WO1997003567A1 - Solubilization of spent tea leaves - Google Patents
Solubilization of spent tea leaves Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1997003567A1 WO1997003567A1 PCT/DK1996/000262 DK9600262W WO9703567A1 WO 1997003567 A1 WO1997003567 A1 WO 1997003567A1 DK 9600262 W DK9600262 W DK 9600262W WO 9703567 A1 WO9703567 A1 WO 9703567A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- glucanase
- tea leaves
- spent
- treatment
- spent tea
- Prior art date
Links
- 241001122767 Theaceae Species 0.000 title claims abstract 7
- 230000007928 solubilization Effects 0.000 title description 2
- 238000005063 solubilization Methods 0.000 title description 2
- 101710130006 Beta-glucanase Proteins 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 claims abstract 2
- 241000228212 Aspergillus Species 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 241000228215 Aspergillus aculeatus Species 0.000 claims description 5
- 241000193830 Bacillus <bacterium> Species 0.000 claims description 5
- 241000223198 Humicola Species 0.000 claims description 5
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 241000228245 Aspergillus niger Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 241001480714 Humicola insolens Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000002255 enzymatic effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 244000269722 Thea sinensis Species 0.000 description 29
- 235000013616 tea Nutrition 0.000 description 23
- 108090000790 Enzymes Proteins 0.000 description 21
- 102000004190 Enzymes Human genes 0.000 description 21
- 229940088598 enzyme Drugs 0.000 description 21
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 9
- 238000011534 incubation Methods 0.000 description 9
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 9
- 230000004580 weight loss Effects 0.000 description 7
- 235000006468 Thea sinensis Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- 108010059892 Cellulase Proteins 0.000 description 5
- 239000000872 buffer Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229940106157 cellulase Drugs 0.000 description 5
- 235000009569 green tea Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 235000020279 black tea Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 235000020344 instant tea Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 230000000813 microbial effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 235000020333 oolong tea Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 3
- 235000014469 Bacillus subtilis Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 241000499912 Trichoderma reesei Species 0.000 description 2
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000003809 water extraction Methods 0.000 description 2
- FYGDTMLNYKFZSV-URKRLVJHSA-N (2s,3r,4s,5s,6r)-2-[(2r,4r,5r,6s)-4,5-dihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-[(2r,4r,5r,6s)-4,5,6-trihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]oxyoxan-3-yl]oxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@H]1OC1[C@@H](CO)O[C@@H](OC2[C@H](O[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]2O)CO)[C@H](O)[C@H]1O FYGDTMLNYKFZSV-URKRLVJHSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 244000063299 Bacillus subtilis Species 0.000 description 1
- 229920002498 Beta-glucan Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 108010087427 Endo-1,3(4)-beta-Glucanase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101710121765 Endo-1,4-beta-xylanase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N Glucose Natural products OC[C@H]1OC(O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000223261 Trichoderma viride Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000008351 acetate buffer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- -1 arabanase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108010089934 carbohydrase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 238000005119 centrifugation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000284 extract Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008103 glucose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229940059442 hemicellulase Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 108010002430 hemicellulase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 230000007062 hydrolysis Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006460 hydrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002440 industrial waste Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010979 pH adjustment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008363 phosphate buffer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12Y—ENZYMES
- C12Y302/00—Hydrolases acting on glycosyl compounds, i.e. glycosylases (3.2)
- C12Y302/01—Glycosidases, i.e. enzymes hydrolysing O- and S-glycosyl compounds (3.2.1)
- C12Y302/01006—Endo-1,3(4)-beta-glucanase (3.2.1.6)
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23F—COFFEE; TEA; THEIR SUBSTITUTES; MANUFACTURE, PREPARATION, OR INFUSION THEREOF
- A23F3/00—Tea; Tea substitutes; Preparations thereof
- A23F3/16—Tea extraction; Tea extracts; Treating tea extract; Making instant tea
- A23F3/166—Addition of, or treatment with, enzymes or microorganisms
Definitions
- TECHNICAL FIELD This invention relates to a process for reducing the amount of spent tea leaves.
