • the compositions used for this coating in addition to the polymerizable components and the photoinitiator comprise a pigment or dye.
  • pigments suitable for optical fiber coatings are inorganic pigments, such as for example titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, zinc sulfide, barium sulfate, aluminium silicate, calcium silicate, carbon black, black iron oxide, copper chromite black, iron oxides, chromium oxide greens, iron blue, chrome green, violet (e.g.
  • organic pigments such as monoazo pigments, di-azo pigments, di-azo condensation pigments, quinacridone pigments, dioxazine violet, vat pigments, perylene pigments, thioindigo pigments, phthalocyanine pigments and tetrachloroisoindolinones.
  • suitable pigments are carbon black for a black coating, titanium dioxide for a white coating, diarylide yellow or diazo based pigments for yellow coatings, phthalocyanine blue, and other phthalocyanines for blue coatings, anthraquinone red, naphthole red, monazo based pigments, quinacridone pigments, anthraquinone and perylenes for red coatings, phthalocyanine green and nitroso based pigments for green coatings, monazo and diazo based pigments, quinacridone pigments, anthraquinones and perylenes for orange coatings, and quinacridone violet, basic dye pigments and carbazole dioxazine based pigments for violet coatings.
  • suitable further pigments if even more colored coatings, such as aqua, brown, gray, pink etc. are needed.
  • the mean particle size of the pigments usually is about 1 Dm or less.
  • the size of commercial pigments can be reduced by milling, if necessary.
  • the pigments for example, can be added to the formulation in the form of a dispersion in order to simplify the mixing with the other ingredients of the formulation.
  • the pigments are, for example dispersed in a low viscosity liquid, e.g. a reactive diluent. Preferred is the use of organic pigments. Suitable amounts for pigment in the ink coating are for example 1-20, 1-15, preferably 1-10 wt%.
  • the ink coating in general also comprises a lubricant to provide improved break-out properties of the single coated optical fiber from the matrix.
  • lubricants are silicones, fluorocarbon oils or resins and the like, preferably a silicone oil or a functionalized silicone compound, e.g. silicone diacrylate is used.
  • compositions according to the present invention are further suitable as a matrix material for an assembly of coated optical fibers. That is, several of the primary, secondary (and in some cases tertiary) coated fibers, for example, in the third coat being differentiated by different colors, are assembled in a matrix.
  • the coating of an assembly preferably besides the additives given above also contains a release agent to allow for easy access to the individual fibers during the installation of the optical fiber cables. I.e.
  • release agents examples include teflon, silicones, silicon acrylates, fluoro-carbon oils or resins and the like.
  • the release agents suitably are added in an amount of 0.5-20 wt%.
  • ink coatings and matrix materials for coated optical fibers are given in US patents 6,197,422, 6,130,980 and EP 614099, incorporated herein by reference.
  • the substrates may be coated by applying a liquid composition, a solution or suspension to the substrate.
  • a liquid composition a solution or suspension
  • the choice of solvent and the concentration are guided primarily by the nature of the composition and by the coating technique.
  • the solvent should be inert, i.e. it should not enter into any chemical reaction with the components and it should be able to be removed again in the course of drying after coating.
  • suitable solvents are ketones, ethers and esters, such as methyl ethyl ketone, isobutyl methyl ketone, cyclo- pentanone, cyclohexanone, N-methylpyrrolidone, dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, 2-methoxy- ethanol, 2-ethoxyethanol, 1-methoxy-2-propanol, 1 ,2-dimethoxyethane, ethyl acetate, n-butyl acetate and ethyl 3-ethoxypropionate.
