US850501A - Turbine. - Google Patents

Description

`PMBNTED APR. 16, 1901.

No. 850,501. y

P. T. vSNYDHR.

TURBINE.

APPLIoATIoN FILED 1111.20.1904.

2 SHEETS-SHEET 1.

PATENT-ED APR.16, 1907.

F. T. SNYDEB.

TURBINE.

APPLIUATION FILED APR.2o.19o4.

UNITED 'STATES PATENT OFFICE- jrREDERIcK T.. sNYDER, or OAK PARK, ILLINOIS.

Specification of Letters Patent.

Patented: April 1 6, 1907.

Application filed April 20, 1904 Serial No. 203,982.

To @ZZ whom 1f/,may concern;

7 Beit known that I, FREDERICK T. SNYDER, acitizen. of the UnitedStates, and a resident of Oak Park, county of Cook, and State of Illinois, have invented certain new and use- 'ful Improvements in Turbines, of which the following is declared to be a full, clear, and

` exact description.

- goodi economy of the improved turbine.

Theimprovement relates to impact-tur-l bmeslnwhich -the steam or other motive y' I fluid 1s expanded in. the

admission-nozzle to the exhaust-pressure. The invention seeks to provide simple and eiiicient means for causing the successive or multiple impact of the expanded steam against the turbine-Wheel and thereby obtainl ith a comparatively low Wheel velocity. y vThe invention consists in the features of construction, arrangements, and combinar tions of parts heremafter set forth, illustrated in' the accompanying drawings, and more particularly vpointed out in the appended claims. I

vIn thedrawings, Figure 1 is a side elevation Fig.y 2 is a longitudinal -section on line 2 2 of F ig.'1. Fig. '3 is a development of the turbine-Wheel and guide-buckets on the line 3 of Fig. 1, and Fig. 4 is a Aview of the inner face of one of the plates vvherein the guide-buckets are formed.

- Expansive-fluid impact-turbines in which the steam or other motive Huid is passed once only through the buckets of the turbine-Wheel necessitate a high Wheel velocity for good economy, Indeed, for maximum efliciency SUIGS.

with a turbine ,of the De Laval type, for example, the velocity of the wheel-buckets must be about one-half that of the velocity ofthe steam-current from the expansion-nozzle, and the latter is as high as from three thousand t-o five thousand feet per second When the steam is'expanded from high pres- Single-impact turbines are therefore designed to rotate at very high speeds, the Wheel must be constructed with great care and hung on flexibley shafting, the factor of V safety is small, and evenat the bestthey can# vstep-down `gearin not be driven at suflicientspeed to attain maximum economy. .Moreover, expensive mustbe employed with such motors to utllize the power. To avoid such dangerously-high'speeds and the stepdown gearing andto obtain better economy,

turbines have been-designed in which the" steam issuccessive'ly passedthrough', a series -verted from their proper `course. the guide-buckets should be such that they of Wheels; but here the cost of construction and the complication of parts are large. It hasl also been proposed to utilize the current of expanded steam in the same Wheel by, providing guide buckets or channels in the casing about the Wheelthrough Which the steam proceeds and is successively passedrthrough vthe Wheel-buckets. VUnder ideal conditions can be readily constructed and provided with a smooth-finished surface by the use of ordinary tools.

vIn some prior constructions helical guide channels have been proposed, but are quite impracticable, since they can only be constructed with great diiiiculty and expense. In others the guide buckets and channels are not so shaped as to fully utilize the energy of the steam-current or the path formed for the same is not devoid of sharp angles. l

The present improved turbine avoids the objections noted and provides an arrangement of Wheel and guide bucketswhich may be easily constructedand-by which the current of steam from the expansion-nozzle is guided'without shock and successively projected through the Wheel to' fully utilize its energy. In the preferred form of the invenltion the-wheel is of the well-known De Laval type, having aseries of radially-disposed buckets opening on oppositegsides of the Wheel, and radially-disposed reversing-guides on opposite sides of the Wheel arel arranged IOO to :pass thecurrent ofl steam throughthe buckets'alternately froml side to side in the `zigzag path.

Aring-like or annular casing 10, formed of separate lsections connected by bolts 10', '1s

-mounted'upon a suitable base-plate 11.