- BACKGROUND ART Canned or bottled tea drinks as well as instant tea are produced in industrial scale by hot water extraction of tea leaves, and the producers face a problem in disposing of the spent tea leaves after the extraction.
- the spent tea leaves are mostly treated as industrial waste, and the producers have to pay for this disposal, so there is a need for a process to reduce the amount of the spent tea leaves.
- US-A-5 196 214 describes a process for the preparation of tea extracts from spent tea residues comprising hydrolysis with cellulase derived from the fungus Trichoderma reesei or T. viride, particularly Celluclast ® (product of Novo Nordisk A/S).
- US-A-4 483 876 describes an enzymatic treatment of tea leaves before the hot water extraction.
- the enzyme used is described as SPSase derived from Aspergillus aculeatus.
- cellulase is not very effective in reducing the amount of spent tea leaves, and it is the object of this invention to provide a more effective process of reducing the amount of spent leaves.
- the process of the invention is applicable to any kind of spent tea leaves from hot aqueous extraction.
- Examples are spent leaves of Oolong tea, black tea and green tea, used in the production of canned or bottled tea drinks or instant tea.
- the spent tea leaves may be treated directly in wet condition, or they may be dried and optionally ground before the treatment.
- the process of the invention is particularly applicable in situations where it is desired to reduce the amount of wet leaves before disposal.
- the separated liquid after the treatment may be used in the production of canned or bottled tea drinks or instant tea, thus increasing the yield, or it may be discarded.
- ⁇ -glucanase The enzyme used in the process of the invention is a ⁇ -glucanase (EC
- Many microbially produced enzyme preparation contain ⁇ -glucanase together with other carbohydrases such as arabanase, cellulase, xylanase and other hemi-cellulase activities.
- Such mixed enzyme preparation can be used in the process of the invention.
- Some preferred microbial ⁇ -glucanase preparations are derived from the following sources:
- Aspergillus particularly A. niger (available as Finizym ® from Novo Nordisk) and A. aculeatus (available as Viscozyme ® from Novo Nordisk).
- Humicola, particularly H. insolens available as UltrafloTM from Novo
- Bacillus particularly B. subtilis (available as Cereflo ® from Novo Nordisk).
- ⁇ -glucanase from Aspergillus aculeatus is particularly preferred as this enzyme is particularly effective.
- Wet spent tea leaves typically contain 20-35 dry substance; water is conveniently added to obtain a suitable consistency before the addition of enzyme, and the enzyme treatment may be carried out by incubating the spent tea leaves at a dry substance content of 2-20% (particularly 5-10%) by weight.
- the pH is preferably in the range of 3-6.5 (particularly 3.5-6) in the case of ⁇ -glucanase from Aspergillus, and in the range of 5-9 (particularly 6-8) in the case of ⁇ -glucanase from Bacillus and Humicola.
- the spent tea leaves typically have a slightly acid pH, so advantageously, a treatment with ⁇ -glucanase from Aspergillus can be carried out without any pH adjustment.
- the temperature is preferably in the range 10-70°C (particularly 30-60°C).
- the incubation time may be from 0.5-24 hours. It may be convenient to incubate over-night (typically 12-24 hours), e.g. starting the incubation at 50-60°C and letting the temperature drop. Alternatively, it may be convenient to use a shorter incubation time (e.g. 1-5 hours) for processing within a working day.
- a suitable dosage of ⁇ -glucanase for an incubation of about 4 hours may be in the range 0.1-50 (particularly 0.3-10) units/g of dry substance in the spent tea leaves. The dosage should be adjusted according to the incubation time and can be reduced to about one third to one fourth in the case of over-night incubation.
- Stirring may be used during the incubation; or stirring may be used initially to mix the spent tea leaves, and after that the stirring may be discontinued.
- the enzyme may be inactivated by heating, if needed.