  • ketones such as methyl ethyl ketone, isobutyl methyl ketone, cyclo- pentanone, cyclohexanone, N-methylpyrrolidone, dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, 2-methoxy- ethanol, 2-ethoxyethanol, 1-methoxy-2-propanol, 1 ,2-dimethoxyethane,
  • the formulation is applied uniformly to a substrate by means of known coating techniques, for example by spincoating, dipping, knife coating, curtain coating techniques, brush application, spraying, especially by electrostatic spraying, and reverse roll coating, and also by electrophoretic deposition. It is also possible to apply the photosensitive layer to a temporary flexible support and then, by layer transfer via lamination, to the final substrate. Examples of those applications are described in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 5. Ed., Vol.A18, pp. 491-500.
  • the application (coat thickness) and nature of the substrate (coat support) are dependent on the desired field of application.
  • the dry film thickness range generally embraces values from about 0.1 ⁇ m to more than 100 ⁇ m, preferably from 0.02 to 2 cm.
  • a further field of use of photocuring is that of metal coating, as in the coating of metal sheets and tubes, cans or bottle closures, for example, and also photocuring on polymer coatings, for example PVC-based wall or floor coverings.
  • Examples of the photocuring of paper coatings are the colourless varnishing of labels, record sleeves or book covers.
  • the coating formulation comprising the surface-active photoinitiators as a finishing paint for applications in the automobile industry, especially as a pigmented or unpigmented top coat of the coating, but use for layers beneath the top coat is also possible.
  • the photosensitivity of the compositions of the invention generally ranges from about 200 nm to about 600 nm (UV region). Suitable radiation is present, for example, in sunlight or light from artificial sources.
  • Light sources employed therefore include a large number of a very wide variety of types. Both point sources and arrays (lamp carpets) are suitable. Examples are carbon arc lamps, xenon arc lamps, medium-, high- and low-pressure mercury lamps, possibly doped with metal halides (metal-halogen lamps), microwave-excited metal vapour lamps, excimer lamps, superactinic fluorescent tubes, fluorescent lamps, argon incandescent lamps, flashlights, photographic floodlamps, light-emitting diodes (LEDs), electron beams and X-rays.
  • the distance between the lamp and the substrate to be exposed may vary depending on the intended application and the type and output of the lamps, for example between 2 cm and 150 cm.
  • laser light sources e.g. excimer lasers, such as Krypton-F lasers for exposure at 248 nm. Lasers in the visible range can also be used.
  • curing in the process of the invention may take place solely by exposure to electromagnetic radiation.
  • thermal curing before, during or after radiation exposure is appropriate.
  • Thermal curing takes place in accordance with methods known to the person skilled in the art. Curing is generally carried out in an oven, e.g. a forced-air oven, on a hotplate, or by irradiation using IR lamps. Curing without auxiliaries at room temperature is likewise possible, depending on the binder system used.
  • the curing temperatures are generally between room temperature and 150°C, e.g. 25-150°C or 50-150°C. In the case of powder coating materials or coil coating materials, the curing temperatures may also be higher, e.g. up to 350°C
  • thermal drying catalysts or curing catalysts are organometallic compounds, amines and/or phosphines.
  • Organometallic compounds are, for example, metal carboxylates, especially those of the metals Pb, Mn, Co, Zn, Hf, Zr or Cu, or metal chelates, especially those of metals Al, Ti, Hf or Zr, or organometallic compounds such as organotin compounds.
  • metal carboxylates are the stearates of Pb, Mn or Zn, the octoates of Co, Zn or Cu, the naphthenates of Mn and Co or the corresponding linoleates or tallates.
  • metal chelates are the aluminium, titanium or zirconium chelates of acetylacetone, ethyl acetylacetate, salicylaldehyde, salicylaldoxime, o-hydroxyacetophenone or ethyl trifluoroacetylacetate and the alkoxides of these metals.
  • organotin compounds are dibutyltin oxide, dibutyltin dilaurate and dibutyltin dioctoate.
  • amines are, in particular, tertiary amines, such as tributylamine, triethanolamine, N-methyldiethanolamine, N-dimethylethanolamine, N- ethylmorpholine, N-methylmorpholine or diazabicyclooctane (triethylenediamine) and also the salts thereof.