Within opposite sides of the casing are snugly fitted the circular heads 'or plates 12 and 13, which. are held g in position by bolts. 14. Central projecting cored bosses 15, on' the heads 12 and'13 support suitable bearings 16,

within `which theI turbine-shaft 17 is jourf in' lwhich the reversing formed; The nozzles an naled. .The projecting end of shaft 17 carries a pulley -18 or otherjdrive-gear from which the power may be taken. 'lf desired, the'armature of an electric dynamo', the yfan of a centrifugal blower or pump, or other rotary element to be driven may be'mounted` 'directly' on the shaft, since -the speed ofthe i The turbine-wheely ,19 on shaft 1 7 is preferably of the well.

turbine is not'exc'essive.

known De Laval type, having 'a'seriesof curved buckets 20 radially disposed uponits peripheryfand opening on opposite sides of the wheel; c y v,

,fThe casing 10 and heads 12 and 13 may be o cast metal machined to proper form. The

wheelv 19'may be of cast or wrou ht metal. The vbuckets are preferably 'ormed of separate pieces of f rged steel securedA to lthe main body of the w eel in any suitable manner, and preferably the buckets are provided at .their end with late'rally-piojecLing offsets 21, which brid e the intermediate spaces; and

prevent any dispersion of the steam 'by centrifugal action. l

The circular heads or plates 13 andv14 are provided with enlarged peripheral portions uide-buckets, are steam inlet and exhaust chamber are also formedin' or ,carried by the "enlarged peripheral portion of -the head 13.' The development of these heads, Fig. 3, must clearly illustrate the arguide's. I y Y l The nozzles 22 and 22 are of suitable conformation to totally expand the steam down. to the pressure of the exhaust and are arf,

ranged at the side of the Wheel and 'at an ,acute angle to the plane of rotation. Oneor more nozzles may be employed, two being shown in the illustratedform of .the invention.. Tlienozzles are preferably formed separate from the body of the head 13 and are inserted in suitable openings therein, as indicated in Fig. 3. A projecting cored boss 23 upon the` plate `13 forms a steam-chamber about the,

outer ends of the nozzles which is in communication with the steain-pipe 24, as shown. `Stop-valves may be provided, if desired, at

pipe may have a controlling throttle or governor valve.

The wheel-buckets20 are concave in circul'nferential',directioii, and lthe edge or inlet and outlet portions of tne bucket are inclined rearwardly (t. e., in a reverse directionv movement of the buckets 20.

Ait t'r. ereto'.

rangement of the nozzles, wheel-buckets, and v the outer ends of thevnozzles and the steamfronitlieir inclined edge-portions of the buckets on the opposite side of the wheel. The turbine is thus of the combined ,impact and reaction type. The steam enters and leaves the buckets of the wheel at oppositely-dis2 posed or divergent angles to the plane of rosteamecurrent being changed, Without shock or dispersion of its particles byv thel curved facesof the buckets. ThereversimT guidetation,l the'direction of.movenient of the buckets are arranged to properly'receive the -current of steam from thefw'ieel-buckets, reverse-its direction, and redirect it ata proper angle throughl the wb eel.

One or incre guide buckets .or channels may bel employed in accordance with the number of times the steam is .to be passed.

rough tiiewleeel; but preferably several of such guides cooperate with each nozzle, since tl;e speed'of the Wheel maybe thereby correspondingly decreased.-

The series of guide-buckets 25 coperatie I wi th tli'e nozzle 22, and are preferably formed, as stl own, in the enlarged peripheral portions of the `heads 12v andf13 adjacent the path of The inlet'I and outlet portions of each gi iide'-biicket4 are arranged at proper angle torecejve the steamcurrent from the wheel-bucketsfand redirect p Tre series of guide-buckets are 'staggered or alternately arranged on opposite sides of the wheel, the inlet of the first of the series being opposite the outlet of the nozzle 22 and the inlets of each of the others beingopposite'the outlet of the preceding guide-bucket. The steam thus' passescf'roin the outlet of each guide through the wbeel` loo and into the inletl portion'of the succeeding uide bucket, is projected through the wheel alternatel 'from side to side thereof, and proceeds omthe nozzle through the wheel -and guide buckets in'v a zigzag path, as indicated'in Fig.:- 3. With they number of guides shown the steam is passed six times through the wheel-buckets and then to the exhaust.