- the liquid may be separated from the mixture after the incubation by conventional means, e.g. filtration, centrifugation or pressing.
- 1 ⁇ -glucanase unit is defined as the amount of enzyme which forms reducing sugar equivalent to 1 m-mole of glucose per minute, using 0.5% of ⁇ - glucan as substrate at 30.0°C. The measurement is made near the pH optimum of the ⁇ -glucanase in question. pH 5.0 is used for ⁇ -glucanase from Aspergillus, and pH 7.5 for ⁇ -glucanase from Bacillus and Humicola.
- Spent green tea leaves were dehydrated for 10 minutes in a washer-dryer.
- ⁇ -glucanase preparation derived from Aspergillus were used according to the invention, and a cellulase preparation was used to represent the prior art.
- the enzymes tested and the results with each enzyme were as follows: Microbial origin Product name ⁇ -glucanase Weight loss activity (%) (units/g, pH 5)
- Spent green tea leaves, black tea leaves and Oolong tea leaves were treated with Viscozyme, in water or buffer. Besides measuring the weight loss, the pH was also measured before and after the treatment. Other conditions were as in Example 1.
- Example 2 The experiments of Example 2 with buffer were repeated with different enzyme dosages. The results are given as % weight loss for each kind of tea and each enzyme dosage:
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Genetics & Genomics (AREA)
- Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- Microbiology (AREA)
- Food Science & Technology (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Tea And Coffee (AREA)
- Enzymes And Modification Thereof (AREA)
Abstract
An enzymatic treatment with a β-glucanase is surprisingly effective in reducing the amount of spent tea leaves, and accordingly the invention provides a process for reducing the amount of spent tea leaves, comprising treating the spent tea leaves with a β-glucanase, followed by separation of liquid.
Description
SOLUBILIZATION OF SPENT TEA LEAVES
TECHNICAL FIELD This invention relates to a process for reducing the amount of spent tea leaves.
BACKGROUND ART Canned or bottled tea drinks as well as instant tea are produced in industrial scale by hot water extraction of tea leaves, and the producers face a problem in disposing of the spent tea leaves after the extraction. The spent tea leaves are mostly treated as industrial waste, and the producers have to pay for this disposal, so there is a need for a process to reduce the amount of the spent tea leaves.
US-A-5 196 214 describes a process for the preparation of tea extracts from spent tea residues comprising hydrolysis with cellulase derived from the fungus Trichoderma reesei or T. viride, particularly Celluclast® (product of Novo Nordisk A/S). In contrast, US-A-4 483 876 describes an enzymatic treatment of tea leaves before the hot water extraction. The enzyme used is described as SPSase derived from Aspergillus aculeatus.
We have found that cellulase is not very effective in reducing the amount of spent tea leaves, and it is the object of this invention to provide a more effective process of reducing the amount of spent leaves.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Spent tea leaves The process of the invention is applicable to any kind of spent tea leaves from hot aqueous extraction. Examples are spent leaves of Oolong tea, black tea and green tea, used in the production of canned or bottled tea drinks or instant tea. The spent tea leaves may be treated directly in wet condition, or they may be dried and optionally ground before the treatment. The process of the invention is particularly applicable in situations where it is desired to reduce the amount of wet leaves before disposal. The separated
liquid after the treatment may be used in the production of canned or bottled tea drinks or instant tea, thus increasing the yield, or it may be discarded.
β-glucanase The enzyme used in the process of the invention is a β-glucanase (EC
3.2.1.6), also called endo-1 ,3(4)-β- glucanase.
Many microbially produced enzyme preparation contain β-glucanase together with other carbohydrases such as arabanase, cellulase, xylanase and other hemi-cellulase activities. Such mixed enzyme preparation can be used in the process of the invention.
Some preferred microbial β-glucanase preparations are derived from the following sources:
Aspergillus, particularly A. niger (available as Finizym® from Novo Nordisk) and A. aculeatus (available as Viscozyme® from Novo Nordisk). Humicola, particularly H. insolens (available as Ultraflo™ from Novo
Nordisk).