  • Further examples are quaternary ammonium salts, such as trimethyl- benzylammonium chloride.
  • phosphines such as triphenylphosphine.
  • Suitable catalysts are described, for example, as well in J. Bieleman, Lackadditive [Additives for Coatings], Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, Weinheim, 1998, page 244-247.
  • sulfonic acids such as p-toluenesulfonic acid, dodecylbenzene- sulfonic acid, dinonylnaphthalenesulfonic acid or dinonylnaphthalenedisulfonic acid.
  • latent or blocked sulfonic acids where the blocking of the acid may be ionogenic or non-ionogenic.
  • Such catalysts are used in the concentrations known to the person skilled in the art and customary in that art.
  • the invention also provides a process for photopolymerizing non-volatile monomeric, oligomeric or polymeric compounds containing at least one ethylenically unsaturated double bond, which comprises exposing a composition as described above to electromagnetic radiation ranging from 200 nm into the IR region.
  • the invention additionally provides for the use of the above-described composition and to a process for producing pigmented and unpigmented paints and varnishes, powder coating materials, gel coats, composite materials or glass fibre cable coatings.
  • the invention likewise provides a coated substrate coated on at least one surface with a composition as described above.
  • a solution of 213 g of the product prepared in A.2 in 475 ml of dioxane is cooled to 0°C.
  • 228 g of bromine are added dropwise in the course of one hour, during which the temperature is maintained at from 10 to 15°C.
  • the orange-coloured mixture is stirred for 2 hours at room temperature.
  • the solution is poured into water (5.4 litres) and extracted with ethyl acetate. After drying the organic phases over MgSO 4 and filtration, the solvent is removed in vacuo, yielding a brown oil. 3 litres of water are added to the oil and the beige- coloured emulsion that forms is treated with 650 g of 30% sodium hydroxide solution. The mixture is stirred at room temperature for 3 hours.
  • Example 1 2-Hydroxy-2-methyl-1-(4-octyloxy-phenyl)-1 -propanone (1a) and 2-methyl-2-octyloxy-1 -(4-octyloxy-phenyl)-1 -propanone (1 b).
  • Example 2 1-(4-Dodecyloxy-phenyl)-2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1 -propanone (2a) and 2-dodecyloxy-1 -(4-dodecyloxy-phenyl)-2-methyl-1 -propanone (2b).
  • Example 2 The compound of Example 2 is prepared according to the method described in Example 1 , 1 mol equivalent of 2-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-methyl-1 -propanone and 1.1 mol equivalents of 1-bromododecane being used.
  • 2a 1 -(4-Dodecyloxy-phenyl)-2-hydroxy-2-methyl-propan-1 -one
  • Example 3 The compound of Example 3 is prepared in accordance with the method described in
  • Example 5 The compound of Example 5 is prepared in accordance with the method described in
  • Example 1 1 mol equivalent of 2-hydroxy-1 -[4-(2-hydroxy-ethoxy)-phenyl]-2-methyl-1 - propanone and 1.1 mol equivalents of 1-bromooctane being used.
  • Example 6 The compound of Example 6 is prepared in accordance with the method described in
  • Example 1 1 mol equivalent of 2-hydroxy-1-[4-(2-hydroxy-ethoxy)-phenyl]-2-methyI-1- propanone and 1.1 mol equivalents of 1-bromododecane being used.
  • Example 7 The compound of Example 7 is prepared in accordance with the method described in
  • Example 1 1 mol equivalent of 2-hydroxy-1-[4-(2-hydroxy-ethoxy)-phenyl]-2-methyI-1- propanone and 1.1 mol equivalents of 1 -bromooctodecane being used.
  • Example 8 A clear UV-curable system based on polyurethane acrylate is prepared by mixing:
  • the samples were prepared by adding 2% of photoinitiator.