Any suitable number of nozzles and sets of reversing guide-buckets may be arranged IIO about the'periphe'ry ofthe wheel inaccorld- `ance .with its powerr and size. In the ai"-v rangement shown` twoI nozzles 2,2 and.22 are employed, and the steam proceeds from each through the corresponding `sets of guide@ buckets in opposite directions to a coinnion exhaust chamber` formed in al projecting boss 30 and communicating withthef exhaust? pipe 31. '-Bythis arrangement the general direction of the st'eamcurrent from nozzle 22 tlirouUh-tlieset of guide-buckets` 25 'is the `reverse o that vofthe wheel-buckets.

The guide= buckets 25 and 25 vare radially disposed to corres ond with the iadiallyear- A ranged wheel-bue ets. The guide-buckets are of similar form and are of general wedge shape in section divergently inclined onopposite sidesof the wheel. The inlet portion a of each of the buckets leads rearwardly or away from the direction of movement of the wheel-buckets and at angle thereto, so that the steamscurrent rejected rearwardly from the curved wheeluckets will be roperly received. f The outlet portion 2'5" o each bucket leads forwardly at a proper angle to project the steam in line with the rearwardly'- inclined edges of the wheel-buckets, and the inlet and outlet portions are connected by a curved portion 25, in which the steam-curare no sharp angles in the the steam-current, either 1n the buckets themselves or between the moving Wheelrent is reversed without shock as it passes through the guide-bucket.

- The inlet'and outlet portions 25a and 25b of'each guide-bucket are thus inclined in the same general direction at an angle to the plane of rotation and 4substantially in line with the rearwardly-inclined edge' portions of the guide-buckets. With .wheel and guide 'buckets of the form described there l buckets and stationary guide-buckets.

The Workingface 25d of the buckets is of e course of similar outline--thatA is, the end l v Vout forming in the opposite direction the inlet portions at the inlet and outletof the buckets are inclined in the same directionat an angle to the path of 'movement of the buck-l ets and the central mid-portionisconcave in circumferential direction and merges Withabrupt angles into vthe 'inclined endporticns.

By reason of the inclined larra1igefnent of 'the guide-buckets the outletfportlon 25b of the series 25,v arelonger than the inlet portions 25?. The guide-buckets'2, which co` operate-With thenozzle 22 are similar inv form to guide-buckets 25'; but as thesteamcurrent proceeds through. the-,former series rtion 25*1 are longer than the outlet portions 25d, as clearly indicated-in'Fig-l `3. p

The several guide-buckets 4may be 'entirely open from endto end; buty preferably partlt1ons'32 divide the inlet and outlet portions,

f so that the guides are-in the form-of channels in cross-section of the steam-current due to outlet -legs or its decrease'in velocity by increasing the` cross-sectional area of the succeedingi gulde If esired,

buckets or channels of each set.

ythe'angle of inclination lof' the -succeedin guide-buckets in each set may be decrees path formed forv the essentials of the invention.`

. outlet'portions being inclin rectionand at anangle'to t e plane ofrota-l` in accordance with the diminishing velocity of the steam-current. i

The increase inthe cross-sectional area of the succeeding guide-buckets ofthe set is preferably effected by increasing their width '1n circumferential direction, as shown in Fig. 3. In radial direction the working faces' of the guide-buckets are preferably straight and of a width equal to the length of the wheelbuckets.

The side walls of the guide buckets or channels preferably extend in radial direcL tion to the outer peripheral surface of the circular heads or plates 412 and 13, so that the channels may be readily cast in the lates or formed therein by suitable tools. T e chanlnels of this simple form may be -easily and cheaply machined and provided with smoothfinished surface byemploying a-rnilling-tool in the form of' a frustum'of a cone. The outer peripheral sides of the guide buckets or channels are closed (see Figs. 2 and 4) by the ring-casing 10.