Bacillus, particularly B. subtilis (available as Cereflo® from Novo Nordisk). β-glucanase from Aspergillus aculeatus (Viscozyme) is particularly preferred as this enzyme is particularly effective.
Process conditions
Wet spent tea leaves typically contain 20-35 dry substance; water is conveniently added to obtain a suitable consistency before the addition of enzyme, and the enzyme treatment may be carried out by incubating the spent tea leaves at a dry substance content of 2-20% (particularly 5-10%) by weight.
The pH is preferably in the range of 3-6.5 (particularly 3.5-6) in the case of β-glucanase from Aspergillus, and in the range of 5-9 (particularly 6-8) in the case of β-glucanase from Bacillus and Humicola. The spent tea leaves typically have a slightly acid pH, so advantageously, a treatment with β-glucanase from Aspergillus can be carried out without any pH adjustment.
The temperature is preferably in the range 10-70°C (particularly 30-60°C). The incubation time may be from 0.5-24 hours. It may be convenient to incubate over-night (typically 12-24 hours), e.g. starting the incubation at 50-60°C and letting the temperature drop. Alternatively, it may be convenient to use a shorter incubation time (e.g. 1-5 hours) for processing within a working day.
A suitable dosage of β-glucanase for an incubation of about 4 hours may be in the range 0.1-50 (particularly 0.3-10) units/g of dry substance in the spent tea leaves. The dosage should be adjusted according to the incubation time and can be reduced to about one third to one fourth in the case of over-night incubation.
Stirring may be used during the incubation; or stirring may be used initially to mix the spent tea leaves, and after that the stirring may be discontinued.
After the incubation, the enzyme may be inactivated by heating, if needed.
The liquid may be separated from the mixture after the incubation by conventional means, e.g. filtration, centrifugation or pressing.
Enzyme activity units
1 β-glucanase unit is defined as the amount of enzyme which forms reducing sugar equivalent to 1 m-mole of glucose per minute, using 0.5% of β- glucan as substrate at 30.0°C. The measurement is made near the pH optimum of the β-glucanase in question. pH 5.0 is used for β-glucanase from Aspergillus, and pH 7.5 for β-glucanase from Bacillus and Humicola.
EXAMPLES
Example 1
Comparison of enzymes at acidic pH
Spent green tea leaves were dehydrated for 10 minutes in a washer-dryer.
60 g (wet weight) of leaves were incubated with various enzymes at an enzyme dosage of 0.5% relative to the wet leaves in 180 mL of 0.1 M acetate buffer (pH
4.5) for 3 hours at 50°C with shaking. The leaves were then dehydrated again in the same manner and weighed. The results are given as weight loss in %.
Two β-glucanase preparation derived from Aspergillus were used according to the invention, and a cellulase preparation was used to represent the prior art. The enzymes tested and the results with each enzyme were as follows:
Microbial origin Product name β-glucanase Weight loss activity (%) (units/g, pH 5)
Invention A. aculeatus Viscozyme 100 38%
A. niger Finizym 500L 500 29%
Prior art T. reesei Celluclast 1.5L - 11 %
It is seen that the two β-glucanase preparations according to this invention are much more effective than the cellulase preparation used in the prior art.
Example 2
Treatment of green, black and Oolong tea leaves
Spent green tea leaves, black tea leaves and Oolong tea leaves were treated with Viscozyme, in water or buffer. Besides measuring the weight loss, the pH was also measured before and after the treatment. Other conditions were as in Example 1.
The results were as follows. Blank tests carried out in water without enzyme or buffer showed no weight loss.
Tea type Green Black Oolong
Buffer + - + - + - pH before 4.5 5.8 4.5 5.0 4.5 5.2 pH after 4.5 4.8 4.4 4.1 4.6 4.5
% loss 44 42 28 32 27 27
It is seen that a significant weight loss is achieved with each type of spent tea leaves. Essentially the same effect is achieved with or without buffer.