  • the mixtures were applied to a white chip board, irradiated by using a UV-processor (2X80 W/cm)at a belt speed of 3 m/min.
  • a tack free dry film with a thickness of approximately 50 ⁇ m is obtained.
  • the pendulum hardness according to K ⁇ nig (DIN 53157) is measured.
  • Surface energy of the coating is determined by measuring static water contact angle ( ⁇ ) using a contact angle measuring system G10 from Kr ⁇ ss. The higher the values of the pendulum hardness measurement, the harder is the cured surface. The higher the contact angle, the better is the moisture resistance and scratch resistance.
  • Example 9 A clear Dual-Cure-System based on polyurethenes is prepared by mixing:
  • the samples were prepared by adding 2% of photoinitiator.
  • the mixtures were applied to a white coil-coat aluminum, air-dried for 5 minutes at room temperature and heated on a hot plate at 80 °C for 10 minutes. Irradiation is then carried out using a UV-processor (2X120 W/cm) at a belt speed of 5 m/min. A tack free dry film with a thickness of approximately 40 ⁇ m is obtained.
  • the pendulum hardness according to K ⁇ nig (DIN 53157) is measured.
  • Surface energy of the coating is determined by measuring static water contact angle ( ⁇ ) using a contact angle measuring system G10 from Kr ⁇ ss. The higher the values of the pendulum hardness measurement, the harder is the cured surface. The higher the contact angle, the better is the moisture resistance and scratch resistance.

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Abstract

Procédé de fabrication de revêtements avec des surfaces durables anti-rayures qui comprennent en tant que photo-initiateur (B) dans une formulation photodurcissable au moins un photo-initiateur actif en surface, concentré à la surface de la formulation, correspondant à la formule (Ia) ou (Ib), dans laquelle Ra est un radical ayant la formule (IIa), Rb est un radical ayant la formule (IIb), ou Ra et Rb sont naphthyle, anthracyle, phenanthryle ou un radical hétérocyclique, et dont chacun est non substitué ou substitué; R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, R9 et R10 sont, par exemple, chacun indépendamment des autres hydrogène; A-Y; alkyle C1-C12, halogène ou phényle; R11 et R12 sont, par exemple, alkyle C1-C12; X est -OR20 ou -N(R21)(R22); R20 est, par exemple, hydrogène ou alkyle C1-C4; R21 et R22 sont, par exemple, hydrogène ou alkyle C1-C12; X1 est, par exemple, -O-; Y est, par exemple, une liaison unique ou -O-; 1 est, par exemple, une liaison unique; et A est, par exemple, alkyle C6-C30.
PCT/EP2001/014354 2000-12-13 2001-12-06 Photo-initiateurs actifs en surface WO2002048202A1 (fr)

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JP2002549733A JP4021767B2 (ja) 2000-12-13 2001-12-06 界面活性光開始剤
DE60136005T DE60136005D1 (en) 2000-12-13 2001-12-06 Oberflächenaktive photoinitiatoren
EP01985374A EP1341823B1 (fr) 2000-12-13 2001-12-06 Photo-initiateurs actifs en surface
US10/450,228 US7001644B2 (en) 2000-12-13 2001-12-06 Surface-active photoinitiators
AU2002234551A AU2002234551A1 (en) 2000-12-13 2001-12-06 Surface-active photoinitiators

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WO2004099262A1 (fr) * 2003-05-06 2004-11-18 Ciba Specialty Chemicals Holding Inc. Nouveaux photo-initiateurs trifonctionnels
US20070043160A1 (en) * 2003-04-17 2007-02-22 Medtronic Vascular, Inc. Coating for biomedical devices