The improved construction thus provides for the successive "passage lof the steam through the wheel-buckets in such a manner.l

as to fully utilize thewgls 'viva of the current of expanded steam, and the speedof the Wheel may be comparatively low and yet o erate with efliciency. l Moreover, the simp e form of guide-buckets j employed may be easily constructed. f

It is obviousy that the tion may be varied without. departure from By the term fforwardly leadin for -clined as used in the following caims .is

meant leadin or inclined in the same `general details of construe-lx roc direction as t at in which the wheelbuckets move, and bythe term ffrearwardl leading e or inclined 1s meant leading or inc ined ina 'general direction the reverse of the direction of movement of the wheel-buckets.l

Having described my invention, what I claim'as new', and desire tosecure-by Letters Patent, is- .l s

1. In 'multiple-impact turbines, the combi- .nation of a turbine-Wheel, provided with a se? ries ofradial buckets having working faces concave in circumferential .direction 'and rearwardly-inclined edge portions, a forwardly-inclined `nozzle on I one side of the lwheel delivering intp said buckets and a reversing guide-bucket onthe other side o f said wheell opposite said nozzle, said guide-bucket lbeing W1 er at its outer end than at its inner IOS lIO

end and having an inclined worln'ng face with a rearwardly-leading inlet porti-on. and a forwardly-leading outletportion, bothinlet and g tion of 'said Wheels inthe same di- 2. Inmultipleimpactturbi1iesgthecombil nation of aturbine-wheeLnlseries of-vradial" buckets thereon openingen opposite sides-pf tne Wheel and having Working faces concave v1n circumferentiall direction, a forwardly-1nclinedznozzle on one side ofthe Wheel delivering into saidbuckets and a set Iof reversingguide buckets' or channels alternately far'- ranged on opposite sides, of the said Wheelbuckets, said guide-channels lbeing Wider at a concave portion.

their outer ends than at their innerends and having inclined Working' faces, -each provided With a rearWardly-inclined inlet and a for- Wardly-inclined outlet portion connected by 3. In multiple-impact turbines, the conibiv, nation with a'riIig-like or annular casing, op-

` frame about said disks 'closing the outer en vs of said buckets, substantially as set forth.

,5. In multiple-impact turbines, the combination with .a turbine-Wheel having radially- Vdisposed'buoketsand opening on opposite sides of thewheel, circular heads having en-4 larged peripheral langesarranged on oppo. site sidesv of the Wheel, radially-disposed guide-buckets formed in saidheads and extending radiallyto the peripheral surface -tliereof,'a11d an inclosing covering ring or 'frame encirclingv said heads and closing the tially as set forth.

outer ends of-said guide-buckets, substan- '6. -4In multiple-impact turbines, the combination of a-turbine-Wheel having radial buek-4 ets opening on oppositesides ofthe-Wheel, a

i sets 'of reversing guide-buckets arranged von I-opposi-te sides ofthe Wheel and leading inopposite directions from .said nozzle about the Wheel. I

nation With the tlifirbine-Wheel and the inletnozzle, of the two sets ofreversing guide-buckets extending in opposite directions from the' a nozzleA about theK wheel, Vsaid guide-buckets nately in opposite directions through the Wheel-buckets. L

8J In ,In-lti le-impact turbines,the combination with t e turbine-,Wheel having radial Wheel, ofvan inlet-nozzle and two .sets of re-f versing'gude-buckets' leading therefrom in Y opposite directions about the. Wheel to a coin- .mon exhaust, said guide-buckets arranged to pass the motor'fluid alternately in opposite 6 5 -directio,ns through the Wheel-buckets.

'9;' f' In multiple-impact turbines, the combinationwith the turbine-Wheel 'having radial bucketsopening on opposite sides of the for and two sets 0f reversing guide-buckets 'leadin'gfrom said nozzles respectively in oposite directions about the Wheel, said guide! buckets being arranged on opposite sides ol' alternately through the Wheel-buckets in opposite directions.l 4 l FREDERICK fr. sNYDnn.

i Witnesses: 4

' ALBERTA ADAMICK, Y LILLIAN PRENTioE.

.nozzle-delivering into said buckets and two arranged .to direct the current :of fluid alterbucketsopening on `opposite sides ofthe 6 0 Wheel,'of tWo expansion.inlet-nozzles there- 7o ythe Wheel to pass the current ofniotor lluid

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