Example 3
Effect of enzyme dosage
The experiments of Example 2 with buffer were repeated with different enzyme dosages. The results are given as % weight loss for each kind of tea and each enzyme dosage:
Dosage of Type of tea Viscozyme
Green Black Oolong
0.1 % 25 14 7
0.5% 37 27 23
1.0% 43 30 28
A significant effect is seen at each dosage at these conditions.
Example 4
Treatment at neutral pH
Spent green tea leaves were treated with Ultraflo and Cereflo in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 7). Other conditions were as in Example 1. Two β-glucanase preparations with optimum near neutral pH were used according to the invention: The enzyme activities used and the results were as follows:
Microbial origin Product name β-glucanase activity Weight loss (%) (units/g, pH 7.5)
Humicola insolens Ultraflo 50 18%
Bacillus subtilis Cereflo 200 15%
A significant effect is seen with both enzymes.
Claims
1. A process for reducing the amount of spent tea leaves, comprising treating the spent tea leaves in water with a β-glucanase derived from Aspergillus, Humicola or Bacillus, followed by separation of liquid.
2. The process of claim 1 wherein the β-glucanase is derived from a strain of Aspergillus, preferably A. aculeatus or A. niger.
3. The process of the preceding claim wherein the treatment is done at a pH in the range 3-6.5, preferably 3.5-6.
4. The process of claim 1 wherein the β-glucanase is derived from a strain of Humicola, preferably H. insolens.
5. The process of claim 1 wherein the β-glucanase is derived from a strain of Bacillus, preferably β. subtilis.
6. The process of claim 4 or 5 wherein the treatment is done at a pH in the range 5-9, preferably 6-8.
7. The process of any preceding claim wherein the spent tea leaves are present at a dry substance content of 2-20% by weight, preferably 5-10%.
8. The process of any preceding claim wherein the treatment is conducted at a temperature in the range of 10-70°C, preferably 30-60°C.
9. The process of any preceding claim wherein the treatment is continued for a period of 0.5 to 24 hours.
10. The process of any preceding claim wherein the treatment is continued for 1-5 hours, and the β-glucanase is present in an amount of 0.1-50 units per g of dry substance, preferably 0.3-10 units/g.
11. The process of any preceding claim wherein the treatment is continued for 12-24 hours, and the β-glucanase is present in an amount of 0.025-17 units per g of dry substance, preferably 0.075-3.3 units/g.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| AU63531/96A AU6353196A (en) | 1995-07-14 | 1996-06-18 | Solubilization of spent tea leaves |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DK82995 | 1995-07-14 | ||
| DK0829/95 | 1995-07-14 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO1997003567A1 true WO1997003567A1 (en) | 1997-02-06 |
Family
ID=8098024
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/DK1996/000262 WO1997003567A1 (en) | 1995-07-14 | 1996-06-18 | Solubilization of spent tea leaves |
Country Status (2)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| AU (1) | AU6353196A (en) |
| WO (1) | WO1997003567A1 (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| KR20020074589A (en) * | 2001-03-20 | 2002-10-04 | 남 국 김 | Digital uroflowmeter program by measuring the weight of collected urine |
Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0135222A1 (en) * | 1983-08-12 | 1985-03-27 | THE PROCTER & GAMBLE COMPANY | Enzymatic treatment of black tea leaf |
-
1996
- 1996-06-18 WO PCT/DK1996/000262 patent/WO1997003567A1/en active Application Filing
- 1996-06-18 AU AU63531/96A patent/AU6353196A/en not_active Abandoned
Patent Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0135222A1 (en) * | 1983-08-12 | 1985-03-27 | THE PROCTER & GAMBLE COMPANY | Enzymatic treatment of black tea leaf |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| KR20020074589A (en) * | 2001-03-20 | 2002-10-04 | 남 국 김 | Digital uroflowmeter program by measuring the weight of collected urine |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| AU6353196A (en) | 1997-02-18 |
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