US7211368B2 (en) * 2003-01-07 2007-05-01 3 Birds, Inc. Stereolithography resins and methods
WO2009050116A2 (fr) * 2007-10-17 2009-04-23 Basf Se Photoinitiateurs favorisant l'adhérence de revêtements durcis aux uv sur des surfaces métalliques
KR101265507B1 (ko) 2004-04-19 2013-05-21 시바 홀딩 인크 신규한 광개시제

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US20070026509A1 (en) * 2003-06-06 2007-02-01 Jonathan Rogers Novel surface-active polysiloxane photoinitiators
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JP2006335826A (ja) * 2005-05-31 2006-12-14 Fujifilm Holdings Corp インクジェット記録用インク組成物およびこれを用いた平版印刷版の作製方法
EP1783548B1 (fr) 2005-11-08 2017-03-08 Rohm and Haas Electronic Materials LLC Procédé de formation d'une couche à motifs sur un substrat
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JP5207837B2 (ja) * 2007-08-02 2013-06-12 富士フイルム株式会社 硬化性組成物、硬化膜、フォトスペーサーの製造方法、液晶表示装置用基板及び液晶表示装置
WO2010077132A1 (fr) 2008-12-31 2010-07-08 Draka Comteq B.V. Appareil à del uv pour le durcissement de revêtements sur des fibres de verre
DK2388239T3 (da) 2010-05-20 2017-04-24 Draka Comteq Bv Hærdningsapparat, der anvender vinklede UV-LED'er
US8871311B2 (en) 2010-06-03 2014-10-28 Draka Comteq, B.V. Curing method employing UV sources that emit differing ranges of UV radiation
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JP5731229B2 (ja) * 2010-08-20 2015-06-10 株式会社タムラ製作所 アルカリ可溶性透明樹脂組成物
CN104987827A (zh) * 2015-05-14 2015-10-21 安徽凯盛众普新光源有限公司 一种涂布树脂及其制备方法
US9988539B2 (en) * 2015-11-12 2018-06-05 Ricoh Company, Ltd. Active-energy-ray-curable composition, active-energy-ray-curable ink, composition stored container, two-dimensional or three-dimensional image forming apparatus, two-dimensional or three-dimensional image forming method, cured material, and structure
CN108098146B (zh) * 2017-12-12 2022-08-12 南京理工大学 一种非平整面高精度激光增材成形方法
US11294284B2 (en) * 2018-07-17 2022-04-05 Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd. Photosensitive resin composition and pattern forming process
US20230311473A1 (en) * 2022-04-01 2023-10-05 Dupont Electronics, Inc. Printing form precursor and printing form thereof

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US7211368B2 (en) * 2003-01-07 2007-05-01 3 Birds, Inc. Stereolithography resins and methods
US20070043160A1 (en) * 2003-04-17 2007-02-22 Medtronic Vascular, Inc. Coating for biomedical devices
US7696259B2 (en) * 2003-04-17 2010-04-13 Medtronic Vascular, Inc. Coating for biomedical devices
WO2004099262A1 (fr) * 2003-05-06 2004-11-18 Ciba Specialty Chemicals Holding Inc. Nouveaux photo-initiateurs trifonctionnels
US7462650B2 (en) 2003-05-06 2008-12-09 Ciba Specialty Chemicals Corporation Trifunctional photoinitiators
KR101265507B1 (ko) 2004-04-19 2013-05-21 시바 홀딩 인크 신규한 광개시제
WO2009050116A2 (fr) * 2007-10-17 2009-04-23 Basf Se Photoinitiateurs favorisant l'adhérence de revêtements durcis aux uv sur des surfaces métalliques
WO2009050116A3 (fr) * 2007-10-17 2009-07-02 Ciba Holding Inc Photoinitiateurs favorisant l'adhérence de revêtements durcis aux uv sur des surfaces métalliques

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ATE409708T1 (de) 2008-10-15
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EP1341823A1 (fr) 2003-09-10
JP2004515611A (ja) 2004-05-27
US7001644B2 (en) 2006-02-21
US20040034115A1 (en) 2004-02-19
EP1341823B1 (fr) 2008-10-01
AU2002234551A1 (en) 2002-06-24

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